The Policy-Making Process: 0multiple Choice Questions

CHAPTER 15
The Policy-Making Process

0MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Type: Ans: Page: Factual A 435 10. All of the following would argue that a political system always operates in more or less the same way except a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. Type: Ans: Page: Factual & 435 '0. the te t. "ar ists. pluralists. #e!erians. $ and %.
#hich of the following would !e most li(ely to argue that the American political system operates to ser)e corporate interests* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. +litists "ar ists #e!erians Pluralists $ and %
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual + 43,
30.
#hich of the following is an ine)ita!le part of the political agendaaccording to the te t* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. ta ation crime social programs discrimination A- & and $
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual A 43,
40.
$ompared to the political agenda in the 1.30s- today/s political agenda0the issues that politics chooses to address0is a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. much longer. slightly longer. a!out the same. slightly shorter. much shorter.
Copyright Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
248 Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process

Type: Ans: Page: Factual + 43,
50.
At any gi)en time- what determines the legitimacy of go)ernment/s actions* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. the !ureaucracy the 1.2. $onstitution the legislati)e !ranch the president certain- shared !eliefs
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual & 43,
,0.
#hich of the following do not contri!ute to the legitimacy of go)ernment action* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. shared political )alues technological inno)ations customs and traditions crises such as wars depressions
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual & 43,
30.
#hich of the following do not contri!ute to the legitimacy of go)ernment action* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. shared political )alues technological inno)ations customs the actions of political elites traditions
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual $ 43,
40.
56f many people !elie)e that crime is the result of indi)idual failure rather than social forces- then there is no reason for go)ernment.5 This statement illustrates one factor that affects the legitimacy of go)ernment actions- namelya0. !0. c0. d0. e0. the weight of custom. changes in the way in which political elites thin( and tal( a!out politics. shared political )alues. the impact of critical e)ents. the weight of tradition.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual A 43,
.0.
6n this country- the scope of things that go)ernment may legitimately do has- o)er timea0. !0. c0. d0. e0. increased steadily. stayed a!out the same. decreased slightly. decreased greatly. rarely !een an issue of importance or concern.
Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process
249
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual A 43,
100. An interesting psychological characteristic associated with the concept of legitimacy is that most people a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. accept what go)ernment does as legitimate. challenge as illegitimate much of what go)ernment does. are unaffected !y most of what go)ernment does. ha)e little concept of what is !est for them. ha)e little concern for personal rights and li!erties.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual % 43,
110. The actions of 7epu!lican Presidents +isenhower and 8i on illustrate the fact that the e pansion of go)ernment a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. can !e controlled. is closely tied to party affiliation. is a)oida!le. is a nonpartisan process. is not li(ely- if a president truly desires otherwise.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual & 43,
1'0. The president under whom federal payments to farmers grew to si times what they had !een a decade !efore he too( office was a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. Fran(lin 7oose)elt. 7onald 7eagan. 9yndon :ohnson. 7ichard 8i on. :immy $arter.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual + 43,
130. #hich of the following is incorrect* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. A 7epu!lican- 7ichard 8i on- imposed peacetime wage and price controls. A 7epu!lican- 7ichard 8i on- proposed a guaranteed annual income for e)ery family- wor(ing or not. A 7epu!lican- %wight +isenhower- sent federal troops into 9ittle 7oc(- Ar(ansas- to enforce school;desegregation. 1nder the administration of 7onald 7eagan <a 7epu!lican=federal payments to farmers grew si times larger than they had !een in the 1.30>s. 8one of these.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual + 43,
140. #hich of the following occurred during a 7epu!lican presidential administration* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. president;imposed peacetime wage and price controls. a presidential proposal for a guaranteed annual income for e)ery family- wor(ing or not. a presidential order for federal troops to go into 9ittle 7oc(Ar(ansas- to enforce school;desegregation. an increase in federal payments to farmers that was si times larger than they had !een in the pre)ious decade. all of these.

Type: Ans: Page: $onceptual % 433
150. Popular )iews on the legitimate scope of go)ernment action are affected !y crises such as wars and depressions. #hy should this !e the case* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. !ecause crises such as these tend to wea(en the influence of shared political )alues !ecause crises such as these tend to wea(en the power of political elites !ecause during times of crisis people will accept what go)ernment has customarily done !ecause during times of crisis people e pect go)ernment to ta(e action !ecause courts rarely interfere with the political process in such times and $ongress is stifled
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual A 433
1,0. &oth occupational safety and ur!an po)erty legislation were enacted at a time when a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. the pro!lems treated had !een getting !etter. the pu!lic percei)ed a crisis at hand. the pu!lic was unaware of the crisis at hand. the pro!lems treated had !een growing steadily worse. !oth were considered top priorities !y the American pu!lic.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual & 433
130. The difference !etween the e pansion of go)ernment in general during the depression years of the 1.30s and the e pansion of go)ernment regulation of car safety after 1.,, is that a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. the economy was impro)ing in the early depression years. car safety had !een impro)ing and there was no pu!lic demand for action. ad)ertisers shifted their attention to car safety in 1.,,. surprisingly- there was little popular concern o)er the economy in the 1.30s. car safety pro!lems !ecame more se)ere and the go)ernment only acted !ecause of pu!lic demand.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual % 434
140. 6n an effort to understand why the go)ernment adds new issue to its agenda and adopts new programs when there is little pu!lic demandthe te t loo(s to a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. groups. institutions. the media. all of these. none of these.
251
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual $ 434
1.0. ?rgani@ed la!or fa)ored federal legislation for safety in the wor(place in the 1.30s !ecause it a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. (new that the situation was getting worse. was unaware that the situation was getting !etter. was e periencing a sense of relati)e depri)ation. needed a popular cause to put on its agenda. had data to support widespread pu!lic support for its cause.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual % 434
'00. The te t notes that a remar(a!ly large num!er of the !lac(s who rioted in 1.2. cities during the 1.,0s were a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. poorly educated. unemployed. recent migrants from the 2outh. A and &. 8one of these.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual $ 434
'10. A generally <!ut not completely= accurate e planation of why go)ernment adds new programs to its agenda- despite the a!sence of pu!lic demand for them- is the a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. effect of cost;!enefit studies. role of indi)idual- far;sighted entrepreneurs. !eha)ior of special;interest groups. political culture. the lac( of a conscious agenda.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual $ 434
''0. A situation once thought normal !ut now )iewed as intolera!ledespite impro)ing conditions- is called a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. optimism. incongruity. relati)e depri)ation. frustration. reciprocity.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual + 434
'30. 7iots !y !lac(s during the mid;1.,0s- in which a large percentage of rioters were employed and relati)ely well educated- illustrate the principle of a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. teleological suspension. shared political )alues. the professionalism of reform. client politics. relati)e depri)ation.

'40. To ha)e a change in policy toward pre)iously accepted conditions of relati)e depri)ation- there must !e a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. a maAor economic uphea)al such as a depression. impro)ing economic standards. a new generation of )oters. a general change in people/s !eliefs. decreased awareness of social circumstances.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual & 43.
'50. #hich of the following institutions has not played an increasingly important role in the agenda;setting process in go)ernment* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. the 2enate the Bouse the mass media the courts All of these
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual A 434
',0. The courts can play an important role in policy ma(ing !ecause a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. courts ha)e the power to set new standards for pu!lic and pri)ate institutions. courts are less impartial and more acti)ist than other policy; ma(ing institutions. Audges are especially well educated and their power is loosely defined. courts are more impartial and less acti)ist than other policy; ma(ing institutions. Audges are compelled !y oath to remain impartial and free from partisan !ias.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual A 434
'30. The courts can play an important role in policy ma(ing !ecause a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. courts ma(e decisions that force action !y other !ranches of go)ernment. courts are less impartial and more acti)ist than other policy; ma(ing institutions. Audges are especially well educated and their power is loosely defined. courts are more impartial and less acti)ist than other policy; ma(ing institutions. Audges are compelled !y oath to remain impartial and free from partisan !ias.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual $ 43.
'40. The !ureaucracy has acCuired new power in policy ma(ing !ecause a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. !ureaucrats are highly pu!lic;spirited. it has the confidence of the people. now it freCuently acts as an independent source of policy proposals. it responds well to pro!lems identified !y others. it is rarely inefficient or slow mo)ing.
253
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual + 43.
'.0. %aniel Patric( "oynihan has descri!ed the new role of the !ureaucracy in policy ma(ing as a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. the creation of demands. the codification of flu . the logic of collecti)e action. entrepreneurial politics. the professionali@ation of reform.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual % 43.
300. The Dreat 2ociety programs- unli(e the 8ew %eal programs- were de)eloped primarily !y a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. the president. nongo)ernmental e perts. $ongress. !ureaucrats. courts.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual & 43.
310. %uring what period did the 2enate ser)e as an important incu!ator of li!eral national policies* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. prior to 1.,0 only in the 1.,0s only in !oth the 1.,0s and 1.40s in the 1.40s only in the 1..0s only
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual A 43.
3'0. #hat would !e the most li(ely response of the Founders to the growing importance of the 2enate as a source of political inno)ation and change* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. 2urprise0they saw the 2enate as a moderating rather than an inno)ating force. 2urprise0they thought that constitutional limits on senatorial power would pre)ent any attempts at acti)ism on the 2enate/s part. 8o surprise0they saw the 2enate as a force for change rather than moderation. 8o surprise0they e pected each !ranch of go)ernment to play a maAor role in political change. 8o surprise0they assumed the 2enate would generally dominate American politics.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual $ 43.
330. The media plays a maAor role in the creation of pu!lic policy !y a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. creating new programs. leading !y e ample. choosing which of thousands of proposals to co)er. choosing go)ernment acti)ists as reporters. choosing go)ernment acti)ists as editors.

Type: Ans: Page: Factual % 43.
340. The media can help determine the nation/s political agenda. ?ne way they do this- according to the te t- is !y a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. choosing go)ernment acti)ists as reporters. forming alliances with senators and their staffs. ser)ing as a maAor source of political inno)ation and change. pu!lici@ing those issues placed on the agenda !y others. choosing go)ernment acti)ists as editors.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual + 43.
350. The te t o!ser)es a Eclose correlationF !etween 2enate attention to new safety standards for industry coal mines and automo!iles and the amount space de)oted to those Cuestions in a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. Congressional Quarterly. The Washington Times. Presidential Studies Quarterly. Legislative Studies Quarterly. the New York Times.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual % 43.
3,0. $ompared to mass attitudes- elite attitudes to the political agenda tend to !e a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. more consistent. less significant. less ideological. more )olatile. less partisan.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual % 43.
330. #hich of the following factors is least li(ely to !ring a!out a change in the nation/s political agenda* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. changes in popular attitudes critical e)ents such as a race riot elite interests customs and traditions A and $
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual $ 440
340. ?ne li(ely cost of a program to put an end to homelessness in the 1nited 2tates would !e a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. a shift in ta ation from the federal to the local le)el. pro!a!le monetary satisfaction- such as a genuine ta reduction. money ta(en away from other worthwhile social programs. an increase in the num!er of homeless who )ote in elections. an increase in the num!er of homeless candidates for electi)e offices.
255
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual % 440
3.0. #hich of the following would !e an e ample of a !enefit of a proposed go)ernment policy* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. pro!a!le monetary satisfaction- such as a genuine ta reduction a nonmonetary satisfaction that people erroneously thin( they will enAoy- such as the satisfaction of dri)ing communists out of $entral America an illusory monetary ad)antage- such as displacing ta es onto corporations- which will recoup them !y raising prices to consumers all of these none of these
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual A 440
400. +ssential to the definition of a !enefit of a proposed policy is that the program must a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. !ring satisfaction to someone. in)ol)e a monetary gain !y some group. in)ol)e a contract to some group. contri!ute to the nation/s general welfare. in)ol)e a payment or su!sidy to some group.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual & 440
410. #hen considering the costs and !enefits of a policy- it is important to remem!er that it is usually the GGGGGGGG that most affects politics. a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. actual dollar amounts of costs and !enefits perception of costs and !enefits degree of guilt or pleasure in)ol)ed influence of special;interest groups influence of iron triangles
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual A 440
4'0. #hy was go)ernment/s pro)ision of financial aid to women and orphans in the early twentieth century not contro)ersial* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. !ecause it was considered legitimate for those groups to !enefit !ecause it was considered politically ad)antageous to support these two groups !ecause so few citi@ens were aware of economic costs of this aid !ecause no special;interest group stepped forward to support this aid !ecause the aid was not solicited and in)ol)ed relati)ely little money
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual + 440
430. Aid to mothers with dependent children is contro)ersial todaywhereas earlier in the century it was not. This shows that people ta(e into account not only who !enefits from a program- !ut also a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. who actually pays for a program. the effect of a program on the nation>s economy. how many other groups !enefit from a program. how the money is actually paid out for a program. whether it is legitimate for that group to !enefit.

440. The te t argues that ideas are at least as important as interests in determining political outcomes !ecause a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. ideas must !e e amined !efore they can !e enacted. interests !y themsel)es tend to !e self;defeating. most interests follow e plicit ideologies. !eliefs a!out the rightness of policies are matters of opinion. interests are rarely as solidified as ideas.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual + 441
450. An astute politician see(ing election promises programs to people in a way that suggests that the programs a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. are in the national interest. will distri!ute costs e)enly across the wor(ing people. will !e self;supporting and self;renewing. will distri!ute costs e)enly among all the constituents. will !enefit the constituents !ut !e paid for !y others.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual $ 441
4,0. #hich of the following types of proposed programs is most li(ely to recei)e the greatest popular support* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. those whose !enefits are !oth )ital and long term those whose costs are immediate rather than remote in time those whose costs are !orne !y someone else those that are proposed in response to a crisis those that are widespread and e pensi)e
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual & 441
430. Politicians are most li(ely to support programs whose costs are a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. accurately estimated. small. immediate. !orne !y e)ery!ody. large.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual & 441
440. Politicians are most li(ely to support programs whose costs are a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. accurately estimated. remote in time. immediate. !orne !y e)ery!ody. large.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual & 441
4.0. Politicians are most li(ely to support programs whose costs are a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. accurately estimated. !orne !y someone else. immediate. !orne e)enly !y e)ery!ody. large.
25
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual A 441
500. A high rate of crime can !e categori@ed as a a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. widely distri!uted cost. narrowly concentrated cost. widely distri!uted !enefit. narrowly concentrated !enefit. 8one of these.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual % 441
510. 7eCuiring all couples applying for a marriage license to pay to !e tested for A6%2 would !e an e ample of a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. concentrated !enefits. widespread costs. widespread costs and !enefits. concentrated costs. 8one of these.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual & 441
5'0. #hich of the following est illustrates a program that offers narrowly concentrated !enefits* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. a program that increases aid to families li)ing !elow the po)erty le)el a program that su!sidi@es farmers for producing fewer cattle a program that increases funds a)aila!le to fight drug traffic(ing a program that places restrictions on doctors participating in the "edicare program A and %
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual A 441
530. #hich of the following est illustrates a program that offers widely distri!uted !enefits* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. a program that increases funds a)aila!le to fight drug traffic(ing a program that places restrictions on doctors participating in the "edicare program a program that su!sidi@es farmers for producing fewer cattle a program that protects the automo!ile industry from competition from foreign car manufacturers $ and %
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual $ 441
540. #hich of the following statements a!out the percei)ed distri!ution of costs and !enefits of a proposed program is most li(ely to !e true* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. 6t will determine who wins and who loses the !attle to enact the program. 6t will eCuate well with the actual costs and !enefits of the program. 6t will shape the (inds of political coalitions that form around the program. 6t will !e immune from the influence of the media and courts. 6t will !e immune from the influence of the legislature.

550. A proposed en)ironmental protection program offers !enefits and costs that will !e shared !y a large num!er of people. The type of politics that will most li(ely !e in)ol)ed is a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. entrepreneurial politics. client;centered politics. interest group politics. maAoritarian politics. egalitarian politics.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual $ 441
5,0. 6nterest groups do not generally play (ey roles in the enactment of maAoritarian policies !ecause of a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. the e penses in)ol)ed. their lac( of political power. the free;rider pro!lem. their preference for entrepreneurial politics. their narrow focus and intense opposition.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual & 441
530. The free;rider pro!lem descri!ed !y the te t refers to the reluctance of people to a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. support policies and programs whose !enefits will !e enAoyed !y e)ery!ody. Aoin an interest group if the policy that group supports !enefits e)ery!ody. support policies and programs whose costs will !e shared !y e)ery!ody. Aoin an interest group if the policy that group supports !enefits a narrow constituency. Aoin an interest group if there are no costs and a low le)el of percepti!le !enefits.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual % 441
540. The politics of a maAoritarian issue is usually conducted !y a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. finding compromises among conflicting interest groups. appealing to a mass;mem!ership interest group. appealing to non)oters. appealing to large !locs of )oters. appealing to legal scholars.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual $ 441
5.0. $ontro)ersies that arise in maAoritarian politics are most li(ely to !e a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. !etween ri)al interest groups. o)er who should !enefit. o)er matters of cost or ideology. o)er the legitimacy of client claims. !etween special interests with institutional support.
259
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual A 441
,00. $ontro)ersies that arise in maAoritarian politics are most li(ely to !e o)er matters of cost or ideology rather than !etween ri)al interest groups. #hy* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. !ecause of the free;rider pro!lem !ecause costs and !enefits are generally long term !ecause !enefits are widespread and costs are narrowly concentrated !ecause interest groups ha)e difficulty getting media attention !ecause of laws which restrict interest group acti)ity
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual + 44'
,10. 6nterest group politics must in)ol)e a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. !enefits to small groups- costs to large groups. costs to small groups- !enefits to large groups. legal conflicts without specific !enefits. widespread costs and !enefits. two or more small- identifia!le groups.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual & 44'
,'0. An e ample of interest group politics is a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. a )ote on a 2ocial 2ecurity payment increase. a march !y 1.2. 8a@is through a :ewish neigh!orhood. the de!ate o)er military aid to +l 2al)ador. the campaign to a!olish smo(ing in all pu!lic places. A and %.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual & 44'
,30. ?f the following- the est e ample of interest group politics is a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. a )ote on 2ocial 2ecurity payment increases. a fight o)er automo!ile imports from :apan. the de!ate o)er military aid to +l 2al)ador. the campaign to a!olish smo(ing in pu!lic places. the de!ate o)er aid to the former 2o)iet 1nion.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual + 44'
,40. #hat sort of issue is most li(ely to in)ol)e interest group politics* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. one in which cost and ideology are the pre)ailing concerns one in which costs are widespread and !enefits are narrowly concentrated one in which !enefits are widespread one in which !enefits are widespread and costs are narrowly concentrated one in which certain small groups !enefit while others pay
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual % 443
,50. #hat distinguishes client politics from interest group politics* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. the fact that ideology plays a larger role in client politics the fact that client politics does not in)ol)e interest groups the fact that only one group !enefits in client politics the fact that costs are widely distri!uted in client politics the fact that client politics are rarely partisan

Type: Ans: Page: $onceptual A 443
,,0. #hat distinguishes client politics from interest group politics* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. the a!sence of an organi@ed- opposing interest group the a!sence of narrowly concentrated !enefits the a!sence of go)ernment in)ol)ement the a!sence of ideological and cost considerations the fact that client politics are rarely partisan
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual $ 443
,30. The clients in client politics might !e any of the following except a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. farmers see(ing price supports. airlines see(ing regulation. the pu!lic see(ing ta relief. localities see(ing new roads. truc(ing companies see(ing regulation.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual A 443
,40. An e ample of client politics is a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. agricultural price supports. 2ocial 2ecurity policies. en)ironmental protection legislation. a national health insurance program. All of these.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual + 443
,.0. E9ogrollingF is the eCui)alent of sayinga0. !0. c0. d0. e0. Ewhat goes around comes around.F Ecarry a !ig stic(.F Emore is !etter.F Eforgi)e- !ut do not forget.F Eyou scratch my !ac( and 6>ll scratch yours.F
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual $ 443
300. An e ample of client politics is a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. social welfare. la!or legislation. a dairy su!sidy. antitrust legislation. 8one of these.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual & 443
310. A proposed agricultural support program will !enefit the lum!er industry !ut increase the cost of paper nationwide. #hat type of politics is most li(ely to !e in)ol)ed* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. entrepreneurial politics client;centered politics interest group politics maAoritarian politics egalitarian politics
261
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual % 443
3'0. An e ample of por(;!arrel politics is when $ongress a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. chooses committee chairmanships on the !asis of seniority. enacts election laws that fa)or incum!ents. passes laws that distri!ute !enefits and costs to the great maAority of the people. enacts a program that !enefits a single mem!er/s district. enacts a program that !enefits a group of 2enators !ut not the entire 2enate.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual & 443
330. #hen $ongress enacts a program that !enefits a particular mem!er/s district- it is an e ample of a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. entrepreneurial legislation. por(;!arrel legislation. a trustee proAect. logrolling. legislati)e courtesy.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual % 443
340. A proposed highway !ill gathers enough )otes in $ongress to pass !ecause the pet proAects of so many indi)idual mem!ers of $ongress are included in the !ill. This is an e ample of a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. entrepreneurial legislation. por(;!arrel legislation. a trustee proAect. logrolling. legislati)e courtesy.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual + 443
350. The process !y which legislation can !e enacted only for proAects <such as new dams or irrigation systems= affecting se)eral congressional districts is called a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. entrepreneurial politics. social welfare. economic rationality. legislati)e courtesy. logrolling.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual A 443
3,0. #elfare recipients cost the typical ta payers a<n= GGGGGG amount each year. a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. small moderate moderately large )ery large e ceptionally large

Type: Ans: Page: Factual % 444
330. To!acco price supports are less popular today than they were thirty years ago primarily !ecause of a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. increased costs of such supports. increased international competition. decreased need for supports. decreased support for to!acco growing. increased support for agriculture.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual A 444
340. A proposed !ill that would a!olish tariffs on imported cheesethere!y hurting the dairy industry while !enefiting 1.2. cheese eaters- would most li(ely in)ol)e a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. entrepreneurial politics. client;centered politics. interest group politics. maAoritarian politics. plutocracy politics.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual A 444
3.0. A proposed !ill that would force producers of alcoholic !e)erages to place additional medical warning la!els on their !ottles would most li(ely in)ol)e a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. entrepreneurial politics. client;centered politics. interest group politics. maAoritarian politics. plutocracy politics.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual $ 444
400. The Founders decreased the li(elihood of successful entrepreneurial politics when they a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. denied legitimacy to policy entrepreneurs. fostered a participatory political culture. ena!led minorities to !loc( legislation. created a federal system of go)ernment. created a dual court system.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual $ 444
410. A (ey figure in the adoption of policies that !enefit a large num!er of people a small amount- !ut that place their costs on a single small group- is the a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. politician with new ideas. academic economist. policy entrepreneur. corporation e ecuti)e. part;time legislator.
263
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual + 444
4'0. Policy entrepreneurs may or may not represent the wishes of the general pu!lic- !ut they do ha)e the a!ility to a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. shift costs from interest groups to the pu!lic. assume power and redirect resources. appear nonpartisan. assume the leadership of an e isting maAority. dramati@e an issue con)incingly.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual % 445
430. #hen is entrepreneurial politics possi!le without one or more policy entrepreneurs* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. ne)er when a president steps in to fill the )oid when the populace is inattenti)e to an issue when )oters suddenly get upset a!out the cost of a !enefit in almost any circumstance- or set of circumstances
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual + 444
440. #hich of the following statements a!out entrepreneurial politics is correct* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. 6t is of greatest use to li!erals attac(ing conser)ati)e special interests. 6t almost non;e istent in today>s political en)ironment. 6t is of greatest use to conser)ati)es attac(ing li!eral special interests. 6t has !ecome less common in recent years. 6t can !e used !y either li!erals or conser)ati)es.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual % 444
450. A consumer ad)ocate who is a good e ample of a policy entrepreneur is a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. :ohn 2herman. Thurman Arnold. Harl "ar . 7alph 8ader. +dward &arth.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual $ 445
4,0. The 2uperfund program illustrates entrepreneurial politics in action concerning the issue of a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. the cost of gasoline. the effects of smog. ha@ardous wastes. !each erosion. the effects of tele)ision )iolence.

Type: Ans: Page: Factual $ 44,
430. ?ne reason that entrepreneurial politics has !ecome more important in recent years is a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. the rela ation of many federal regulations. increased competition among special;interest groups. the enlarged political role of the media. the declining role of consumer acti)ists. decreased competition among special;interest groups.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual $ 44,
440. ?ne reason that entrepreneurial politics has !ecome more important in recent years is a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. the rela ation of many federal regulations. increased competition among special;interest groups. the decentrali@ation of $ongress. the declining role of consumer acti)ists. decreased competition among special;interest groups.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual $ 44,
4.0. ?ne reason that entrepreneurial politics has !ecome more important in recent years is a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. the rela ation of many federal regulations. increased competition among special;interest groups. a change in the attitudes of many citi@ens. the declining role of consumer acti)ists. decreased competition among special;interest groups.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual % 44,
.00. The )ery e istence of large corporations may !e a threat to popular rule for all the following reasons except that a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. wealth can !e used to !uy influence. politicians and !usiness leaders come from similar !ac(grounds. elected officials must defer to corporate leaders to (eep the economy healthy. a pluralistic society depends on plural corporate interests. A and $.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual $ 44,
.10. The )ery e istence of large corporations may !e a threat to popular rule for se)eral reasons. ?ne reason cited !y the te t is that a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. corporations typically ha)e unfair access to media. maAoritarian politics gi)es corporations the ad)antage in decisions in)ol)ing the distri!ution of costs. corporate wealth can !e used to !uy influence. a pluralistic society depends on plural corporate interests. go)ernment is rarely sensiti)e to the interests of corporations.
265
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual $ 44,
.'0. The )ery e istence of large corporations may !e a threat to popular rule for se)eral reasons. ?ne reason cited !y the te t is that a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. corporations typically ha)e unfair access to media. maAoritarian politics gi)es corporations the ad)antage in decisions in)ol)ing the distri!ution of costs. politicians and !usiness leaders come from similar !ac(grounds. a pluralistic society depends on plural corporate interests. go)ernment is rarely sensiti)e to the interests of corporations.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual $ 44,
.30. The )ery e istence of large corporations may !e a threat to popular rule for se)eral reasons. ?ne reason cited !y the te t is that a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. corporations typically ha)e unfair access to media. maAoritarian politics gi)es corporations the ad)antage in decisions in)ol)ing the distri!ution of costs. elected officials must defer to corporate leaders to (eep the economy healthy. a pluralistic society depends on plural corporate interests. go)ernment is rarely sensiti)e to the interests of corporations.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual A 44,
.40. &usiness leaders are most li(ely to !elie)e that a mar(et economy and GGGGGGGG are necessary to each other. a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. personal freedom tariffs !ig go)ernment la!or unions commercial restraints
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual % 44,
.50. &usiness leaders often fear that politicians will try to curry )otes !y a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. arguing that politics is su!ser)ient to economics. mo)ing political appointees into (ey union positions. ad)ising against go)ernment regulation. !laming !usiness for all social and economic ills. attac(ing unions with economic concerns.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual + 44,
.,0. The Drange was an organi@ation of outspo(en a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. !ig !usinessmen. factory wor(ers. school teachers. lawyers. farmers.

Type: Ans: Page: $onceptual $ 44,
.30. The 2herman Act of 14.0 was an e ample of a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. entrepreneurial politics. interest;group politics. maAoritarian politics. client politics. plutocratic politics.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual $ 44,
.40. Antitrust legislation is an e ample of an attac( on corporations !y a )ague maAority without much opposition. This type of politics is called a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. entrepreneurial politics. client politics. maAoritarian politics. interest group politics. plutocratic politics.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual + 44,
..0. A criticism of the 2herman Act of 14.0 cited !y the te t is that it a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. was too specific in its definitions of monopoli!ation. was too specific in the industries it co)ered. failed to ma(e restraining or monopoli@ing trade a crime. was too specific in its definition of restraint o" trade. failed to deal with the issue of enforcement.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual & 443
1000. #hy did corporations not fight harder to pre)ent adoption of the 2herman Act of 14.0* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. !ecause the act applied to so few industries !ecause the act was so )ague !ecause enforcement of the act was left to local go)ernmentwhich was controlled !y the corporations !ecause the act co)ered only price discrimination and not restraint of trade !ecause the act applied to so few practices
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual + 443
1010. #hat piece<s= of legislation su!stantially strengthened the 2herman Act of 14.0* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. the Taft;Bartley Act the Bale;Bess "onopoly Act the #agner Act the Federal $ommunications Act the Federal Trade $ommission Act and $layton Act
26
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual & 443
10'0. #hich of the following is 8?T an e ample of anti;trust legislation* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. the Federal Trade $ommission Act the Batch Act the 2herman Act the $layton Act $ and %
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual & 443
1030. #hen the $layton and the Federal Trade $ommission Acts came !efore $ongress- they were a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. passed !y slim maAorities. passed !y large maAorities. narrowly defeated. o)erwhelmingly defeated. delayed- then defeated.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual A 443
1040. Antitrust politics has not !een dominated !y interest groups !ecause a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. !usinesses are not unified either for or against antitrust measures. !usinesses are so strongly and uniformly opposed to antitrust legislation. interest groups lac( the financial resources to tac(le antitrust politics. so little money is in)ol)ed in antitrust politics. so little money is wielded !y groups who are interested in antitrust politics.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual + 443
1050. The amount of money that the federal go)ernment de)otes to antitrust enforcement and the direction of those efforts are determined primarily !y GGGGGGG than interest group pressures. a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. political ideology personal con)ictions court orders fle i!ility in statutes A and &
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual $ 443
10,0. The 7eagan administration decided to pursue the !rea(ing up of a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. !oth ATIT and 6&". 6&" !ut not ATIT. ATIT !ut not 6&". neither ATIT nor 6&". ATIT- at first- and then 6&".

1030. The fact that the 7eagan administration elected to pursue the !rea(ing up of ATIT !ut not 6&" illustrates the importance of GGGGGGGG in antitrust enforcement decisions. a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. client politics interest group pressures Federal Trade $ommission <FT$= pro)isions political ideology and personal con)ictions PA$ money and court orders
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual % 444
1040. 9a!or;management conflict !est illustrates GGGGGGGG politics. a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. entrepreneurial client maAoritarian interest group oligarchic
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual % 444
10.0. The #agner and the Taft;Bartley Acts were e amples of a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. maAoritarian politics. entrepreneurial politics. client politics. interest group politics. oligarchic politics.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual + 444
1100. As with is the case with most maAoritarian politics- antitrust regulation tends to reflect GGGGGGGGGGGGG more than interest group acti)ity. a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. neo;institutional constraints indi)idual e periences legislati)e procedure limitations of the e ecuti)e !ranch !road philosophies of go)ernance
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual % 444
1110. 6n $ongress- winners and losers in la!or legislation are largely determined !y a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. !usiness e penditures. la!or e penditures. la!or caucuses. the partisan composition of $ongress. !usiness caucuses.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual A 444
11'0. A maAor determinant of the outcome of the congressional struggles o)er the #agner- Taft;Bartley- and 9andrum;Driffin Acts was the a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. partisan composition of $ongress. o)erriding influence of maAoritarian politics. in)ol)ement of numerous consumer;acti)ist groups. fear of court action if the laws were not passed. demands of the federal !ureaucracy.
269
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual A 444
1130. A maAor determinant of the outcome of the congressional struggles o)er the #agner- Taft;Bartley- and 9andrum;Driffin Acts was the a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. e istence of economic conditions that affected pu!lic opinion. o)erriding influence of maAoritarian politics. in)ol)ement of numerous consumer;acti)ist groups. fear of court action if the laws were not passed. demands of the federal !ureaucracy.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual % 444
1140. #hich of the following statements is correct with respect to the struggles o)er the #agner- Taft;Bartley- and 9andrum;Driffin Acts* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. 7epu!licans tended to support !usiness. 2outhern %emocrats tended to support !usiness. 8orthern %emocrats tended to support la!or. All of these. 8one of these.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual A 444
1150. ?n assuming office- a president cannot replace the entire 8ational 9a!or 7elations &oard <897&= !ecause a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. mem!ers ser)e fi)e;year terms. the 2enate must confirm all nominations. management and la!or each appoint one mem!er to the 897&. the 897& is not part of the e ecuti)e !ranch. the 897& is appointed !y the 2pea(er of the Bouse.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual $ 444
11,0. A decision !y the 8ational 9a!or 7elations &oard <897&= would !e influenced most strongly !y whether a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. a large or small !usiness is affected. a pu!lic;sector or pri)ate;sector union is in)ol)ed. a %emocratic or 7epu!lican president made a maAority of the appointments to the 897&. the interests on either side are concentrated or distri!uted. a northern or a southern state is affected.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual + 444
1130. 1nli(e antitrust policy- la!or legislation is dominated !y interest group acti)ity !ecause a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. !usiness gets low;wage wor(ers and la!or gets cheap products. the media focus primarily on maAor corporations. consumers !enefit directly. this is the fairest way to decide la!or;management disagreements. !usiness !ears direct costs and unions get direct !enefits.
2 0 Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process

Type: Ans: Page: Factual $ 444
1140. The winning interest on the de!ate o)er the creation of the ?ccupational 2afety and Bealth Administration <?2BA= was a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. the health;care lo!!y. management. la!or. go)ernment. state go)ernment.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual & 44.
11.0. President 7eagan/s replacement of President $arter/s appointee as head of the la!or;created ?ccupational 2afety and Bealth Administration <?2BA= changed the agency/s policies accordingly. This illustrates a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. maAoritarian politics. interest group politics. client politics. entrepreneurial politics. reciprocal politics.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual + 44.
1'00. Agency capture is most li(ely when a<n= a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. agency faces no well;organi@ed opponent. agency is suspected of disorgani@ation. policy !enefits many at the cost of a few. agency is caught in an interest group crossfire. policy !enefits a few at the cost of many.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual & 44.
1'10. An e ample of a !usiness regulation that directly !enefits e isting !usinesses is a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. health legislation. the licensing of ta i dri)ers. malpractice legislation. la!or legislation. safety legislation.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual & 44.
1''0. An e ample of a !usiness regulation that directly !enefits e isting !usinesses is a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. safety legislation. the licensing of !eauticians. malpractice legislation. la!or legislation. health legislation.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual % 450
1'30. The 1.., plan to lure farmers into a free mar(et economy was met !y GGGGGGGGGGGG in farmer su!sidies from 1.., to '001. a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. a su!stantial decrease a slight decrease a sta!ili@ation an increase a complete halt
2 1
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual & 450
1'40. 6n '00'- President &ush signed a new farm !ill which did away with the 1.., law and a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. !rought a complete halt to su!sidies. offered !illions of dollars in new su!sidies to farmers. pro)ided su!sidies only for wheat farmers. pro)ided su!sidies only for cattle farmers. ensured that only the Elittle farmersF would recei)e su!sidies.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual + 450
1'50. The te t suggests farm su!sidies are a !yproduct of a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. a fair assessment of the mar(et. tradition- or the legacy of the Dreat %epression. the fact that most Americans are farmers. politics- since farmers are (ey and changea!le )oters. & and %.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual A 450
1',0. The %airy %i)ision of the Agriculture "ar(eting 2er)ice was created to sta!ili@e the dairy industry !y a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. controlling the price of mil(. limiting the supply of mil(. e panding the e pertise of dairy farmers. mar(eting dairy products nationally. all of these.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual $ 450
1'30. +fforts in $ongress to cut mil( su!sidies and lower mil( prices ha)e !een a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. ne)er seriously mounted. completely unsuccessful. only partially successful. Cuite successful. !een consistently sCuelched.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual $ 450
1'40. Although dairy;industry legislation dri)es up the costs that consumers pay for dairy products- consumers ha)e !een slow to organi@e in opposition !ecause a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. the costs are !orne !y relati)ely few people. consumers generally sympathi@e with farmers. the costs cannot !e estimated. the o)erall cost is Cuite low. consumers see mil( as a necessity.

Type: Ans: Page: $onceptual & 450
1'.0. 2ugar from &ra@il and the Philippines is cheaper than sugar from 9ouisiana- yet Cuotas are set on imported sugar- and 1.2. consumers are forced to !uy the higher;priced domestic product. #hy don/t they complain* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. !ecause of their sympathy for domestic sugar producers !ecause they are unaware of the nonregulated price of sugar !ecause the o)erall cost to consumers is Cuite low <less than J'0 million annually= !ecause of the higher Cuality of domestic sugar !ecause domestic sugar producers are not organi@ed
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual % 451
1300. $onsumer; and en)ironmental;protection laws were passed during the 1.,0s and 1.30s largely as a result of GGGGGGGG politics. a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. maAoritarian interest group client entrepreneurial fle i!le;option
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual A 451
1310. #hich of the following statements a!out policy entrepreneurs is correct* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. Their moti)es may !e self;ser)ing. They typically represent small- special;interest groups. They are !ureaucrats. The policies they em!race are always good. They are mem!ers of $ongress.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual A 451
13'0. #hich of the following statements a!out policy entrepreneurs is correct* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. The policies they em!race may !e !ad. They typically represent small- special;interest groups. They are !ureaucrats. Their moti)es must !e pu!lic spirited. They are mem!ers of $ongress.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual & 451
1330. All of the following laws are e amples of entrepreneurial politics except a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. the 2ecurities and + change Act. the 2herman Act. the Pure Food and %rug Act. the $lean Air Act. $ and %.
2 3
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual + 451
1340. #hich of the following is most li(ely to ma(e the Ao! of the policy entrepreneur easier* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. a president who enAoys maAority support in $ongress the aid of a powerful- economic interest group a client with deep poc(ets and access to the media a client with deep poc(ets some crisis or scandal that focuses attention on the issue
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual % 451
1350. Pu!lic support for automo!ile;safety measures in the 1.,0s increased greatly when a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. 7alph 8ader announced highway fatality figures. automo!ile prices increased sharply. 9yndon :ohnson entered the !attle. Deneral "otors was caught in an attempted frame;up. gasoline prices rose and automo!ile accidents increased.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual $ 451
13,0. Passage of the "eat 6nspection Act was spurred !y a policy entrepreneur and !y the !oo( a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. You #re What You $at. %ctopus. The &ungle. #n #merican Tragedy. Parerga and Paralipomena
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual & 45'
1330. Policy entrepreneurs are most li(ely to portray their ad)ersaries as de)ils !ecause the a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. ad)ersaries stand for undesira!le )alues. entrepreneurs lac( interest group support. entrepreneurs lac( sophistication. media e pect such !eha)ior. media are resistant to fair characteri@ations.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual & 45'
1340. #hat transpired when- in the early 1.30s- 7alph 8ader attac(ed +dmund "us(ie/s air;pollution !ill as not !eing tough enough* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. "us(ie ignored him. The !ill was toughened. "us(ie retaliated in (ind. The antipollution lo!!y failed. 8ader lost influence on the issue.

Type: Ans: Page: Factual % 45'
13.0. To o)ercome !usiness opposition to his air;pollution !ill- 2enator "us(ie a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. entered into logrolling acti)ities with !usiness. relied on fellow party mem!ers. made use of en)ironmental catastrophes to dramati@e his position. portrayed !usiness in moralistically hateful terms. produced data to support a dispassionate position.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual + 45'
1400. The greatest ris( faced !y successful policy entrepreneurs is that a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. their new laws will ne)er !e enforced. the courts may restrain their !eha)ior through mandates. their new laws will !e re)ersed !y later $ongresses. the courts may rule against them. the agency in charge will !e captured !y the regulated industry.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual + 45'
1410. An agency that is captured is one in which a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. the agency falls )ictim to the partisan politics of $ongress or the president. reciprocal politics results in o)erly rigid enforcement of rules !y those who are without (nowledge or e pertise. !ureaucratic red tape ma(es the enforcement of agency regulations tedious and inefficient. client politics shifts the focus away from enforcement and toward internal politics. the agency de)elops an uncritical relationship with the industry it is supposed to !e regulating.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual & 45'
14'0. 2ome critics consider newer consumer and en)ironmental protection agencies to !e especially )ulnera!le to capture !y those they regulate. ?ne reason this may not !e the case is that a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. new agencies ha)e much more discretion in adAusting standards and postponing deadlines than older agencies ha)e. new agencies regulate many different industries. many pu!lic;interest lo!!ies ha)e recently !een wea(ened through legislation. many pu!lic;interest lo!!ies ha)e recently lost their sympathetic allies in the media. new agencies ha)e a narrow focus and little power.
2 5
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual & 45'
1430. 2ome critics consider newer consumer and en)ironmental protection agencies to !e especially )ulnera!le to capture !y those they regulate. ?ne reason this may not !e the case is that a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. new agencies ha)e much more discretion in adAusting standards and postponing deadlines than older agencies ha)e. pu!lic;interest lo!!ies ha)e recently !een strengthened. new agencies regulate a single industry. many pu!lic;interest lo!!ies ha)e recently lost their sympathetic allies in the media. new agencies ha)e a narrow focus and little power.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual & 45'
1440. 2ome critics consider newer consumer and en)ironmental protection agencies to !e especially )ulnera!le to capture !y those they regulate. ?ne reason this may not !e the case is that a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. new agencies ha)e much more discretion in adAusting standards and postponing deadlines than older agencies ha)e. pu!lic;interest lo!!ies ha)e recently acCuired many sympathetic allies in the media. new agencies tend to regulate a single industry. many pu!lic;interest lo!!ies ha)e recently !een wea(ened through legislation. new agencies ha)e a narrow focus and little power.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual & 45'
1450. 2ome critics consider newer consumer and en)ironmental protection agencies to !e especially )ulnera!le to capture !y those they regulate. ?ne reason this may not !e the case is that a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. new agencies ha)e much more discretion in adAusting standards and postponing deadlines than older agencies ha)e. it has !ecome easier for groups to use the federal courts to put pressure on the regulatory agencies. new agencies tend to regulate a single industry. many pu!lic;interest lo!!ies ha)e recently !een wea(ened through legislation. new agencies ha)e a narrow focus and little power.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual + 45'
14,0. #hat ha)e pu!lic;interest groups used most effecti)ely to !ring pressure on agencies to regulate !usinesses stringently* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. the :ustice %epartment $ongress state supreme courts their own research facilities the federal courts

1430. #hat constitutes !enefits and costs is a matter of opinion. #hich of the following is most li(ely to !e true !ecause of this* a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. $ontro)ersial policies can rarely !e categori@ed. &enefits and costs tend to !e defined strictly in monetary terms. ?!Aecti)e political science sets opinions aside. %esignations of costs and !enefits are changea!le. &enefits are rarely as popular as costs.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual $ 453
1440. A struggle to ma(e one definition of costs and !enefits pre)ail o)er another descri!es- in large measure- a a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. power transfer. maAoritarian issue. political conflict. class interest. Aurisprudential de!ate.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual A 453
14.0. $onflict o)er some policy may in)ol)e any or all of the following except a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. conflicting decisions. conflicting !eliefs. conflicting interests. differing perceptions of costs and !enefits. & and %.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual A 453
1500. #hen people react to proposed policies- they tend to gi)e the greatest weight to the anticipated a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. costs. !enefits. utility ma imi@ation. marginal utility. winning minimum coalition.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual % 453
1510. "ost people )iew the results of a program in terms of their perception of a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. the long;term ad)antages of the program. who loses rather than who wins. sym!olic rather than material costs. current costs and !enefits. the minimum winning coalition.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual A 453
15'0. 1sers of natural gas who discount the future are li(ely to a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. care more a!out current prices than future shortages. place their self;interests o)er their !eliefs. display conflicting perceptions of costs and !enefits. fa)or immediate deregulation of natural gas. & and %.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual + 454
1530. "ost people are strongly opposed to a ta on imported oil e)en if the !enefit gained will !e to reduce our dependence on foreign oil. The te t calls their argument the a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. here;and;now argument. refle argument. capture argument. partisan argument. cost argument.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual $ 454
1540. #hites who say that they want to see increased opportunities for !lac(s are most li(ely to !e e pressing their a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. perceptions. sense of costs. )alues. !eliefs. All of these.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual $ 454
1550. $iti@en attitudes toward opportunities for !lac(s and conditions in $entral America are most influenced !y a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. interests. information. )alues. costs. data.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual % 454
15,0. To state that notions of right and wrong are central to politics is to Cualify the )iew that politics are a!out a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. the allocation of )alues. the pursuit of the good society. the Cuest for legitimacy. who gets what. the attainment of class leisure.

Type: Ans: Page: $onceptual + 454
1530. Do)ernment regulation of airlines- truc(ing- and long;distance telephoning represented classic cases of a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. mandate politics. entrepreneurial politics. interest group politics. maAoritarian politics. client politics.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual A 454
1540. %eregulation of airlines- truc(ing- and long;distance telephoning represented a challenge to iron triangles and to a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. client politics. entrepreneurial politics. interest group politics. maAoritarian politics. mandate politics.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual % 454
15.0. The impetus for go)ernment deregulation of se)eral industriesincluding airlines- came from a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. go)ernment !ureaucrats. $ongress. regulatory agencies. academic economists. retired !ureaucrats.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual & 454
1,00. An important factor that contri!uted to the political support for deregulation of se)eral industriesincluding truc(ing and airlineswas a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. the percei)ed costs of deregulation. the unpopularity of these industries. opposition to deregulation on the part of academic economists. pu!lic concern with safety. pu!lic concern with inflation.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual & 454
1,10. An important factor that contri!uted to the political support for deregulation of se)eral industriesincluding truc(ing and airlineswas a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. the percei)ed costs of deregulation. the support of regulatory agencies and consumers. opposition to deregulation on the part of academic economists. pu!lic concern with safety. pu!lic concern with inflation.
2 9
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual $ 455
1,'0. The factor that played the largest role in the reduction of su!sidies to to!acco growers was a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. the increasing costs of these su!sidies. opposition to these su!sidies !y northern %emocrats. pu!lic opposition to smo(ing. the media campaign against these su!sidies. opposition from newspaper columnists.
Type: Ans: Page:
$onceptual & 455
1,30. 7ecent re)isions in the federal to!acco;su!sidy program !est illustrate a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. the triumph of interest group politics o)er client politics. how widely held !eliefs can defeat narrow interests. the limit of the power of ideas to effect changes in policy. how deregulation can occur without wide pu!lic support. how special interests can sway pu!lic opinion.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual % 455
1,40. 2teps to !ring go)ernmental regulation under closer re)iew were ta(en !y a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. Derald Ford. :immy $arter. 7onald 7eagan. all of these. none of these.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual A 455
1,50. To a considera!le e tent- the mo)e toward deregulation reflects changes in the a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. ideas of (ey political elites. ideas of regulated industries. structure of regulatory agencies. structure of pu!lic opinion. structure of the media.
Type: Ans: Page:
Factual & 455
1,,0. 7ules aimed at impro)ing consumer or wor(er safety and reducing en)ironmental damage are part of what is called a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. social deregulation. process regulation. social su!sidi@ation. secondary costs. proprietary regulation.
TRUE/ !LSE QUESTIONS

Ans: Page: False 43, 1,30. +n)ironmental and consumer protection ha)e !een acti)e items on the country/s political agenda since early in this century.

Ans: Page: True 43, 1,40. Prior to the 1.,0s- people would ha)e !een astonished if they had !een told that the national political agenda included en)ironmental and consumer protection. 1,.0. Far more de!ate a!out the legitimacy of a proposed go)ernment policy occurs today than occurred in the 1.'0s and 1.30s.
Ans: Page:
False 43,
Ans: Page:
True 43,
1300. "any items that are considered legitimate go)ernmental concerns today would not ha)e !een legitimate fifty years ago.
Ans: Page: Ans: Page: Ans: Page:
True 43, True 43, True 433
1310. The scope of what is considered ElegitimateF go)ernment action is always getting larger. 13'0. + pansion of go)ernment has !een a nonpartisan process.
1330. Popular )iews on the legitimate scope of go)ernment action are often changed !y e)ents such as wars and depressions.
Ans: Page:
False 433
1340. %ecisions on which issues are considered within the legitimate scope of political action are influenced !y changing pu!lic opinion rather than e ternal e)ents. 1350. 2ometimes going to the streets with an issue is the !est way to get it onto the agenda.
Ans: Page:
True 433
Ans: Page:
False 433
13,0. 6ntense- unorgani@ed groups that ta(e to the streets are almost ne)er successful in ha)ing their demands put on the national agenda.
Ans: Page:
True 434
1330. &lac( rioters of the 1.,0s were characteri@ed !y relati)e rather than a!solute depri)ation.
Ans: Page:
False 434
1340. A sense of a!solute and intolera!le depri)ation characteri@ed !lac( rioters the 1.,0s.
Ans: Page:
True 434
13.0. The courts ha)e !ecome the fa)orite method for doing things for which there is no popular maAority.
Ans: Page:
False 43.
1400. The federal !ureaucracy today reacts primarily to e)ents in society or to demands from segments of society.
281
Ans: Page:
True 43.
1410. Today- the federal !ureaucracy has !ecome an initiator of policy concerns.
Ans: Page:
True 43.
14'0. The 2enate is a maAor source of political change.
False 43. False 43. False 43.
1430. The 2enate first !ecame an incu!ator for de)eloping new policies and !uilding national constituencies in the 1.40>s. 1440. As the 2enate !ecame more conser)ati)e- in the 1.40>s- it ceased to !e a source of significant change in policy. 1450. The Founders intended the 2enate to !e a maAor source of political change.
Ans: Page:
False 43.
14,0. "ost of the measures of 9yndon :ohnson/s 5Dreat 2ociety5 in the 1.,0s were de)ised !y non;go)ernment e perts and intellectuals.
Ans: Page:
False 43.
1430. The media reacts to the creation of a political agenda rather than actually participating in the process.
Ans: Page:
True 43.
1440. The media can play a critical role in setting the political agenda !y pic(ing and choosing which of thousands of proposals it will co)er.
Ans: Page:
False 43.
14.0. Perceptions a!out the costs of a program determine its legitimacy.
Ans: Page:
True 440
1.00. Kalues as well as costs and !enefits help determine a program/s legitimacy.
Ans: Page:
False 440
1.10. Politics is adeCuately defined as the process of deciding who gets what.
Ans: Page:
True 440
1.'0. Politics is largely a!out deciding !oth who will !enefit from a program and who ought to !enefit.
Ans: Page:
True 440
1.30. Percei)ed costs and !enefits are often not enough to determine who wins or loses policy struggles.

Ans: Page: False 441 1.40. The percei)ed distri!ution of costs and !enefits determines who wins and who loses.
Ans: Page:
False 441
1.50. "aAoritarian politics is typically dominated !y the pull and haul of conflicting interest groups.
Ans: Page: Ans: Page:
False 441 False 441
1.,0. "aAoritarian politics are rarely contro)ersial with respect to costs or ideology. 1.30. 2ocial 2ecurity is a good e ample of maAoritarian politics at wor( !ecause e)eryone !enefits !ut only a few ha)e to pay the costs.
Ans: Page:
True 44'
1.40. ?nce a new maAoritarian policy is adopted- chances are it will continue and grow.
Ans: Page:
True 44'
1..0. 6nterest group politics can in)ol)e either tangi!le or intangi!le issues.
Ans: Page:
False 44'
'000. 6nterest group politics often produces decisions a!out which the pu!lic is highly informed.
Ans: Page:
False 44'
'010. Farm su!sidies are an e ample of interest group politics.
Ans: Page:
True 443
'0'0. Farm su!sidies for certain crops <e.g.- wheat and corn= ha)e !een replaced with direct cash payments to farmers that they can use for anything- including not farming. '030. Farm su!sidies are an e ample of client politics !ecause only farmers !enefit directly- whereas all consumers must pay the costs.
Ans: Page:
True 443
Ans: Page:
True 443
'040. The 5client5 in client politics is usually a special;interest group that tends to !enefit if a policy is adopted.
Ans: Page:
False 443
'050. 2uccessful client politics depends on a well;organi@ed and moti)ated maAority.
Ans: Page:
False 443
'0,0. $lient politics- where one group !enefits at the e pense of a larger group- must !y nature in)ol)e economic interests.
283
Ans: Page:
True 443
'030. $lient politics affects not Aust economic interests !ut political interests as well.
Ans: Page:
True 443
'040. 6nterest groups can gain and lose legitimacy depending on pu!lic attitudes a!out the issues they represent.
Ans: Page:
False 443
'0.0. $lient politics- unli(e other forms of politics- is largely immune from issues of legitimacy.
Ans: Page:
False 444
'100. Policy entrepreneurs generally wor( on !ehalf of special;interest groups.
Ans: Page:
True 444
'110. Policy entrepreneurs act on !ehalf of the unorgani@ed or indifferent maAority.
False 444 True 444 True 444
'1'0. The te t suggests the Founders deli!erately arranged things so it would !e easy to pass a new law. '130. Than(s to the Founders- determined minorities usually ha)e an e cellent chance of !loc(ing new policies. '140. The (ey to successful policy entrepreneurship is dramati@ing the issue.
Ans: Page:
False 444
'150. #ith entrepreneurial politics- !oth !enefits and costs are widely distri!uted.
Ans: Page:
True 445
'1,0. The mutual ad)antages of logrolling are not found in entrepreneurial politics.
Ans: Page:
False 445
'130. +ntrepreneurial politics freCuently in)ol)es logrolling.
Ans: Page:
False 445
'140. "ost political entrepreneurs are li!erals.
Ans: Page:
True 445
'1.0. $onser)ati)es as well as li!erals are (nown to play the role of political entrepreneurs.

Ans: Page: False 445 ''00. The role of the policy entrepreneur is to represent fairly and accurately the interests of the pu!lic at large.
Ans: Page:
True 445
''10. +ntrepreneurial politics has !ecome more common in recent years.
Ans: Page:
True 44,
'''0. The (ind of policy toward !usiness that go)ernment adopts largely determines the (ind of politics in)ol)ed.
Ans: Page:
False 44,
''30. &usiness policies enacted !y go)ernment often !ear little relationship to the type of politics in)ol)ed.
Ans: Page:
False 44,
''40. Antitrust legislation is characteri@ed !y maAoritarian politics- whereas la!or;management regulation is characteri@ed !y client politics.
Ans: Page:
True 443
''50. +nforcement of antitrust legislation is considera!ly more stringent today than when the laws were passed.
Ans: Page:
True 444
'',0. Political ideology rather than interest group pressures seems to determine the amount of money that the federal go)ernment de)otes to antitrust legislation. ''30. 6nterest group pressures ha)e determined the amount of attention the federal go)ernment de)otes to antitrust enforcement.
Ans: Page:
False 444
Ans: Page:
True 444
''40. 9a!or;management issues are usually characteri@ed !y interest;group politics.
Ans: Page:
True 444
''.0. All presidents try to affect the direction of the 8ational 9a!or 7elations &oard <897&= through their appointments to the 897&.
Ans: Page:
False 444
'300. The 8ational 9a!or 7elations &oard <897&= has !een largely unaffected !y changes in administrations since the !asic la!or; management legislation was enacted. '310. A regulation may !enefit an industry.
Ans: Page:
True 444
Ans: Page:
True 44.
'3'0. 9egislation regulating entry into an occupation or see(ing to control a!uses often results in ena!ling those who are regulated to charge
285
higher prices than they might ha)e otherwise. Ans: Page: False 44. '330. 9egislation regulating the entry into an occupation also tends to hold down costs to the consumer.
Ans: Page:
False 44.
'340. The relationship !etween the dairy industry and the Agriculture "ar(eting 2er)ice is one of entrepreneurial politics.
Ans: Page:
True 44.
'350. The dairy industry is a client of the Agricultural "ar(eting 2er)ice !ecause the latter helps (eep the price of mil( up.
False 450 False 450 True 450
'3,0. &etween 1.., and '001- federal su!sidies to farmers decreased significantly. '330. "ost of the money from President &ush>s '001 farm !ill will go to Ethe little farmer.F '340. $lient groups struggling to (eep their !enefits increasingly rely on 5insider politics50that is- on dealing with (ey #ashington decision; ma(ers and not on !uilding widespread pu!lic support. '3.0. $lient politics programs that send money to 5special interests5 are on the increase.
Ans: Page:
False 450
Ans: Page:
True 450
'400. $lient politics can use regulations instead of cash to help groups.
Ans: Page:
False 451
'410. +ffecti)e policy entrepreneurs typically come from outside go)ernment.
Ans: Page:
True 451
'4'0. The moti)es of policy entrepreneurs may !e either self;ser)ing or pu!lic spirited.
Ans: Page:
False 451
'430. A good e ample of client politics is the role that 1pton 2inclair/s !oo( The &ungle played in the passage of the "eat 6nspection Act.
Ans: Page:
True 451
'440. The role of 1pton 2inclair/s The &ungle in encouraging federal food legislation e emplifies the play of entrepreneurial politics.
Ans:
False
'450. To !e successful- entrepreneurial politics must depend on some (ind

Page: 451 of dramatic e)ent- such as a political scandal or crisis.
Ans: Page:
True 451
'4,0. Policy entrepreneurs led the way in passage of en)ironment; and consumer;protection legislation during the 1.,0s and 1.30s.
Ans: Page:
True 45'
'430. 8ewer en)ironmental; and consumer;protection agencies ha)e relati)ely little discretion in enforcing laws that impose specific standards. '440. Do)ernment agencies are more )ulnera!le than e)er to agency capture !y the industries they are supposed to !e regulating.
Ans: Page:
False 453
Ans: Page:
True 453
'4.0. &oth perceptions and )alues play distincti)e roles in politics.
Ans: Page:
False 453
'500. A perception and a elie" are !asically the same thing.
Ans: Page:
True 453
'510. Political conflict is largely a struggle to ma(e one set of !eliefs a!out costs and !enefits pre)ail o)er another.
Ans: Page:
False 453
'5'0. The cost argument used !y politicians to sell their policies suggests that what happens in the near future is more important to people than what happens in the distant future. '530. The here;and;now argument suggests that people react more sharply to what they will lose if a policy is adopted than to what they may gain. '540. The term interests refers to our conceptions of what is good for our community or our country.
Ans: Page:
False 453
Ans: Page:
False 453
Ans: Page:
True 454
'550. ?ur interests are affected not only !y our perceptions and !eliefs !ut also !y our )alues.
Ans: Page:
True 454
'5,0. The airline- truc(ing- and long;distance telephoning industries ha)e all !een deregulated.
Ans: Page:
False 454
'530. %eregulation of se)eral (ey industriesincluding the airline and truc(ing industries- was accomplished primarily through client
28
politics. Ans: Page: False 454 '540. 7ecent deregulation of certain industries started with the ideas of go)ernment !ureaucrats.
Ans: Page:
True 455
'5.0. 1nder the original to!acco;su!sidy program- to!acco growers were a!le to !orrow money against unsold to!acco and not pay !ac( the loan. ',00. Pu!lic concern with the economic costs of to!acco su!sidies finally !rought an end to these su!sidies.
Ans: Page:
False 455
Ans: Page:
True 455
',10. 2ome industries in recent years ha)e fa)ored deregulation !ecause they stood to gain from it.
Ans: Page:
False 455
','0. 8ot all industries fa)or deregulationL some fear that it would lea)e consumers inadeCuately protected.
Ans: Page:
False 45,
',30. 2u!sidies to dairy farmers ha)e !een terminated.
Ans: Page:
True 45,
',40. 2ugar su!sidies are still !eing paid for !y ta payers.
Ans: Page:
False 455
',50. Process regulation includes rules aimed at impro)ing the efficiency of the !ureaucracy.
SHORT !NS"ER QUESTIONS

',,0. 5Be who decides what politics is a!out runs the country.5 + plain why this statement is of considera!le significance. #nswer a0. !0. c0. 2hared !eliefs determine legitimacy. 9egitimacy is affected !y shared political )alues- customs- and traditions. 6t illustrates the impact of e)ents- changes in political elites.
Page: 435;43. ',30. + plain why the go)ernment adds new issues to its agenda and adopts new programs when there is little pu!lic demand. #nswer a0. Droups enlarge the scope of go)ernment !y their demands

!0. c0. 6nstitutions- especially the courts- !ureaucracy- and 2enate- ha)e forced the hand of other !ranches ?pinions of political elites in the media place new matters on the agenda or pu!lici@e matters placed there !y others
Page: 43,;43. ',40. + plain why people sometimes accept the fact that they are paying more than the real mar(et )alue of goods- whereas at other times they organi@e and fight to change the costs or prices. #nswer a0. !0. c0. "aAoritarian )ersus client politics 2ome costs are Aust too diffuse- whereas other costs affect people directly Por(;!arrel proAects )ersus 2ocial 2ecurity measures
Page: 43.;444 ',.0. + plain the meaning of maAoritarian politics- gi)ing at least one e ample of a maAoritarian issue. #nswer a0. !0. c0. #idely shared costs #idely shared !enefits 2ocial 2ecurity Act of 1.35
Page: 441;44' '300. + plain why politicians are ordinarily least moti)ated to engage in the type of politics here la!eled entrepreneurial. #hat does it often ta(e to get them into it* #nswer a0. !0. c0. #idely shared and generally insignificant or sym!olic !enefits0so no one is )ery grateful 8arrowly focused costs0so enemies are created A policy entrepreneur to sell the issue to them
Page: 444;44,
ESS!# QUESTIONS
'310. The te t concludes that client politics is harder to maintain today free of challenge. %iscuss the reasons for the decline of client politics. Pro)ide e amples where appropriate. #nswer a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. Two reasons for decline in client politics: power of new ideas and actions of recent presidents to place regulatory power under centrali@ed control. The power of ideas has influenced perceptions and !eliefs a!out where interests lie as well as the )alues that are !eneficial to society. + ample: airline deregulation <academics gal)ani@ed support for the ideas that regulation hurts and that it has (ept prices artificially high=. + ample: reduction in su!sidies to to!acco growers <studies alerted pu!lic to harm of smo(ing=. President Ford: reCuired that regulations must assess their inflationary impact.
f0.President $arter: reCuired that agencies must consider alternati)e ways of achie)ing the goals of a regulation.
Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process g0.
289
President 7eagan: reCuired that no regulation could !e imposed if ?ffice of "anagement and &udget <?"&= determines the cost of the regulation outweighs its social !enefit.
Page: 443;44, '3'0. #hy are the new consumer and en)ironmental protection agencies less )ulnera!le to 5capture5* #nswer a0. !0. c0. d0. e0. 9ittle discretion: these agencies enforce laws that impose specific standards !y timeta!les. 8ew agencies regulate numerous industries and do not face unified opponents. Pu!lic;interest lo!!ies were strengthened !y creation of agency. 9o!!ies can now call on sympathetic allies in media. 6t is now easier for groups to get to court to pressure agency.
Page: 44.;451

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CHAPTER 15

The Policy-Making Process

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248 Chapter 15: The Policy-Making Process

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