Exp.

N
Introduc

Impact te
steel allo
metals; (
conclusio
mechanic
as per the
1973, IS:

Impact t
specimen
irregular,
pieces wi

In this l
reference
supplied
applicabl

In Impac
striker su
the speci
energy ju
specimen
taking th
treated a
Impact
angle trav


E = Ener
W = Wei
L = Leng
= angle
= angle
T = Torq

No. 3
ction
ests are norm
oy castings
(ii) supervisi
ons on cold
cal testing p
e available s
: 1499-1977,
ests also en
n is such tha
, then the m
ith a flat sur
aboratory m
e to the elec
by M/s M
le to any stan
ct Testing, a
uspended at
imen. Whate
ust before h
n, major par
he same to
as equal to t
Testing mac
versed by th
gy absorbed
ght of the pe
gth of the pen
of initial po
traversed by
que, N-m
mally carried
under impa
ion of post-h
d brittleness
procedures f
standard proc
, IS: 1598-19
nable qualita
at it does n
material is
face of fract
manual, the
tronic displa
Micro Contro
ndard pendu
specimen o
the end of a
ever the pot
hitting the s
rt of its kine
fracture. Th
toughness o
chines estim
he pendulum
E (
d by the spec
endulum and
ndulum from
sitioning of
y the striker
Impa
d out to det
act loads. Im
heat treatme
s, hot brittle
for material
cedures. The
960, BS131:
ative assessm
not separate
ductile. On
ture then it is
description
ay type pend
ol Systems,
ulum type im
f the metal i
a pendulum a
tential energ
specimen. W
etic energy i
he amount
f the materi
mate this en
after the im
(in Joules)
cimen till fra
d striker asse
m center of ro
the striker a
after impact
act Test
ermine the b
mpact tests
ent behavior
eness, aging
properties, i
e standards a
: Part 2 & 3,
ment of duc
into two pi
n the other
s a brittle ma
of the exp
dulum impa
Ichalkaranj
mpact testing
is placed in
at a chosen
gy in the he
When the str
s given off
of energy a
ial of the sp
nergy by me
mpact, given b
W.L(-)
acture, in Jou
embly, in Ne
otation to th
away from th
ting the spec
ting
behavior of
enable (i) d
r; and (iii) su
g and other
impact testin
available for
BS 1:1972
ctility of ma
ieces and fr
hand, if the
aterial.
erimental p
ct testing m
nji, though m
machine.
a chosen co
height and r
avy pendulu
riker at the
in plasticall
absorbed by
pecimen and
easuring the
by the equat
= T (-)
ules
ewtons = 210
he tip of the s
he specimen,
cimen, in rad
metals, espe
determinatio
usceptibility
r properties
ng is also re
r impact test
& 1961 and
aterials. If t
ractured surf
e specimen
rocedure an
machine mod
most details
onfiguration
released to f
um gets con
end of the
y deforming
y the specim
d is measure
e angle befo
tion 1.1.
0 N
striker, m = 0
, in radians
dians
ecially of st
on of toughn
y to brittle fr
. Similar to
equired to b
ting are IS: 1
ASTM E-23
the fracture
face is jagg
separates in
nd details ar
el IT-30 (sta
s are gener
and hit by a
freely rotate
nverted into
pendulum h
g the specim
men till frac
ed in Joules
ore impact a
0.815 m
eel and
ness of
fracture,
o other
be done
1757-
3.
of the
ged and
nto two
re with
andard)
ral and
a heavy
and hit
kinetic
hits the
men and
cture is
s. Most
and the
Alternatively, when using a mechanical meter for reading the energy absorbed, the following
equation is relevant.

E = m.g(h
1
-h
2
) 1.2

Where,

h1 = initial height of the striker point
h2 = final height of the striker point
mg = weight of the pendulum assembly (approximately)
E = Energy absorbed in Joules as read from the meter

By simple trigonometry it can be shown that



= cos
-1
(1 -b2I) 1.3


h
2
= h
1
-
E
mg
1.4

h
1
= L + Lsin(52) 1.5


The equation (1.5) is a consequence of the fact the striker is suspended at angle of 142
o
in Charpy
test. For Izod test, it is obvious that h
1
=L. The equations (1.1) and (1.3) approximately yield the
same value of , and the same may be verified by the student.

Charpy and Izod Testing Methods

Impact testing may be carried out in two configurations. First configuration is the Charpy test in
which the specimen rests freely on two supports in the form of a simply supported beam. In the
second configuration, Izod test, the specimen is supported in the form of a cantilever beam. There
exist several other differences between Charpy and Izod tests that are summarized in the Table 1.1.
The schematic of the Impact Testing Machine, specimen shapes and sizes according to standards
and configurations according to Charpy and Izod are shown in Figure 2.1


Table 2.1. Differences Between Charpy and Izod Test Methods
S. No. Feature Charpy Method Izod Method

1
Initial angle of striker setting away
from the specimen
o

142 90
o

2 Striker shape Bar Wedge

3
Maximum impact energy of the
pendulum
300 Joules

168 Joules
Standard error of the electronic
system
2 Joules

2 Joules
Distance between supports 40.2 mm -


4


Specimen mounting configuration
Simply supported
beam; notch facing on
opposite side to the
striker
Cantilever beam;
notch facing on the
side exposed to the
striker






5






Specimen shape and size
55 mm length, 40 mm
overhand, 10 mm
10 mm square cross-
section prism, 5 mm
deep and 2 mm wide
U-notch or 2 mm
deep, 45
o
V-notch in
the middle of the
specimen

75 mm length, 28 mm
overhang in vertical
cantilever position, 10
mm 10 mm square
cross-section prism, 2
mm deep, 45
o
V-notch
at 28 mm from the top
of the specimen


Preparation of Test Specimens
Impact test specimens for Charpy and Izod tests need to be prepared according to the dimensions
given in Figure1.1, which conforms to standards IS:1499-1977 and IS:1598-1960 or ASTM 23-
47T. The notch may be produced by milling or grinding. In our daily laboratory practice, we are
preparing the notch on the shaper machine using a 45o included angle single point tool and depth of
cut of 2 mm for the notch may be obtained in one or two passes. Holding the specimen perfectly
horizontal in the vice on the shaper machine table is crucial for accuracy of the notch. If necessary a
cast iron block of suitable size may be used under the specimen in the vice to correctly mount the
work piece. The plane of symmetry of the notch must be perpendicular to the horizontal axis of the
test piece. Before preparing the notch on the shaper, it is recommended that the burrs on the end
surfaces may be filed off by holding the specimen in a bench vice. The single point tool on the
shaper used for cutting the notch must be sharp enough so that the groove of the notch after cutting
the same should be clearly visible [2].



Fig. 1.1.Impact Testing Machine schematic, specimen sizes and shapes and testing configurations
according to Charpy and Izod methods [1]

Important Hints for Protection of the Machine and People
The following important aspects should be taken care of:

Use correct striker and correct support & clamping combination for a give test (i.e., Charpy
or Izod)
Installation of the machine and use of the machine should allow sufficient unoccupied floor
space around the machine, particularly in the swing direction, to allow the swing of the
pendulum as well as flying of the broken specimen, in case the tested material is brittle
The supports and pendulum must always be kept clean by daily or at least weekly cleaning
schedule
The total friction loss in the rotary support of the pendulum has been kept low to 0.5% by
the use of anti-friction bearings (ball bearings). This value must be tested from time to time
to ascertain proper working condition of the machine
Description of Machine
The pendulum impact testing machine consists of a robust frame, the pendulum and the
specimen support system. In place of the conventional measuring dial found in old impact testing
machines, the new impact testing machine has an electronic indicator that shows the toughness of the
specimen in Joules directly on the electronic readout. The pendulum rotor shaft is fitted in anti-friction
bearings. The pendulum, consisting of pendulum pipe and pendulum hammer of U-shaped design, is
clamped on the rotor shaft by keyed mounting. The striker is mounted inside the hammer. Two different
strikers with differing shape and geometry are provided for Charpy and Izod test. The strikers are not
mutually exchangeable for these tests. The machine is equipped with a guard made of steel pipe
structure over the range of swing of the pendulum and a latch to prevent danger upon accidental release
of the pendulum. The pendulum should be engaged with the latch until release during the testing
routines. During idle non-testing routines, the pendulum should be left vertically hanging free from the
shaft. A lever is provided that keeps the pendulum at elevated position with the help of a spring-loaded
pin. There is a rotary encoder based electronic measuring system mounted concentric to the rotary shaft
inside the cabinet. The machine total weight is approximately 415 kgf.

Procedure of Conducting the Test
Depending upon whether Charpy or Izod test is being conducted, the corresponding striker is to
be firmly secured to the bottom of the hammer with the help of clamping piece. The latching tube is to
be firmly clamped to the bearing housing on the inclined face. Before proceeding for the actual test, it is
necessary to conduct the test for determining the frictional loss in the machine. For this, without
clamping the specimen, release the pendulum and note down the electronic readout reading. It should be
around 0.5% of the maximum energy for either Charpy or Izod test, as the test type selected on the
control panel. Raise the pendulum-hammer assembly once more and latch it at the appropriate angle
depending upon whether Charpy (142
o
) or Izod (90
o
) test. Place the specimen in the appropriate
configuration. For Charpy test, place the specimen in such a way that the notch is opposite to the
direction of impact of the pendulum. For correct centering of the specimen, the end stop is provided. In
case of Izod test, the specimen must be firmly clamped in the specimen support with the help of the
clamping screw and setting gauge. Care must be taken that the notch on the specimen is facing the
pendulum striker.
Operate the lever of the latch so that the pendulum is released and performs its swing, on the
way hitting the specimen. After the impact, apply the pendulum brake immediately and bring the
pendulum to standstill. If the brake is not applied in the first return after the impact, it is likely that the
striker gets eroded eventually. Note down the value of impact energy. Before proceeding for the next
test, remove the broken specimen from the machine. While removing the specimen, hold the pendulum-
hammer astray so that the person is not injured.












Report M
The stude
Aim, Pro

Aim: To
failure, c

Procedu
fitting sh
file, as p
Charpy/I
angle. Se
the path
against th
brake ha
Enter all

Test
No.

I



Calculat

Figure: i

Conclusi



Making and
ent is advise
ocedure, Tab
conduct Ch
confirm the m
re: Collect t
hop in Work
per the speci
Izod test on t
et the mecha
of the move
he specimen
andle. Note
the details in
Charpy/
Izod
In

A

Se


tions: <to be
is to be draw
ions: <to be
d Tabulation
ed to prepare
ble of Readin
harpy/Izod te
material type
the raw mate
kshop to the
ifications. M
the Impact m
anical dial fo
ement of the
n. After the
down the re
n the table a
nitial
Angle
etting,
radians
Im
En

(Jo

e furnished
wn on the o
e furnished b
n
e his report o
ngs, Calculat
est on mild st
e and estimat
erial for spe
required ov
Mount specim
machine and
or energy to
e pendulum,
impact, car
eading on th
and evaluate
mpact
nergy
oules)
Wei

of
ham
assem

(New

by the stud
ther side of
by the stude
of the experi
tions, Figure
teel specime
te the angle
cimen from
verall dimen
men in the a
d suspend the
zero position
release the
refully brake
he mechanic
the angle of
ght
mmer
mbly
wtons)
Rad

Of
pen

(me

dent in the r
f the page.
ent in the re
ment with th
e (on the left
en of standar
of post-impa
the Lab assi
sions and pr
appropriate c
e pendulum-
n. After ensu
knob to ena
e the pendul
cal dial as t
f post-impac
dius
ndulum
eters)
Nat
of
frac
obs

eport>
eport>
he following
t page), and C
rd size and o
act travel of
istant and fin
repare the n
configuration
-striker assem
uring that no
able free swi
lum movem
the absorbed
t travel.
ture
cture
served
Pred

of
mat

type

g items in tha
Conclusions
observe the n
f the striker
nish the sam
notch using a
n based on
mbly at the r
obody is stan
ng of the pe
ment using th
d energy of
diction
terial
e
Est

of


(rad

at order:
s.
nature of
me in the
a square
whether
required
nding in
endulum
he pedal
impact.
timate

dians)