Photopolymerization of Composite Resin Using the Argon Laser Mark G. Fleming, B. !., "" #ayne A. Maillet, "" A$stra!

tra!t Be!a%se of the &ental profession's in!rease& %tilization of light(!%re& restorati)e materials, there has $een a !orrespon&ing in!rease in resear!h into the light so%r!es %se& to initiate polymerization. *he argon laser is one promising so%r!e, as the +a)elength of light emitte& $y this laser is optimal for the initiation of polymerization of !omposite resins. *he literat%re refle!ts a strong &i)ergen!e of opinion a$o%t many aspe!ts of the effe!ti)eness of laser !%ring !ompare& to !on)entional light !%ring. Resear!h in&i!ates that the argon laser offers a greater &epth an& &egree of polymerization, less time re,%ire& an& an enhan!ement of the physi!al properties of !omposite resins polymerize&. *hese a&)antages are offset $y reports that the in!rease& polymerization !a%se& $y the laser res%lts in in!rease& shrinkage, $rittleness an& marginal leakage. "entists intereste& in the ne+ te!hnology nee& to monitor ongoing st%&ies. Me - .ey #or&s/ argon0 !omposite resins0 lasers 1 2 Can "ent Asso! 34440 56/778(69 *his arti!le has $een peer re)ie+e&. :A&)antages ;"isa&)antages;Clini!al ignifi!an!e ; Referen!e< *he first laser, a p%lse& r%$y laser, +as &e)elope& $y *heo&ore -. Maiman in 3459.3 in!e that time, &ental interest in lasers has $een high an& resear!h has $een !ontin%ing into +ays to impro)e &ental treatment thro%gh laser appli!ation.= in!e the early 34>9s, one resear!h fo!%s has $een the %se of the argon laser for photopolymerization of !omposite resin restorati)e materials.? *his interest has arisen $e!a%se the +a)elength @7>> nmA of light emitte& $y the argon laser is optimal for the initiation of polymerization of !omposite resins.7 Photo(a!ti)ate& !omposite resin polymerizes +hen the initiator @!amphoro,%inoneA in the resin is a!ti)ate& $y light.6,5 Camphoro,%inone a!ti)ation is initiate& $y a h%e of $l%e light that has a +a)elength +ithin the range of 799 to 699 nm, +ith $roa& peak a!ti)ity in the 7>9(nm range.?,8 Con)entional )isi$le light !%ring @BLCA %nits !onsist of +hite light +ith %n+ante& +a)elengths filtere& o%t,? there$y pro&%!ing a poly!hromati! spe!tr%m of $l%e light. *he res%lting h%e an& $rightness of the !olo%r are of +i&e spe!tr%m an& lo+ intensity, respe!ti)ely. Cn resear!h on !omposite(resin photopolymerization, BLC %nits !an a!ti)ate !amphoro,%inone, $%t optim%m !%ring po+er is not a!hie)e&, an& the %nits often fail to meet the !hallenges presente& $y more !ompleD resin restorations.> A&&itionally, the h%e an& $rightness parameters of !on)entional BLCs are not %niform o)er time. B%l$s, refle!tors an& light tips &egra&e, an& filters $e!ome $ake& from heat generate& $y the %nits. As a res%lt, the spe!tr%m of light is slo+ly altere&.>,4 *hese !hanges may res%lt in a la!k of pre&i!ta$ility an& !onsisten!y in restoration ,%ality. Unlike BLC %nits, the argon laser &oes not employ the %se of filters. Cnstea&, it generates one +a)elength of $l%e light @i.e., the light is mono!hromati!A ha)ing a $an& +i&th of only 79 to 76 nm.7,39 Cn a&&ition, the $rightness of the light !an $e set to the man%fa!t%rer's spe!ifi!ations for optim%m effi!ien!y, %ni,%e for ea!h $ran& of !omposite resin. ome lasers !an $e !ali$rate& $efore ea!h !%re, ens%ring stan&ar& treatment for ea!h patient. As +ith !on)entional BLC %nits, eDpos%re time !an $e a&E%ste& as ne!essary. Laser photons tra)el Fin phaseG @i.e., are !oherentA, an& are !ollimate& s%!h that they tra)el in the same &ire!tion.3,39 Less po+er is p%t o%t $y the argon laser %nits than the !on)entional BLCs, yet they !an !%re the resin more effe!ti)ely $e!a%se the +a)elength of the light is spe!ifi! to the Eo$ $eing performe&. BLC %nits emit +i&e $an&+i&ths of 3=9 nm, res%lting in a $roa& spe!tr%m of +a)elengths that o)erlap an& are sai& to $e Fo%t of phase,G or in!oherent.39 *+o photons of in!oherent light that are 3>9 &egrees o%t of phase !an !an!el ea!h other, res%lting in &e!rease& !%ring po+er an& less polymerization of the !omposite resin. BLC %nits also pro&%!e a &i)ergent $eam of light, res%lting in a loss of 79H of energy 5 mm from the !%ring s%rfa!e. Cn !ontrast, the argon laser emits a !ollimate& @narro+, fo!%se&, non&i)ergentA $eam fo!%sing on a spe!ifi! target, res%lting in a more !onsistent po+er &ensity o)er &istan!e.7,>,33,3= : *op < A&)antages Be!a%se of the properties of the argon laser &es!ri$e& a$o)e, the thoro%ghness an& &epth of !omposite resin polymerization are greater +ith this laser than they are +hen BLC so%r!es are %se&. Less %npolymerize& monomer is fo%n& in resins !%re& $y argon laser !ompare& to those !%re& +ith BLC %nits.>,33 *his thoro%ghness res%lts in the enhan!ement of !ertain physi!al properties of the laser(!%re& !omposite resin, in!l%&ing !ompressi)e strength, &iametral tensile strength, trans)erse fleD%ral strength an& fleD%ral mo&%l%s.7,>,33,3? #ear resistan!e is e,%i)alent +hen %sing either metho& of polymerization,37 $%t argon laser polymerization has &emonstrate& the potential to impro)e shear $on& strengths in $oth enamel an& &entin.36,35 Another st%&y fo%n& no signifi!ant &ifferen!e $et+een $on& strengths %sing argon laser an& halogen lamp !%ring %nits.38 -o+e)er, a signifi!ant &ifferen!e +as reporte& in $on& strengths a!!or&ing to &istan!e $et+een the resin s%rfa!e an& the light so%r!e. *he a%thors fo%n& that the laser(!%re& $on& strengths &i& not &e!rease +ith in!reasing &istan!e, +hereas there +as a signifi!ant &e!rease in halogen(!%re& $on& strengths at &istan!es greater than 9.6 mm. F%rthermore, in all the a$o)e st%&ies, the laser re,%ire& less time to a!hie)e e,%i)alent or greater polymerization of the restorati)e material.7,>,33,3?,36(38 Ine man%fa!t%rer !laims that the argon laser nee&s only one(fo%rth of the eDpos%re time/ 39 se!on&s for = mm &epth of !%re !ompare& to the 79 se!on&s re!ommen&e& for BLC systems @"entalaser Bro!h%re 344>, Premier Laser ystems, Cn!.A.

Finally, from a pra!ti!e marketing perspe!ti)e, laser %tilization may present an image to the p%$li! of an offi!e &e&i!ate& to staying a$reast of the latest te!hnology. *he per!eption of the lay p%$li! an& patients' per!eption an& a!!eptan!e of laser %tilization in &entistry ha)e $een sho+n to $e positi)e.=,3>,34 : *op < "isa&)antages Altho%gh the size, +eight an& porta$ility of ne+er argon laser !%ring %nits ha)e impro)e& greatly o)er the ol&er ones, at approDimately =9 po%n&s the %nit is still fairly !%m$ersome an& o!!%pies !onsi&era$ly more spa!e than a !on)entional BLC %nit. *he laser !an generate a s%$stantial amo%nt of heat, the !ooling fans ten& to $e noisy, an& there is a ?9(se!on& time lag $et+een t%rning the %nit on an& a!t%al light emission.=9 *hese short!omings !an $e o)er!ome, in part, +ith %nits no+ a)aila$le that !an $e !entrally installe&, +ith !%ring +an&s ra&iating into in&i)i&%al operatories. Be!a%se the te!hnology in the &ental offi!e is still ne+, !ost of the argon laser !%ring %nit is a &eterrent to its a!,%isition. "epen&ing on the man%fa!t%rer, porta$le argon !%ring lasers range from J3=,999 to J=9,999, an& !entral installation may in!%r a&&itional eDpenses. A&&e& to the !ost !onsi&eration is the fear of rapi& o$soles!en!e in an arena of rapi& te!hnologi!al !hange.=3 #hen laser light strikes a target, it may $e a$sor$e&, transmitte&, s!attere& or refle!te&. #hen laser light is transmitte&, tiss%e $o%n&aries are !rosse& an& tiss%es other than the target material are irra&iate&. Conse,%ently, +hene)er a laser is %se& in the oral !a)ity, the &entist m%st &etermine the risk to s%rro%n&ing tiss%es.3= #hen %sing the argon laser to remo)e intra!anal &e$ris in eDtra!te& teeth, Moshono) an& others fo%n& that in &ry !anals after a fe+ se!on&s it +as impossi$le to hol& the teeth $et+een fingers $e!a%se the root s%rfa!e $e!ame too hot.== Altho%gh po+er &ensities %se& $y Moshono) +ere !onsi&era$ly higher than those %se& for photopolymerization, the fin&ing nonetheless points to the nee& for !onsi&eration of perio&ontal an& p%lp tiss%es. Ct has $een &emonstrate&, in )itro %sing eDtra!te& h%man teeth an& in )i)o in &ogs, that there is a temperat%re rise in the &entinal roof of the p%lp !ham$er as +ell as +ithin the p%lp itself +hen an argon laser is %se& to !%re !omposite resin in !a)ity preparations.=?,=7 -o+e)er, the peak temperat%re in!reases +ithin the p%lp !ham$er +ere $elie)e& to represent no signifi!ant p%lpal risk +hen %sing the lo+ limits of laser energy re!ommen&e& to !%re !omposite resin. *here is little !han!e of lea)ing the laser on the tooth long eno%gh to &amage the p%lp.=7 Ct has $een sho+n, ho+e)er, that eDten&e& !%ring times !an ha)e &eleterio%s effe!ts on the parakeratinize& gingi)a of &ogs. #hen 39(, =9( an& ?9(se!on& eDpos%re times +ere teste&, minimal effe!ts +ere note& follo+ing the 39( an& =9(se!on& eDpos%re times, +hereas ne!rosis, &isr%ption an& )esi!%lation +ere note& fi)e &ays after appli!ation of ?9(se!on& eDpos%res.=6 hort(+a)elength light is more energeti! than long(+a)elength light.39 *he argon laser $eam is in the short(+a)elength $l%e light spe!tr%m, +hi!h has the highest energy photons of any +a)elength of )isi$le light. Cts energy le)el is only slightly less than that of %ltra)iolet light, +hi!h has a +ell(&o!%mente& history of posing a $iohazar&. Conse,%ently, eDtreme !are m%st $e eDer!ise& to a)oi& &ire!t eDpos%re of the patient's eyes, as eDpos%re !o%l& res%lt in imme&iate )is%al &amage. A&&itionally, !on!ern has $een eDpresse& that in&ire!t eDpos%re $y refle!tion !o%l& also harm the operator's eyes o)er time.=5 Altho%gh there are n%mero%s reports of enhan!e& physi!al properties of laser(polymerize& !omposite resins, there are !onfli!ting reports a$o%t the marginal seal o$taine& +ith argon laser !%ring. Cn!rease& shrinkage an& $rittleness of some small(parti!le resins has $een reporte& +hen they ha)e $een !%re& +ith a laser.=9 Ko signifi!ant !hange +as sho+n in linear polymerization shrinkage in one in )itro st%&y,=8 an& another st%&y sho+e& that laser(!%re& pit an& fiss%re sealants &emonstrate& a s%perior seal to those !%re& +ith )isi$le light.=> -o+e)er, Class B !omposite restorations in eDtra!te& primary an& permanent h%man teeth sho+e& a higher &egree of mi!roleakage in the laser(!%re& gro%p !ompare& to the light(!%re& gro%p. *hese &ifferen!es +ere signifi!ant %sing a &ye leakage meas%rement $%t not signifi!ant %sing an isotope leakage meas%rement.=4 Another st%&y in)estigate& the possi$ility of o$t%rating root !anals %sing argon laser(!%re& !omposite resin. LM e)al%ation re)eale& resin penetration into t%$%les0 ho+e)er, the o$ser)ation of tears an& gaps $et+een resin an& !anal +alls le& the a%thors to s%ggest that polymerization shrinkage affe!te& &entin a&hesion.?9 A possi$le eDplanation for these !onfli!ting res%lts is that a &%ra$le !omposite &entin $on& !an $e forme& only on flat s%rfa!es or in )ery shallo+ !a)ities. Cn other sit%ations, the polymerization !ontra!tion +ill &isr%pt the &entin $on&.=4,?3 Ine a%thor s%ggests that this &isr%ption !o%l& $e attri$%te& to the in!rease& penetration an& heat of the laser, +hi!h res%lts in $oth a greater &egree of polymerization an& a higher &egree of polymerization shrinkage !ompare& to !on)entional light !%ring.=4 P%lse& argon laser !%ring may $e the sol%tion for the shrinkage pro$lem. P%lsing, or perio&i! interr%ption of the laser $eam, !an $e pre!isely !ontrolle& in nanose!on&s. *he theory is that interr%ption of the $eam allo+s the target material to !ool $et+een laser p%lses, th%s pre)enting o)erheating. *+o st%&ies ha)e sho+n promising res%lts in re&%!e& polymerization shrinkage0?=,?? ho+e)er $oth st%&ies !ompare& a nano(p%lse& $l%e &ye laser an& a !ontin%o%s +a)e argon laser. in!e the &ye laser is a !ompletely &ifferent instr%ment from the argon laser, it is &iffi!%lt to !on!l%&e +hether their res%lts +ere &%e to p%lsing of the laser $eam or %se of a &ifferent laser. Re!ent resear!h on the infl%en!e of light intensity has s%ggeste& that the more rapi& rate of !%re o$taine& $y high(intensity !%ring &oes not allo+ eno%gh time for stress relaDation $y flo+ of partially !%re& material.?7 Cn )itro res%lts +ith !on)entional BLC %nits ha)e sho+n that the %se of high(intensity !%ring has a negati)e effe!t on the marginal integrity of the final restoration.?7(?5 -o+e)er, light(initiate& prepolymerization at lo+ intensity follo+e& $y a post(light(!%re at f%ll

intensity @soft(start polymerizationA signifi!antly impro)e& the marginal integrity of light(!%re& !omposite fillings. Cf these res%lts !an $e eDtrapolate& to the argon laser, perhaps the greater &epth of penetration an& intensity of the laser $eam res%lt in a rapi& polymerization +ith no !han!e for stress relaDation. P%lsing the $eam may lessen this &isa&)antage $y allo+ing the partly !%re& resin to flo+ an& there$y re&%!ing o)erall shrinkage. -o+e)er, the intensity of the p%lses remains the same. Ct may $e $enefi!ial to prepolymerize at a lesser intensity or +ith a !on)entional light so%r!e to re&%!e polymerization shrinkage. At the )ery least, this fin&ing ill%strates the reality of rapi& !hanges in laser &entistry te!hnology an& the nee& for f%rther resear!h. *he reporte& enhan!ement of physi!al properties a!hie)e& $y laser polymerization may $e!ome less signifi!ant +ith aging of the !%re& resin. #hen &iametral tensile strength )al%es for a hy$ri& resin +ere !ompare& o)er time, argon laser a!ti)ation res%lte& in higher early )al%es than !on)entional )isi$le light !%ring, $%t these &ifferen!es essentially &isappeare& at =9 &ays.?8 Be!a%se the rea!tion of polymerization !ontin%es after initiation, the samples !%re& +ith the BLC %nits in!rease& in strength o)er the =9(&ay perio&. : *op < Clini!al ignifi!an!e As &ental te!hnology !ontin%es to e)ol)e, ne+ metho&s of performing !ertain &ental pro!e&%res +ill !ontin%e to repla!e those on!e tho%ght as the pinna!le. *he argon laser may $e one s%!h eDample. Cts %se in polymerizing !omposite resins !learly &emonstrates an imme&iate higher &egree of polymerization than is o$taine& +ith BLC %nits. *his enhan!e& polymerization is refle!te& in the res%ltant impro)ement in physi!al properties an& $on& strengths. Altho%gh the enhan!ement may $e a temporary effe!t, it may nonetheless ha)e important !lini!al impli!ations in pre)enting early restoration fail%res. Kot only is early maDimal polymerization important to a)oi& retention fail%res, it is also important in re&%!ing a&)erse p%lpal responses to %npolymerize& monomer. Ct m%st $e note&, ho+e)er, that reports of &e!rease& p%lpal sensiti)ity +hen !%ring !omposites +ith the argon laser are ane!&otal only. *he re&%!tion in polymerization times pro)i&e& $y the argon laser may pro)e $enefi!ial in re&%!ing !hairsi&e time an& a!hie)ing patient satisfa!tion, espe!ially +ith restless !hil&ren. Ct !o%l& also $e helpf%l in sit%ations +here maintenan!e of a &ry fiel& for any length of time is &iffi!%lt. Also, in !ases +here it is impossi$le to pla!e the light +an& in !lose proDimity to the restoration, the laser $eam offers the a&)antage of no loss of po+er o)er &istan!e, as is s%ffere& $y the BLC %nit. *he in!rease& penetration &epth of the argon laser may make it possi$le to !%re thi!ker in!rements satisfa!torily or to !%re thro%gh thi!ker se!tions of tooth. Ct !o%l& also make it possi$le to !ontrol the &ire!tion of polymerization shrinkage $y !%ring thro%gh the tooth. *hese a&)antages may make the argon laser an important tool +hen pla!ing restorations that are !ompli!ate& or in har&(to(rea!h areas. In the other han&, the narro+, fo!%se& $eam of the laser may make ang%lation of the han&pie!e more !riti!al in areas of !ompromise& a!!ess. *he argon laser !an $e %se& to initiate polymerization in any of the !%rrently %se& light(a!ti)ate& restorati)e materials. Cn a&&ition to restorati)e !omposite resins, this gro+ing family in!l%&es $ases, liners, pit an& fiss%re sealants an& impression materials. *herefore, the argon laser may pro)e to $e ,%ite )ersatile !lini!ally. *he ,%estion of marginal leakage is a serio%s one. Cf eD!essi)e polymerization shrinkage offsets the $enefits realize& $y %sing the argon laser, then there is no o)erall gain. Cn fa!t, a negati)e effe!t may res%lt. Cf polymerization shrinkage !an $e re&%!e& only $y %sing a lesser intensity o)er a longer eDpos%re time, then no time $enefits are realize&. Cf polymerization shrinkage is re&%!e& only $y %sing a &ifferent laser, then there is a hea)y finan!ial penalty for trying to stay a$reast of te!hnology. *o E%stify s%!h an eDpensi)e pie!e of &ental e,%ipment, longit%&inal st%&ies m%st $e !losely follo+e&. Cn the meantime, !lini!ians sho%l& keep %p to &ate a$o%t this ne+ te!hnology an& !riti!ally e)al%ate the !%rrent literat%re $efore making an irre)ersi$le &e!ision. : *op < A!kno+le&gment/ *he a%thors thank "r. Llliott 2. %to+ for his &ire!tion an& e&itorial help. *his paper +as generate& as a res%lt of the "alho%sie Uni)ersity fa!%lty of &entistry's emphasis on F !holarship a!ross the !%rri!%l%m,G a re,%irement for fo%rth(year &ental st%&ents. "r. Fleming +as a fo%rth(year &ental st%&ent at "alho%sie Uni)ersity's fa!%lty of &entistry +hen this arti!le +as +ritten. "r. Maillet is hea& of the &i)ision of en&o&onti!s, fa!%lty of &entistry, "alho%sie Uni)ersity. Reprint re,%ests to/ "r. #ayne A. Maillet, Fa!%lty of "entistry, "alho%sie Uni)ersity, 64>3 Uni)ersity A)e., -alifaD, K B?- ?26 : *op < RMfMren!es 3. Maiman *-. tim%late& opti!al ra&iation in r%$y. Kat%re 34590 3>8/ 74?(7. =. #ig&or -A, #alsh 2* 2r, Featherstone 2", Bis%ri R, Frie& ", #al&)ogel 2L. Lasers in &entistry. Lasers %rg Me& 34460 35/39?(??. Re)ie+. ?. Blankena% R, .elsey #P, .%ts!h B.. Clini!al appli!ations of argon laser in restorati)e &entistry. Cn/ Miseren&ino L2 an& Pi!k RM @e&sA/ Lasers in &entistry. Chi!ago/ N%intessen!e P%$lishing0 3446. p. =38(?9. 7. .elsey #P ?&, Blankena% R2, Po+ell GL, Barkmeier ##, Ca)el #*, #hisenant B.. Lnhan!ement of physi!al properties of resin restorati)e materials $y laser polymerization. Lasers %rg Me& 34>40 4/5=?(8.

6. Bisi$le light(!%re& !omposites an& a!ti)ating %nits. Co%n!il on "ental Materials, Cnstr%ments an& L,%ipment. 2 Am "ent Asso! 34>60 339/399(=. 5. Craig RG. Photopolymerization of &ental resins. Cn/ *aylor "L @e&A/ Posterior Composites/ Pro!ee&ings of the Cnternational ymposi%m on Posterior Composite Resins. Chapel -ill/ Korth Carolina Uni)ersity Press0 34>7. p. =7?(67. 8. Cook #". pe!tral &istri$%tion of &ental photopolymerization so%r!es. 2 "ent Res 34>=0 53/37?5(>. >. Bargas MA, Co$$ " , !hmit 2L. Polymerization of !omposite resins/ argon laser )s !on)entional light. Iper "ent 344>0 =?/>8(4?. 4. akag%!hi RL, "o%glas #-, Peters MC. C%ring light performan!e an& polymerization of !omposite restorati)e materials. 2 "ent 344=0 =9/3>?(>. 39. -arris "M, Pi!k RM. Laser Physi!s. Cn/ Miseren&ino L2 O Pi!k RM @e&sA/ Lasers in "entistry. Chi!ago/ N%intessen!e P%$lishing Co Cn!0 3446. p. =8(?>. 33. Blankena% R2, .elsey #P, Po+ell GL, hearer GI, Barkmeier ##, Ca)el #*. "egree of !omposite resin polymerization +ith )isi$le light an& argon laser. Am 2 "ent 34430 7/79(=. 3=. "e&eri!h "K. LaserPtiss%e intera!tion/ +hat happens to laser light +hen it strikes tiss%eQ 2 Am "ent Asso! 344?0 3=7/68(53. 3?. Co$$ " , Bargas MA, R%n&le *. Physi!al properties of !omposites !%re& +ith !on)entional light or argon laser. Am 2 "ent 34450 4/344(=9=. 37. Glasspoole LA, Blankena% R2, Barkmeier ##, Po+ell GL. #ear rates of argon laser an& )isi$le light polymerize& resins. 2 "ent Res 34490 54 @A$st. 37?A/3=5. 36. hanthala BM, M%nshi A.. Laser )s )isi$le(light !%re& !omposite resin/ an in )itro shear $on& st%&y. 2 Clin Pe&iatr "ent 34460 34/3=3(6. 35. Po+ell GL, Blankena% R2. Lffe!ts of argon laser !%ring on &entin shear $on& strengths. 2 Clin Laser Me& %rg 34450 37/333(?. 38. -ino%ra ., Miyazaki M, Inose -. Cnfl%en!e of argon laser !%ring on resin $on& strength. Am 2 "ent 344?0 5/54(83. 3>. #ig&or -. Patients' per!eption of lasers in &entistry. Lasers %rg Me& 34480 =9/78(69. 34. mith *A, *hompson 2A, Lee #L. Patient response to &ental laser treatment0 a preliminary report. 2 Calif "ent Asso! 34430 34/?8(>, 79(3. =9. %$Ee!t/ Cntraoral Resin C%ring Lights. Clini!al Resear!h Asso!iates Ke+sletter 34450 =9/3(=. =3. Cerna)in C, P%gats!he+ A, &e Boer K, *yas M2. Laser appli!ations in &entistry/ a re)ie+ of the literat%re. A%str "ent 2 34470 ?4/=>(?=. Re)ie+. ==. Moshono) 2, ion A, .asirer 2, Rotstein C, ta$holz A. Lffi!a!y of argon laser irra&iation in remo)ing intra!anal &e$ris. Iral %rg Iral Me& Iral Pathol Iral Ra&iol Ln&o& 34460 84/==3(6. =?. Ani! C, Pa)eli! B, Peri! B, Mats%moto .. Cn )itro p%lp !ham$er temperat%re rises asso!iate& +ith argon laser polymerization of !omposite resin. Lasers %rg Me& 34450 34/7?>(77. =7. Po+ell GL, Morton *-, #hisenant B.. Argon laser oral safety parameters for teeth. Lasers %rg Me& 344?0 3?/67>( 6=. =6. Brenneise CB, Blankena% R2. Response of asso!iate& oral soft tiss%es +hen eDpose& to Argon laser &%ring polymerization of &ental resins. Lasers %rg Me& 34480 =9/758(8=. =5. Miseren&ino L, Pi!k RM, Blankena% R. Laser safety in &ental pra!ti!e. Cn/ Miseren&ino L2 an& Pi!k RM @e&sA/ Lasers in "entistry. Chi!ago/ N%intessen!e P%$lishing0 3446. p. >6(393. =8. A+ *C, Ki!holls 2C. Polymerization shrinkage of restorati)e resins %sing laser an& )isi$le light !%ring. 2 Clin Laser Me& %rg 34480 36/3?8(73. =>. Blankena% R2, *aylor M-, Po+ell GL, Barkmeier ##. Mi!roleakage of &ental sealants !%re& +ith an argon laser. 2 "ent Res 34490 54@A$st. 464A/==>. =4. P%ppala R, -eg&e A, M%nshi A.. Laser an& light !%re& !omposite resin restorations/ in()itro !omparison of isotope an& &ye penetrations. 2 Clin Pe&iatr "ent 34450 =9/=3?(>. ?9. Ani! C, hiras%ka *, Mats%moto .. !anning ele!tron mi!ros!opi! e)al%ation of t+o !ompa!tion te!hni,%es %sing a !omposite resin as a root !anal filling material. 2 Ln&o& 34460 =3/647(>. ?3. "a)i&son CL, &e Gee A2, Feilzer A. *he !ompetition $et+een the !omposite(resin $on& strength an& the polymerization !ontra!tion stress. 2 "ent Res 34>70 5?/3?45(4. ?=. Meniga A, *arle R, Risti! M, %talo 2, Pi!hler G. P%lse& $l%e laser !%ring of hy$ri& !omposite resins. Biomaterials 34480 3>/3?74(67. ??. *arle R, Meniga A, Risti! M, %talo 2, Pi!hler G, "a)i&son CL. *he effe!t of the photopolymerization metho& on the ,%ality of !omposite resin samples. 2 Iral Reha$il 344>0 =6/7?5(7=. ?7. Mehl A, -i!kel R, .%nzelmann .-. Physi!al properties an& gap formation of light(!%re& !omposites +ith an& +itho%t Ssoftstart(polymerization'. 2 "ent 34480 =6/?=3(?9. ?6. Unter$rink GL, M%essner R. Cnfl%en!e of light intensity on t+o restorati)e systems. 2 "ent 34460 =?/3>?(4. ?5. Feilzer A2, "ooren L-, &e Gee A2, "a)i&son CL. Cnfl%en!e of light intensity on polymerization shrinkage an& integrity of restoration(!a)ity interfa!e. L%r 2 Iral !i 34460 39?/?==(5. ?8. Blankena% R2, Po+ell GL, .elsey #P, Barkmeier ##. Post polymerization strength )al%es of an argon laser !%re& resin. Lasers %rg Me& 34430 33/783(7

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