UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

General Certificate of Education

Advanced Subsidiary Level and Advanced Level

*2260722538*

8291/01

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
Paper 1 Lithosphere and Atmosphere

May/June 2007
1 hour 30 minutes

Additional Materials:

Answer Booklet/Paper

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, tables or rough working.
Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE ON ANY BARCODES.
Section A
Answer all questions.
Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper.
Section B
Answer one question from this section.
Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided.
At the end of the examination,
1.
fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper;
2.
enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite.

For Examiners Use

Section A
1
2
Section B

Total

This document consists of 11 printed pages and 1 blank page.

SP (SC/CGW) T26803/5
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2
Section A
Answer all questions in this section.
Write your answers in the spaces provided.

Slope stability is a result of natural processes and human activity.

(a) (i)

Name one physical weathering process that produces angular fragments of rock.
..............................................................................................................................[1]

(ii)

Name one chemical weathering process that produces fine grains of sediment.
..............................................................................................................................[1]

(iii)

Describe the role of water in one of the weathering processes you have named in
either (i) or (ii).
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(b) Fig. 1.1 shows a hill slope in which weathered angular fragments of rock rest on the
surface.
limestone cliff

fine limestone sediment

large angular
limestone sediment

shale

Fig. 1.1

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(i)

Describe and explain the distribution of fine and large sediment on the slope shown
in Fig. 1.1.

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(ii)

State and explain one situation in which the sediment resting on the slope in Fig. 1.1
would become unstable.
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(c) Soil erosion is a problem in many parts of the world. Erosion rates vary widely according
to land use, slope angle and the extent of the surface covered by vegetation. The data
contained in Table 1.2 were obtained from research into slope failure in the middle hills
of Southern Nepal.
Table 1.2

Category of land use

forest

Soil loss /
tonnes per
hectare

Slope
angle

Extent of surface covered by

vegetation / % of the area
within the category.

0.1

all
slope angles

95

partly cleared
forest

5.0

steep
slopes

50

grassland
site 1

0.1

gentle
slopes

90

grassland
site 2

0.5

medium
slopes

75

rice terraces
upper slopes

8.0

steep
slopes

rice terraces
lower slopes

0.2

gentle slopes
to flat

bare ground

18.0

most slope
angles

8
0.2
5

Describe and explain how land use, slope angle and the percentage cover of vegetation
have produced the variations in soil loss shown in Table 1.2.
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[Total: 20]

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2

(a) (i)

What is meant by the terms low atmospheric pressure and high atmospheric
pressure?
low atmospheric pressure .........................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
high atmospheric pressure .......................................................................................
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(ii)

Explain how variations in atmospheric pressure at sea level will cause a horizontal
movement of air across the Earths surface.
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(iii)

For either the northern hemisphere or the southern hemisphere, describe how the
Earths rotation will influence the horizontal direction in which air moves between
areas of different atmospheric pressure.
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(b) Fig. 2.1 is a cross-section between two places, X and Y, showing the likely passage of
weather events associated with a temperate cyclonic weather system.

warm
air

altitude/m
0

cirrus

cumulo-nimbus

10 000

cold air

cold air
stratus
X

B
Fig. 2.1

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7
Fig. 2.2 is a barometric chart of the temperate cyclonic system.

coldest air

low

barometer
rising
quickly

warm

nt

ld
co

fro

cool air

of
ion nt
t
c
dire veme
mo

air

barometer
falling
quickly
wa
rm
fro
nt

ly
g slow

eter s

barom

r fallin
eady o

Fig. 2.2
(i)

Mark the positions A, B and C from Fig. 2.1 onto their correct positions along line
XY on the barometric chart (Fig. 2.2).
[3]

(ii)

Describe and explain the weather conditions occurring at points A, B and C.

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(iii)

Explain why charts such as Fig. 2.2 are useful in making short term weather
forecasts.
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(iv)

Outline and justify one method that could be used to make reasonably accurate
long term weather forecasts.
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[Total: 20]

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Section B
Answer one question from this section.
Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided.

(a) Describe the trends in Primary Energy Consumption by Energy Source between 1970 and
2025 that are shown in Fig. 3.1.
[10]

Primary Energy Consumption /

equivalent million barrels oil.

1500

oil

1200
natural gas
900

coal

600
renewables

300

nuclear
0
1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020 2025

Year
Fig. 3.1
(b) To what extent do developing countries find it more difficult than developed countries to
conserve non-renewable resources? Illustrate your answer using examples you have
studied.
[30]
[Total: 40]

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4

(a) Fig. 4.1 contains data on emissions of CO2, per person and from the country as a whole, for
selected countries in 1995.
Emissions of CO2 for selected countries in 1995
/ tonnes per person

/ million tonnes per country

22149.6
19.6
World
USA
5228.5
16
USA
Canada
3006.8
10.4
China
Russia
Russia 1547.9
UK
9.7
9.2
Japan 1150.9
Japan
India 803
Poland
8.7
UK 564.8
Iceland
7.8
Canada 470.8
South Africa
7.7
Poland 336.1
World
3.9
South
Africa 320.9
China
2.5
Brazil 287.5
Brazil
1.8
Nicaragua 2.6
India 0.9
Nicaragua 0.6
Iceland 2.3
0
5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Fig. 4.1
Outline three different ways in which CO2 emissions per country compare or contrast with
emissions per person for selected countries.
[10]
(b) Outline the extent to which current trends in global warming are a product of human activity.
Describe and explain the possible impact of global warming upon agricultural activity and
human settlement.
[30]
[Total: 40]

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5

(a) Fig. 5.1 shows the pattern of the tsunamis generated by the Indonesian earthquake of 26th
December 2004. Explain how and why the impact of these tsunamis varied between places
A, B and C on Fig. 5.1.
[10]

BANGLADESH

INDIA

MYANMAR
(BURMA)

B
THAILAND
SOMALIA

SRI
LANKA
MALDIVES

MALAYSIA

KENYA

INDONESIA

C
TANZANIA
SEYCHELLES

MADAGASCAR

Indian
Ocean

SOUTH
AFRICA

Fig. 5.1
(b) With reference to examples you have studied, describe and explain the measures that
countries might adopt in order to reduce the damaging effects of volcanic eruptions and
earthquakes.
[30]
[Total: 40]

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BLANK PAGE

Copyright acknowledgements:
Question 4

Fig. 4.1 http://maps.grida no/go/graphic/emissions of co2 selected countries 1995

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

8291/01/M/J/07