BATTERY 1) Intent harmful or offensive contact 2) Harmful or offensive contact results RST or White v. U. of Id. approach?

h? Eggshell Plaintiff Rule Vosburg) TRESPASS To !an"# Harm is not re$uire" To %hattels# Harm is re$uire" NECESSITY &ecessit' gives privilege to use lan" %on"itional Privilege ( lia)le for harm

THE REASONABLE PERSON *)+ective stan"ar", *r"inar' person !o-er stan"ar" for chil"ren . /ut0 not -hen "oing a"ult activities Insanit' a "efense if . !ac1 of control or un"erstan"ing of "ut'0 2&3 . !ac1 of fore-arning 3isa)ilit' lo-ers stan"ar" to reasona)le CAUSE-IN-FACT person -ith that "isa)ilit' Fletcher) </ut for= 78s con"uct0 -hat happens? CALCULUS OF RISK /ur"en shifts to 7 if lac1 of proof "ue /ur"en 4 Pro)a)ilit' 5 Severit' to 78s negligence Lone Palm Hotel) CUSTOM Relevant 6 persuasive0 not "ispositive Increase" chance of harm ( 7 lia)le if# . 2ct -rong ):c it D chance of harm 3eparture from custom can sho- neg, . 2&30 that t'pe of harm occurs . Same for 78s private rules of con"uct Eoint !ia)ilit' ( 2ll 7s full' lia)le if# 3ispositive in me"ical malpractice . Eoint tortfeasors 3octors# 3ut' to inform 9 of ris1s if . 2 in"epen"ant tortfeasors0 harm in"iv 1no-le"ge -oul" affect his "ecision . 2 su)se$uent torts0 harm in"ivisi)le STATUTES/REGULATIONS !ost chance of survival Herskovit ) &egligence per se if . !a- "esigne" to protect against t'pe 2lternative !ia)ilit' !ummers) >ar1et Share !ia)ilit' !indell) of harm that occurre"0 2&3 . 9 in class of people protecte" )' la- PROXIMATE CAUSE Three vie-s 3efenses# &ecessit' an" %apacit' 1) Harm -ithin the ris1 fseea)ilit') T-o -a's of pre"icting result 2) %ausal connection . !egislative histor'0 or "oes violation ;) Polic' +u"gment 2n"re-s) of la- increase ris1 of harm to 9 Cor pro5imate cause %ourts li)eral in interpreting purpose %ompliance -ith la- relevant0 not "isp, 1) >ust increase ris1 of harm0 2&3 2) Harm must )e -ithin the ris1 RES IPSA LOQUITUR This test is sufficient )ut not necessar' 1) Event usuall' "oesn8t occur -:o neg, Intervention of ;r" parties 2) %ause -ithin e5clusive control of 7 . !ia)ilit' onl' if or"inar' an" natural ;) &ot "ue to voluntar' act of 9 Shifts )ur"en to 7 for circum, evi"ence . ;r" part' act must )e foreseea)le . ?suall' for neg,0 not for int, torts <Smo1es out= evi"ence -: multiple 7s Coreseea)ilit' of rescue0 98s reaction Cour %ategories of ?nforeseea)ilit' CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE . E5tent of harm# 7 lia)le eggshell 9) 2ffirmative "efense0 )ur"en on 7 . >anner of harm# 7 lia)le "ugent) E5cuse for private necessit' F @aters must )ecome placi" again Harm must )e -ithin the ris1 causal) . Plaintiff# 7 not lia)le Palsgraf) COMPARATIVE NEGLIGENCE . T'pe of harm# Cor1A Cactors %omp, negligence0 &*T causation F 3irectness of harm Pure or >o"ifie" F 3egree to -hich it resem)les an ASSUMPTION OF RISK unforeseea)le t'pe or e5tent Primar'# 7 )reache" no "ut'0 not neg, F If 78s negligence cause" other harm Secon"ar'# ?nreasona)le0 9 is %ont& for -hich he is lia)le0 there)' not @aiver# Tun1l factors see reverse) totall' clearing him from lia)ilit' Reasona)le assumption# for1 for1A

DUTY TO RESCUE &o "ut' to rescue0 unless la- imposes0 special relationship0 or if 7 cause" the harm even if non(negligentl'), SPECIAL RELATIONSHIPS Benerall'0 no "ut' to control ;r" part' E5ception# E5clusive control of 70 e,g, lan"lor" Kline), >ust )e foreseea)le E5ception# &ecessar' to avert "anger . Target I3e" )' ;r" part' Tarasoff) . 7 facilitate" commission of crime . 7 )reache" promise to -arn 9 Long) LANDOWNER LIABILITY Tra"itional %ategories . Invitees# remove traps . !icensees# -arn of traps . Trespassers# "on8t set traps Ro-lan" Cactors see reverse) 2ttractive &uisances see reverse)

EMOTIONAL HARM Impact Rule# Ph'sical harm re$uire" Gone(of(3anger Rule# 9 must )e in Hone of "anger of )eing harme" )' 7 %losel' Relate" /'stan"er #illon) 1) 9 locate" near acci"ent pro5imit') 2) 9 -itnesse" acci"ent visi)ilit') ;) 9 an" victim closel' relate" ECONOMIC HARM &o lia)ilit' e5cept spec, relationship0 pu)lic nuisance0 intentional harm Each piece of harm must )e fseea)le PAIN AND SUFFERRING %ognitive a-areness re$uire"? Boals0 commensura)ilit'0 etc, PUNITIVE DAMAGES >alicious intent necessar' />@ v, Bore I Three Bui"eposts 1) Reprehensi)ilit' of 78s con"uct 2) 3isparit' ):- harm 6 pun, a-ar" ;) 3iff ):- a-ar" 6 civil penalties >ultiplier can8t e5cee" single "igit STRICT LIABILITY Je'# ?ncommonness0 "angerousness &atural vs, ?nnatural0 acts of Bo" Harm must also )e foreseea)le ABNORMALLY D. ACTIVITIES See outline for RST8s factors Social utilit' as a consi"eration? VICARIOUS LIABILITY Int, torts# <characteristic to -or1place= Scope of Emplo'# 3etour vs, Crolic In"epen"ent %ontractors . 2pparent an" Implie" 2uthorit' PRODUCTS LIABILITY >anufacturing 3efects# 9 must sho1) It "eparte" from inten"e" "esign 2) It cause" in+ur' Cailure to @arn# Coreseea)le ris1s coul" have )een prevente" )' -arning 3esign 3efects %onsumer E5pectations Test# Pro"uct "efective if it fails to perform as safel' as a consumer in 98s position -oul" reasona)le e5pect it to . 2llo-s *pen 6 *)vious e5ception Ris1(?tilit' Test# Pro"uct "efective if )enefits of "esign out-eighe" )' costs . >ust 9 sho- reasona)le alternative? . Hallida$# Test not use" for gun @hich test -ill court use? or )oth?) Coreseea)ilit' of harm0 not inten"e" use0 is -hat matters Volks%agen) @a"e8s ?nreasona)le 3angerous Cactors see reverse) RST %omments see reverse) Ce"eral Preemption &ature of "ut'# Cloor vs, ceiling

TERRY: 5 FACTORS OF NEGLIGENCE 1) The magnitu"e of the ris1, 2) The value or importance of that -hich is e5pose" to the ris10 -hich is -hat la- see1s to protect ;) The value of -hat the person ta1ing the ris1 is pursuing K) The pro)a)ilit' that it -ill )e attaine" )' the con"uct -hich involves ris1 utilit' of the ris1) L) The pro)a)ilit' that it -oul" not have )een attaine" -ithout the ris1 the necessit' of the ris1) RST !: ATTRACTIVE NUISANCE !an"o-ner lia)le for harm cause" )' artificial con"itions if# *-ner 1no-s or has reason to 1no- chil"ren are li1el' to trespass0 2&30 *-ner 1no-s or has reason to 1no- con"ition involves unreasona)le ris1 of harm0 2&3 %hil"ren0 )ecause of their age0 -on8t realiHe the ris10 2&3 /ur"en of eliminating "anger slight compare" to ris1 to chil"ren0 2&3 *-ner fails to e5ercise reasona)le care to eliminate "anger or protect chil"ren &ote# >ost courts "o not appl' this to natural con"itions ROWLAND FACTORS Coreseea)ilit' of harm )reach) 3egree of certaint' of harm "amages) causation) %loseness of connection ):- 78s con"uct an" 98s harm >oral )lame of 78s con"uct fairness) Prevention of future harm "eterrence) %onse$uences to 7 an" communit' )' imposing "ut' 2vaila)ilit' an" cost of insurance compensation) FACTORS FOR MARKET SHARE LIABILITY 2ll name" 7s are potential tortfeasor Harmful pro"ucts i"entical0 share same $ualities fungi)le) 9 una)le to i"entif' particular 7 -ho cause" her harm through no fault of her o-n Su)stantiall' all manufacturers -ho create" pro"uct "uring relevant time are name" as 7s BMW v. Gore: D"#$"" %& R"'$"(")*+,+-+./ %& 01* C%)234. Harm is ph'sical as oppose" to economic %on"uct evi"ence" in"ifference or rec1less "isregar" for human health an" safet' Target of con"uct has financial vulnera)ilit' %on"uct involve" repeate" actions0 not an isolate" inci"ent %on"uct -as the result of intentional malice0 tric1er'0 or "eceit0 instea" of +ust a mere acci"ent 556: ABNORMALLY DANGEROUS ACTIVITIES a) E5istence of a high "egree of ris1 of some harm to another person or his propert' )) !i1elihoo" that the harm that results -ill )e great c) Ina)ilit' to eliminate the ris1 )' the e5ercise of reasona)le care ") E5tent to -hich activit' is not a matter of common usage e) Inappropriateness of the activit' to the place -here it -as carrie" on f) E5tent to -hich its value to the communit' is out-eighe" )' its "angerous attri)utes RTT scraps social utilit' f) as a consi"eration,

RST COMMENTS ON PRODUDCTS LIABILITY f) Seller must )e in the )usiness of selling, 3oes not appl' to the occasional seller g) >ust )e in "efective con"ition -hen it reaches )u'er0 not )' su)se$uent acts h) Seller not lia)le if in+ur' results from a)normal han"ling i) Pro"uct must )e unreasonabl$ "angerous, >ust )e "angerous to an e5tent <)e'on" that -hich -oul" )e contemplate" )' the or"inar' consumer -ho purchases it= +) Seller must give -arnings for "angers that are not generall' 1no-n an" recogniHe", If -arning given0 an" pro"uct is safe if follo-e"0 it isn8t unreasona)l' "angerous 1) If pro"uct is unavoi"a)l' unsafe0 )ut prevents a greater harm e,g, a ra)ies vaccine)0 it is not "efective or unreasona)l' "angerous, Seller not lia)le n) %ont& of 9 is not a "efense0 )ut if 9 sees "anger an" unreasona)l' continues use0 this is an assumption of ris10 an" is a "efense, If 9 "iscovers a "efect an" continues unreasona)l' to use the pro"uct an" is in+ure"0 he8s )arre" from recover' . &ote# 2lthough RST too1 no position on )'stan"er8s recover'0 la- no- allo-s it FACTORS IN RISK-UTILITY TEST Bravit' of "anger pose" )' challenge" "esign !i1elihoo" such "anger -oul" occur >echanical feasi)ilit' of a safer alternative "esign Cinancial cost of an improve" "esign 2"verse conse$uences to pro"uct an" consumer that -oul" result from an alternative "esign U)$"7*%)7,-/ W72"1* F74.%$* +) D"."$8+)+)# +& P$%234. +* D7)#"$%3* ?sefulness an" "esira)ilit' of the pro"uct I utilit' to user an" pu)lic as a -hole Safet' aspects of the pro"uct I li1elihoo" it -ill cause in+ur'0 pro)a)le seriousness of in+ur' 2vaila)ilit' of a su)stitute pro"uct that -oul" meet the same nee"s an" not )e unsafe 2)ilit' to eliminate unsafe trait -ithout impairing usefulness or ma1ing it too e5pensive ?ser8s a)ilit' to avoi" "anger )' e5ercise of care in use of the pro"uct ?ser8s anticipate" a-areness of "angers inherent in the pro"uct general pu)lic 1no-le"ge) Ceasi)ilit' of manufacturer sprea"ing loss )' setting price or carr'ing insurance TUNKL FACTORS 9&%$ :%+2+)# -+7,+-+./ ;7+:"$*< /usiness generall' though suita)le for pu)lic regulation Importance of 78s service to the pu)lic 7 hol"s itself out as -illing to provi"e service to an' mem)er of pu)lic -ho see1s it Essential nature of services gives 7 great )argaining strength Pu)lic face" -ith a"hesion contractM cannot pa' reasona)le fees for negligence protection Purchaser place" un"er 78s control0 su)+ect to ris1 an" carelessness )' 7