OBJECTIVE & INTRODUCTION

OBJECTIVE: Performing Georeferencing Operations In ArcGIS 9.3 Using a Topographical Map.

INTRODUCTION RELATED TO ASSIGNMENT:

In this assignment I have used ArcGIS ArcMap! 9.3 for transforming image data to some geographic control frame"or#. Using ArcGIS ArcMap! 9.3 "e can georeference a set of points$ lines$ pol%gons$ images$ or 3& structures. To georeference an image$ "e first need to esta'lish control points$ input the #no"n geographic coordinates of these control points$ choose the coordinate s%stem and other pro(ection parameters and then minimi)e residuals. *esiduals are the difference 'et"een the actual coordinates of the control points and the coordinates predicted '% the geographic model created using the control points. The% provide a method of determining the level of accurac% of the georeferencing process.

HARDWARE & SOFTWARE SPECIFICATIONS

Hardware Specification: +PU, *AM, 1ard &is#, &ispla% &evice, Input &evices, Pentium +lass Processor Pentium I-.&ual +ore.+ore i 3! / G0 or A'ove. /23 G0 or A'ove +*T.T4T.5+& Monitors 6e%'oard$ Mouse

Software Specification: Operating S%stem, 7indo"s 8P.9.-ista Tool, ArcGIS ArcMap! version 9.3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

O'(ective : Introduction

 &ata Used 1ard"are : Soft"are Specification Methodolog% A'out Georeferencing

;eed 4or Georeferencing

Output

DATA USED
Scanned toposheet of Surve% of India Topological Map to 'e Georeferenced in ArcGIS 9.3.

ABOUT GEOREFERENCING:
To georeference something means to define its e<istence in ph%sical space. That is$ esta'lishing its location in terms of map pro(ections or coordinate s%stems. The term is used 'oth "hen esta'lishing the relation 'et"een raster or vector images and coordinates 'ut also "hen determining the spatial location of other geographical features. =<amples "ould include esta'lishing the correct position of an aerial photograph "ithin a map or finding the geographical coordinates of a place name or street address. This procedure is thus imperative to data modeling in the field of geographic information s%stems GIS! and other cartographic methods. 7hen data from different sources need to 'e com'ined and then used in a GIS application$ it 'ecomes essential to have a common referencing s%stem. This is 'rought a'out '% using various georeferencing techni>ues. Most georeferencing tas#s are underta#en either 'ecause the user "ants to produce a ne" map or 'ecause the% "ant to lin# t"o or more different datasets together '% virtue of the fact that the% relate to the same geographic locations. Georeferencing is the process of converting a image in file coordinates or page coordinates to a file in map coordinates in a specific map pro(ect$ coordinate s%stem$ map pro(ection and datum. 4or

e<ample$ a scanned map can have an origin point and a raster association "here each point on the map is identifia'le '% it?s file coordinates e.g. @3.9A$ BA.9A!. The tas# then is to convert these file coordinates to map coordinates. There are a couple t%pes of products that t%picall% need georeferencing. Satellite images can 'e 'ought ?unprocessed?$ in "hich the user is responsi'le for georeferencing to #no"n coordinates. A satellite image is simpl% a raster dataset "ith file coordinates ro"s.columns! that need to 'e converted to map coordinates.

NEED FOR GEOREFERENCING:

Georeferencing is crucial to ma#ing aerial and satellite imager%$ usuall% raster images$ useful for mapping as it e<plains ho" other data$ such as the a'ove GPS points$ relate to the imager%.

-er% essential information ma% 'e contained in data or images that "ere produced at a different point of time. It ma% 'e desired either to com'ine or compare this data "ith that currentl% availa'le. The latter can 'e used to anal%)e the changes in the features under stud% over a period of time.

&ifferent maps ma% use different pro(ection s%stems. Georeferencing tools contain methods to com'ine and overla% these maps "ith minimum distortion.

Using georeferencing methods$ data o'tained from surve%ing tools li#e total stations ma% 'e given a point of reference from topographic maps alread% availa'le.

It ma% 'e re>uired to esta'lish the relationship 'et"een social surve% results "hich have 'een coded "ith postal codes or street addresses and other geographic areas such as census )ones or other areas used in pu'lic administration or service planning.

METHODOLOGY:
Steps to Georeference a Topo rap!ic "ap: /. Preparing a te<t file in ;otepad '% giving long.lat values cloc#"ise! in && as follo"s, 8$C @B.9A$BA.9A @3.33$BA.9A @3.33$BA.A @B.9A$BA.A Saving the a'ove file "ith name in folder as G+P.t<t. B. Open ArcMap to a ne" empt% map. 4rom the ArcMap D Main menu 0ar! goto Tools Add <$% data Add <$% data "indo"s opens. Then Open the G+P.t<t file. In the same "indo" got edit Spetial reference properties dialog 'o< appearsInput values as in te<t 'o< New: ;GPS$ #at$%: =verest Modified. +hec#ing the inverse flatteningAn $&ar $nit: degree$ 'ri%e "eridian: Green"ich$ then clic# on the

finishAppl%O6O6. ;o" "e can see four ground control points G+P! on the screen. 3. Going to Ta'le of contents1ighlight 5a%er *ight clic# onProperties +oordinate S%stem Pro(ected +oordinates s%stem$ then "rite values into the dialog 'o< as Na%e: ;P+S$ 'ro(ected: Pol%conic$ Centra& "eridian: @B.33$ Ori in of Latit$de: B3.33$ selecting Asia=verest Modified Add '% 'ro"sing from the given list. +lic# on 4inish Appl%O6. E. Going to Ta'le of contentSelect G+P.t<t file*ight +lic# on&ata=<port &ata+lic# on radio 'utton chec# data frames Given file name, G+PSaveO6G+P.shp file is created. A. Use the Add data 'utton for adding a scanned toposheet to 'e Georeferenced in ArcMap*emove G+P.t<t file from ta'le of contents Add G+P.shp file in the ta'le of

contents. Select scanned toposheet la%er named FuestionG/. *ight clic# on Hoom to la%erImage of toposheet appearsGeoreferencingPic#ing up Add control points and add control point to the top left corner and come to the ta'le of content "ith the same cursor *ight clic# on G+P.shp fileHoom to la%er+lic# on the points of G+P.shp file. *epeat this steps untill all the coordinates are completed. Goto Georeferencing *ectif%Save file as 0AI&CA;AT1.