Ancillary Services from Wind Farms

Anca D. Hansen I Ioannis i M Margaris i Lorenzo Zeni Poul Srensen Nicolaos A A. Cutululis (presenter)

Ancillary services
Ancillary Services are support services in the power system, particularly those which are necessary to support the transmission capacity it and d are essential ti l in i maintaining i t i i power quality, lit reliability li bilit and d security of the grid (Alvarado, , 1996): ) Classification ( Real vs reactive power, time and insurance Real power: frequency regulation, ramping schedules, energy imbalance loss compensation and unit commitment imbalance, Reactive power: voltage regulation, capacitor switching and generator scheduling

Ris DTU, Technical University of Denmark

Danish TSO requirements

Balance control

Delta control
Power

Danish TSOs requirements:

Fault Ride Through Capabilities Power control Capabilities: - Active power control functions: Balance control Delta control Power gradient limiter Automatic frequency control - Reactive p power control functions: Reactive power control Automatic voltage control

Power

time

time

Frequency control
Power droop

Voltage control
Reactive power droop droop

deadband

frequency

deadband

voltage

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Wind turbine control

Traditionally:
to produce maximum possible power to reduce the structural loads on the mechanical components and thus theirs costs

Additionally now:
to optimize the integration of the wind turbines in the power system, in order to secure quality, stability and reliability to t reduce d the th required i d grid id connection ti costs t

Wind farm controller

Wind turbine controllers

Grid support !
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Wind farm hierarchical supervision

Pref
System operators Demands Wind farm control level Wind turbine control l level l l

Pavail
PCC PCC Pmeas Q meas

Wind farm controllers goal is to meet grid integration challenges !

System operators:
C t l wind i df farm production d ti Control Supervise the wind farm production : wind farm control level Wind farm control level maximum production controlled production (control tasks) wind turbine control level
System operators Control C Control l functions functions
wfc Pref wfc P
ref

Wind farm controller

wfc out Pout

Q Q ref

wfc wfc ref

Main Main controller controller

P wfc
wfc wfc out

Qout

Dispatch Di t h Dispatch function function

WT i Pref Pref f

WT WT ref

WT i ref

Wind turbine control level

Measurements in PCC
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Available power

Wind farm control level

Wind farm control level
Wind farm status
Required operation Normal operation Imposed limited operation

WTi rated

WTi available

Available powers

Main controller
WF Pset

+ _ +

PI

WF Pref

WTi Pref

Power ramp rate limiter Balance Delta

Pfreq

Frequency control Power reference settings

WF Qset
PCC f meas PCC Pmeas

Dispatch control
+ + _ +

Frequecy, voltage l droop/deadband

PI

WF Qref

WTi Qref

Qvolt
Voltage control t l
PCC Umeas PCC Qmeas

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Wind turbin ne control level

Power control grid support: ASWT wind farm

ASWT equipped with appropriate controller: can provide a relativelly fast response to changes in active power demands. new P setpoint reached within a few seconds

Dynamic phase control immediate i di t response t to Q demands d d (in the limits of capacitor bank) new Q reference reached in less than 0.5 s. quickly control of voltage

DIgSILENT

6.500

4.000

Reactive power demand

3.000

6 MW

Power demand y operator p from system

Power reference
[MVar] in PCC

2.000

5.000

Wind farm available power

3.500

1.000

Wind farm reactive power in PCC

0.00

[MW W]

-1.000 0.00

140.0

280.0

420.0

560.0

[s]

700.0

2.000

2 MW

Power reference
[MVar] in PCC

4.000

3.000

1 MW
0.50

2.000

1.000

0 MW

Wind farm PCC power

-1.000 0.00 366.0 732.0

0.00

[sec]

1098.

1464.

[s]

1830.

-1.000 196.0

198.0

200.0

[sec]

202.0

204.0

[s]

206.0

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DIgSILENT

Power control grid support: DFIG/PMSG wind farm

Variable speed wind turbines (DFIG or PMSG) respond immediately to changes in P and Q demands from power system operator. control independently P and Q PMSG have better grid support capability than DFIG id a higher hi h amount t of f reactive ti power can provide can support voltage level to a higher level recovers faster the voltage

DIgSILENT

Wind speed [m/s]

4.600

13.00 12.00 11.00 10.00 9.000 8.000 0.000 20.00 16.00 12.00 8.00 4.00 0.00 -4.00 0.000 1.050 1.025 1.000 0 975 0.975 0.950 0.925 0.000 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 -0.50 0.000 2.00

3.880

Available power

52.00

104.0

156.0

208.0

[s]

260.0

3.160

2.440

2MW
1.720

2MW

Actual power
Max. production
[s] 1200.

Balance
Max. production Delta control = 0.5 MW down
240.0 480.0

Balance
Max. production
720.0

Pitch angle [deg]

52.00

104.0

156.0

208.0

[s]

260.0

Delta control = 0.5 MW down

960.0

1.000 0.00 2.00

Speed d [pu]

Reac ctive power [MVar]

52.00

104.0

156.0

208.0

[s]

260.0

1.50

1.00

0.50

Pgrid [Mvar]

52.00

104.0

156.0

208.0

[s]

260.0

0.00

Qgrid [Mvar]

1.00 0.00 -1.00 -2.00 0.000 52.00 104.0

-0.50

Qdemand = 0 Mvar
240.0 480.0 720.0

Qdemand= 1 Mvar

-1.00 0.00

[sec]

960.0

[s]

1200.

[sec]

156.0

208.0

[s]

260.0

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DFIG wind turbine

PMSG with full scale converter wind turbine

DIgSILENT

Voltage control grid support DFIG/PMSG wind farm

Variable speed wind turbines (DFIG or PMSG)
participate to properly reestablish the grid voltage during a grid fault. fault can help a nearby active stall wind farm to FRT, without any additional ride through control setup in the nearby active stall wind farm

Volta age WFT [pu]

1.500 1.200 0.90 0.60

DIgSILENT

300.00

Active power WFT [MW]

200.00

1
0.30 -0.000 0.00 190.0 1.25

2
2.50 3.75 [s] 5.00

100.00

0.00

Active pow wer WFT [MW]

d
2.50 5.00 [s] damping effect on7.50 ASWF for (b) and 10.00 (c) worst case for ASWF is (a) best b t case for f ASWF is i (b)

150.0
-100.00

110.0 70.00 30.00 -10.00 0.00 150.0 100.0 50.00 0.00 -50.00 -100.0 0.00

0.00

2 1
1.25 2.50 3.75 [s] 5.00

300.00

Rea active power WFT [Mvar] ]

200.00

Reactive po ower WFT [Mvar]

100.00

0.00

-100.00

a
0.00 2.50

b [sec]
5.00 7.50 [s] 10.00

-200.00

1.25

[sec]

2.50

3.75

[s]

5.00

1 - DFIG wind farm without voltage grid support

9

2 - DFIG wind farm with voltage grid support

a - DFIG-WF without / AS-WF without b - DFIG-WF with /AS-WF without

c - DFIG-WF with /AS-WF with d - DFIG-WF without / AS-WF with

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DIgSILENT

Frequency control

10

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Frequency control primary response (i) Inertia Control (virtual inertia)

df dt
K inertia

(ii) Droop Control

f
K droop

11

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Frequency control scheme

PI

PI

cascade

Pr ef

+
Maximum Power T ki Po Tracking P int i

gen

General frequency control scheme

12

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Droop control

Source :I. Erlich, 2010

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Kinetic energy 1 (virtual inertia)

Source :I. Erlich, 2010

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Kinetic energy 2 (temporary droop)

Source :I. Erlich, 2010

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Frequency control

Source :I. Erlich, 2010

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Enhanced Ancillary Services from Wind Power Plants (EASEWIND)

To develop, develop asses and demonstrate technical solutions for enabling wind power to have similar power plant characteristics as conventional generation units.

Partners:
Vestas Power Programme Ris DTU VES and IES DTU/IMM AAU/IET

WP4 Operat tional value and cost t of ancillary service es

WP0 M Management and Co oordination with Synergy proje ects

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WP7 Dissemina ation

DC grids for integration of large scale wind power (OffshoreDC) www.offshoredc.dk

Overall objective: To develop and apply the Voltage Source Converter (VSC) based HVDC grid technologies in the deployment of offshore wind power power.
TSO(s)

Partners:
Ris DTU VES Vestas Technology R&D DTU Elektro ABB DONG Energy EnergiNet.dk Chalmers University SINTEF VTT
Wind turbine controller

Balancing responsible

Central Cluster Controller

Wind Power Plant Controller

Wind Power Plant Controller

Wind Power Plant Controller

Wind turbine controller

Wind turbine controller

Wind turbine controller

Wind turbine controller

Wind turbine controller

Cluster control (Ph (Ph.D D student): Communication and control in clusters of wind power plants connected to HVDC offshore grids (control system architecture, allocation of control tasks, communication protocol)
Ris DTU, Technical University of Denmark