MCEN 5023/ASEN 5012 Chapter 3

Stress and Strain Tensors Stress

Fall, 2006

Stress Tensor
Traction

P 1
F v

P2
Area: S

Traction:

F T = lim S 0 S
v

u
X3

Su
X2

Pn

X1

Traction is a vector, whose direction and magnitude depend on how the surface S is obtained, or the direction of S.
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Stress Tensor Traction and Stress Tensor

X3

X3

X2
X1 X1

X2

Six faces passing a material point.

23

To better visualize, we move these six faces to form a cube.

e2

T
21
X3

e2

T = 21e1 + 22e 2 + 23e3

22

X2
X1

Stress at a material point

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Stress Tensor
Traction and Stress Tensor
33 32 31 13 23

T = 11e1 + 12e 2 + 13e 3

22

e1

12
X3

T = 21e1 + 22e 2 + 23e 3 T = 31e1 + 32e 2 + 33e 3

T = ij e j
ei

e2

21

e3

11
X2

X1

ij

represents the stress state of a material point.

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Stress Tensor
Stress Tensor
33 32 31 13 23

= ij e i e j 11 12 13 = 22 23 21 31 32 33
11 22 33 12 21 23 32 13 31
5

12
X3

21

22

11
X2

X1

Normal Stresses: Shear Stresses:

ij = ji

Stress Tensor
Stress Tensor: Sign Rules
33 31 32

The normal of a surface: Positive surface: Negative surface:

23

n
22
23
X3

21
13

12

11
13

n
21

12
31

22

11
32

X2
X1

33

Stress Tensor
Traction and Stress Tensor
P 1

lim Traction: T = S 0
v
P2
Area: S

F S

Stress Tensor

True Stress: if both force and area are measured in deformed configuration. Nominal Stress: if area is measured in undeformed configuration.
Deformed

X3

Su
X2

Pn

X1

Undeformed A0 L0

F
L

F
A

F True Stress: A

F Nominal Stress: A0 Small deformation: A A0

Stress Tensor
Traction on an arbitrary surface
n1
X2

S1

T
v

21 22
S 2

11
X1

S v

12

n2

Stress Tensor
Traction on an arbitrary surface
X2

n1
11
X1

S1

T
v

21 22
S 2

S v

12

n2

Stress Tensor
Traction on an arbitrary surface In general 3D case:

T j = ij v i

T = v

Cauchys Formula

Cauchys formula ensures that it is necessary and sufficient to use a stress tensor, , to describe traction on any surface.

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Stress Tensor
Transformation of Coordinates

T
n1
11
X2

e1

T
e 1
11

e1

n1
12
X1

e2

e 1

12
X1

21 22

n2

X2

21 22

n2

11

Stress Tensor
Transformation of Coordinates

T
n1
11
X2

e1

e2

e 1

12
X1

21 22

n2

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Stress Tensor
Transformation of Coordinates

X2

e2 e1
X1

X2

T
n1
11
X2

e1

e 2
22 21

e 1

X 1

e 2

e 1

12
X1

n2

22

21

12

11

Previous slide

T k = 1i kj ij

e1

11 12

12 11
22

11

12
21

21

22

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Stress Tensor
Transformation of Coordinates

= ik jl kl ij
e2 e 2
X
1

X 1
e 1

X2

e1

ik = ei e k = e k ei = cos( (ei , e k ))

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Stress Tensor
Transformation of Coordinates

= ik jl kl ij

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Stress Tensor
Transformation of Coordinates 2D
e2 e 2
X
2

X 1
e 1

X
1

X2

e1

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Stress Tensor
Transformation of Coordinates 2D

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Stress Tensor
Transformation of Coordinates 2D Mohrs Circle
= 11

( 11 + 22 ) + ( 11 22 ) cos 2 +
2 2

12 sin 2

= 12

( 11 22 ) sin 2 +
2
CD =

12

cos 2

Shear Stress

11 + 22
2
11 22

11 22
2

11 22
2

DE = 12
11 22
2 cos (2 )

D A 2 C B 2 2

12

22 2 CE = 11 + 12 2
2

Normal stress

12

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Stress Tensor
Transformation of Coordinates 2D Mohrs Circle Shear Stress

X2

X 1

X
1

12
12
11 + 22
2
22

11

11

Normal stress

22

12

12
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Stress Tensor
Transformation of Coordinates 2D Mohrs Circle
Steps to construct and use Mohrs circle 1. On the normal stress-shear stress plot, find the following three points: (11, -12) (22, 12)

Shear Stress

12
12
11 + 22

( (11 + 22)/2, 0) 2. Draw a circle based on these three points. and (22, 12) as two points on the circle.

( (11 + 22)/2, 0) as center, and (11, -12)

12

22 22

11 11

Normal stress

3. Rotate the line connecting points (11, -12) and (22, 12) by 2. 4. The newly obtained two points on the circle are (11, -12) and (22, 12)

12

For any two points on the Mohrs circle, if the line connecting them passes the center, they are stress components under the same coordinate system.
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Stress Tensor
Observations from 2D Mohrs Circle
Shear Stress

max
11 + 22
2

22 2 CE = 11 + 12 2
2

Normal stress

E
1 =
11 + 22 22 2 + 11 + 12 2 2
2

+ 22 22 2 2 = 11 11 + 12 2 2
2 2

max

22 2 = 11 + 12 2

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Stress Tensor
Observations from 2D Mohrs Circle Normal stress
1. The maximum normal stress and minimum normal stress occur under the same coordinate system. Under the coordinate system where the maximum/minimum normal stresses are reached, there is no shear stress.
Shear Stress

Normal stress

2.

Shear stress
1. The maximum shear stress is reached by rotating the coordinate system by 45 degree from the principle directions. At maximum shear stress, the two normal Pure Shear, if 11=22=0, or 1 = -2.
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2. 3.

stresses are 11=22=(1 +2)/2

Stress Tensor
Observations from 2D Mohrs Circle

F Pure Shear
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Stress Tensor
Observations from 2D Mohrs Circle

F
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