CHAPTER TWELVE

WORKING DRAWINGS
OBJECTIVES
After studyingthe material in thischapter,you shouldbe able to:
1. Definetopdown,bottomup,andmiddleoutdesign.
2. Discuss methodsofconstrainingassembliesmade usingsolid
modelingand parametricmodeling.
~ Ident ifytheelementsof adetaildrawing.
4. Listthepartsof anassemblydrawing.
S. Listsix types of assemblydrawings.
6. Listtherole of the record stripand titl eblock in theapproval
process.
7. Describetheprocessfor revisingdrawings.
8. Describe thespecial requirementsofa patentdrawing.
Referto the followingstandards:
ASMEY14.24- 1999 Types and Applicationsof Engineering
Drawings
ASMEY14.34M-1996AssociatedLists
TtC'M'I' . l'1lOOlJCIDROtoIANeecteoec
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IEMNO. PAinNUM8ER: DESCRIPTION ON.
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Upper levelassembly drawing forafour wheel drivedynamometer(Insetshows 3Dmodel).
Courtesy of Dynojet Research, Inc.
OVERVI EW
Design professionals such as engineers and architec-
tects are creators or builders. They use graphics as a
means to create, record, analyze, and communicate
theirdesign conceptsor ideas so thattheycanbereal-
izedor madeintoreal productsor structures.The abil-
ity to communicate verbally, symbolically, and
graphicallyisessentialtobuildingtheteamsnecessary
to create large scale projects.
As you learned in Chapter 1, designs progress
through five stages. Different types of drawings are
required at each stage of the process. Early in the
process, ideation sketches communicate and refine
concepts for the project. Later, detailed layouts,
analysis, and part drawings are created using 2D
CAD or solid modeling techniques. Assemblydraw-
ings created in 3D CAD or using 2D methods show
how multiple parts fit together. They describe the
end result-how the individual pieces that must fit
togetherto work.
Releasing and revising drawings is an important
partofthedesign process. Revisions must be tracked,
identified, logged, and saved for future reference.
Understanding and using effective methods to
manage paperand electronicdocuments iscrucial to
retain importantinformation and preventcostlyand
even dangerous mistakes. You will learn more about
managingdrawingsin Chapter13.
Check theseWeb sites for stock componentCADmodels to
add to assemblies:
http://www.carrlane.com
htt p:/ /parts.web2cad.de
http: //www.uspto.gov/web/off ices/com/iip /pdf/
brochure_OS.pdf
http://www.mycadmash.com/mash.asp lists lots of handy
CADsites
420 C HAP T ER 1 2 W 0 RKIN G D RAW I N G 5 .
12.1 3D CAD Assembly Model for Lunar Design's
Award Winning Design for a 3D Interactive Touch
Device for the Home Pc. The Novint Falcon lets users feel
weight, shape, texture, dimension, and force effects when
playing touch-enabled PC games. It accommodates a
variety of controller grips, called end effectors, which allow
users to more accurately engage with the experience of the
game they are playing, such as feeling their stroke when
they hit the golf ball on screen, or gaging how much edge
they get on their snowboards as they fly down the slopes.
To bring this sophisticated level of 3D touch technology
device to market, Lunar Design worked closely with Novint
and the commercial haptic developer Force Dimension.
Courtesy of Lunar
UNDERSTANDING DESIGN, DOCUMENTATION, AND WORKING DRAWINGS
Top Down vs. Bottom Up Design
Methods of accomplishing the design process are sometimes
described in terms of three general categories: top down, bot-
tom up, and middle out.
Top down refers to starting the process of designing a product
or system by considering the function of the entire system,
then breaking that down into subassemblies or component
groups based on their major functions. Finally, each part
that must he manufactured and assembled to create the
design is defined. Layout drawings are often used to
facilitate top down design by accurately showing the
relationships between major functional items and how
those may fit with existing equipment.
Bottom up refers to a design process starting at the part level.
Individual components are sized and designed, then the
final assembly is built around the design of the parts. Thi s
approach is helpful when the components are standardized
parts.
Middle out refers to a combination of top down and bottom
up design methods, where some part s are standardized and
others are designed withiu the context of fitting into the
design of the assembly.
You may prepare detail drawings first or assembly draw-
ings first , depending on your process. Using solid modeling
you may create a 2D or 3D layout first and then develop the
models for the individual parts. Or you may create part models
first and then assemble them together. Some companies use
a fully digital documentation process and some create 2D
detail drawings and assemhly drawings that show how the part s
fit together.
Constraining 3D Assembly Models
With constraint based modeling software, you use assembly
constraints to create relationships between modeled parts. The
first part added to the assembly becomes the parent part.
Other parts are mated to this parent part to build up the assem-
bly. Mating parts have features that should fit together.
Assernhly constraints available in the 3D modeling software let
you align mating parts. For example. in the 3D CAD assembly
model shown in Figure 12.1, the parts are aligned with one
another using assembly constraints. similar to the way you
would build the actual device.
If you want two holes to line up, you can nse an assembl y
constraint to align them . If a part changes, it will still he
----
oriented in the assembly so that the hol es align. Each software
package will offer a similar set of constraint options, so you
should become familiar with those available to you. Table 12.1
list s some common ass embly constraints and their definitions.
Assembly relationships can make your assembly model work
for you. As you add parts, use constraints to ori ent the new part
using relationships that will persist in the assembly.
A subordinate assembly, usually called a subassembly, is
a group of components of a larger machine. Breaking products
into subassemblies oft en makes it eas ier to coo rdinate when
different designers are working on portions of the same device.
Even if you are not using 3D mod eling, struc turing your draw-
ings into subasse mblies provides benefits such as making it
easy to reuse subassemblies and track part s . The top down
Table 12.1 Assembly Constraints for 3D Models.
W0 RKIN G 0 RAW I N G S 421
desi gn process focuses on defining all of the subassembly
requirements and how those intera ct in the assembly.
You can create a subassembly in much the same way you
create an assembly: by making an assembly of the subassem-
bly components. This subasse mbly can be add ed to the ma in
assembly in the same way you add a part.
Organizing the model so that it comes together as it will on
the assembly line can be useful in visualizing assembly diffi -
culties . If a group of components are likely to be changed or
repl aced, linking all the subparts to a main component can
make it eas y to subst itute an alternative design for that group of
parts. Planning ahead is essential to creating assemblies
effici ently and getting the mo st out of them.
Name Definition Illustration
Mates two planar surfaces together. Mate
Mate offset Mates two surfaces together so they
have an offset between them.
Aligns two surfaces, datum points,
vertices, or curve ends to be
coplanar; also aligns revolved
surfaces or axes to be coaxial.
Align
Aligns two planar surfaces with an
offset between them.
Align offset
Inserts a "male" revolved surface int o
a "female" revolved surface, aligning
the axes.
Insert
Orients two planar surfaces to be
parallel and facing in the same
direction.
Or ient
Places a component int o an assembly
by aligning its coordinate system
with an assembly coordinate system.
Coordinate system
Assembly
coordinate system
422 C HAP T ER 1 2 W0 RKIN G D RAW 1 N G S
3D Layouts and Skeleton Assemblies
Another method of creating an assembly
using 3D CAD softwa re is to start with
an assembl y framework in the form of an
assembly layout or skeleton that can be
used to define the locations of individ-
ual part s in the assembly. Using this
method, parts arc designed so they link
to a ske leton framework in the assembly.
/
/
12.2 Skeleton Model for a Clamp
A skeleton is a 3D drawi ng that defines
major relationships in the assembl y
using lines, arcs. curves, and points, as
shown in Figure 12.2. By creating the
framework for each part up front. all
part s do not have to be finished before
they can be assembled. Parts ca n be
assembled ont o the skeleton at any stage
of completion. By allowing the assem-
bly to evolve as the parts are desi gned
and refined, each desi gner can see the
part s the others arc creating-or at least
the criti cal relationships between
part s- by looking at the assembl y.
Working Drawings or Construction Drawings
The term working drawings describes a
set of assembly drawings and detail
drawings. Aset of civil drawings with site,
grading plan s, and the many structural
det ail s for building a clam or bridge is an
example of a set of working drawings.
Architectural drawings are another
type of working (or construction) draw-
ings (Figure 12.3). They are given to the
contractor to show how to construct the
huilding envisioned by the architect.
Working drawings for machines include
assembl y drawings showing how part s
fit together and detail drawings showing
how to manufacture the part s. Weld-
ments are a type of ass embly drawing
showing the weld s that must be used to
form an assembly from separate pieces
of metal.
1
HALtwA-y-- -t
,
I

Drawings, model s, and supporting

document ation are the specifications for
design manufacture. They are given to
contractors to perform tbe work or man-
ufacture individual parts, so they must
represent the design accurately. The
drawing is a legal document describing
what work is to be perf ormed or what
part s are to be produced.
A careful proces s of checking and
approving drawings and model s helps
prevent errors. Take preparing or approv-
ing drawings as a serious responsibility.
Overlooking what may seem to be small
or insignifi cant deta ils may result in
large amounts of wasted money or.
worse yet , a per son' s injury or death.
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W0 RKIN G D RAWI N G S 423
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12.4 General Assembly Drawing for an Air Brake Created from a 3D CAD Model. Courtesy of Dynojet Research, Inc.
Assembly Drawings
An assembly drawing shows the asse mbled machine orstruc-
ture, with all detail parts in their functional positions or as an
exploded view where you can relat e the part s to their
functi onal positi ons.
There are different type sofassembly drawings:
I. Design assembl ies, orlayouts.
2. General assemblies.
3. Det ail assemblies.
4. Workingdrawingassemblies.
5. Outline or install ation asse mblies .
6. Inseparableassemblies (as in weklments, and others) .
Assembly drawings are often generated from 3D CAD
models. For example,theassembly drawing for the air brakein
Figur e 12.4 was generated from the 3DCAD model of the air
brake shown inshaded view inFigure 12.5.
Views
Keep the purpose in mind when you select the views for an
assembl ydrawing.The assemblydrawingshows how the par ts
fit togetherand suggests the functi on oftheentireunit. Acom-
plete set oforthographic views is not required. Often a single
orthographic view will show all of the information needed
when asse mbling the part s. The asse mbly drawin g does not
need to show how to make the part s, just how to put them
together. The assembly worker recei ves the actual fini shed
part s.The information for each indi vidnul part isshownon its 12.5 3DCAD Model for anAirBrake.Courtesy of
det ail drawing. Dynojet Research Inc.
,2.6 AssemblyDrawing ofaGrinder
Hidden Lines in Assembly Drawings
Typically. hidden lines arc not needed onassembly drawings.
Keep in mind that the assembly drawing is often used by the
worker who is putting the part stogether. It needs to beeasy to
read and show the relati onships between partsclearly. Hidden
linescan make the drawingdifficult to read,so use sectionor
expl oded views to show the interior par ts in the assembly
drawing.
Dimensions in Assembly Drawings
Assembly drawings are not usuall y dimensi oned except to
showtherelati vepositionsofone feature tothe next whenthat
distance must be maint ained at the timeofthe assembl y,such
as the maximum height of a jack, or the maximum opening
bet ween thejaws of a vise. When mach ining is required in the
assembly operation. the necessary dimensions and notes may
begivenonthe assemblydrawing.
Assembly Sections
Since asse mblies often have part s filling into or overl appin g
otherpart s,2D and 3Dsectionsareuseful views.Forexample,
in Figure 12.6, try to imagine the right -side view drawn in
elevat ion with interior parts represent ed by hidden lines.
Any kind ofsecti on may be used as needed.Abroken-out
section is shown in Figure 12.6. Half sections and removed
sectionsare also frequently used.Pictorialsectionsarc helpful
in creating easy to read assemb ly drawings.
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Detail DrawingsorPiece PartDrawi ngs
Drawings ofthe indi vidual part s are called pi ece partdraw-
ings, part drawings,or detail drawings.Detail drawings con-
tain all of the necessary information to manufacture any
speci fic part being created for a product or design . Figures 12.7
and 12.8 show detail drawings.The information provided on
deta il drawing s includes:
All necessary drawing views or accurate3D model infor-
mati on tofull ydefine theshape.
Dimensions that can be specified in a drawing or can be
measured accuratel yfrom a 3D model.
Tolerancesei therspecified ina drawingor annotated in a
3D model so that how the tolerance appliescanbeclearl y
understood.
The material for the manufactured part.
Any general or specific notes including heat treatment ,
painting, coat ings. hardness, pattern number. estimated
weight, and surface finishes, such as maximum surface
roughness.
Approvalor releaseand revision tracking,whetherpart of
a 2D drawing title and revision block or part of a digital
signaturesystem.
W0 RKIN G D RAWI N G S 425
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12.7 PartDrawing for aHeatSink.Courtesy of Big Sky Laser.
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426 CH AP TER 12 WO RK ING DRAW I NGS
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12.9 Subassembly of Accessory Shaft Group
12.1 SUBASSEMBLIES
A set of worki ng dr awi ngs incl udes detai l drawi ngs of individ-
ual parts and the assembly draw ing show ing the asse mbled
unit Often an entire subassembly may be reused in a different
design, It is easier to reuse the group of par ts in a uew design if
they are grouped toget her logically and co ntained in separate
drawings, Your top level assembly drawing will appear cleaner
if you keep subassemblies well orga nized, as the entire suh-
assembly ca n be identified as a single item on a higher level
assembly dra wing, Fas teners for the subassembly that attach it
to its mating part s in the next higher level asse mbly drawing are
usua lly shown or listed on the bill of materials (somet imes
referred to as BOM) at the higher leve l.
Structuri ng your product into assemblies and subassem-
blies requires thought ful decision making in order to get the
most advantage when retrieving part. subassembly, and assem -
bly drawings later on. If your company uses a product data
management system (PDM). planning is essential to seeing
down stream result s,
An example of a subasse mbly is shown in Figure 12,9, A
subasse mbly is drawn the same way as an assembly dra wing.
j ust for a subgroup that asse mbles to other parts.
_.. . ..
I IA8400
12.2 IDENTIFICATION
Use cir cled numb ers called balloon numbers or ball tags to
ide ntify the parts in the assembly (Figure 12.10), Circles con-
taining the part numbers are placed adjacent to the part s, witb
leaders termi nated by arrowheads touchin g the parts as shown
in Figure 12. I 1.
The circles are placed in orderly hori zont al or ver tica l
rows and not scattered over the sheet Leader lines should be
drawn at an angle. not hori zont all y or vertically. Do not let
leader s cross . Ma ke adjacent leaders parallel or nearly so, For
mult iple small part s that are easil y di stinguished, a single
leader may have multiple circle item numbers as shown in
Figur e 12.11,
The circled item number ide ntif ies eac h part. Show infor-
mation for the part in the part s list that is usuall y included on
the dr awing sheet, but may also be a separ ate docu ment
Another method of identification is to letter the part
names, numbers required, and part numbers. at the end of
leaders as shown in Figure 12,9. More commonly. only the
part numbers are given, together with standard stra ight-line
leaders.
, 12 (3 mm) : mm) .19 (fmm)@
12.10 Identification Numbers
--
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12.2 IDENTIFICATION 427
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2 1 16009279 CCA.POWERSTAGEINTERFACE,DPSSl
3 1 16003201 MOU",!.CAP BANK,DPSSL
4 1 16009212 CCA DIODE DRIVER.CENTURION
5 2 BI040203 2-56x,313St'CS.W WASHERS
6 7 81300201 fLAT. #2
7 781310200 LOCK.SPLII. #2
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12.11 Identificationof Assembly Drawing Itemswith aParts List.Courtesy ofBig Sky Laser.
Multidetai l Drawings
When multiple detail drawings are shown on one sheet, identify each part are similar
to those used in detail drawings where seve rnI detail s are shown on one sheet. as in
Figure 12.12. Place circles containing the part numbers adj acent to the parts , with
leaders terminated by arrowheads touching the part s as in Figure 12.11.A porti on of
a multidetail drawing is shown in Figure 12,12.
REAM I N
ASSEMBLY FOR

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TRACEDBY R.D.J. I I
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SCALE; FULLI08- 01-1996
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CORRE:.CT I ON 5 APPROVED BY a.
12.12 Portion of a Drawing Showing Identification of Detail swith a Parts List
12.13
428 CHAPTER 1 2 WORKING DRAWIN GS
ITEMNO. QTY.PART NO. DESCRIPTiON
1 1 16009273 CCA.CAPBANK.DPLASER
2 1 16009279 CCA. POWER STAGEINTERFACE.DPSSL
3 1 16003201 MOUNT.CAPBANK.DPSSL
4 1 16009212 CCA. DIODEDRIVER.CENTURION
5 281040203 2-56x.313SHCS,W/ WASHERS
6 781300201 WASHER.FLAT.#2
7 781310200 WASHER.LOCK. SPLIT. 112
8 5 81100204 BHCS,2-56X3m
Parts List.Court esy ofBig Sky Loser.
12.3 PARTS LISTS
Apartslist orbill ofmaterialsitemizes thepart sofastructure
shown on an asse mbly drawing (ANSI Y14.34M-1996).The
title stripalone is sufficient on detail drawings of only onepar t.
but a part s list is necessary on assembly drawings or detail
drawings of seve ral part s. Parts ca n belisted in general order of
size or importance or gro uped by types.
Partslist sfor machine dra wings,Figure 12.13contain:
Part ident i fication numb er (PIN) .
Description of eachpart.
Quantityrequired in the assembly.
The followingabbrev iations canbe used to indicatequan-
titiesthatare notexactlyknown:ARindicatingas required;
EST foll owed byanumber foranestimated quantity:
Forpartsliststhatco ntai n application data, informationfor
the next asse mblylevel must be included.
Frequently other informati on is supplied in the part s list.
suc h as material. CAGEcode,patt ern numbers,stocksizesof
materi als.and wei ght sofpart s.
Automatic 80M Generation
CADsoftware oftenallows you togeneratethe parts list auto-
maticall y or somewhat automatically. Figure 12.14 shows a
dialog box used to automa tegenerat ion ofapart slist.
If you cre ated a 3D asse mbly model by inserting CAD
models for the parts, the software ca n query the asse mbly
model for quantiti es and the file names that were inser ted to
genera te the part s list. This isanothergoo d reason to use good
rile managementprac tices and nameyour partslogically.Most
software allows you to type in informati on,but overriding the
information this way makes it harder to automatically update
fi les, losingsome of the advant ageofusing 3DCAD.
Locating the Parts List
Ifthe part s listrestsontopof the title boxor strip,the orderof
the itemsshould be from thebott om upward so that new items
ca nbe added later, ifnecessary.Ifthe part slist isplaced inthe
upper-right corner,the itemsshould read downward.
Listing Standard Parts
Standard part s, whether purcha sed or company produced, arc
notdrawn butare included inthe partslist. Bolt s,screws, bea r-
ings, pins, keys, and so on are identified by the part number
from the asse mbly drawing and arespecifie dbynameand size
or number.
Mess ge ~
Select options andthenclick OK toplaceBill of Materials into
thedraWing,
bl Ta ,IeTempate
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12.14 Solidworks Dialog BoxShowing Options For
AutomaticallyInserting aBillof MaterialsTable.Courtesy
ofSolidworks Corporation.
1 2 . 4 AS S EMBLY S EC T I O N 5 429
Space
by eye
7'A
(a) (b) (c)
12.15 Section Lining in Assemblies (Full Size)
12.4 ASSEMBLY SECTIONS
12.16 Symbolic Section Lining
12.17 Solidly Hatching Small Parts
In assembl y sections it is necessary not
only to show the cut surfaces but also to
distingui sh between adjacent parts. Do
this by drawing the section lines in oppos-
ing directions, as shown in Figur e 12.15.
Tbe first large area is sectioned at 45
(Figure 12.15a ). The next large area,
(b), is sect ioned at 4SO in the opposite
di recti on. Additional areas are then sec-
tioned at other angles, such as 30 or 60
as shown at (c) or at other angles.
In small areas it is necessary to
space the sec tion lines closer together. In
large r areas space secti on lining more
wi dely or use outline section lining.
Use the general-purpose section lin-
ing for assemhlies, You can also give a
general indication of the materials used,
through using symbolic section lining as
shown in Figure 12.16. Refer to Chapter 6
to review section drawing practices.
In sect ioning relati vel y thin part s in
an assembly. snch as gaskets and sheet
metal part s, section lini ng is ineffective
and should bc lcft out or shown in solid
black as in Fig ure 12.17.
In architectural drawin gs, filling
sec tioned areas solidly is called poche,
as shown in Figur e 12.18. It is often used
to show walls that have been cut through.
as on !loor plans.
Often solid objec ts, or parts that do
not show required information, are sliced
by the cut ting plane. Leave these parts un-
sectioned, or "in the round ." This incl udes
bolts, nuts, shafts, keys, screws, pins. ball
or roller bearings, gear teeth, spokes. and
ribs. among others. See Figure 12.19.
/'
N ~ i l U i i a Differe nt hatch
patterl).S show
~
12.18 Use Hatch Patterns to Indicate Material and
Poche Small Features Detail of Drawing. Courtesy of
Loeati Architects. 12.19 Assembly Section
430 CHAPTER 12 WORKING DRAWINGS
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Autodesk Inventor is an example of a software package that features stock
parts that are useful for creating assemblies. With permission ofAutodesk, Inc.
2006-2007. All rights reserved.
12.5 WORKING
DRAWING ASSEMBLY
A working drawing assembly, Figure
12.20, is a combined detail and ussem-
hly drawing. These drawings arc oft en
used in place of separate detail and
assembly drawings when the ass embly
is simple enough for all of its parts [0be
shown clearly in the single drawing.
In some cases, all hut one or two parts
can he drawn and dimensioned clearly
in the assembly drawing, in which event
these parts are detailed separately on
[he same sheet. This type of drawing is
common in valve drawings, locomotive
subassemblies, aircraft subussernhlics,
and drawings of jigs and fixtures.
12.6 INSTALLATION
ASSEMBLIES
An assembly made specifically to sbow
how to install or erect a machine or struc-
ture is an installation assembly. This
type of drawing is also often called an
outline assembly, becau se it shows only
the outlines and the relationships of ex-
terior surfaces. A typical installation
assembly is shown in Fi gure 12.21.
In aircraft drafting, an installation draw-
ing (assembly) gives complete informa-
tion for placing deta ils or subassemblies
in their final positions in the airplane.
12.7 CHECK
ASSEMBLIES
After all detail drawings of a unit have
been made, it may be necessary to make
a check assembly, especially if a number
of changes were made in the detail s.
Such an assembly is shown accurately to
scale in order to graphically check the
correctness of the details and their rela -
tionship in assembl y. After the check
assembly has served its purpose, it may
be converted into a general assembly
drawing.
1 2 . 7 C H EC K AS S EM B LIE 5 431
(! 6.7 - 45')( / CHA M AT [NO
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12.20 Working Drawing Assembly of Drill Jig.
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12.21 Installation Assembly
432 C HAPTER 12 WO RK ING D RAWI N G S
12.8 WORKING DRAWING FORMATS
Number of Details Per Sheet
There are two genera l methods for gro uping detailed part s on
shee ts. Showi ng one detail ed part per sheet is typically pre-
ferred because it is easier to repurpose drawi ngs for other uses
and to track revision data when the sheet does not co ntain
ex tra parts .
Small machines or structures compose d of few part s some-
times show all the det ai ls on one large sheet. Showing the
assembly and all its detail s on one sheet can he convenient, but
it is genera lly more difficult to revise and maint ain. The same
scale should be used for all details on a si ngle shee t, if possi-
ble. When this is not possibl e, clearly note the scale under each
dissi mil ar det ail.
Most companies show one det ail per sheet. however sim-
ple or sma ll it may be. For many par ts the basic 8.5x 11" or
2 10 x 297 rnmsheet works well. Since it is easy to lose a few
drawings on smaller shee ts from a set that is mostl y on larger
shee ts, some companies use all II x 17" (or the equivalent
metric size) for all parts.
Digital Drawing Transmittal
Electronic tile formats such as Port abl e Document For mat
(PDF), originally de vel oped hyAdobe Systems in 1993, all ow
the or iginator to send a document that can be commented on
without allowing the origina l document to be changed.
Several search engines allow you to search for text embed-
ded in the PDF file. This means that PDF can provide advantages
not just for storing, but retrieving the information later. Adobe
Systems provides a useful document (in PDF forma t) on using
PDF as an archiving standard. You can read it at http://
www.adobe.com/products/acro bat/ pdfs/pdfarchiving.pdf.
r;Jsto<ky H ,"00,", , l:;!
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use 2XIn ft-Ct"ltof vi'llJ6o
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12.22 A Port ion of aPDFFileShowingRed-Lined
Markups. Courtesy of Dynoj et Research, Inc.
Using electronic fi les saves trees, makes it quicker to
distribut e and store document s, and allows others to review
document s from various applications. Figure 12.22 shows a
drawing stored in PDF for mat wi th comments and redlin ed
markups.
2007 lupiterimaqes Corporati on.
PAPER CONSERVATION
According to World watch Institute, 40% of the trees
harvested worldwide are used to make paper. The U.S.
Environmental Protect ion Age ncy (EPA) estimates
that paper makes up 38% of muni cipal solid was te.
The UNESCO Statistical Handbook estimated
paper production in 1999 at 1,510 sheets of paper per
inhabitant of the world . Eve n with di git al data storage,
paper consumption has only increased since then.
Websitesrelatedto paperconservationinclude:
http://www2.sims.berkeley.edu/research/
projects/ how-much-info-2003/print.html
http://www.lesk.com/mlesk/ksg97/ksg.html
1 2 . 8 W 0 RKI N G 0 RAW I N G FOR MAT S 433
R E PonT A LL E R R OR S T O " OA CM AN
ALSO USED ON "DOVe M"CU INC5
UNIT 3134 "'FEEDWORM SHAFT
SAE 3115 SEE NOTE "'S"IMPLEX 8. DUPLE.X 1200)
563- 310
FULL SIZE
KEARNEY & TRECKER
COf'l.PORA TIUN
,oUl. WAUKI:C , WI SC O NSI N . U. S. ... . 17840 B
12.23 Title Strip
HEAT TREATMENT
CATERPILLAR TRACTOR CO.
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NAME FI RST. FOURTH & THIRD
HDN ROCKWELL C-50-56
NOTE 3 TEST LOCATIONS
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12.24 TitleStrip. CourtesyofDynojetResearch, Inc.
REAM IN
ASSEMBLY FOR
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JOHN SMITH &. CO.
CHI C.AGO, ILL .
2 COLLAR
I SECONDARY BASE
N NAME
BY F.J. M.
APPROVED BY s
TRACED BV R.D.J .
DRAWN BY

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12.25 Identifying Detailswith aParts List.CourtesyofBigSkyLaser, Inc.
Titleand Record Strips
Drawingsconstitute importantand valu-
able information regarding products, so
carefullydesign ed. well -kept,sys tematic
files arc important.
The function ofthe title and record
strip is to show, in an organi zed way,all
necessary information not given directl y
on the drawing with its dimension s and
notes.The type of title nsed depends on
the filing sys tem in use. the manufactur-
ing proc esses, and the requirements of
the product.The followingshouldgener-
ally hegiven in the title form:
I. Name of theobje ct shown.
2. Name and address ofmanufacturer.
3. Nameand addressof the purcha sing
company, ifany.
4. Signature of the person who made
the drawiugand date ofcompletion.
S. Signatureof the checker and dat eof
completion.
6. Signature of the chiefdrafter. chief
engineer, or other official. and the
dateofapproval.
7. Scale of the drawing.
1:\. Numberofthe drawing.
Other information may be included,
such as material. quantity, heat treat -
ment, finish, hardness, pattern number.
estimated weight , superseding and su-
perseded drawing numbers, symbol of
machine, and so on, depending on the
plant orgaui zation and unique aspect s of
the product. Some typical title blocksare
showninFigure s 12.23, 12.24and 12.25.
Seetheinsidebackcoverfortraditionalti-
tle forms andANSI-approvedsheetsizes.
The title form is usually placed
along the bottom of the sheet or in the
lower right-hand comer of the sheet ,
because drawings arc oft en filed in flat.
hori zontal drawers. and the title must be
easily found. However, as many filing
sys tems are in use, the location of the
title form depends on your company' s
organizational preference. Many compa-
nies adopt their own title forms or those
preferred byANSI.
To letteritems ina title form:
Usesingle-strokeverti calorinclined
Gothi ccapit als.
Letter items according to theirrela-
tive importan ce. Use heavi er. larger
ormorewidelyspacedlettering(ora
combination of these) to indicate
important items.
Give the drawing number the most
emphasis. followed by the name of
theobjectand nameofthecompany.
(Dat e, scale, and originarors and
checker 's names are important, but
do not need tobe prorninent.)
Refer toChapter2fordetailediufor-
mation on title blocks and standard
letter heights.
434 CHAPTER 12 WORKING DRAWINGS
12.9 DRAWING NUMBERS
Every drawingshouldbenumbered.Somecompaniesuse serial
numbers.suchas60412,ora numberwith aprefixor suffix let-
ter to indicate the sheet size, as A60412 or 60412-A.Thesize
Asheetisastandard8.5 x II".Indifferentnumberingschemes,
various pans ofthe drawing number indicate different things,
such as model numberofthe machine and the natureor use of
the part. In general, itis best to use asimplenumberingsystem
and not to load the numberwith too many indications.
The drawing number should be lettered 7 mrn (.2500")
high in the lower-rightand upper-leftcornersof the sheet.
In orderto benefit from a CADsystem,you mustbe able
to storeand retrieveyourdrawingsefficiently. Drawingtrack-
ingsoftwareallowsuserstosearchbypart numberortext items
to retrievedrawing files and CADmodels.
12.10 ZONING
To helppeople locate a particularitem on a large or complex and the intervalson the verticalmarginare labeledfrom bottom
drawing,regularruled intervalsare labeled along the margins, to top with letters, similar to road maps. Note the zone letters
often in the rightand lowermargins only. Theintervalson the and numbers around the borderofFigure 12.26.
horizontal margin are labeled from right to left with numerals,
12.1 1 CHECKING DRAWINGS
The importance ofaccuracy in technical drawing cannot be
overstated. Errors sometimes cause tremendous unnecessary
expenditures. The signature on the drawing identifies who is
responsible for its accuracy.
In small offices, checking is usually done by the designer
or byoneofthedrafters.Inlargeoffices,experiencedengineers
may beemployedtodevoteamajorpart oftheirtime tocheck-
ing drawings.
Adrawing is carefully checked and signed by the person
who madeit. It is then checked by the lead designer for func-
tion, economy,practicability,fit, tolerancesand so on .Correc-
tions, ifany, are then madeby the originaldrafter.
The final checkershould systematically review the draw-
ing for any remaining errors. They should study the drawing
with particularattention to:
I. Soundnessofdesign, with referenceto function, strength,
materials.economy,manufacturability,serviceability.ease
ofassemblyand repair, lubrication,andso on.
2. Choice ofviews, partial views, auxiliary views, sections,
lettering, and so on.
3. Dimensions, with special referenceto repetition, ambigu-
ity. legibility, omissions. errors, and finish marks.Special
attentionshould be given to tolerances.
4. Standard parts. In the interest ofeconomy, as many parts
as possibleshouldbe standard.
5. Notes,with specialreferencetodearwordingand legihility.
6. Clearances. Moving parts should be checked in all possi-
hie positions toensure freedom of movement.
7. Titleform information .
12.12 DRAWING REVISIONS
Changes on drawings may be necessitated by changes in
design, changes in tools, desires of customers, or errors in
designorinproduction.An accuraterecordofall changesmade
to released drawings is tracked via a revision block. This is
importantso that the sourcesofall changesmay be understood,
verified, and approved.
Therecordofrevisionsshouldshowthechange,bywhom.
when, and why the change was made.An engineering change
order(ECO)or engineeringchangerequest(ECR)isprocessed
to approveand trackchangesto drawingsoncethey havebeen
released for production. Some companies use a paper record
for this andothers manageitdigitally.
Any changes or additions made to a drawing are tracked
by a revision number.A symbol can be added to the drawing
showingthe itemaffectedby the revision.
Itis not recommended to removeinformation by crossing
itout.
In rare cases when a dimension is not noticeably affected
by achange,it may be underlinedwith aheavyline to indicate
that it is not to scale.
It isimportanttokeepprintsor microfilmsofeachissue on
file to show how the drawing appeared before the revision.
Issue new prints to supersede old ones each time a change
is made.
Digitalsystemsabsolutelymust use careful backupproce-
dures and. due to data loss concerns. are still not approved in
someindustries.
If considerable change on a drawing is necessary, it may
be necessary to make a new drawing and stamp the old one
OBSOLETEand storeitinan "obsolete"file. In the title block
ofthe old drawing, enter the words "SUPERSEDED BY" or
"REPLACED BY" followed by the number of the new
drawing. On the new drawing, under "SUPERSEDES" or
"REPLACES," enterthe numherofthe old drawing.
c
C
1 2 . 1 3 SIMP L I FY I N G 0 RAW I N G S 435
8 5 ,3 2
D
B
A
REVI SIONS
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1\ 1.1. CORRE.<.i I'{)NJ)INGI)IMENSIONS WII .I. ( I'IANGE BY .0511 J\ S
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ill
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NOTES: UNLESSOTHERWISE SPECI FIED
2. "Q" INDICATES INCOMING QC INSPECTION POINTS
MPERKINS 2/5 /03
eev.
B
12.26 Symbols MatchingtheItem in the Revision BlockIndicateRevisedFeatures on aDrawing .
Courtesy of Big Sky Laser, Inc.
People use various methods to reference the area on a revision block,as shown in Figure 12. 26.On zoned drawings
drawing where the change is made. wi th the entry in the revi- the zone ofthe correction is shown in the revision block. The
sionhlock. The mostcommon is to place numbersor letters in changeshouldal sobedescribedbriefly,alongwiththedateand
a small ci rcle or triangle near each place where the changes initialsofthe person making the change.
were made and to usc the same numbers or lett ers in the
12.13 SIMPLIFYING DRAWINGS
Drawi ng time is aconsiderable part ofthe total costofa prod-
uct. It makes sense to reduce drawing by using practi ces
to simplify yourdr awin gs without losingcla rity.Forexample.
usc partial views. halfviews,thread symbols,piping symbols,
and si ngle-line spring dr awin gs when appro priate. Omi t lines
or lett ering on a dra wing that are not needed for cl arity. In
additiontosaving produ ction time,this makesdra wingseasier
to read.To si mplify drawings :
I. Use worddescriptions whenpracti cal.
2. Do not show unnecessary views.
3. Use standard symbols such as 0 and standard abbrevia-
tions (see Append ix 4 when appropriate).
4. Avoid elabo rate. pict ori al ,or repeti tive deta ils.Use pha n-
tom lines to avoi ddrawing repeated features.
5. List rather than draw standard part s such as bolt s, nuts,
keys,and pins.
6. Omitunnecessaryhidden lines.
7. Use outline section lining in large areas to save time and
improve legibility.
8. Omitunnecessary duplication ofnote sand lett ering.
9. Use symbolic represent ation for piping and thread.
10. Use CAD librari es and standard parts when feasible for
design and drawings.
Some industr ies have simplified thei r draftin g pract ices
even more. Learn the practi ces appro priate 10 the industry for
whichyouare creatingdrawings.
436 CHAPTE R 1 2 WORKING DRA W INGS
12.14 PATENT DRAWINGS
The patent applica tion for a machine or
device must includedrawings to illustrat e
and explain the invention. All patent
drawings must be mechani call y co rrect
and constitute complete illustrati ons of
every feature of the inven tion claimed.
The strict requirementsof the U.S. Patent
Office fac ilitate the examinationof appli-
ca tions and the interpretation of patent s
issued. Exa mples of patent drawings are
showninFigure 12. 27.
Drawin gsforpat ent applications are
pictorial and explana tory in natu re;
ther efore they are not as det ail ed as
worki ng drawings for product ion pur -
poses.Ce nterlines , hidd en lines. dimen-
sion notes, and so fort h, arc omitted,
since spec ific dimensions, tol erances,
andnotesare oftennotrequired to patent
the general des ign or innovation.
The drawings mustcont ain as ma ny
figures as necessary to show the inve n-
tionclearl y. Ther eisno limitonthenum-
ber ofsheets that may be submitted.The
drawings can be produced by hand or
fro m the same CAD database used to
crea te the design doc ume ntation.
Whi le most engineering drawings
are produced with views in ali gnment on
one sheet, patent drawings must show
eachseparateviewasonefigureonasep-
ara te shee t. Figures should be numbered
consecutive ly (i.c ., Figure 1, Figure 2.
Figure 3A, Figure 3B, etc .). Views, fea-
tures,andparts areidentified by numbers
that referto thedescri ptionsandex plana-
tionsgiven inthe specificationsec tionof
the patent appli cati on. The refer ence
number for a part or feature should re-
mai nthe same ineve ry diagram.
Exploded isome tric or perspecti ve
drawings with refe rence numbers ident i-
fying the part s (i.e., asse mb ly drawings )
are preferred. Ccntcrlines are used to
illustrate how parts ar e aligned in
ex plode d views. Whilethedr awing must
show every feature that is listed in the
pat ent claims, if standardized parts are
used, they ca n be represe nted symboli-
cally and do not have to be drawn in
det ail.
The figures may be plan,elevation,
section, pictor ial , and det ail vie ws of
portions or cleme nts. and they may be
drawn to anenlarge d sca le ifnecessar y.
The U.S. Patent Office has basic
standards for drawings:
All shee ts within a single applica-
tion must be the same size, and two
shee tsizesare accepted:
U.S.size: 8.5 by 11 " (2 16 111m x
279 nun),
International size: 2 10 rnrn x
297 mm.
Paper must be single sided.
Paper mustbe orie nted vertica lly,so
that the shor t si de ofthe shee t is at
the top (ca lled portrait style in print-
ingoptions).
No border linesarepermittedonthe
sheets.
The following minimum margins
must be maintained.
Top margin : I" (25 mm) .
Left margin : I"(25 mm).
Ri ght margi n:.675"( 15 111111).
Bott om margin : .375" (10 mm).
No labels or drawing lines may
extendint othemargin exceptforthe
specific identification required at
the top ofeac h sheet and two sca n
target poi nt s.
All drawings must be submitted in
black andwhite- nocolordrawings
or photos except in very limited
cases.
Lines must be solid black and suit-
able for reproduction at a smaller
size.
Shading (either cross hatch or stip-
pling) is used whenever it improves
readability. In rare cases when it is
necessar y to show a fea ture hidd en
behind a surface, a li ght er solid line
is used.
Sketches are accept abl e for the
applica tion process. but for mal
drawings will have to be created if
accepted.
Photocopies are accepted since three
copiesof eac h drawingmust besubmi tted.
The drawings wi ll not be returned so it is
not agoodideatosendanoriginalwiththe
initialpatent application.
Whil e the above gives you a basic
ideaof the standards for patent drawings.
the strictrequi rement softhe U.S. Patent
Office are ca refully documen ted ontheir
Web site. Be sure to foll owtheir requi re-
ment sexactly ifyouare prepar ingdraw-
ings for a patent appli cation.
For more information, log on to the
U.S. Patent andTrademark Office ' s Web
site at hltp ://www.uspto.gov.
You ca n also co nsult the Guide for
Pat ent Draft smen, whic h ca n he obtai ned
from the Superintendent ofDocument s.
U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington. D.C. 20402.
1 2 . 1 4 PA T E NT DRA W I NG S 437
~ : : : _ ~ ~ ; :
; ~
I ;
i
12.27 Patent Drawing Examples Although several examples are shown here, each drawing is shown on a
separat e sheet in the patent application. Courtesy of US. Patent and Trademark Office.
-
CA D at WO R K
ASSEMBLY DRAWINGS USING PRO ENGINEER WILDFIR E
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Example of a Color Shaded Exploded View Assembly from Pro Engineer Wildfire. Courtesy of Parametric
Technologies Corporation.
Great looking assembly drawings are only one of the ben efit s
of using 3D CAD for your designs. You C<l n also check to see
how part s fit together. perform tolerance studi es. and even see
how me chanisms you are designing will behave. Additionall y,
you can anal yze the mass properties of your design , determine
the volume and sur face area of complica ted shapes, and pro-
duc e documentation drawings directly from the part mod el s.
Software like Pro/Engineer Wildfire 3 allows you to use
col or shaded views of model s in the exploded view assembly
drawing. as shown in the figure above.
As you decide whether to use a color shade d drawing or a
black and whit e line drawing for an assembl y drawing. con-
sider whether and how the drawing will be reproduced. Shaded
color views mak e it easy to identify and vi sualize the parts, but
requi re color printing and copying to look their best on pap er.
This doesn't present a probl em if you are di stributing file s
elcctronicall y.
Even though color shaded drawings look great, there are
times when black and white drawings are preferable. or
required . For exampl e, pat ent drawings must be black and
whit e, showing vi sibl e line s and not hidden lines. Black and
white drawings arc also helpful in user manual s, whi ch may be
copied or printed in black and white.
With 3D CAD software. it is not difficult to switch between
co lor shaded views. outlines. and views that show hidden lines,
to suit the particular need that the drawing will meet.

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This Coverfor a Set of Architectural Plans Lists the Drawings in the Set and Abb reviat ions Used.Courtesy of
Locati Architects.
440 CHAPTER 12 WORKING DRAWINGS
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Fully Assembled 3D CAD Model Showing How Parts Fit in Assembly.
Courtesy of Quantum Design.
KEY WORD S 441
KEY WORDS CHAPTER SUMMARY
Top Down
Bottom Up
Middl eOut
Constraint BasedModeling
Parent Part
MatingParts
Subas sembly
Assemhly Layout
Skeleton
Working Drawings
Assembly Drawings
Exploded View
Piece Part Dr awings
Part Drawi ngs
Detail Drawings
Balloon Numbers
BallTags
Par ts List
Bill ofMaterials
Poche
WorkingDrawingAssembly
InstallationAssembly
CheckAssembly
Revision Number
Thedesignteam movesthroughfive stagesduring the design
process. Each stage hel ps the team refine the design unti l it
meetsall productrequirements.
The final drawingscreatedduring the desig nprocess include
assemblydrawings. workingdrawings, designdrawings.and
patentdrawi ngs .
There are many revisions to drawi ngs during the design
process. Thedrafter mus t kee p track of each version and what
change s were made.
Model s are an important way of testi ng the way part s are
assembled. Both sca le models created in a model shop and
co mputer-ge nerated virtua l reality models arc used by the
des ign tea m to test theirdesign.
During the design process, all members of the team must
understand theirspec ific roles andhow they relat eand internet
with the rest of the team. Effective teamworkis an essentialpart
ofthedesignprocess.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
I. What are the special requirementsof a pat en tdrawing?
2. What kinds of information are included in an assembl y
drawing?
3. How isadetaildrawingdifferentfrom an assemblydrawing?
4. Why are drawings numbered? Why is this numbering so
important?
5. Describethedrawingrevisionprocess.Why isitso important
to keep track ofrevisions?
6. How are revised paper drawings stored? How are revised
CADdrawi ngs sto red?
7. What are the advant agesof co mputer modelin g? What are the
disadvant ages?
CHAPTER 12 WORKING DRAWINGS
DESIGN AND WORKING DRAWING EXERCISES
Design Exercises
The following suggestionsfor project assignmentsare ofagen-
eral and very broad nature,and itisexpectedthat they will help
generate many ideas for specific design projects. Much design
work isundertaken toimproveanexistingproductor systemby
utilization of new materials. new techniques, or new systemsor
procedures.Inaddition tothedesignoftheproductitself,another
largeamountofdesignwork isessentialfor thetooling,produc-
tion, and handlingoftheproduct. Youareencouraged todiscuss
with your instructorany ideas you may have foraproject.
Each solutiontoadesignproblem,whetherpreparedbyan
individual student or formulated by a group, should he in the
form of a report. which should be typed or carefully lettered,
assembled, and bound. It is suggested that the reportcontain
the following (or variations ofthe following, as specified by
yourinstructor).
1. A title sheet. The title of the design project should be
placed in approximately the centerof the sheet ,and your
name orthe namesofthoseinthegroupinthelowerright-
hand corner.The symbolPLshouldfollow thenameofthe
projectleader.
2. Tahle of contents with page numhers.
3. Statement of the purpose of the project with appropriate
comments.
4. Preliminary design sketches, with comments on advan-
tages and disadvantagesofeach,leadingtothe final selec-
tion ofthe best solution.All work should be signed and
dated.
5. An accurately made pictorialand/orassemblydrawing(s),
using traditionaldrawingmethods or CADas assigned, if
moretban one part is involved inthe design.
6. Detail working drawings, freehand, mechanical. or CAD-
producedasassigned.The 8.5 X II"sheet size ispreferred
for convenient insertion in the report. Largersizes may be
bound inthereport with appropriatefolding.
7. Abibliographyorcredit forimportantsourcesof informa-
tion, if applicable.
Exercise 12.1 Design new or improved playground, recre-
ational.or sportingequipment. For example, a new child's toy
couldbeboth recreationaland educational.Createanassembly
drawing.
Exercise 12.2 Design new or improved health equipment.
For example, physically handicapped people need special
equipment.
Exercise 12.3Design acup holderattachment to retrofitcars.
It must accommodatea range of cup sizes from 8 oz to 64 oz
size.
Exercise 12.4 Design a guitar stand to support either an
acoustic or electric guitar. It should be convenient and stable,
suitablefor use on stage. Allowfor quick change of guitars by
the musician.
Exercise 12.5 Break upinto design teams. See how many dif-
ferent ideas each team can come up with for a new layout of
yourclassroom,Time limit is20 minutes.
Exercise 12.6 Designanew or improvedbikesafety lock and
chain. Integrate the locking devices into tbe bike's frame, if
possible.Create an assemblydrawing showing the features of
yourdesign.
EX ERe I SES 443
Working Drawing Exercises
The stateme nts for each problem are intentionally brief
and your ins tructor may vary the requi rement s. Usc the pre-
The probl ems in Exercises 12.7-12.62 are presented to give
ferred metric sys tem or the accept able co mplete decimal inch
you practi ce in making the type of regular workin g drawings
system, as assi gned.
used in industry. Many exerc ises. especi ally assemblies, offer
In probl ems present ed in pictorial for m, the dimensions and
an opportunity to exercise your ability to redesign or improve
finish marks are to provide you tbe informati on necessary to
on the existing design. Due to the variations in sizes and in
make the orthog raphic drawin g or solid model. The dimensions
sca les that may be used. you are required to se lect the sheet
given are in most cases those needed to make the part s, but due
sizes and sca les. when these are not specified. subject to the
to the limit ati ons of pictorial dr awings they are not in all cases
approval of the instru ct or. Standard shee t layo uts are shown
the dimensions that should be shown on the working drawing. In
inside the front cov er of this book . (Any of the title block s
the pictorial probl ems. the rough and finished surfaces are
shown inside the back cover of this book may he used. with
shown, but finish marks are usually omitted . You should add all
modifi cati on if desired. or you may desi gn the title block if
necessary fini sh marks and place all dimensions in the prefer red
ass igned by the instruct or.)
places inthe final drawings.
45 DEGREEFACE\ ,
/
0.136 THRUHOLE -l
FOR632 SHCS
\
\
I
THICKNESS
.244 1.0"TOCENTER
.220 OFOPTICFACE
\
I
0 1.000.00.
) /
\/
CHAMFER.005 J .010
AROUND2XEDGES
Exercise 12 .7 Crea te part drawings and an as sembl y
for the lens and mount. Maintain the critical distan ces
and precise 45 angle for the lens.
r
/
/
444 CHAPTER 12 WORKIN G DRAW IN G S
Exercise 12.8 Create an exploded assembl y drawing for the
gyroscope. Create detail drawings for the parts as assigned by
your instructor. Dimensioned parts are shown on the facing
page.
Exercise 12.10 Design a sheet metal drill bit case. Create
detailed part and assembly dra wings. Develop the flat patterns
if assigned. Use "relations" in your model so that you can
change the sizes for the holes and overall height, width and
depth for the case and automatically update your design to
di fferent confi gurations.
Exercise 12.9 Design the sheet metal housing for the power
and D-sub connectors shown. Download stock models for stan-
dard parts. Create the nat patterns for the sheet metal if
assigned by your instructor.
Exercise 12.11 Create an exploded asse mbly drawing for the
clump. Dimensioned parts are shown on page 442.
NOTES:
1. ALL DIMENSIONS ARE IN INCHES
2. SCALE FOR PARTS VARIES
.042THRU _ ,
(BOTH

0 2.625y--1
0 .125
0. 125
(CROSS-SECTION)
(CROSS-SECTION)
INNER RING
60
OUTER RING
R.03 AROUNDPERIMETER
OF WEBCUTS
(80TH SIDES)
OF R.l0
R.l00
' .........".) DETAILOFWEBCUT
.738
' jI' (7X EQUALLYSPACED
(
AROUND <i)
,
+

BASE 0 .375 _F'--. '

j-,
.125
0 1.925
2X R.02
2X R.05
2X R.05
2.500
0 .063
m
.538
THRU
.538 ><
OF
(TO <i OF
m
;0 WHEEL
R.0625 CUT)
n .500
Vl
. 100
m 0.100
0 . 188'
Vl TOP PEG BOTTOM PEG .250 0. 188
CENTER POST . 125
1.520
(TO <i
CIRCULAR CUT)
(TO <i
.500 R.0625 CUT)
R.l0
0 .303 R.020
R.125
R.125

- -
- - -
r:f
4.563 1.. / I I
.----

.250
I ---
r- --.l .125 TYP

-. i':l_
---- -----
m
-
-r
.n zs T7- -- -,:;- I
e.
I . .
t R.313 I
I
75
750 T
'..1-
1.500
R12.250
ROCKER ARM
R.563
30'

V')
(2X) 0 .:5 3 Ir (2X)R250
\.J
1.375
1
I
{ -If- .125
Z R,211
-

3:
1.000 I

"- 8125
J I
0::
'--- 0 .313 1 3125 I
0
.805
(TOTANGENTOF J
\.J
R12.25 ARC)
CROSS BRACE
-
Z
1.125 --j
14'
_ _ (2X)R .250
.250
.125 -J r
0::
.059
I - =t= _ I _ (2X) Q).250
0
(TO TANGENTOF
11
-
3: R7.00A RCl
I
r
N
.-- LEVER ARM
c::

1.1875
I.l.l
I 2.58 1 R.250
I-
BASE
R,195\
0..
(2X) (1).250
I 3.128 J'-l

:I:
U
EX ERe I SES 447
2 .625-11UNC- 2B
45' CHAMFER' DEPTH OF THD
,<>'0
\ MI2X1. 75
\ T18
\
-1
0
R20
J
:
I t.- I PART !A L VIEw
y"....; C I - I REQ D IN OIRECTI ON OF
16' FILLETS&ROUNDS RJ """OW
jMETRIC
C I- IREQD
Exercise 12.1 2 Makedetail drawing for the tabl e bracket.
Exercise 12.13 Make detail drawing for the RH tool post. If
assig ned. convert dimensionsto met ric system.
0 1.623- 1. 625
.375-16UNC- 2B\_ _ -_
FILLETS& ROUNDS R.063
C I
I REOD
PARTIAL BOTTOM VIEW
(REDUCED SCALe)
4 x 0.375
Exercise 12.14Make detail drawing for the drill pressbase.Use unidir ect ional met ric ordecimal -inch dimensions.
448 CHAPTER 12 WORK I N G DRA WI NG S
'-II2JI.75
f ro"",,;
.,4
Exercise 12.1S Make det ail drawing for
Exercise 12. 16 Make detail dra wing for
the shifter fork. If ass igned, conve rt
the idler arm.
di mensions to metric system.
4 X
1.7 50 - 1.7 5 2
Fillets &. rounds R.124
unl ess otherw ise specified
Partial bottom view
BOSSE S 0 L25
.-1
/ Y'
..<' ''''d ., \
""<:,,! O' '? //
<5'0 '>-'
0 .750 - .75 2
Through
.375 - 24 UNF- 28
(To hole- Boss
on this side only)


lY
Exercise 12.17 Make detail drawing for the drill press bracket. If assig ned, convert dimensions to decimal inches or redesign the
part with metric dimensions.
EX ERe I SES 449

T.405
.053x 45 CHAMFER
"29(.136)
"' 8- 32UNC- 2B
( To Reamed
Hole)
.499 0 .136-T.5
0.500 *8-32UNC-2B r.375
0.255 TO.5 HOLE
.313- 18 UNC- 2B T.525
MATL' C I
I- REQD ROUNDS s, FILLETS R.053
Exercise 12.18 Make detail drawing for the dial holder. If assigned, conver t dimensions to decimal inches or redesign the part
with metric dime nsio ns.
r;.2 .747
"'2. 750
2x.905
u (iH50 1.052
J25x 45CHAMFEn
- BOTH ENDS /
r-.875x2.75HE.X HD
CAP SCRE.W
2 REQD
2x.875- 9
C 1-1 REQD
Exercise 12.19 Make detail drawings half size for the rack slide. If ass igned, convert dimensions to decimal inches or redesign
the part with metric dimensions.
450 CHAPTER 12 WOR KI NG DRAWI NG S
FILLET S &. ROUNDS "l .12
UNLESS OTHERWI SE
SPECIFIED
.375-i6UNC-2B
(TO 0 .874HOLE)
U0.406 T.50
.8 73
0.875
UQll25 T2 .S 0
MATL : C '
I REOD
Ql,.247
1.250
Z x. 438-14UNC-2 B T.6 2
Exerci se 12.20 Make det ail drawing half size for the automatic stop box. If ass igned. redesign the part with
metr ic dimension s.
C I-I EACH REQD V IEW AT A
ZxQl.53!
Exercise 12.21 Make detai l drawings half size for the conveyer housing. If assigne d.
convert dimensions to dec imal inches or redesign the parts with met ric dimensions.
EX ERe I 5 E5 451
R3
RIO
R6
3
10
10
M 6 X I - 16 DEEP

DE TA IL OF/
GROOVE S
20 20'
I .-
I I
R6
R IO 27
- - - - - - 254 - - - - - - --1
C I
I REQ D

38.10-38 .15
R6
Exercise 12.22 For thc spindle housing. draw as follows. Gi ven: Front . left -side. and bottom views. and
partial removed section. Required: Front view in full section. lOP view. and right -side view in half section on
A-A. Draw hal f size. If assigned, dimension full y.
I
ri
I
AL.-
I
I
! I

RI4
CI-IREOD
zx 1319.05- 19.13
WORK ING DRAWIN G S
----- 15 2 --- --I
//L...7/- -+----,
..... ... note f or /l1I:i should
- - r ead - ;0 be r e moved
o / r er rnoc;ufnng .

CHAPTER 12
3
g
l<:

.

-
+
g


II
Exercise 12.24 For the pump bracket for a thread milling machine, draw tbe following . Given : Front and left-side views.
Required: Front and right- side views, and top view in section on A-A. Draw full size . If assigned, dimension fully.
452
Exercise 12.23 For the arbor support brack et, draw the following . Gi ven: Front and right-side views. Required: Front. left- side .
and bottom views, and a detail section A-A. Use American National Standard tables for indicated fits and if required convert to
metri c values (see Appendixes 7-16). If assigned, dimension in the metric or decimal inch system.
EX ERe I SES 453
10 5
85
CI
I REQD

----t-<--- 65 - - --1
A
r-
I
(ll17. 5-u(ll30
SI DES
2 6

102
35

WALLS 5 THICK - FILLETS
s, ROUNDS R3 UNLESS
OT HE RWiSE SPECIFIED
I Re S
I
I
I" ,it!>
iY,J>'t'bft>"mfrnf,O'IQ lty
O-ntlffX! ( """, $Jdc>v-ew.
OlE. F"QJ:?(}I HG
SAE rczo - NORMALIZE &. '"'ARDEN
5ECTION A-A
I't-. ASseMBLY)
, I
I i 1
/
"
Exercise 12.25 For the sup-
port base for planer, draw
the following. Given : Front
and top views . Requir ed:
Front and top views, left-
side view in full section
A-A, and removed section
8-8. Draw full size. If
assigned . dimension fully.
Exercise 12.26 For the jaw
base for chuck jaw. draw
the following. Given : Top,
right -side. and partial auxi-
liary views. Required: Top.
left-side (beside top), front.
and partial auxiliary views
complete with dimensions,
if assigned. Use metric or
decimal inch dimensi ons .
Use American Nati onal
Stand ard tables for indi-
cated fits or conv ert for
metri c values. See Appen -
dixes 5-14.
FILLETS AND ROUNDS R3
UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED
, '
I : . , . 0
26 2
-
---.---------rc: : : : ::: : : :
,
I
b; -- ------.
2S " - 63
"
[--'02
I
I
I
62
, 4 5
FI I.l ETS AND ROt 'NDS R.3

CAST STEEL
r REQD
.,-ff-L....I... f 6. ._
076
L
L
31
_ 1 _ 69 .9 8
I 69 .90
' 78 - -----'
C I
I REaD
.. ..:. .42
41.:. .37
,
T
I
,..--t-P --+--i-r
WORK ING DRAW INGS
SEcnON AT B- B
lDOUBLE 5JZEl
CHAPTER 12
Exercise 12.28 For the bracket, draw the following. Gi ven: Front . left-side, and bottom view s, and partial removed section.
Required: Make detail drawing. Draw front, top. and right- side views, and removed sections A-A and BooB . Draw half size. Draw
section BooB full size. If assigned, complete with dimension s.
Exercise 12 .2 7 For the fixture base for
60-ton vertica l press, draw the follow ing.
Gi ven : Fro nt and right-side views .
Requ ired: Revol ve front view 90
cloc kw ise; then add top and left-side
view s. Draw half size . If assigned ,
complete with dimen sions.
2 X 0 26 IN LINE
454
EXEReI 5 E5 455
70
7. 1
70

2x 7.1
RELIEF
3 x I
DEEP
t
19. 0 5
19. 0 0
I
+-__L 44.462
44.450
2a-tl

115
I
19
28
57
7. 1 --- - r l
"'12.62 - 12 .70 - IJ--
>' I I
,63 -+-/-- - - - -I-L
----Th---l-f
16.0 1, 1 H
5


CI
IREQD
FILLETS AND ROUNDS R3
UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFI ED

Exercise 12.29 For the roller rest bracket for automatic screw machine. draw the following. Given : Front and left-side views.
Required: Revolve front view 90 clockwise; then add top and left-side views. Draw half size. If assigned. complete with dimen sions .
n<68. 25 CAST IRON I
\U68 . 17
I REQD
4 4
22/
25 2x 0 10 .0
2XR
FI LLETS AND ROUNDS R3
UNLESSOTHERWISE SPECIFIED
METRIC
Exercise 12.30 For the guide bracket for gear shaper, draw the following. Given: Front and right -side view s. Required: Front
view, a partial right-side view, and two partial auxiliary views taken in direction of arr ows. Draw half size . If assigned, complete
with unidirectional dimensions.
Exercise 12.32 For the bearing for a worm gear, draw the following. Given: Front and right- side views. Required : Front , top,
and left-side view s. Draw full size. If assigned, complete with dimension s.
Exercise 12.31 For the rear tooJ post, draw the following. Given: Front and left- side view s. Required: Take left- side view as
new top view ; add front and left- side view s, approx. 215 mm apart, a primary auxiliary view, then a secondary view taken so
as to show true end view of 19 mm slot. Complete all views, except show only necessary hidden lines in auxil iary views .
Draw full size. If assigned, complete with dimensions.
(2)32
]
R5
LMETRIC]
(Underlined figures
not to scale here)
14 3 -J
12
FI LLETS A ND ROUN DS R6
UN LESS OT H ERWISE 5 PECI FI ED
IMETRIC :
W O RK I N G DRA WING S
95 16.5
9521.5 - T118
CHAPTER 12
t
l
22 I
- - - 98.5 I I-e

R6 IT
+-1-;-:--- --" l45I
I ,,+rll I 80
'---1- -Tr-l---------if----lli
-t-t-- -t- - - I - lr - 19
-- _L _-., U- _! Jl-----
, ' - - - -' ''+-R6 4
':.: .... I I
14 2 90 I 1
I
<, I I
I . ":....'..c- 1 I M IO x 1.5 TIO


scr--; 11/ /7 ....':::. ...,./
r-+i-------'-,I I f' )"'7t F A a
14 ( If "
- I. f I'
25 19
C RS- I REQD 50" / / '--1..
2x M 10 x 1.5 (.L to s/ or) ""-Y
456
EX ERe I SES 457
\0.203-.2S-Z0UNC-2 B FOR 5 GROOVES
PITCH DIA - 4 HOLES
5 MOOTH FIN15H
SYMMET RICALLY SPACED
.032 x 4 S 0
CHAM FER
20 -1
0 J09 -8 HOL ES
EQUALLY SPACED.
BOT TO M G ROOVE
S ECT A-A
R.l2 g g

BE RE AMED SQUARE W ITt-I SKIRT

:Js,. , W ITH R ES PECT TO <E.&1.

RJ25 . \,.
SECT B - B
FLATS ON OP P \
SIDES OF
APART - \
EACH TO
et: OF P ISTON I
\
\
TH IS SUR FACE RECESSED TO 4 S' ON
GRAY I RON CASTING
EACH SIDE OF {, OF WRIST PIN HOLES
6-REQD
Exercise 12 .33 For the caterpillar tract or piston, draw the following. Make detail drawing full size. If assig ned, use uni directi onal
decimal inch system. converting all fracti ons to two place decimal dimensions. or co nvert all dimensi ons to metri c.
R27
CORE
5
N
N
& 08. S- T24
MI0' 1.5 -1 17
4 HOLES
EQUALLY SPACED
08.:'-T24
MIO '1.:'- TI6
6I-U..ES EQU<\LLY
38007 sPPCED
0
38
!m
0126 CORE____
11
13.46
/3.33
WORK I NG D RAW INGS
CI
I REQD
.?S
2x. 312-/8UNC-2A .l
BOTH SCRE WS
CHAPTER 12
-JAW- STK
COLD ROL LED STEEL I;:.,' <,
CASE HARDEN ALL OVER
I REQ D
Exercise 12.35 For the machinist's clamp, draw the following. Draw deta ils and assembly. [I' assigned, usc unidirectional two
place decimal inch dimen sion s or redesig n for metric dimensions.
Exercise 12.34 For the generator drive housing. draw the following. Given: Fron t and left-side view s. Required: Front view,
right -side view in full section. and top view in full section on A-A. Draw full size. [I' assigned , complete with dimen sion s.
458
EX ERe I SES 459
Exercise 12.36 For the hand rail column, draw the following.
(I) Draw details. If assigned, complete with dimensions.
(2) Draw assembly.
Exercise 12.37 For the drill jig, draw the following. (I) Draw
details. If assigned, complete with dimensions. (2) Draw
assembly.
460 C HAP T ER 1 2 W 0 RKIN G D RAW I N G 5
8 WASHER- SAE 1040
I REQD
2 WEDGE
SAE 1045
HEAT TREAT
IREQD
CDTOOL POST BODY-
CAST IRON-I REQD
Exercise 12 .38 For the tool post, draw the following. ( I) Draw details. (2) Draw assembly. If assigned, use unidirectional two
place decimals for all fractional dimensions or redesign for all metric dimensions.
EXERCISES 461
/ - 0 26.9
~ I - (7)BUSHI NG
\ ~ O S BRONZE: . STK 0 35
\ OtL GROOVE.
\ 3 ,O.8DEEPl
I ~ ,
I -, , I
\ ~ , , ~ .
1 ' 1
,: . : IC
3. 2 ' 1.7
>;EYW AY / g
=
=::;
3 016 =:3
~
~

(DFRAME-i
C I
[METRIC]
N :: )12. 5--
Exercise J2 .39 For the belt tightener, draw the following. (I) Draw details. (2) Draw assembly. It is assumed that the parts
are to be made in quantity and they are to be dimensioned for interchangeability on the detail drawings. Use tables in
Appendixes 11-14 for limit values. Design as follows. (a) Bushing fit in pulley: locational interference fit. (b) Shaft fit in
bushing: free running fit. (c) Shaft fits in frame: sliding fit. (d) Pin fit in frame : free running fit. (e) Pulley hub length plus
washers fit in frame: allowance 0.13 and tolerances 0.10. (1) Make bushing 0.25 nun shorter than pulley hub. (g) Bracket fit in
frame : Same as (e) .
Exercise 12.40 For the milling j ack, draw the follow-
ing. ( I) Draw details . (2) Draw assembly . If assign ed.
convert dimen sions to metric or decimal inch system.
<i'l 0",

. Xc.
, IS'

V-ANVIL
'1 SA E 1045
, HEATTREAT
'Z.o0 I REQD-FAO
0 .656
u01.282
6 CLAMP
BOLT
SAE 1020
CASE
HDN
I REQD
SLI DING SCRE.W
1045- HEAT TREAT
I REQD- FAO
KNURLE.D NUT
SAE 1045
HEAT TREAT
I REQD
MEDIUM KNURL
0.1875 T.25
3 HOLES, EQUALLY
SPACED
-2 DEEP
WORKING D RA WIN GS
In<373
1U.372
.625 -/8UNF- 2 B
CHAPTER 12
@PAD
PHOSPHOR
BRONZE
I REQD- FAO
.625- 1'UNC-2A
,- .D6x4 5CHAM
.25x.625SLOT. HDLS
SETSCREW
FULL DOG PT
CASE HON- IREQD
462
HEAD
DROP
FORGING
IN

2-45UNC-2A-LH
BOTH
3 ENDS
TI E ROD
1040
HEAT TREAT
SAE 1020

SPr'
Exercise 12.41 For the connecting bar. draw the following .
( I) Draw details. (2) Draw assembly. If assigned, convert
dimensions to metric or decimal inch system .
EX ERe I 5 E5 463
CAP Exercise 12.42 For the clamp stop, draw the following.
C I
( 1) Draw details. (2) Draw assembly. If assigned , convert
dimensions to decimal inch system or redesign for metric
dimensions.
r
2XR
05.3

R22 1
86
f--- - - - - -142--- -------I
i-++- --+-t--l\ 86 --J---25
\ i RIO
\e-@HEX

R6 BLOCK
CA ST IRO N
rl2) BE A RING CAP
/ .. ... C AST IR ON
4 5' X 2.5 CHAM
! BOTH ENDS :T"RiS
021 (CAP ONLY)
13 2
I
Exercise 12.43 For the pillow block bearing , draw the fol-
lowing . ( I) Draw detail s. (2) Draw assembly. If assigned,
compl ete with dimensions.
CHAP TER 12 WORK ING DRAW ING S
1"-7 A CME THDS
2x04.8 TS
RI2
~ : : R 5 \T r
I I 48
38
FAO AL L PARTS EXCEPT CD BASE
1.
19 0
90
RS
I
,/- qr-<,
8 " I.- ....
/ I
I
I
I
I
1.
I
I
---,-
\
1
\ I
\
1
....
.... 1
<,_IIL 1
76
I
1
1
0 25.48
~ E ~
CENTE RING RE ST
PARTS LIST
NO PART NAM E MATL REQD NO. PART NA ME MATL REQD
I B A SE C I I 5 CL A M P SCR EW 5 A E.. 10 2 0 I
2 REST S AE,I020 I 6 CL AMP HA ND L E SA E 10 20 I
3 CL AMP SA E 10 20 I 7 M6 X 1-2 5 LG FI L HO CAP SCREW 2
4 A DJUSTING NUT SAf. 10 2 0 I 8 5.5 X 5 . 5 X 3.2 - 2 5 LG KE Y S A E 10 30 I
Exercise 12 .4 4 For the centeri ng rest, draw the followi ng. ( I) Draw details. (2) Draw assembly. If assig ned, complete with
dimensions.
EX ERe I 5 E5 465
CAP
HEX NUT
5 AE. 1020
GUIDE BAR
5 A E 1020
-:
VISE
5 A E. 1045
, ' r ' \ "
\ ' 1-,';- - , 1
I -P-;-L -n--
, I I I , ! I
(i)VI SE BASE\
CAST 5TEEL '
@ GUIDE L1NK- ---->:
5 A E 1020
o
- - - - - - - .-

PIPE VISE
HANDLE CAP
5TD
+
I
I
t - - +0UPPERJAW
SAE !0 4 5


SA E 10 4 5
+

, @HEXCAPSCR
SAE. 102 0
I
..... I I
" - -r4.H - - .-; -_.L t .L ,\
Ll l..lj 1
1 + 1
--- - i- ---- - 1
+
I

f+ I
I +
I _---- -
0
N
N
0
OJ
8 -
'"
N
: -
r-

i!i
:B

0
':'
'"

2
s
0
'"
g
-'"
R
0
<D
0 N
'"
0

0
'"
o_
N
2-
0-:-0
2
VI
C(
W
f- -
WVI
::iw
35
i<;<::
Exercise 12.45 For the pipe vise. draw the following. (I )Draw details.(2)Draw assembl y. To obtain dimensions. take di stances
directly from figure with divider s; then setdi vider sonprinted scaleand read measurement s in millimetersordecimal inches as
ass igned. All threads are general purp ose metri c threads (see Appendix 15) or unified coa rse threads except the American
Nat ionalStandard pipe threadson handleand handle caps,
466 CHAPTER 12 WORKING DRAW INGS
(DPLUNGER \ oSPRING- - - ----,
I
TOOL STEEL- STK.5 X4.IB8
6 TU RNS/I N.
\
I
.3121D - STK 18GA MUSIC I
W IRE .0 4 7 DIA- HARDEN INOIL
0.
312
MILL 2 FLATS APART \
.3 15
HARDE.N & DRAW TEMPE.R7
BODY-TOOL STEEL:
STK 0 .75 , 7.312
i
I
0 .375
3.875 I 1.25------\:-+-- - - --
HARDEN PLUNGER.5 BACKFROM
I
E:ND & DRAW TEMPER TO PURPLE: COLOR
f---- - - - - - - - -7.25- - - - - ---- - ----j
Exercise 12.46 For the tap wrench, draw the followin g. ( I) Draw detail s. (2) Draw asse mbly. If assigned, use unidirect ional two
place decimals for all fractional dimensions or redesign for metric dimensions.
r 0.5 -v90o- r.03 1
II
\2 HOLES
I,
\
I

'=
'=
Exercise 12.47 For the machini st' s vise. draw the following. (l ) Draw detail s. (2) Draw assembly. If assigned , use unidirect ional
two place decimals for all fractional dimensions or redesign for metric dimensions.
EX ERC I SES 467
N
<0
.56
1
I"
<0
o
FAO
SCREW JACK
STAND
CAST IRO N
4 W EBS EQUALLY
SPACED
.........--1.25- 4 SQUARE
CA P
CAST IRO N
---- .6875DRILl - 2 HOLE. S
AT R IGH T A NGL ES
\I
'-- - - - - NECK
.125 W IDE." .156 DEEP
R.25
SP ECIAL SCREW
/ MAC HINE ST EEL
-'---- --..,1

>: .094 W IDE x .125 DE. E. P
.23 4
5 LEV ER
CO L D ROLLED
STEEL
Lf)
lW."5
n
to
9
<d
Exercise 12.48 For the screw j ack, draw the following. ( I) Draw details. (2) Draw assembly. If assigned, conver t dimensions to
decimal inches or redesign for metric dimensions.
JUS
ADJUSTI NG N UT HANDLE
SIOCK /5 accurate t o
4 REQD .062 , 45"

o THRUST BE A RING
.0 625 ' 4 S" CHAMFER
I
STOCK SUPPORT ROL L ER

e-
rn
"t .625 - 11 "',187 SLO
!"_ I
--+ :'- - ----r I--W
1
@ll!:!l IffiHH1ffiJ! !lll!l!J!I!li
I I 5 5 1--2.5 SA E 10 20
IREQD
ADJUST IN G SCREW GU IDE
WORKIN G DRAWIN G S
DRILL & REA M FOR " 8 TAPER PIN IN AS SEM BLY
,":11;2' r "':"::' --u. '"'

I ' 21.25- - - - - - - - --
SA <: 10 4 0 - I
\::./ SUPPORT ADJUSTI NG SCREW
CHAPTER 12
S TOCK I T EM S

I -"S TAPER P I N
4 ' LENGTH
@ 1- .625 FIN, HEX J AM NUT
---- - - 017
fi' STOC K SUPPOR T BAS E
\.:../ CAST IRON- I REQD
4, (ZI:74 9 -- TI.I25
Exercise 12.49 For the stock bracket for cold saw machine, draw the follo wing. ( I ) Draw detail s. (2) Draw assembly. If assigned ,
use unidirecti onal decimal dimensions or redesign for metric dimen sions.
468
EX ERCIS ES 469
o
co
g
Q
SS
o
't
g
o
N
8 BOLT
STE EL ~
SECT A-A
+
(7) SCREW
~ T l sa BAR
T REAT- P 50 Y
(3)TOOL
'---HOLDER
A- I-STEEL
- BA R
TREAT- P50Y
N
o
Exercise 12 .50 For the front circular forming cutter holder. draw the followin g. ( I) Draw details. (2) Draw assembly. To obtain
dimensions. take distances directl y from figure with dividers and set dividers on printed scale. Use metri c or decimal inch
dimensions as assigned.
CHAPTER 12 WORK ING DRAWINGS
,c1!111' '-
/ fi
, . V' , ;./ &..-
" ......
..:

0
$> I .O.3l' J 0 (.ZJ6)-24UNC-2A
@ SET SCREW
SAC"'OI6- 2 REq O
.812 - 20 UNEF- 3A. L H 2 x0 25 DRILL( .r495) n 062
*.216- 24UNC- Z8 1.75
- .093 X.l25DPSLOT U02181.375
0 SLIDING J AW
SA" 1020 - I REQD C I
Exercise 12.51 For the machine vise, draw the following. ( I) Draw detail s. (2) Draw assembly. If assigned, convert dimen sions
to the decimal inch system or redesign with metric dimen sions .
EX ERe I 5 E5 471
Exercise 12.52 Part (a) For the grinder vise,
draw the following. ( I) Draw detail s. (2) Draw
assembl y. If assigned. convert dimensions 10
decimal inche s or rede sign with metric dimen-
sions. See part s (b) and (c) on the following
pages.
472 CHAPTER 12 WORKING DRAWINGS
VIEW IN DIRECTION
OF ARROW A
FILLETS AND
ROUNDS R.l2S
(DVISE BASE
C I ' REQ D
@) PROTRACTOR
SCREW SAE 1115
2 REQD
@ COMPOUN D REST HA NDLE
SA E 3 14 0 - I REO 0
PROTRACTOR
S A E 3 140- I REQD
BonOM TAP
C:x.s- IZUNC- 2B T.688
Exercise 12.52 Part (b) For the grinder vise, see Exercise 12.58 part (a) for instruct ions.
2 x 0.531- u0 .781-l .2
I_---",
.4371- ........_----:_1_-1

1.5 --1 I

@ CLA MP PLATE
S A E 3140- I REQ D
0 .56 3-CLEAR THROUGH
(No topp edholes
on t h is side)
' / S
* 10- 3 2 UNF-2B -;3 75 DEEP I
2 HOLES ON I" DIA BC-l
WAS HER
SA E 10 20- 2 REQD
US E.@
STANDARD
\L 45
CHAM FER
TO BOTTOM
OF THD
R. 062
(2) HINGE BOLT
5A E 1040 - 1 REQD
.062
0 .625---&- -

@ SEC BASE SCR EW
2 x 0.218- u0.343- +.062
5A [ 1020 -4 R EQ D
7
Exercise 12. 52 Parr (C)For the grinder vise, see Exercise 12.58 part (a) for instructions.
EX ERe I SES 473
--- -
CHAPTER 12 W O RKI N G DRA WI N G S
DETAIL SHOWING
BEARING ASSY
2x(OO.218
I - 2.375- l062
, 4.5 - -----1
@ ADJ USTING SHIM
H RS -2REQD
~ 7
1.116
1--2.25 2 " 0 .875
4.5 - - -----1
(Stock. ite m) .15 6 - .., 1-- _
TROLLEY WHEEL WHEEL SNAP RING SI DE PLATE
C 1- 2 REOD SPRING STEEL-4REOD H RS- 2 REQD
Exercise 12.53 For the trolley, draw the following. (I ) Draw details , omitting parts 7-14. (2) Draw assembl y. Ifassigned,
convert dimensions 10decimal inches or redesign for metric dimensions.
EX ERe I SES 475
RAM
CRS 10 16 - 1 REOD
@.25- Z0x.675 HEX HD CAP SCR-4 REOD
C I -IREQD
GRIND
BOTH
FACES
TABLE PLATE
'.6871-
@ '0- 32 x .625 HEX SOCK FL PT SET SCR- 4 REOD
e' 0-32 x.187
@ 5 F HEX JAM
8 75
l 1

"T
@.25x.875 GROOV- PIN
I REQD
93
.w.o I
1 ' 1
1-1.3125-; (\j
(9) GIS PLATE
1010- 2 REQD

25
h i "1.I

1- .5 ,
@ .25-Z0x .5 THUMB SCR /

1I ' '
1
0,03Ix4S'CHAM
-( + ;L07S1
1:< .750

0'y
(2) CObJ,,"'E. L Side. Bo t t om.<I. Fbrtiol Top,
C RS - I REQD p l us Removed Section of ri b), - - - - - - 8.625 - - - - - - - - - - - -:
R.25
r
RI
.25
. R.l87
Zx0.406
FILLETS&.ROUNDS R.l25
UNLESS OTHERWISE
SPECI FIED
2.75
RI.312
!

(\J
I
!
L _

SLOTTEDFLPTSETSCR-IREQD
NUT- 4 REQD
I
.749 '- /
/
5- _ _ 5
10-32
/ 0> :?J
-'.2 zousc-ze ", I
U 2 /
2 HOLES
rt-. 'Q
\..0 FRAME
C I-IREOD
(Detaildrawi ng: Draw Front. l I
Exercise 12.54For the arbor press.draw the following.(1) Drawdetails.(2) Drawassembly.Ifassigned.convertdimensi ons
todecimal inchesor redesign for met ric dimensions.
IZ TEETH
Zo' STUB-IZP LZS-ZOUNC-Z6
PITCH
oFACE PLAT E
(3) PINION SHAFT
C I- IREQD
"S ESSPROOF" STL- I REOD
476 CHAPTER 12 WORKING D RA WI N G S
BLANK FORMING
TOOL
F-STEEL- I.l25 x3.125 BAR
I! Ii
SECT A-A
A
Exercise 12.55 For the forming cutler holder. draw the following. ( I) Draw details using decimal or metric dime nsions. (2) Draw
assembly. Above layout is half size. To obtain dimensions. take distances directly from figure with dividers and double them. At
left is shown the rap view of the forming cutter holder in use on the lathe .
I
EX ERe I SES 477
R.2S

r FIT
If)
"'-.063 X 4 5
0
CHAM FER
BOTH ENDS
'---+-'4---t-- 2X R
2X .312- 18 UNC-2 B
REAM
FOR@
I BASE PLATE I CRS I x5x95 9 SLEEVE I BRONZE o D.718 -1 D.640
2 GAGE BLOCK I C RS 1.5 x 2.875 x4.875 10 STUD I CRS .625 DIA < 3
3 LOCATIN G PLUG I CRS 2 .0 05 DIA>< 2.25 I I KEY 2 CRS .5 x .812x15
4 C-WASHER 1 CRS 2.875 DIA, .5 12 SOC HD CAP SCR 2 STK .312 >< .75
5 REST BLOCK \ CR S 1.375 x 2 )< 2.75 13 PIN I DR .375 :<2
6 CLAM P I CRS 1:< I x3.625 14 SOC HD CAP SCR 3 STK .s1.25
7 .6255TD HEX NUT 2 5TK 15 DOWEL PIN 2 ST K .312 DI A ' 1.5
8 SPRING 1 WIRE .054 - 0 D.87 16 SOC HD CAP SCR 2 STK .5X I
It em NAME Amt MATL REMARKS It em NAME Am' MAT L REMARKS
Exercise 12.56 For the milling fixture for clutch arm, draw the following. (I ) Draw details using the decimal inch system or
redesign for metric dimen sions, if assigned. (2) Draw assembly .
478 CHAPTER 12 WORK ING D RAW I NGS
o
,JACOBS CHUCK.
24 9
Exercise 12.57Part (a) For the drill speeder,draw the following. (I) Draw details. (2) Draw assembly. If assigned, convert
dimensionstodecimal inches or redesign with metric dimensions.See parts(b)and (c) on the followingpages.
EX ERe I SES 479
0
1

0 6 3
.I 1.06 2
@ THRUST BEARING
1.344 OD s; .62 5 ID x . 562
STK - I REQD
'-- 01.375- "'1
I
':; -.
@ SP I ND LE WA5H ER
C R S - I REQD
"42@" LL JZHOLE5ro
\ FOR 23 ;;'3 E.SCUTCHEON PINS - 2 REOD '-!1\j- -
\ I ' j
GEAR
PAT. - 337 - C 1- 2 REQD

30DY- LOWER HALF
PAT. "3.36 - C I - I REQD
Exercise 12 .57 Part (b) Forthedrill speeder, see Exercise 12.63 part (a) for instructions.
480 CHAP TER 12 WORKING DRAWINGS
GOOPOINT
CH
HARDENTEETH
Tts- ----
r.D1O a. 0
N - lIlKl
"':s' Z .031 <q
t
87
s-1,,,,

@ SPIN DLE BUSHING
PAT. 11'341
8RZ- 1 REQD
26T-12 P
f-- --- 17 WHEN STRAIGHT - --- - -.1
ROD
CRS-IREQD
CASE HARDEN
CASEHARDEN POLI SH?
r
'& - 1
I

25
L
I
.Jt.l 1.062-16 UN- 2 B R.015
f4\SPINDLE-SPECIALSTL
I REOO
POLISH BRIGHT
ALL OVER
0.141-1".187 0.141 - T.187 2
@SHANK BUSHING
@ ADJUSTMENT NUT-UPPER @AD-JUSTMENT NUT-LOWER
PH BRZ -IREQD
M S -I REQO M S - I REQD
CASE- HARDEN .5-I.3UNC- 2 A FOR
DIAMOND
""'UM
AND POLISH fi6\ .5 FIN HEX NUT CH
R.015 KNURLING
ALL OVER R.0625 r.5 2 REQD

,..
7
: ... : 45"
\ '4 I
s- r\;Y <l) c,,/ .'
TI
L

.125 Ql .
.375 - 16 UNC- 2A

.I25 FOR \C o
@COTTER OIL "'1
CASEHARDEN
KEY, "13- .093 X.75 3.687
2 REQD 17\
STUD STOP ROD SET SCREW
M S-2 REQD M S - I REQD
Exercise 12.57Part (C) For the drill speeder. see Exercise12.63 part (a) for instructions.
R.062
EXERe I SES 481
19 DRILL U66)
REAM IN ASSEMBLY
R.375
w
~
l1. ...J
a ~
"' z
0.. Q
a: !:OJ
n ~
f': :I:
ofl Z
"1 0
(5)STOP BLOCK
SAE)j(O COLD DRAWN STEEL- .875x e BAR
IREQD
.5- 12UNC-3A
NECKr.0468
(10') CROSS SLIDE
GI5" BINDER SCREW
SAE X- /3/5 STEEL-eoLDFINISHED
.55Q BAR- T::l EAT-P55Z
IREQD
Exercise 12.58 Parr (a) For the vertical slide tool, draw the following . ( I) Draw detail s. If
ass igned, convert dimen sions to decimal inches or redesign for metric system. (2) Draw assembl y.
Take given top view as front view in the new drawing; then add top and right -side views. If
assigned, use unidirectional dimensions. See part (b) on the following page.
Exercise 12 .58 Pa rt (b) For the vertical slide tool, see Exercise 12,64 part (a) for instructions.
L.375 -2 4UN F- 3 A
- SLOT 07 WIDE,
.093 DEEP
t (\2) SCREW
;;::=(ST EEL- .5 BAR
/1TREAT A55Z
/ I REQD
;.)1
J . ' '1 ,2
01
R.031
(' ?fJ t1 F KNURL
-: i1 WIDE v:
I 41'\ .078 DEEP
'J: NECK .078 WIDE AT
BOTTOM x.03ID EEP
:.375- Z4UN F - 3 A
BREAK
CORNERS
BUSHING
SAE 1035 STEEL
1.62SBAR I REQD
WO RK ING D R AWI NGS
III
TAPER PER FT
",011

.L TOP VIEW
. ===:J L ! - 'b-- - - - - -uw
CHAPTER 12
GIB
5 AE iozo STE EL
.375 <1BAR -I REQD -1
Jo1!1?
I ' '/ ' ..J rZ
5
STAMP 1; ' I ",5 y '1 F R.031
NO. HERE- , 1-.031 T, I!-W ,-KNURL
M- h " , SlOT" 080x T.10 9
, , INDEX I .1"1' " -
,,,z,- , m.h LINE %,u] NECK .0 78 WIDE AT
""" it /' B OTTOMxT.031
-+ .3 75 - c4 UNF- 3 A
R031 .2' N
r--.562 - I CHA MFER TO BOTTOM OF T HD
(7) CU P @ STOP SCREW
S A E )\-1315STEEL(COLD FINI5 HED), .625 BAR
BEFORE BENDING R.l25 -
z REQD
FLATS MI LLED
S1 ON ROUN D
;0' : .062"-45'
0
6
" ,\ CHAM FEA' ' I
.-- rr-....,..:.- - -+-- - ---,,:......,..-z.7--- + __-r-c_ _ .A (i5) SHO E
I BRASS I
.40 6 BAR )'-:::' ' r
I REQD .031x4 SO
0
12
'1
MILL TO
CLEAN
UjONLY
N

482
EXERCISES 483
Exercise 12.59 Part (a) For the slide tool, draw the following. Consult parts (b), (c), (d), and (e) on the following pages to:
( I) Draw details using decimal inch dimensions or redesign with metric dimensions, if assigned. (2) Make an assembly drawing
of this slide tool.
NO.--l-
MACHI NE NO. M - 2 / 9
PARTSLIST
NO. OF SHEETS___?__ S HEET
LOT NUMBER
NAM E lliL.QLNK
NO. OF PI ECES
..
. .


vc ...."t CMT'''OM ''''''1'<0 MIll MAnltlAL N " M 0,- .. ... .. T D:A LUIGI" ""'IT NO .
rlNISII lJUO Ofll ""'lII' r HO pell Pe
"'
A-3- S
1 0 - 17417 21 9 - 12 Body
D F
D- I 92 55 219 -12
1
219- 6 SUd. 1
21 9-6
S A E
- 19256 219 -9 #10 9Z lIu t
C-I1129 219 - 1001 1 Glb
102 0 219 - 6
1 21 9 -1002 C-111 29 219-12
1
Sl id e Scr eW'
219 - 100 3 C- 111 29 A- I-s 219 - 100
1
Dial BuPh .
219 -1004 C-11129 A-I-S Dial llut 219 - 10 0
219 - 10 11 Handl e 1 E- 182'0
21 9 -100"
1 s to p Sc rew (Sho r t ) 219 - 10 12 E- 51950 A- I -S 219-6
E-5195 1 A-l-s Sto p Sore w ( Long ) 219-6
# 5
1
2 19 - 1015 E-51952 219 -5
1
1 Bin de r Shoe
Bross
2 19 - 1018 E- 52 3 22 Han d te So rew 219 - 10 1
1 219- 1017 E- 53 927 A-I-s Blndor Se re" 219-5
1 A- I - S 219 - 1018 219 - 100 ! Di al
2 Gl b Scr ew 219 - 10 19 E-:'i2777 A-I-S 219 - 5 f. 20 1
A- I - s Bi nder Sorew 28 0- 1010 IE- 24 962 el9-10 1E
2
1
Too l Cl amp So rews ti8B3 - F- IOO2. E- 19110 D-2- S
I
2 19 -6
219 - 6
A, - l -S 1 Fi ll Hd cap I -A
11
219- 9
110 .4 0 4
219 -100 2 Key 1
Woodrur f
Exercise 12.59 Part (b) Slide tool parts list.
--
484 CHAPTER 12 WORKING DRAWINGS

I - 8 0D'I' -219 -12
3.063- - --1
.11 -3 STL DROP FORGING
L S TAR TING DIM ENSION
GAGE _
1- - - 2.968 2.719
1 :7 I \
DRILL JIG -
\ 3.094 ,
1I,.--- I
"j -----
--L.---v-r--r---"
----------
]
'1::1--------

-'J
F ORGI NG DETA IL NQ219 - 12
A-3 STEEL
1--.5 4 I. R.J87
Ii
, I
- - - - - - - S.75- -t---- - --------j
I
FILLETS & ROUNDS R,IZ5 UNL ESS r=P
OT,-;RWISE SPECI FIED
- H-- -
R25
r"ii
'- I
-- }Q
-o
T
<::. R.187J
/'
, - - - 2.25--
TO
lBOTTOM OF THREAD
NECK GRINDJNG - ,063 wX .OIS6 DEEP ./
SCREW Zl9 - /0 0 Z 1- DIAL BUSH. 219 -1 003
A-,3-srI:EL -; " B AR STEEL - I ' BAR
Exerci se 12.59Part (c) For the slide tool,see Exercise 12.65 part (a)for instructions.
EXERCISE S 485
I
i
- ---- ---
k
r-....:.....-----,--.-'---....---'---I.:;.--"I
r -
I '
I


25 -;?oUNC- 2A
.. - 0
.35 -#5 "
"TO
B O T T OM OF"
FILLETS J: ROUNDS GI 8 SCR E W 2 19 - 10 19
RJ25UNL ESS .5 "" & " 9 / 5 ., r F IU. ( COL!.2
OTHERWiSE
SPECIFIED
R.06J-
2 19 -1015
---- - - -- -- -- - _.../
F ORGING DETAIL NO. 219-6
A -3 STEEL
' '" cor

.

I 2 < ",. 750..ooo
.51 ,r , -e .4J7- 14 UNC- 2 B
I - BINDER SHOE
N O. is tJRA,s .s
8 75
r T 875 - /
1- o rAL NUT Zig - 100;/
. , I
1 .5 A .r - ! J I5 5 r eEL- c ol 0 F INISHER.
. 78/ HEK [J AR
TRfA I - P 5 .'iZ
alUL L J IG
DOII TAIL GAGE
03004
USE GAGE W I TH
MAS re (j IB
- 2 .>'0 .201 , .25 -20UNC-28
u(iJ.Si5
1-5U DE -RI 9 -G
A -5 7 f F I OROP FOR GIN G
5 -10 ACM E-L II
I -HA NDLE SCRE W - 2 19-I OI6
5 ,ol E ..-.r - ' 3 15 ,sTe E l. - Co:- o rtNISt' D

Exercise 12.59 Part (d) For the slide tool, see Exercise 12.65 part (a) for instructions.

04'7 A PART
CHAM TO
BQT TOMoF THR40
TO WI TH J 75R()(,INO HOLE
WE TO 8R0/4CH our
ro
W O RKING D RAWINGS
S U D.
'-STOP SCR EW -219-10/2
S AC )1'- 1315 5TE EL- COLD FlAt, sH eD - .625
TR E AT - PS5Z
SL OT .0 8 0 WIDE x J09DEEP
CH AP TER 12
R OJ / Ir--. I \\
. 3.68 75 - - - -
L MEDIUM \
KNURL \... N E CK
.0 78 WI De A'.0 3lrJCP
I-STOP SCReW - /!I !J - l oa
Y ...}f ,/ ." J :iTEEL - COI.O FIIV'-'Ift!O - .625
'r 1i",r - p.55Z
I- COM P OUND REST HANDL E
2 19 -lOll
I - G 18 Z If} - 1001
SAE
COUNTC....l1o-lA/(i ,, '//4 - "-........ NOTE - ON PL;lNE
A - A - TH I': TAPER

---::;;- t-
CUT OFF 15 LOIV(5ER THA N --
II C
'S' , DI4IGNS!ON GNN,TO Al.. L O W '
F"ITTING ,kf- 4o -
B---r-
- - -- -- -- _-:,<, -", - -- -- -- -- _-_- - _- -;1

L
e
-- NOT -o;vPlAIV
'1- -- VIE W IN DIRECTION OF A R R OW X
PER F T
Exerci se 12.59 Part (e) For the slide tool. see Exercise 12.65 part (a) for instruction s.
486
.04 6 DEEP g

'7' 'f
H
A
-$>
t
o
,
.OI5X4S CHAM , I

;-----l625-
2 - TOOL CLAMfl 5CRE W -68 :J I" - I OOJ'
I - BINDER SCREW- clg- IOIT
.3 A " - 13 ' 5 .$TL-COLD FfNJSHCD-.687BAR

CHAMFR 70
.!JOT T OM 0," THRE A D
3.5 ;; :
1- BlNOC:R S CRe w - Z80- 10 10
S AE: )( /.115' S T L - COLOF IN IS II O - .4J l lJAR
r /i A T P 55Z - -
IOO O/VI.5JCA/J
TQ.QOJ
F A 0
/= 0 1" 4 Z 12 _ 10 18

EXEReI 5 E5 487
SIZE .4 37-'y- R.0 62
z--; rr=1'

I I /
.06Z>4SCHAM...! "'30'
t/Q\ CLAMP PLUG
BRASS ROO- 2 RE. OD
.I25 DRILL WITH
IN ASSY
STANDARD PARTS
THIC KNESS OF LINE APPROX
x 1.5 HEX SOCKET CUP PT SET SCR
093 _/...25
2 -.375-16UNC- ZA x .562HEX SOCKET FLA. PT SET SCR
ONEREQD-ALUMINUM . I_J
8 - .25- 20 UNC- 2A x .625 FI LLI ST ER HD CAP SCR PUR CHASE -
/z- Qj .l25 x.75uRl lLROD 8 DOu BL E SIZE
x.25ROUND HD MACH SCR ' ZO( 0 3'Z) Bol. S GAUGE7
4-(:1.125x.l87DRILL ROD
--,0""""'''''t-w-a.....,'''' ''. -is ..,
1
I
-- - - - - - - ....1 It
6Z' '''- ...-:s-t-

, -

.125DRILL .062 DEEP
,
.031' 45 ' ()
CHAMFE
WITH PC# 7 IN .'\SSY

.312CR S 11 12 -4REQD
CYANIDE HARDEN
Exercise 12.60 Part (a) For the "any angle" tool vise, draw the following. ( I) Draw detail s using decimal inch dimensions or
redesign with metric dimensions, if assigned. (2) Draw assembly. See part (b) on the following page.
I
25-20UNC- ZB.62SDEEP
- 4X*3i(.120)- .125 RE.DRILL .562
IN ASSEMBLY WITH
PL-'\TES FOR J25DOWEL PINS
(Holes same os on
opp osite ""' >:
AND '\
ROUNDS R.l25
488 CHAPTER 12 WORKING DR A W IN G S
.063
sur/ace f"lot;
ot herwise p o rts 5

and 6 ore id entical

SECTIONA-A
3x(Ill20
0.125
(Dimf?nsi :>ns OS
REDRILL
shown on PC. "'5
of !'r t)

LOWER PLATE
CRS - 2 REQD
CYANIDE HARDE N - POLI SH & BUFF AL L OV ER
'\ '-- 2X.375- 1
REFERENCE LINEJ
3REOD
.:/ 1.562 I

15 EQUAL OIVISIO. 5./ \-2 , '" 3
1
3' _
6UNC- 2B
16875
CALIBRATE IN ASSY 1".312' .
UPPER COMPOUNQ.M.E.M BER
C R S -IREQD - CHROME PLATE
r Holes same as on
/ oppos/te sidt:>
/
L 2)(;1 0 89- 1.437
"4-40UNC-2B.L312
ASSE.MBLY WI TH DC"9
f4\ COMPOUND TOOL HOLDE.R
VCR S - I REOO - CH ROME PL AT E.
Exercise 12.60 Pari (b) For the "any angle" tool vise, see Exercise 12.66 part (a) for
instructions.
.375- 16 UNC- 2B' -2 HOLE.S
LOCATE FROM @- - ,
@SLlDE
"RR"STEEL-STK1250x 1.750
WT 4.25
ti-
HEAT TREAT"0 "
I REQD
620 STUD
..0 " AAA"STEEL
STK .625 DIA - WT 0.22*
HEAT TREAT 'B '
1REQD
5-12UNC-2A
- - 0.125 IN PLACEWITH
FOR@ .I2;'XI PIN
SLOT.IS6DEEP
oSLEEVE
'AAA' STEEL- 5TK :l2.5
ROUND NUT
WT 2.96"HEAT TREAT'S"
"AM' STEEL-STOCK 03.5
WT 1.7
ti
- HEAT TRE.AT"s'
1 REQD
, REaD
Exercise 12.61 Part (a) For the fixture for centering connecting rod. draw the following. Consult Parts (b) and (c) on the following pages to:
(I) Draw detail s using decimal inch dimensionsor redesign with metric dimensions, ifassigned .(2) Draw assembl y.See parts (b)and (c) on
m
the following pages. X
m
;;0
n
V>
m
V>

\0
J:-
-o
0
n
::I:

v
-l
m
'"
.....

IV
. .D3I''-5' CHAr"I,E" ",-f',.
(i?)REST BUTTON

l25DIA U" <,

HEAT TREAT"Q'-I RlO D 0
t
;0
i !l25 WT .75 " "1
A
'"
-
T l- - - - __ Z J _
o
I 0

;0
'"

s
-
r-
'"
<D Z
.031. 45
o
CHAMFER-
Vl
BOTH SlDE.S t.::\
ROUND NUT
I
7s1-
I
I
HEATTREAT'B'-IREOD
PAll 19-Z-13)-'AAA'STEEL
1'--22 5 ;---- - 6.625
R62 5 Q

- 4.5: 24.875
PLUNGE.R FILLnS& ROUNDS RJ1S UNLESS01HERWISESPECIFIED-DRAFT ANGLES7
.312 -. !J. M,\CHI NE STEp.- STK Q lOCATER .2S-20 UNC-2B. 2 HOLES ,- 01.0625 -1.0630 11.875 --r--'
'IS 1.625 OIA-WT0 .14 - HEAT 'V LOCATE FROM@-. \ -- 2.625- -" I. .! \
"'! TR-Ar 'O' -IREOD ' RR' STEEl - STK 1'2 = / m * ,I
-.937 r, WT 4.1"- HEATTREAT' Q' I ,I 7TI . r:) ,L_ IL IA5 :_ t
,
I REQD . -
r
'" I
.-1.
Exercise 12 ,61 Par t (b) For the fixture for centering connect ing rod, see Exercise 12.67 part (a) for instructi ons.
~ ~
- 0.626- .628
SPHE R ICA L -:
rn
X
rn
:;IJ
n
V>
rn
V>
Exercise 12.61 Part (C) For the fixture for centering connecting rod, see Exercise 12.67 part (a) for instructions.
.t>.
\0
....
CHAPTER 12 WORK ING DRAWINGS
----72 '
~ ] n ~ T T ~ n ~ ~ ~
1--1. 68-"
Exercise 12.62 For the plastic open slot wiri ng duct. front and side views, draw the
following. Redraw with metric dimensions reducing the size by 3.