Signal Processing and PQ

Z.Leonowicz, PhD

Stationarity
Normal operation Steady-state operation Stationary signal Statistical properties

Parameters
Magnitude rms value Frequency counting of zero-crossings Distortion spectrum estimation Unbalance 3phase Flicker severity fast changes in magnitude < 1s Very Short Variations (3 s 10 min)

Voltage Magnitude
IEC 61000-4-30
10 (12) cycles

RMS Max. Amplitudes

RMS
Noise , Frequency Errors

Three-phase measurements
Mean RMS Instantaneous RMS

Frequency
Counting of zero-crossings PLL Advanced methods

Waveform Distortion
IEC 61000-4-7 IEC 61000-4-30 Measurement setup

61000-4-30
Harmonic current when emission compared to limits Fourier series 10 (12) cycles, rectangular window, synchronized with frequency 5 Hz spacing between components

Example, arc furnace current

+ ia,ref
regulator firing circuit

ia

HV T1

MV

T2
L

0.03
Amplitude [-]

0.02

0.01

2000
Current [A]

0
0

200

400
Frequency [Hz]

600

-2000 0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05

Time [s]

Example

Example

Inter/Harmonic & sub/groups

200 ms window

Harmonic Group
9 frequency components between n and n+1 harmonic (11 for 60 Hz systems) Lowest four -> Group n Highest four -> Group n+1 Middle one divided into two groups

Harmonic Subgroup
Harmonic plus adjacent components

Interharmonic group
All harmonic components between harmonic of order n

Interharmonic subgroup
Frequency components between the harmonic groups

Example (arc furnace)

Example (normal)

Disturbances in range 2-9 kHz

IEC 61000-4-7 annex 100 ms window not synchronized to 50 Hz Sampling frequency 30-50 kHz Band pass filter 10 Hz separation grouped into 200 Hz bands 2100, 2300,,8700,8900 Hz

Three-phase Unbalance
Negative-sequence voltage
U unbalance U = + U

IEC 61000-4-30

Problems with Unbalance

1. Maximum deviation from average phase voltage IEEE 1159 2. Difference between highest and lowest rms voltage (ref. to averaged 3 voltages) IEEE 936 3. Ratio of negative to positive sequence IEEE 1159 4. Maximum deviation from average line voltage , ref. to average of line voltages

Example 2% neg-seq. voltage

1,3,4

Example 2% neg-seq.+1,5% zero-seq.

Calculation of Unbalance

Unbalance

Unbalance

Positive and negative seq. voltages

Unbalance

Power Quality Indices

THD Total Harmonic Distortion TWD Total Waveform Distrotion TnHD Total Non-Harmonic Distortion THDe Total Even Harmonic Distortion THDo - ? THDv THDI THDnom, THDrms

Formulas

Formulas

Other indices
Crest factor Transformers K-factor THD cap Capacitor banks THD mach Rotating machines Telephone Interference factor

3-phase aggregation
Balanced THD

Unbalanced THD

Example

Power and PF
IEEE 1459 Uses 3 line voltages Instantaneous power p(t)=vaia+vbib+vcic Arithmetic apparent power-sum of S Vector apparent power Budeanu def. PF ratio of active power to apparent power

Budeanu powers
Budeanu Powers-1927 Reactive Distortion

SV = P + Q + D
2 2 B

2 B

Problems
No PF is correct ! Effective voltage & current

PF

Frequency Domain Analysis

Signal is decomposed into harmonics Discrete Fourier Transform Window Functions

Window Size

Interpolation
Zero-padding Does not increase frequency resolution Generates interpolated spectrum Frequency resolution

2 0.89 Nt

Synchronization

Examples

Examples

Examples

Examples