Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 45 (2013) 6374
Cntent! li!t! a"aila#le at Sci$er!e Science% irect
Experimental tiin a termic& i Fluid ' urnal h mepa(e) ***+ el ! e "i er + cm, l cat e, et - ! .n ele(erea hidrdinamic& #ule /n clane de #ule 0mir Shei1hi 1 2 3ahmat Studeh45hare#a(h
2 3e6a 7ar(hami2 8a"id 9!tu:2 9ehrdad 0l:
9ultipha!e S;!tem! 3e!earch <a#+2 =il and 5a! >rce!!in( Centre - Excellence2 Schl - Chemical En(ineerin(2 Clle(e - En(ineerin(2 ?ni"er!it; - Tehran2 >+=+ @x 11155,45632 Tehran2 Aran a r t i c l e i n - 0rticle hi!tr;) 3ecei"ed 31 9arch 2012 3ecei"ed in re"i!ed -rm 1B Cul; 2012 0ccepted B =ct#er 2012 0"aila#le nline 30 =ct#er 2012 De;*rd!) 5a!liEuid clumn F;drd;namic! $i#ratin in!pectin >re!!ure Guctuatin! FreEuenc; anal;!i! Ha"elet tran!-rm a # ! t r a c t Cmparati" cu clane cla!ice cu #ule de (a6 4 lichid 2 clane de (a6 lichid 2 inclu!i" cu (a6 i -luxurile de lichide au -!t in"e!ti(ate mai pu in 2 datrit& hidrdinamicii lr cmplexe i di-icult& i pera inale + .n ace!t !tudiu 2 metde nn4 intru6i"e !imultane de "i#ra ii ca'& de clan& i de -luctua ie pre!iune m&!ur&trile !4au cuplat cu -t(ra-ia direct& i anali6& de ima(ine pentru caracteri6area #ule + %i-erite anali6e !ta 4 ti!tic i -rec"en & au -!t e-ectuate pe !emnalelr de accelera ie i de pre!iune -luctua ii a determina capacitatea lr de a interpreta cmprtamentul #ule /n interirul clanei + %e"ia ia !tandard a !emnalelr de "i#ra ie a ar&tat !en!i#ilitate mai mic& la un cmprtament #ule /n cmpara ie cu cel al -luctua iile de pre!iune + S1e*ne!! de "i#ra ii i de pre!iune -luctua ii ar putea detecta cu #ule puncte de tran6i ie re(im la tate "ite6ele (a6elr !tudiat i lichide timp de "i#ra ii i de pre!iune -luctua ii exce! ar putea detecta dar punctul de tran6i ie principal al clanei 2 la "ite6& de lichid mderat + Sa cn!tatat c& /n a-ar& de metde !tati!tice peridice 2 ener(ia de !emnale de pre!iune ar putea pre6ice puncte de tran6i ie re(im #ule !ucce! cmplet + .n timp ce de cntrl pe #a6& de "i#ra ii a aratat mai mult !en!i#ilitate la di!tri#u ia m&rimii #ule ( !imilar cu de"ia ia !tandard de !emnale de pre!iune ) 2 anali6a -rec"en ei pe !emnale de pre!iune !4au d"edit a -i un repre6entant puternic de #ule Sauter medie cu diametrul de mdi-icare de "aria ie a -luxului de lichid la (a6 cn!tante ener(ie cinetica 4 itie! + 9ai mult decIt atIt 2 prin tran!-rmare *a"elet di!crete pe #a6& de ener(ie 2 am de-initexact cale 4 calea di-eritelr !u#4 !emnal e"lu ii (raduale a lun(ul unei (ame lar(i de cndi ii de -unc inare a (a6ului i "ite6elr lichide i capturat puncte de tran6i ie de re(im /n cn!ecin & + 9etdele prpu!e /n acea!t& lucrare pt -i utili6ate pentru caracteri6area hidrdinamic nn4 intru6i" /n clanele cu #ule indu!triale+ 2012 El!e"ier Anc+ 0ll ri(ht! re!er"ed+ 1+ Antrductin 5a!liEuid cntactr! are *idel; u!ed in "ariu! indu!trie! !uch a! chemical J14K2 #ichemical2 #itechnl(; J57K2 #imed4 ical JLK2 petrchemical and re:nin( JB210K2 en"irnmental2 !epara4 tin and puri:catin J111LK2 nantechnl(; J1B220K and (a! prce!!in( indu!trie! J2123K+ 0mn( !uch cntactr!2 #u##le cl4 umn!2 *ith r *ithut liEuid G*2 are - a cn!idera#le impr4 tance in numeru! prce!! unit!+ Andu!trial plant! *hich are dealin( *ith ph;!ical J24K and,r chemical interactin! #et*een (a! and liEuid pha!e! a! *ell a! (a!liEuid!lid J25K cntactr! pr:t -rm the ea!e - cn!tructin J26K2 hi(h inter-acial area and cn!eEuentl; hi(h ma!! J27K and heat J2LK tran!-er rate!2 !ta4 #le temperature J2BK2 the ea!e - ener(; pr"idence and the hi(h liEuid hld up J30K - #u##le clumn! J31K+ Succe!!-ul de!i(n2 peratin2 !cale! up and ptimi6atin - #u##le clumn! hi(hl; depend! n the h;drd;namic! - !uch
Crre!pndin( authr+ Tel+) MBL 21 66B7 6L63N -ax) MBL 21 6646 1024+ E4mail addre!!e!) amir+!hei1hiOmail+mc(ill+ca (0+ Shei1hi)2 !tudehOut+ac+ir (3+ Studeh45hare#a(h)+ 1 >re!ent addre!!) Chemical En(ineerin( %epartment2 9c5ill ?ni"er!it;2 9ntreal2 Pue#ec F30 0C52 Canada+ cntactr!+ 0lthu(h "ariu! theretical e--rt! t mdel t*4 pha!e (a!liEuid cntactr! ha"e #een underta1en J323LK2 ne* experimental apprache! -r h;drd;namic in!pectin! are - (reat intere!t! in indu!trial and 3Q% cmmunitie!+ Hall pre!!ure Guctuatin! *ere u!ed t !tud; the e--ect - "ariu! !par(er (em4 etrie! n #u##le G* re(ime! in #u##le clumn! J3BK+ Fl* pattern and !tructure *ere in"e!ti(ated #; mean! - pre!!ure Guctua4 tin! cm#ined *ith particle ima(e "elcimetr; J40K+ Chatic #eha"ir - #u##le! *ere !tudied u!in( pre!!ure !i(nal! and la!er4phttran!i!tr J41K+ 0l!2 #u##lin(4t4'ettin( re(ime tran!i4 tin *a! in"e!ti(ated #; plenum pre!!ure Guctuatin! mnitrin( J42K+ Tur#ulence in the heter(eneu! #u##le re(ime *a! charac4 teri6ed #; cha! anal;!i! n pre!!ure Guctuatin! J43K+ Simnnet et al+ !tudied the dra( ce-:cient n the (a! #u##le !*arm u!in( la!er %ppler "elcimetr; J44K+ Farte"eld et al+ J45K and =lm! et al+ J46K u!ed la!er %ppler anemmetr; -r the accu4 rate e!timatin - tur#ulence p*er !pectra and G* re(ime tran4 !itin identi:catin2 re!pecti"el;+ 9a(netic re!nance ima(in( *a! utili6ed t characteri6e h;drd;namic! - paEue multipha!e !;!4 tem! !uch a! !lurr; #u##le clumn! J47K+ 0l!2 particle ima(e "elcimetr; *a! -und t #e a#le t de:ne #u##le "elcit; and G* re(ime! in!ide a t*4pha!e (a!liEuid clumn J4L50K+ Similar ad"anced2 nn4intru!i"e #ut expen!i"e methd!2 !uch a! 0LB441777,R 4 !ee -rnt matter 2012 El!e"ier Anc+ 0ll ri(ht! re!er"ed+ http),,dx+di+r(,10+1016,'+expthermGu!ci+2012+10+00L 6 0+ Shei1hi et al+ , Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 45 (2013) 6374 0+ Shei1hi et al+ , Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 45 (2013) 6374 6 8menclature a 1 apprximatin !u#4!i(nal 0 n amplitude in a time !erie! at a certain -reEuenc; - - n (1>a r m,! 2 ) CHT cntinuu! *a"elet tran!-rm 8 data pint num#er in a !ample < !e(ment (*ind*) num#er in a time !erie! p indicatin( pre!!ure Guctuatin experiment! > xx a"era(e p*er !pectrum (1>a 2 ,F6 r m 2 ,! 4 F6) n 2 2 4 d e eEui"alent #u##le diameter (m) > xx p*er !pectrum -r each !e(ment (1>a ,F6 r m ,! F6) d m2' minr len(th (!malle!t Feret diameter) - #u##le! (m) d 92' ma'r len(th (lar(e!t Feret diameter) - #u##le! (m) d S Sauter mean diameter - #u##le! (m) % 1 detail !u#4!i(nal S(-) di!crete Furier tran!-rm %HT di!crete *a"elet tran!-rm E ener(; - >S%F (1>a 2 r m 2 ,! 4 ) E a ener(; - apprximatin !u#4!i(nal ce-:cient (1>a 2 r m 2 ,! 4 ) E % ener(; - detail !u#4!i(nal ce-:cient (1>a 2 r m 2 ,! 4 ) - de!ired -reEuenc; (F6) i ima(inar; unit 1 !u#4!i(nal num#er D 1urt!i! r the -rth mment n cunter n ' #u##le num#er *ith eEui"alent diameter - d e2' >S%F p*er !pectral den!it; -unctin (1>a 2 ,F6 r m 2 ,! 4 F6) E time4la( ce-:cient S !1e*ne!! r the third mment t time (!) ? ( (a! "elcit; (m,!) ? l liEuid "elcit; (m,!) " indicatin( "i#ratin (acceleratin) experiment! x n time !erie! data (1>a r m,! 2 ) 5ree1 !;m#l! d !cale -actr r !tandard de"iatin ! !hi-t -actr * mther *a"elet -unctin cmputer4autmated radiacti"e particle trac1in( J51K2 cmputed tm(raph; J52K2 electrical re!i!tance J53K and capacitance J54K tm(raph; ha"e al! #een u!ed #; a "ariet; - re!earcher!+ 3ecentl;2 0##a!i et al+ !u((e!ted the nn4intru!i"e mea!ure4 ment and anal;!i! - "i#ratin! in #th time J55K and -reEuenc; J56K dmain! t characteri6e the h;drd;namic! - (a!!lid Guid4 i6ed #ed!+ The; *ere a#le t de:ne main tran!itin pint! in!ide the #ed a! *ell a! #u##le #eha"ir u!in( re(ular !i(nal prce!!in( methd!+ Shei1hi et al+ J57K ha"e !h*n that "i#ratin in!pectin can al! #e u!ed a! a relia#le methd -r the h;drd;namic char4 acteri6atin - liEuid!lid Guidi6ed #ed!+ The; predicted mini4 mum liEuid4Guidi6atin and !lid4re(ime tran!itin cnditin!+ Tet2 n e--rt ha! #een made t characteri6e (a!liEuid cntactr! #; mean! - !imultaneu! "i#ratin and pre!!ure Guctuatin! anal;!e!+ The aim - thi! *r1 i! a critical cmparati"e !tud; n the applica#ilit; - "i#ratin and pre!!ure Guctuatin !i(nal pr4 ce!!in( -r the h;drd;namic characteri6atin - #u##le #eha"ir in!ide #u##le clumn!+ Electrical !i(nal! #tained -rm "i#ratin in!pectin and pre!!ure Guctuatin! *ere prce!!ed in time and -reEuenc; dmain! and the extracted in-rmatin *ere u!ed t determine the h;drd;namic !tate - a #u##le clumn at a *ide ran(e - indu!trial (a!liEuid t*4pha!e reactr peratin( cnditin!+ 2+ 9aterial! and methd! 2+1+ Experimental !et4up The #u##le clumn u!ed in thi! !tud; *a! made - a 2 m hei(ht >lexi(la! clumn *ith an inner diameter - 0+0B m2 pre!ented in Fi(+ 1+ 0ir at am#ient temperature2 prduced #; a cmpre!!r2 *a! intrduced int the 0+1 m hi(h (a!liEuid en(a(ement !ectin -rm the #ttm - the #ed u!in( a c;lindrical pru! ceramic air !par(er *ith a 0+03 m diameter and 0+0L5 m len(th cn!i!tin( - 0+0001 m pre!+ Tap *ater2 a! the cntinuu! pha!e2 *a! pumped int the en(a(ement !ectin+ En(a(ement !ectin *a! :lled *ith 0+01 m (la!! #ead! -r #etter mixin( - air and *ater+ The mixture - (a! and liEuid *a! then !ent int the #ed thru(h a per-rated plate di!tri#utr includin( 110 hle! - 0+3 cm4diameter2 placed *ith a trian(ular pitch2 -ll*ed #; a 0+0003 m me!h !creen+ The upper !ectin - the #ed ((a!liEuid di!en(a(ement 6ne) *a! !et t "ent the air int the atm!phere and circulate the *ater+ 2+2+ $i#ratin and pre!!ure Guctuatin !i(nal acEui!itin Fr the nn4intru!i"e "i#ratin in!pectin - the clumn2 t* %C@ accelermeter! *ith !en!iti"itie! - 100 m$,m! 2 *ere u!ed in the experiment!+ The cut -- -reEuenc; *a! !et t 65 1F6 t pre4 "ent data l!! in the "i#ratin !i(nal!+ 0t each run2 the data *ere recrded -r 30 !+ T* accelermeter! *ere (lued t 0+045 m and 0+135 m a#"e the di!tri#utr n the uter !ur-ace - the clumn *all+ T en!ure the reprduci#ilit; - the data2 each te!t *a! cn4 ducted 23 time!2 randml;+ The anal( !i(nal! prduced #; accel4 ermeter! *ere cn"erted t di(ital !i(nal! and recrded #; a @QD >?<SE !;!tem u!in( 3560 t;pe hard*are+ The -reEuenc; - external ni!e !urce! *a! identi:ed and eliminated -rm #ed "i#ratin !i(4 nal! #; l*4pa!! and hi(h4pa!! :lter!+ T mea!ure pre!!ure Guctuatin!2 a pie6re!i!ti"e a#!lute pre!!ure tran!ducer (D#ld2 SE84324L(@075)) *a! in!talled at the hei(ht - 0+135 m a#"e the (a!liEuid di!tri#utr and pp4 !ite t the accelermeter t a"id pr#a#le cnGict!+ The pre!!ure Guctuatin! *ere recrded #; a data acEui!itin !;!tem (0d"an4 tech >CA41712<) *ith a -reEuenc; - 400 F6 -r 163+L4 !+ The -re4 Euenc; - !amplin( -r #th acceleratin and pre!!ure *a! !et in a *a; that !ati!:e! the Shann8;Eui!t criterin #; #ein( (reater than 2 time! the maximum -reEuenc; *ithin the !pectrum J55257K+ 2+3+ Ama(e acEui!itin and anal;!i! T #tain #u##le !i6e di!tri#utin and eEui"alent #u##le !i6e at each peratin( cnditin2 a pht(raphic techniEue *a! u!ed+ @u#4 #le ima(e! *ere pht(raphed u!in( a di(ital CC% camera (Cann >*erSht4SA3) at a hei(ht - 0+135 m a#"e the (a!liEuid di!tri#4 utr t en!ure the eliminatin - initial liEuid 'ettin( e--ect+ Ama(e! - nt le!! than 250 #u##le! *ere anal;6ed t determine !mall (minr) and lar(e (ma'r) #u##le diameter! (Feret diameter!)2 and #u##le !i6e di!tri#utin at "ariu! peratin( cnditin!+ 0 ru4 ler *a! placed in!ide the clumn at the -cal di!tance - camera t determine the real #u##le !i6e+ Finall;2 the eEui"alent !i6e - #u#4 Sec iune de6an(a'are $entilare (a6 3eciclare lichid clan& @ule de (a6 %e#i4 metre lichide Fa6& lichid& 3#inete de prele"are a pr#elr 3e6er4 "r de ap& >mp& de reiclare >mp& CC% camera FIrtie di-u6r %i!tri#ui4 tr (a64 lichid 0er <ampa cu hal4 (en E"acuare ap& Sec iune an(a'ame nt 9&r(ele de !ticl& @ar#tare de (a6 Fi(+ 1+ S c h e ma d e c l a n a d e ( a 6 4 l i c h i d / n d u & - a 6 e + + #le!2 de:ned a! an eEui"alent !phere diameter *ith the !ame "l4 ume a! the #u##le2 *a! calculated+ The #u##le !i6e chan(e at cn4 !tant (a! and "ariu! liEuid "elcitie! *a! in"e!ti(ated #; the direct pht(raph; - #u##le! at the lcatin - pre!!ure mea!ure4 3 x S U V V W W parameter! *ere u!ed t anal;6e the !i(nal! in the time dmain+ Standard de"iatin i! a mea!ure - the data !et di!per!in -rm it! mean and i! de:ned a! -ll*!) v u 1 n ment!+ The Sauter mean diameter - #u##le! *a! calculated -rm) r U u X x xW 2 3W 8 X n ' d eN' t n 1 V i V iU1 d S U 'U 1 8 2 V1W *here the mean "alue i! calculated -rm) 1 n X n ' d eN' 'U1 x U n X i iU1 V4W in *hich the #u##le eEui"alent diameter can #e calculated u!in() q 3
S1e*ne!! i! a mea!ure - !;mmetr;2 r mre preci!el; lac1 -
!;mmetr;2 in the di!tri#utin - a !i(nal) d eN' U d 9N' d mN' 2 n X 3 *here d 92' and d m2' are the lar(e and !mall diameter! - "al4!haped #u##le!+ 3+ %ata treatment methd! $i#ratin and pre!!ure Guctuatin !i(nal! *ere anal;6ed in #th time and -reEuenc; dmain! a! de!cri#ed #el*+ Stati!tical Vx i xW iU1 5 Vn 1Wr 3 8e(ati"e r p!iti"e "alue! -r the !1e*ne!! indicate that data are !1e*ed le-t r ri(ht2 re!pecti"el;+ Durt!i! i! de:ned a! the de(ree - the pea1edne!! - data and i! a criterin *hether the di!tri#utin i! Gat r pea1ed relati"e t the nrmal di!tri#utin2 de:ned a!) X 1 1 ! 1 xx ' D 2 n Vx i xW 4 iU1 U Vn 1Wr 4 V6W "ercme thi! di-:cult;2 di!crete *a"elet tran!-rm J56K2 %HT2 !e4 lect! the !4called ce-:cient! #a!ed n the p*er - p!itin! and !cale! d;adic) Durt!i! i! a mea!ure - the relati"e cncentratin (Gatne!! r pea1edne!!) - data in the center - a -reEuenc; di!tri#utin rela4 ti"e t the tail!2 *hen cmpared *ith a nrmal di!tri#utin (*hich 1 Z %HT V1N EW U q '2 ' x n H t E 2 2 1 dt V11W ha! a 1urt!i! - 3)+ Furier anal;!i! i! an extremel; u!e-ul tl in -reEuenc; dmain -r data anal;!i!+ Furier anal;!i! decmp!e! a !i(nal int it! cn4 !tituent !inu!id! - di--erent -reEuencie! and i! per-rmed u!in( the di!crete Furier tran!-rm (%FT)+ The e!timated Furier tran!4 -rm2 S(-)2 - a mea!ured time !erie!2 x n 2 cn!i!tin( - 8 pint! i! eEual t J5LK) 8 SV- W U X x n expV 2pin- W V7W nU1 in *hich - and i are -reEuenc; and the cmplex num#er2 re!pec4 ti"el;+ A- 8 i! a p*er - 22 then EE+ (7) repre!ent! the -a!t Furier 0-ter*ard!2 #; !creenin( the !i(nal! "ia pair! - l*4pa!! and hi(h4pa!! :lter!2 1n*n a! Euadrature mirrr :lter! J5625BK2 it i! decmp!ed int it! cn!tituent!+ Each decmp!itin !tep ma1e! the time re!lutin hal- and du#le! the -reEuenc; re!lutin+ The cn!tituent !u#4!i(nal!2 1n*n a! decmp!ed !i(nal!2 are called detail (%) and apprximatin (a) !u#4!i(nal!+ The main !i(nal i! a linear !uperp!itin - the !u#4!i(nal!) x n X a 1 VtW Y % 1 VtW Y Y % 1 1 VtW Y % 1 VtW V12W 0l!2 the ener(; - !u#4!i(nal! can #e utili6ed a! a (d repre4 !entati"e - each decmp!ed !i(nal) 8 E a X 2 al(rithm2 *hich i! an e-:cient al(rithm -r cmputin( the di!4 crete Furier tran!-rm (%FT) - a !eEuence+ The p*er !pectrum - a !i(nal *hich repre!ent! the cntri#u4 1 U tU1 8 'a 1 VtW' V13W tin - each -reEuenc; in the !pectrum t the p*er - the "erall E % X 1 !i(nal can #e e!timated -rm the ma(nitude - S(-) !Euared+ The 1 U tU1 '% VtW' V14W "ariance - !uch an e!timatin - the p*er !pectrum de! nt de4 crea!e *ith an increa!e - 8+ T decrea!e the "ariance2 the !i(nal i! repeatedl; di"ided int *ind*!2 and an a"era(e - the p*er 0ccrdin(l;2 the ri(inal !i(nal ener(; i! #tained #a!ed n the ener(; cn!er"atin - HT n rth(nal cn!tituent! J56K) !pectrum *ithin the *ind*! i! u!ed t #tain an e!timate -r 8 E U X 2 1 a X % the p*er !pectrum (the Hel!h methd - p*er !pectrum e!ti4 matin)+ F*e"er2 the decrea!e - !ample! *ithin the *ind*! tU1 'x n ' U E 1 Y 'U1 E ' V15W (i"e! pr -reEuenc; re!lutin+ Fence2 an apprpriate *ind* *idth !huld #e ch!en t (et a !ati!-actr; trade4-- #et*een -re4 Euenc; re!lutin and "ariance J5LK+ ?!in( Fann *ind* and *ithut an; "erlap #et*een *in4 d*!2 the a"era(ed p*er !pectrum #ecme! J5LK) < X n Similar t the !i(nal it!el-2 the ener(; - main !i(nal i! a linear !uperp!itin - !u#4!i(nal ener(ie!+ T utili6e the HT2 a *a"elet -unctin !huld #e !elected #a!ed n the !i(nal recn!tructin er4 rr+ Such errr *a! calculated -r a randm !i(nal2 and the !ecnd4 rder %au#echie! *a"elet (d#2) *a! -und t ha"e the l*e!t recn!tructin errr+ There-re it *a! ch!en -r the *a"elet anal;!e!+ > xx V- W U < nU1 > xx V- W VLW 4+ 3e!ult! and di!cu!!in *here < i! the num#er - *ind*! and > n V- W i! the p*er !pectrum e!timate - each *ind*+ The ener(; - a !i(nal2 !Euared !um - amplitude!2 can #e de4 :ned in the -reEuenc; dmain #; >ar!e"alX! therem) 8 8 - T* cmpletel;4di--erent4in4nature re!pn!e! - a #u##le cl4 umn t it! internal h;drd;namic alteratin!2 namel; clumn !hell "i#ratin and lcal pre!!ure Guctuatin!2 are prce!!ed #; mean! - !tati!tical and -reEuenc;4#a!ed anal;!e!2 and the re!ult! are !ummari6ed #el*+ E U X x n ' 2
X > xx V- W VBW iU1 1U1 4+1+ Stati!tical anal;!e! *here 8 - i! the num#er - pint! in the -reEuenc; dmain+ =n ne hand2 a trade4-- #et*een the *ind* !i6e and -re4 Euenc; re!lutin al*a;! happen! *hen u!in( !hrt4time Furier tran!-rm+ =n the ther hand2 the acEuired !i(nal! !h* an un!tea4 d; and nn4re(ular pattern at di--erent time inter"al!2 e+(+2 un!tea4 d; impul!e! and amplitude pattern!+ There-re2 a mathematical methd i! reEuired t extract in-rmatin -rm the !i(nal! #a!ed n !e"eral *ind* !i6e! thru(h the time+ Thi! i! needed t achie"e the hi(he!t p!!i#le time-reEuenc; re!lutin+ The cntinuu! *a"elet tran!-rm2 CHT2 i! intrduced a! J56K) T in"e!ti(ate the capa#ilit; - !hell "i#ratin in capturin( the e--ect - (a! and liEuid "elcitie! "ariatin! n the h;drd;namic!2 :r!t2 the !tati!tical characteri!tic! - acceleratin !i(nal! *ere examined+ Fi(+ 2a pre!ent! "i#ratin !tandard de"iatin "er!u! li4 Euid "elcit;+ The e--ect - liEuid "elcit;2 at cn!tant (a! "elci4 tie!2 n the !tandard de"iatin - clumn "i#ratin !i(nal! i! !h*n in Fi(+ 2a+ Hhile at hi(her (a! "elcitie! (e+(+2 ? ( Z 0+05 m,! cmpared t ? ( Z 0+02 m,!)2 a !i(ni:cant !hi-t in the !tandard de"i4 atin - !hell "i#ratin i! #!er"ed due t a"era(e #u##le !i6e increa!e in!ide the clumn2 n remar1a#le chan(e in the trend - cur"e! can #e !een at each cn!tant (a! "elcit;+ The pre!ence - 1 Z t !
CHT V!N dW U d 2 x n H d dt V10W lar(er #u##le! at hi(her (a! "elcitie! i! al! pr"ed in (a!liEuid air*ater #u##le clumn! J60K+ F*e"er2 #u##le !i6e in #u##le ?!in( a nn4:xed *ind* *idth2 the *a"elet tran!-rm (HT) --er! accurate -reEuenc;4#a!ed in-rmatin at #th hi(h and l* -reEuencie!+ Fere2 the challen(e i! t de:ne the time and !cale ce-:cient! #; time2 *hich need! a hu(e cmputatinal e--rt+ T clumn! i! a -unctin - nt nl; (a! "elcit;2 #ut al! di!tri#utr (emetr; J60K and clumn characteri!tic! J61K2 *hich de! nt al4 l* a (eneral and uniEue cnclu!in n #u##le #eha"ir t #e made+ Thi! i! an imprtant pint t cn!ider that in cntra!t t Fi(+ 2a+ The !tandard de"iatin - "i#ratin Guctuatin! in the (a!liEuid t*4pha!e clumnN a2 # and c are di--erent h;drd;namic #eha"ir re(in!+ Hhile t* and ne tran!itin pint! are !een in re(in! a and #2 re!pecti"el;2 n #"iu! re(ime tran!itin can #e elucidated -rm re(in c+ The :r!t tran!itin pint i! enlar(ed #e!ide! the ;4 axi!2 !h*n #; an a!teri!1+ (a!4:lled media J55256K2 the !tandard de"iatin - "i#ratin! in a liEuid4:lled clumn cannt !i(ni:cantl; !h* !li(ht chan(e! in the #u##le !i6e+ F*e"er2 !li(ht chan(e! in the!e cur"e! can #e cat4 e(ri6ed in three "ariu! #eha"ir!) (a) 0t a hi(h (a! "elcit; (? ( Z 0+05 m,!)2 #; increa!in( the liEuid "elcit;2 #u##le! experience -ur main ("ernin( re(ime! - cale!ced #u##le G*2 di!crete #u##le G* and a(ain cale!ced G*2 and :nall; di!crete #u##le!+ 0ccrd4 in(l;2 there are t* re(ime tran!itin pint! - cale!ced #u##le! G*4t4di!crete G* tran!itin (1 !t pint crre4 !pnd! t minimum r "alue at ? l Z 0+006 m,!)2 and a(ain cale!ced #u##le! G*4t4di!crete G* tran!itin (2 nd pint at maximum r "alue *here ? l Z 0+03 m,!)+ The !ecnd pint (i+e+2 di!crete4cale!ced4di!crete #u##le tran!itin)2 cmpared t the :r!t pint (i+e+2 cale!ced4di!crete4 cale!ced #u##le tran!itin)2 can #e cn!idered a! the main tran!itin pint+ @a!ed n the cmprehen!i"e re(ime tran!i4 tin map -r t*4pha!e air *ater !;!tem! *ith the G* - #th liEuid and (a!2 pr"ided #; 7han( et al+ J62K2 !uch a tri4 ple e--ect - liEuid G* n the #u##le #eha"ir in (a!liEuid cntactr! perated at hi(h ? ( *a! #!er"ed #; the (radual increa!in( - liEuid "elcit;+ 0t extremel; l* liEuid and hi(h (a! "elcitie! (crre!pndin( t relati"el; lar(e #u#4 #le!2 i+e+2 cale!ced #u##le G*)2 in the !4called (a!4dmi4 nant re(ime2 liEuid !hear ha! n !i(ni:cant e--ect n (a! #u##le! J63K+ @; increa!in( the liEuid "elcit;2 relati"el; !maller #u##le! are -rmed due t an increa!ed !hear n the #u##le! at the time - #u##le -rmatin n the !par(er pre!+ Thi! lead! t the pre!ence - di!crete #u##le in!ide the clumn (? l Z 0+006 m,!) J62K+ Further increa!e in the liEuid "elcit; help! #u##le! cale!ce t(ether and -rm lar4 (er !lu(! (6 mm,! [ ? l [ 3 cm,!)+ F*e"er2 hi(h !hear exerted n !lu(! at hi(her liEuid "elcitie! (? l \ 3 cm,!) tear! #u##le! apart and -rm relati"el; !maller and di!crete #u#4 #le! *hich i! cn!i!tent *ith *hat i! reprted #; 7han( et al+ J62K+ Thi! i! !h*n !chematicall; in Fi(+ 2#+ (#) 0t l*er (a! "elcitie! (? ( Z 0+030+04 m,!)2 n !lu( i! !een and #u##le! tend t chan(e their re(ime -rm cale!ced t di!crete #; the hi(h liEuid !hear at hi(h liEuid "elcitie!+ Still2 a l* liEuid "elcit; re!ult! in the increa!e - #u##le !i6e due t pre"ailin( cale!cin( mechani!m "er #rea1a(e+ Thi! i! called the dual e--ect - liEuid "elcit; n (a! #u##le! at mderate (a! "elcitie!+ (c) Hhen the (a! "elcit; i! cn!idera#l; l* (? ( [ 0+02 m,!)2 (a! #u##le! are !mall and mre uni-rm in !i6e+ There-re2 the; are nt a--ected #; the liEuid "elcit; a! much a! lar(er #u##le! at hi(her (a! "elcitie!+ Thi! i! explained #; rela4 ti"el; l*er dra( -rce exerted n !mall #u##le! cmpared t lar(er ne!+ 0-ter a certain critical #u##le !i6e ((reater than 1+52+5 mm) J64K2 exerted dra( n #u##le! decrea!e! #; the decrea!e in the #u##le !i6e+ Thi! i! the main rea!n -r the l* inGuence - liEuid G* n the #u##le! in the di!4 crete4#u##le re(ime+ T* ther !tati!tical characteri!tic! - "i#ratin !i(nal! *ere al! !tudied) third and -urth central mment! (!1e*ne!! and 1ur4 t!i!2 re!pecti"el;)+ The !1e*ne!! - "i#ratin !i(nal! at three (a! "elcitie! - 0+052 0+032 and 0+02 m,! i! !h*n in Fi(+ 3+ Startin( -rm the l*e!t liEuid "elcit;2 :r!t2 the !1e*ne!! i! increa!in(2 then it decrea!e!2 and :nall;2 #a!ed n the (a! "elcit;2 *hether it increa!e! (at hi(h (a! "elcitie!2 0+05 and 0+03 m,!) r #ecme! a plateau (at a l* (a! "elcit;2 0+02 m,!)+ At can #e !een in thi! :(ure that at hi(h (a! "elcitie!2 the !1e*ne!! - "i#ratin !i(nal! predict! the :r!t re(ime4chan(e pint #; a chan(e in !i(n+ F*e"er2 at all cnditin!2 it i! a#le t apprximate the cale!c4 in(4t4di!inte(ratin( #u##le re(ime tran!itin #; it! lcal minima+ 8 lcal minimum can #e !een at l* (a! "elcitie! (? ( Z 0+02 m,!)2 *hich i! due t n !en!i#le chan(e in the #u##le #eha"ir+ The -urth central mment (1urt!i!) - "i#ratin !i(nal! a(ain!t the liEuid "elcit; at cn!tant (a! "elcitie! i! pre!ented in Fi(+ 4+ 0t l* liEuid "elcitie!2 #; increa!e in liEuid "elcit;2 1ur4 t!i! !h*! !e"eral Guctuatin!+ F*e"er2 at intermediate liEuid "elcitie!2 dependin( n (a! "elcit;2 it ma; reach a maximum "a4 lue (at hi(h (a! "elcitie!2 0+05 and 0+03 m,!) r reach a plateau (at a l* (a! "elcit; - 0+02 m,!)+ Hhile the 1urt!i! - "i#ratin at l* liEuid "elcitie! cannt predict the #u##le #eha"ir due t !e"er Guctuatin!2 it !h*! t #e a (d predictr - cale!cin(4 t4di!inte(ratin( #u##le tran!itin "elcit; #; a !i(ni:cant ri!e arund the re(ime tran!itin pint+ 0t the re(ime tran!itin pint2 !i(nal! are mre pea1ed #ecau!e - !tead; #u##le cale!cence and #rea1up rate!+ 0 di!tri#utin *ith a !teep pea1 (1urt!i! \ 0) K v S v o f
p r e s s u r e
f l u c t u a t i o n s
( k P a ) Cale!ced t %i!crete (Secnd Tran!itin) Cale!ced t %i!crete (Fir!t Tran!itin) Bubble size Cale!ced @u##le! <ar(e @u##le! Small %i!crete @u##le! %i!crete @u##le! U l Fi(+ 2#+ The !chematic - #u##le !i6e e"lutin path*a; in the (a!liEuid t*4pha!e clumn at a hi(h (a! "elcit; (crre!pndin( t ca!e a in Fi(+ 2a)+ 0+025 0+02 0+015 0+01 0+005 0 40+005 40+01 ?(Z0+05 m,! ?(Z0+03 m,! ?(Z0+02 m,! 0 0+01 0+02 0+03 0+04 0+05 0+06 0+07 0+0L U l (m/s) and can prduce uni-rm #u##le! !i6e!+ At !huld #e nted that chan(e! in #u##le !i6e ccur d;namicall; in the *hle #ed2 and "i#ratin !i(nal! are inGuenced #; the *hle "i#ratin - !hell+ There-re2 !me !tati!tical anal;!e! n "i#ratin !i(nal! ma; nt #e a#le t predict the #u##le !i6e path*a; at l* liEuid "elcitie!+ T cmpare the extracted in-rmatin -rm the "i#ratin !i(4 nal! - the #ed *ith lcal pre!!ure Guctuatin mea!urement!2 pre!4 !ure Guctuatin !i(nal! *ere al! acEuired+ The !tandard de"iatin - pre!!ure Guctuatin! i! !h*n in Fi(+ 5+ T* di!tinct re(in! can #e rec(ni6ed in thi! :(ure) (1) ri!in( and (2) -allin( - !tandard de"iatin "er!u! liEuid "elcit;+ The!e t* re(in! -ade a*a; #; decrea!in( the (a! "elcit; due t the le!! inGuence (l*er dra( ce-:cient) - liEuid "elcit; n !mall (di!crete) #u##le! in!ide the #ed+ The increa!e in the !tandard de"iatin - pre!!ure Guctu4 atin! i! attri#uted t the increa!e - #u##le !i6e+ Thi! trend ha! al! #een #!er"ed in (a!!lid Guidi6ed #ed! J5LK+ The e--ect - li4 Euid "elcit; at l* liEuid "elcitie!2 crre!pndin( t l* !hear! Fi(+ 3+ The !1e*ne!! - "i#ratin Guctuatin! in the (a!liEuid t*4pha!e clumn+ Tran!itin pint! are illu!trated #; the circle!+ 3+6 ?(Z0+05 m,! exerted n the #u##le!2 help! #u##le! cale!ce (re(in 1) *hile a-ter the re(ime tran!itin pint t di!inte(ratin( #u##le!2 *hich i! arund ? l Z 0+03 m,! -r the lcal !tudied place2 the hi(h !hear tear! the #u##le! apart and decrea!e! the a"era(e lcal #u##le !i6e+ 3+55 3+5 3+45 3+4 3+35 3+3 3+25 ?(Z0+03 m,! ?(Z0+02 m,! 0 0+01 0+02 0+03 0+04 0+05 0+06 0+07 0+0L U l (m/s) 0+25 0+2 0+15 1 0+1 0+05 ?(Z0+01 m,! ?(Z0+02 m,! ?(Z0+03 m,! ?(Z0+04 m,! ?(Z0+05 m,! 2 Fi(+ 4+ The 1urt!i! - "i#ratin Guctuatin! in the (a!liEuid t*4pha!e clumn+ The circle indicated the main tran!itin pint at hi(h and mderate (a! "elcitie!+ mean! #u##le! *ith !i6e! arund a"era(e #u##le !i6e are much mre (in ppulatin) than !maller and lar(er ne!+ 0 lar(er 1urt!i! mean! !mall and lar(e #u##le! are le!! than a"era(e #u##le !i6e!+ Thi! happen! *hen #u##le cale!cence (hi(h (a! "elcit; e--ect) and #rea1a(e (liEuid !hear e--ect) are in eEuili#rium cnditin 0 0 0+01 0+02 0+03 0+04 0+05 0+06 0+07 0+0L U l (m/s) Fi(+ 5+ The !tandard de"iatin - pre!!ure Guctuatin!2 #tained at a hei(ht - 0+135 m a#"e the di!tri#utr2 in the (a!liEuid t*4pha!e clumn+ %a!hed line !h*! the main tran!itin in #u##le #eha"ir+ ?(Z0+05 m,! ?(Z0+03 m,! ?(Z0+02 m,! S p K p Thi! i! in a(reement *ith the re!ult! #tained -rm the !hell "i#ra4 tin in!pectin (#th are !h*in( a liEuid "elcit; arund 0+03 m,! a! the !ecnd #u##le re(ime tran!itin pint) Fi(!+ 2a and 5)+ The !1e*ne!! - pre!!ure Guctuatin! at three !ample (a! "elcitie!2 ? ( Z 0+052 0+032 0+02 m,!2 i! !h*n in Fi(+ 6+ %ependin( n the (a! "elcit;2 pre!!ure Guctuatin! !1e*ne!! !tart! *ith a ri!in( (at a hi(h (a! "elcit; - 0+05 m,!) r a Gat re(in (at l*er (a! "elcitie!2 0+03 and 0+02 m,!)+ At2 then2 experience! a minimum "alue at intermediate liEuid "elcitie!+ Cmpared t the "i#ratin !i(nal!2 at hi(h (a! "elcitie!2 pre!!ure !1e*ne!! !h*! t* re4 (ime tran!itin! #; a maximum "alue (at ? l Z 0+007 m,!)2 crre4 !pndin( t the cale!ced4t4di!crete #u##le tran!itin2 -ll*ed #; a minimum "alue (at ? l Z 0+03 m,!)2 *hich i! related t the ccurrence - di!inte(ratin( #u##le!+ At i! nticea#le that the !1e*4 ne!! - "i#ratin !i(nal! indicate! the :r!t tran!itin pint #; a maximum "alue -ll*ed #; a lcal minimum "alue *hile n min4 imum "alue i! !een in the pre!!ure Guctuatin !1e*ne!!+ @th "i#ratin and pre!!ure !i(nal! !h* the main tran!itin pint2 *hich i! the main cale!cin(4t4di!inte(ratin( #u##le G*2 #; their minimum "alue!+ The e"lutin - pre!!ure Guctuatin! 1urt!i! at cn!tant (a! "elcitie! #; increa!in( liEuid "elcit; i! illu!trated in Fi(+ 7+ @a!ed n thi! :(ure2 at all (a! "elcitie!2 1urt!i! !tart! *ith a Gat re(in and then increa!e! nl; at t* hi(he!t (a! "elcitie! - 0+05 and 0+03 m,!+ Finall;2 it reache! a plateau at all (a! "elcitie!+ At i! #"i4 u! that !imilar t "i#ratin Guctuatin!2 the 1urt!i! - pre!!ure Guctuatin! can nl; catch the main re(ime tran!itin2 i+e+2 the ca4 le!cin(4t4di!inte(ratin( #u##le G* #; it! maximum "alue at intermediate liEuid "elcitie!+ At i! *rth ntin( that it i! nt p!4 !i#le t detect the :r!t tran!itin pint #a!ed n the trend - 1ur4 t!i!2 *hether #; u!in( "i#ratin r pre!!ure Guctuatin !i(nal!+ 0l!2 the predicted "alue! can #e cn!idered a! (d e!timatin! - the re(ime alteratin pint2 *hich cntain alm!t 25] errr cmpared t the real re(ime tran!itin pint+ An thi! ca!e2 the 1ur4 t!i! - "i#ratin !i(nal! can predict the chan(e in the #u##le #eha"ir at the main tran!itin pint mre accuratel; than that - pre!!ure Guctuatin!+ Such applica#ilit; i! mainl; due t the "erall !en!in( capa#ilit; - "i#ratin in!pectin anal;!i! rather than the lcal ne - pre!!ure Guctuatin!+ @u##le !i6e di!tri#utin! at "ariu! peratin( cnditin! are pre!ented in Fi(+ Lac+ 0! can #e !een in Fi(+ La2 at a hi(h (a! "elc4 it; - 0+05 m,!2 an increa!e in liEuid "elcit; re!ult! in the *ide!t #u##le !i6e di!tri#utin at the re(ime tran!itin pint (? l Z 0+03 m,!)+ Thi! i! the e--ect - liEuid "elcit; n the #u##le cale!cence #e-re the main re(ime tran!itin pint2 *hich *a! 0+4 0+2 0 0 0+01 0+02 0+03 0+04 0+05 0+06 0+07 0+0L 40+2 40+4 40+6 40+L 41 41+2 U l (m/s) Fi(+ 6+ The !1e*ne!! - pre!!ure Guctuatin!2 #tained at a hei(ht - 0+135 m a#"e the di!tri#utr2 in the (a!liEuid t*4pha!e clumn+ The circle! !h* tran!itin pint!+ 7 ?(Z0+05 m,! 6 ?(Z0+03 m,! ?(Z0+02 m,! 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0+01 0+02 0+03 0+04 0+05 0+06 0+07 0+0L U l (m/s) Fi(+ 7+ The 1urt!i! - pre!!ure Guctuatin!2 #tained at a hei(ht - 0+135 m a#"e the di!tri#utr2 in the (a!liEuid t*4pha!e clumn+ The main tran!itin i! !h*n #; the circle+ #!er"ed a! the minimum "alue - "i#ratin and pre!!ure Guctua4 tin! !1e*ne!! (Fi(!+ 3 and 62 re!pecti"el;)2 a! *ell a! the maxi4 mum "alue! - their 1urt!i! (Fi(!+ 4 and 72 re!pecti"el;)+ 0-ter*ard!2 increa!in( the liEuid "elcit;2 and cn!eEuentl; increa!in( the liEuid !hear exerted n the #u##le!2 decrea!e! the #u##le !i6e and ma1e! the #u##le4!i6e di!tri#utin narr*er (Fi(+ La at ? l Z 0+05 m,!)+ Such decrea!e in #u##le !i6e i! clear in the decrea!in( manner - pre!!ure Guctuatin !tandard de"iatin a-ter the main re(ime tran!itin pint at ? l Z 0+03 m,!+ The *ide4 ne!! - the #u##le !i6e di!tri#utin at the main re(ime tran!itin pint (? l Z 0+03 m,!) decrea!e! #; decrea!in( the (a! "elcit; t 0+03 m,! (Fi(+ L#) #ecau!e #u##le! #ecme mre uni-rm at l*er (a! "elcitie! and the inGuence - liEuid !hear #ecme! le!! !i(ni-4 icant+ The decrea!e - the di!tri#utin *idth in #th Fi(+ La and # at hi(h liEuid "elcitie! a-ter the main tran!itin pint (? l Z 0+03 m,!) i! due t a decrea!e in eEui"alent #u##le !i6e #ecau!e - induced #u##le #rea1a(e+ Thi! i! in a(reement *ith the le"el -- in the pre!4 !ure !i(nal! !tandard de"iatin (Fi(+ 5)+ Cmparin( Fi(ure!+ in Lc re"eal! that !maller #u##le! are le!! inGuenced #; the liEuid !hear+ F*e"er2 a !mth e--ect - liEuid "elcit; n the #u##le !i6e (i+e+2 a !mth chan(e in their !i6e di!tri#utin at ? l \ 0+03 m,!) at ? ( Z 0+02 m,! i! !een in the cur"e!+ The #u##le !i6e chan(e at cn!tant (a! and "ariu! liEuid "elc4 itie! *a! in"e!ti(ated #; direct pht(raph; - #u##le! at the lca4 tin - pre!!ure mea!urement!+ The re!ult! - #u##le !i6e characteri6atin a! *ell a! errr #ar! (-r three !et! - pht(raph; at each cnditin) are illu!trated in Fi(+ B+ 0! can #e !een in thi! :(4 ure2 #u##le !i6e i! :r!tl; increa!in( #; an increa!e in liEuid "elcit; and :nall; i! decrea!in(+ F*e"er2 !uch trend i! mre #"iu! at hi(her (a! "elcitie! due t much !en!i#le #u##le !i6e alteratin!+ The trend - #u##le !i6e "ariatin #; the increa!e - liEuid "elcit; at cn!tant (a! "elcitie! i! the !ame a! that predicted #; the !tan4 dard de"iatin - pre!!ure Guctuatin!+ 0lthu(h the e--ect - li4 Euid "elcit; n #u##le! at l* liEuid "elcitie! culd nt #e cau(ht2 the main lcal tran!itin pint - the !;!tem at mderate liEuid "elcitie! *a! #!er"ed+ T in"e!ti(ate the applica#ilit; - pre!!ure Guctuatin !i(nal! ener(; in #u##le characteri6atin2 at three cn!tant (a! "elcitie! - 0+052 0+032 and 0+02 m,!2 the !i(nal ener(; *a! calculated and pre!ented in Fi(+ 10+ Thi! :(ure !h*! the trend - pre!!ure !i(nal ener(; #; increa!in( liEuid "elcit; at cn!tant (a! "elcitie!+ 5a! "elcitie! are !elected *ith the !ame l(ic a! the pre"iu! di!cu!4 !in n ha"in( "ariu! p!!i#le #u##le re(ime!+ 0t a hi(h (a! "elcit; - 0+05 m,! in Fi(+ 102 an increa!e in liEuid "elcit;2 :r!tl;2 re!ulted in a decrea!e in !i(nal ener(ie! !h*in( that the pre"ail4 in( !tructure! in!ide the #ed ha"e relati"el; l*er ener(ie!+ Thi! ?(Z0+02 m,! ?(Z0+03 m,!
?(Z0+05 m,! N u m b e r
f r a c t i o n N u m b e r
f r a c t i o n N u m b e r
f r a c t i o n d S
( m m ) N u m b e r
f r a c t i o n N u m b e r
f r a c t i o n N u m b e r
f r a c t i o n N u m b e r
f r a c t i o n N u m b e r
F r a c t i o n N u m b e r
f r a c t i o n E
( k P a 2 ) N u m b e r
f r a c t i o n N u m b e r
f r a c t i o n N u m b e r
f r a c t i o n 0+25 0+2 0+15 0+1 0+05 0 0+25 0+2 0+15 0+1 0+05 0 0+25 0+2 0+15 0+1 0+05 0 0+25 0+2 0+15 0+1 0+05 0 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 d e (mm) d e (mm) d e (mm) d e (mm) U l Z 0+004 m,! U l Z 0+02 m,! U l Z 0+03 m,! U l Z 0+05 m,! (a) U g Z 0+05 m,! 0+25 0+25 0+25 0+25 0+2 0+2 0+2 0+2 0+15 0+15 0+15 0+15 0+1 0+1 0+1 0+1 0+05 0+05 0+05 0+05 0 0 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 d e (mm) d e (mm) d e (mm) d e (mm) U l Z 0+004 m,! U l Z 0+02 m,! U l Z 0+03 m,! U l Z 0+05 m,! (#) U g Z 0+03 m,! 0+25 0+25 0+25 0+25 0+2 0+2 0+2 0+2 0+15 0+15 0+15 0+15 0+1 0+1 0+1 0+1 0+05 0+05 0+05 0+05 0 0 0 0 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 d e (mm) d e (mm) d e (mm) d e (mm) U l Z 0+004 m,! U l Z 0+02 m,! (c) U g Z 0+02 m,! U l Z 0+03 m,! U l Z 0+05 m,! Fi(+ L+ @u##le !i6e di!tri#utin at cn!tant (a! and "aria#le liEuid "elcitie! acEuired #; ima(e anal;!i! a-ter pht(raph; at a hei(ht - 0+135 m a#"e the di!tri#utr+ L 7+5 7 6+5 6 450 400 350 300 250 ?(Z0+02 m,! ?(Z0+03 m,! ?(Z0+05 m,! 5+5 200 5 150 4+5 4 3+5 0 0+01 0+02 0+03 0+04 0+05 0+06 U l (m/s) 100 50 0 0 0+01 0+02 0+03 0+04 0+05 0+06 0+07 0+0L U l (m/s) Fi(+ B+ @u##le Sauter mean diameter2 #tained at a hei(ht - 0+135 m a#"e the di!tri#utr2 in the (a!liEuid t*4pha!e clumn+ mean! that #u##le! are #ecmin( !maller+ The :r!t tran!itin pint at !uch a hi(h (a! "elcit; - 0+05 m,! i! ccurrin( at the minimum "alue - pre!!ure Guctuatin ener(ie! arund ? l Z 0+006 m,!+ 0-ter4 *ard!2 the trend - !i(nal ener(ie! i! the !ame -r ? ( Z 0+05 and 0+03 m,!N :r!t it increa!e! *ith an increa!e in liEuid "elcit; due t the increa!e - #u##le !i6e2 *hich i! in a(reement *ith #u##le Sauter mean diameter trend pre!ented in Fi(+ B2 and then decrea!e! due t #u##le #rea1a(e+ The maximum "alue - pre!!ure Guctua4 tin ener(ie! i! crre!pndin( t the main re(ime tran!itin - Fi(+ 10+ The ener(; - pre!!ure !i(nal! at cn!tant (a! "elcitie!+ clumn (at ? l Z 0+03 m,!)+ 8 !en!i#le chan(e in pre!!ure !i(nal ener(ie! i! !een at a l* (a! "elcit; - 0+02 m,! !h*in( n #"i4 u! re(ime tran!itin in!ide the #ed+ Thi! i! al! cn!i!tent *ith Fi(+ B2 *hich i! pre!entin( the eEui"alent #u##le diameter path4 *a;! at certain liEuid "elcitie! and cn!tant (a! "elcitie!+ 4+2+ FreEuenc;4#a!ed anal;!e! $i#ratin and pre!!ure !i(nal! *ere decmp!ed in the -re4 Euenc; dmain t in"e!ti(ate the e--ect - chan(e in the #u##le 2
4 P S D F
( m
/ s
. H z ) P S D F
( m 2 / s 4 . H z ) P S D F
( m 2 / s 4 . H z ) P S D F
( m 2 / s 4 . H z ) P S D F
( m 2 / s 4 . H z ) P S D F
( m 2 / s 4 . H z ) P S D F
( m 2 / s 4 . H z ) P S D F
( m 2 / s 4 . H z ) P S D F
( m 2 / s 4 . H z ) P S D F
( m 2 / s 4 . H z ) P S D F
( m 2 / s 4 . H z ) P S D F
( m 2 / s 4 . H z ) P S D F
( m 2 / s 4 . H z ) P S D F
( m 2 / s 4 . H z ) 1L 1L 16 16 14 14 12 12 10 10 L L 6 6 4 4 2 2 0 0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000 0 0 0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000 0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000 f (Hz) f (Hz) f (Hz) (a1) U l Z 0+003 m,! (a2) U l Z 0+006 m,! (a3) U l Z 0+00L m,! 1L 1L 16 16 14 14 12 12 10 10 L L 6 6 4 4 2 2 0 0 0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000 0 2000 4000 6000 L000 1L 16 14 12 10 L 6 4 2 0 10000 0 2000 4000 6000 L000 1L 16 14 12 10 L 6 4 2 0 10000 0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000 f (Hz) f (Hz) f (Hz) f (Hz) (a4) U l Z 0+015 m,! (a5) U l Z 0+02 m,! (a) U l Z 0+03 m,! (a!) U l Z 0+05 m,! U g Z 0+05 m,! 1L 16 14 12 10 L 6 4 2 0 1L 1L 16 16 14 14 12 12 10 10 L L 6 6 4 4 2 2 0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000 0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000 0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000 f (Hz) f (Hz) f (Hz) (b1) U l Z 0+003 m,! (b2) U l Z 0+006 m,! (b3) U l Z 0+00L m,! 1L 16 14 12 10 L 6 4 2 0 0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000 f (Hz) 1L 16 14 12 10 L 6 4 2 0 0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000 f (Hz) 1L 16 14 12 10 L 6 4 2 0 0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000 f (Hz) 1L 16 14 12 10 L 6 4 2 0 0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000 f (Hz) (b4)U l Z 0+015 m,! (b5) U l Z 0+02 m,! (b) U l Z 0+03 m,! (b!)U l Z 0+05 m,! U g Z 0+03 m,! Fi(+ 11+ The p*er !pectral den!it; -unctin - "i#ratin !i(nal!2 #tained at a hei(ht - 0+135 m a#"e the di!tri#utr2 in the (a!liEuid t*4pha!e clumn at ? ( Z 0+052 0+032 and 0+02 m,!+ !i6e n the p*er - -reEuenc; !pectra+ Thru(h !uch anal;!e!2 it i! p!!i#le t #!er"e the e--ect - t* imprtant h;drd;4 namic prpertie! - the clumn2 i+e+2 #u##le !i6e di!tri#utin and re(ime tran!itin+ Fi(+ 11ac illu!trate! the p*er !pectra - "i#ratin !i(nal! at cn!tant (a! "elcitie! - 0+05 m,!2 0+03 m,! and 0+02 m,!2 re!pecti"el;+ 0t each (a! and liEuid "elc4 it;2 the >S%F *a! !tudied2 and it *a! -und that tran!itin -rm cale!ced t di!crete G* i! mani-e!ted in the !hape - the >S%F+ 0t ? l Z 0+003 m,! (Fi(+ 11a1) the p*er !pectrum i! rela4 ti"el; hi(h in "alue and narr* in di!tri#utin *ith a tendenc; t*ard! l* -reEuencie! (dminant pea1 at arund 750 F6)+ Thi! can #e attri#uted t cale!ced (lar(e) #u##le! *ith cl!e !i6e! at l*er -reEuencie!+ @; increa!in( the liEuid "elcit; t 0+006 m,! (Fi(+ 11a2)2 the >S%F #ecme! *ider *ith l*er "alue!+ 0t 0+006 m,! there are -e*er num#er! - cale!ced (lar(e) #u##le! at l*er -reEuencie!+ An additin2 there are !maller #u##le! *ith lar(er -reEuencie!+ 0-ter*ard!2 #; increa!in( the liEuid "elcit; -rm ? l Z 0+006 m,! (Fi(+ 11a2) t ? l Z 0+03 m,! (Fi(+ 11a6)2 >S%F! ha"e dminant pea1 at l*er -reEuencie! !h*in( increa!ed #u##le !i6e!+ Thi! i! in a(reement *ith #u##le Sauter mean diameter (r*th (Fi(+ B) up t the main tran!itin pint t di!4 inte(ratin( #u##le! at arund 0+03 m,! - liEuid "elcitie!+ Final4 l;2 at hi(h liEuid "elcitie! (Fi(+ 11a7) >S%F !h*! the ccurrence - !mall #u##le! at lar(e -reEuencie!+ 0t ? ( Z 0+03 m,!2 althu(h n !en!i#le chan(e in >S%F! i! !een at l* liEuid "elcitie! (Fi(+ 11#1#3)2 the !ame trend a! Fi(+ 11a i! !een at the tran!itin pint t di!crete #u##le G* (Fi(+ 11#4#7)+ 8arr* pea1! in the >S%F! at ? ( Z 0+02 m,! 2
4 P S D F
( m
/ s
. H z ) P S D F
( m 2 / s 4 . H z ) P S D F
( m 2 / s 4 . H z ) P S D F
( m 2 / s 4 . H z ) P S D F
( m 2 / s 4 . H z ) P S D F
( m 2 / s 4 . H z ) P S D F
( m 2 / s 4 . H z ) 1L 16 14 12 10 L 6 4 2 0 0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000 f (Hz) 1L 16 14 12 10 L 6 4 2 0 0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000 f (Hz) 1L 16 14 12 10 L 6 4 2 0 0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000 f (Hz) (c1) U l Z 0+003 m,! (c2) U l Z 0+006 m,! (c3) U l Z 0+00L m,! 1L 1L 1L 1L 16 16 16 16 14 14 14 14 12 12 12 12 10 10 10 10 L L L L 6 6 6 6 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 0 0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000 0 0 2000 4000 6000 L000 100 0 00 0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10 0 000 0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000 f (Hz) f (Hz) f (Hz) f (Hz) (c4) U l Z 0+015 m,! (c5)U l Z 0+02 m,! (c) U l Z 0+03 m,! (c!) U l Z 0+05 m,! U g Z 0+02 m,! Fi(+ 11+ (cntinued) (Fi(+ 11c1c7) are #!er"ed crre!pndin( t a narr* #u##le4 !i6e di!tri#utin+ 0t !uch cnditin2 liEuid G* ha! a -aded e--ect n #u##le! thru(hut the clumn+ At i! nte*rth; that at hi(h liEuid "elcitie!2 the #u##le4#rea1in( e--ect - liEuid can !till #e !een (Fi(+ 11c7)+ T #tain the detailed path*a; - di--erent !tructure! (#u##le #eha"ir) in!ide the #ed2 *a"elet anal;!i! n pre!!ure Guctuatin! *a! applied+ The num#er - decmp!itin le"el! *a! !et t #e ei(ht in rder t ha"e nine decmp!ed !u#4!i(nal! (a L a! the l*4-reEuenc; repre!entati"e and % 1L a! hi(h4-reEuenc; repre4 !entati"e!)+ Fi(+ 12ac !h*! the multi4re!lutin4anal;!i! !u#4 !i(nal ener(ie! #; increa!in( liEuid "elcitie! at cn!tant (a! "elcitie! - 0+052 0+032 and 0+02 m,!2 re!pecti"el;+ 0t a hi(h (a! "elcit; - 0+05 m,!2 Fi(+ 12a2 the dminant pea1 - !u#4!i(nal ener(ie! i! n % 5 at l* liEuid "elcitie! (e+(+2 0+003 m,!)+ @; an in4 crea!e in liEuid "elcit; t 0+006 m,!2 the cur"e i! !hi-ted t the le-t indicatin( that the ener(ie! - :ne (detail) !u#4!i(nal! (crre4 !pndin( t hi(hl;4!cillatin( !mall #u##le!) are pre"ailin( th!e - car!e !cale! (rele"ant t lar(er #u##le!)+ Thi! i! due t the in4 crea!e in #u##le !i6e up t the :r!t re(ime tran!itin pint2 pinted a! num#er 1 in Fi(+ 12a+ 0! it i! !een in Fi(+ 12a2 #; -urther increa!e in liEuid "elcit;2 the pea1 - !u#4 !i(nal ener(ie! i! !hi-tin( t the ri(ht2 !h*n *ith num#er 22 and then !tart! increa!in( it! prtin in the ttal ener(; (!ee num#er 4 in Fi(+ 12a)+ Thi! i! #a!icall; #e4 cau!e - an increa!e in #u##le !i6e up t the !ecnd #u##le4re(ime tran!itin pint at ? l Z 0+03 m,!+ An -act2 #; the increa!e - #u##le !i6e2 l*4!cillatin( #u##le! are -rmed2 *hich re!ult! in the de4 crea!e - :ne4!cale !u#4!i(nal ener(ie! (crre!pndin( t hi(h !cillatin!)2 and the increa!e - l*4-reEuenc; !u#4!i(nal ener(ie! (car!e !u#4!i(nal!)+ 0-ter the main #u##le4re(ime tran!itin pint at 0+03 m,! - liEuid "elcit;2 #u##le! are #ein( trn apart mani4 -e!ted in the de!cended pea1 (!ee num#er 5 in Fi(+ 12a) at % 6 and increa!e in :ne4!cale !u#4!i(nal ener(ie! due t the ccur4 rence - relati"el; !maller #u##le!+ Antere!tin(l;2 -urther increa!e in liEuid "elcit; t 0+07 m,! !hi-t! the pea1 t % 4 (arr* num#er 6 in Fi(+ 12a)2 'u!t the !ame a! the cnditin - #ed at the #e(innin( - #ed peratin at l* liEuid "elcitie!+ F*e"er2 at hi(h liEuid "elcitie! - 0+05 and 0+07 m,!2 the pre!ence - relati"el; lar(er #u##le! cmpared t "er; l* liEuid "elcitie! (e+(+2 0+003 m,!) i! cncluded #a!ed n the cmpari!n - car!e !u#4!i(nal ener(ie! at the!e t* cnditin!+ Thi! i! in accrdance *ith #u##le !i6e mea!urement! #tained #; pht(raph;2 i+e+2 Fi(+ B+ %ecrea!in( the (a! "elcit; t 0+03 m,!2 the ener(; - *hle multi4re!lutin4anal;!i! !u#4!i(nal !pectra *a! calculated+ Fi(+ 12# pre!ent! the ener(; prtin chan(e - "ariu! !u#4!i(4 nal! #; increa!in( liEuid "elcit; at a cn!tant (a! "elcit; - 0+03 m,!+ The #ed i! !tartin( *ith a dminant pea1 - !u#4!i(nal ener(ie! at % 4 at l* liEuid "elcitie!+ Thi! pea1 i! "ani!hin( #; an increa!e in liEuid "elcitie! (i"in( ri!e t a!cendin( pea1! at % 6 + Finall;2 the pea1! at % 6 !tart de!cendin( #; -urther increa!e in liEuid "elcitie! (? l \ 0+03 m,!) re!ultin( in a!cendin( pea1! at % 4 + Such trend i! in -ull accrdance *ith the !4called ne re4 (ime tran!itin pint at mderate (a! "elcitie! (e+(+2 0+03 m,!)+ Startin( -rm a "er; l* liEuid "elcit;2 #; increa!in( liEuid "elcit;2 #u##le! are cale!cin( t(ether up t the re(ime tran!i4 tin pint at 0+03 m,! - liEuid "elcit;+ Such cale!cin( #eha"ir enhanced #; liEuid "elcit; i! cau!in( the ener(; - :ne4!cale !u#4!i(nal! t decrea!e and the ener(; - car!e4!cale !u#4!i(nal! t increa!e (arr*! num#er 1 and 2 in Fi(+ 12#) due t the ccur4 rence - relati"el; l*4!cillatin( #u##le! (lar(e #u##le!)+ 0-ter the re(ime tran!itin pint2 a hi(h !hear exerted n #u##le! #; liEuid pha!e i! #rea1in( the #u##le!2 *hich lead! t the pre!ence - !maller #u##le! *ith hi(her ener(ie! in their :ne4!cale !u#4 !i(nal! due t ri!in( *ith hi(her !cillatin( -reEuencie! (arr* num#er 3 n Fi(+ 12#)+ Further decrea!e - (a! "elcit; t 0+02 m,! re!ult! in !u#4!i(nal ener(; !pectra !h*n in Fi(+ 12c+ Thi! :(ure i! illu!tratin( the mul4 ti4re!lutin4anal;!i! !u#4!i(nal ener(; prtin #; chan(in( liEuid "elcit; at a cn!tant (a! "elcit; - 0+02 m,!+ 0! can #e !een in thi! :(ure2 n di!tin(ui!ha#le manner can #e -und due t the lac1 - an; !en!i#le re(ime tran!itin at l* (a! "elcitie!+ F*e"er2 the "erall e--ect - liEuid "elcit; n #u##le !i6e i! !tarted #; a de4 crea!e in pea1! at % 6 at l* liEuid "elcitie! and ended at relati"el; hi(her :ne4!cale ener(ie! (e+(+2 % 3 2 % 4 2 and % 5 ) at a hi(h liEuid "elcit; - 0+07 m,! !h*in( the !li(ht e--ect - liEuid !hear n #u##le! *ith the !ame trend a! that - ? ( Z 0+03 m,!+ ?lZ0+003 m,! 4 5 ?lZ0+006 m,! 1 ?lZ0+00L m,! 3 ?lZ0+015 m,! 6 ?lZ0+02 m,! 2 ?lZ0+03 m,! ?lZ0+05 m,! ?lZ0+07 m,! "elcit; and ne main and ne -aded tran!itin pint! at mderate and l* (a! "elcitie!2 re!pecti"el;2 *ere detected #; liEuid "elc4 it; "ariatin!+ Stati!tical and -reEuenc;4#a!ed apprache! *ere u!ed t explit in-rmatin -rm the "i#ratin and pre!!ure !i(4 nal!+ %i--erent peratin( mde! at "ariu! peratin( (a! "elcitie! *ere detected #; the !tandard de"iatin - "i#ratin !i(nal!+ F*4 e"er2 cmpared t pre!!ure Guctuatin!2 the !tandard de"iatin - "i#ratin !i(nal! *a! le!! !en!iti"e t the e--ect - liEuid G* n the #u##le !i6e+ The !1e*ne!! - #th "i#ratin and pre!!ure Guc4 tuatin! !h*ed a (d !en!iti"it; t re(ime tran!itin pint! *hile "i#ratin! *ere mre !ucce!!-ul than pre!!ure Guctuatin! in determinin( the :r!t tran!itin pint+ The 1urt!i! - "i#ratin! *a! -und t #e mre relia#le in detectin( the tran!itin pint! cmpared t pre!!ure Guctuatin!+ 0l!2 pre!!ure Guctuatin ener4 %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %L aL (ie! pr"ed t #e a !imple2 ;et tru!ta#le *a; - treatin( !i(nal! t E k
( " ) E k
( " ) E k
( " ) 45 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 #ulti$resolution$anal%sis sub$si&nals (a) U g Z 0+05 m,! 40 ?lZ0+003 m,! de:ne #u##le #eha"ir in!ide the clumn+ Furthermre2 anal;6in( the !i(nal! in the -reEuenc; dmain !u((e!ted the path*a; - #u#4 #le #eha"ir alteratin #a!ed n their !i6e at di--erent peratin( cnditin! - (a! and liEuid "elcitie!+ The ener(; - "ariu! mul4 ti4re!lutin4anal;!i! !u#4!i(nal! !h*ed t #e an accurate repre4 35 ?lZ0+006 m,! 1 ?lZ0+00L m,! 30 ?lZ0+015 m,! ?lZ0+02 m,! ?lZ0+03 m,! 20 ?lZ0+05 m,! ?lZ0+07 m,! 15 10 5 0 2 !entati"e - #u##le (radual chan(e in!ide the clumn+ 0ccrdin(l;2 it *a! !h*n that at hi(h (a! "elcitie!2 a !hi-t t the le-t in !u#4 !i(nal ener(; !pectra de:ned the :r!t #u##le tran!itin pint 3 *hile a (radual de!cend in the pea1! at % 5 !u#4!i(nal! and a!cend in % 6 !u#4!i(nal! *ith their crre!pndin( e--ect n the *hle en4 er(; prtin !pectra captured the !ecnd re(ime tran!itin pint+ 0t mderate (a! "elcitie!2 a (radual !hi-t -rm % 4 t % 6 up t the main re(ime tran!itin pint and then a re"er!e4#ac1 !hi-t The pht(raph! - #u##le! *ere u!ed t #!er"e the #u##le #eha"ir at di--erent peratin( cnditin!+ The!e #!er"atin! *ere !h*n t #e cn!i!tent *ith the re!ult! extracted -rm the !i(nal prce!!in( methd!+ The re!ult! - thi! !tud; are !u((e!ted %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %L aL #ulti$resolution$anal%sis sub$si&nals (#) U g Z 0+03 m,! 30 ?lZ0+003 m,! ?lZ0+006 m,! 25 ?lZ0+00L m,! ?lZ0+015 m,! ?lZ0+02 m,! 20 ?lZ0+03 m,! ?lZ0+05 m,! 15 ?lZ0+07 m,! 10 5 0 %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %L aL #ulti$resolution$anal%sis sub$si&nals (c) U g Z 0+02 m,! Fi(+ 12+ The ener(; - multi4re!lutin4anal;!i! !u#4!i(nal! #tained at cn!tant (a! and "aria#le liEuid "elcitie! #; *a"elet anal;!i!+ 5+ Cnclu!in 8"el nn4intru!i"e mea!urement!2 namel; the "i#ratin (acceleratin) - #ed !hell a! an in!pectin tl2 a! *ell a! crre4 !pndin( !i(nal prce!!in( methd! -r h;drd;namic character4 i6atin - a t*4pha!e (a!liEuid clumn *ith #th (a! and liEuid G*! *ere intrduced+ T* tran!itin pint! at a hi(h (a! t #e u!ed in nn4in"a!i"e characteri6atin - indu!trial (a!4liEuid prce!!e!2 e!peciall;2 th!e #ein( perated at !e"er temperature and pre!!ure cnditin!+ 0c1n*led(ement The authr! *uld li1e t than1 8i!e2 $i#ratin2 and 0cu!tic! (8$0) <a#+2 Schl - 9echanical En(ineerin(2 Clle(e - En(ineer4 in(2 ?ni"er!it; - Tehran -r their help in data acEui!itin+ 3e-erence! J1K 9+4T+ 5a2 9+ Firata2 F+ Ta1ana!hi2 T+ Fan2 =6ne ma!! tran!-er in a ne* (a! liEuid cntactrDarman cntactr2 Sep+ >uri-+ Technl+ 42 (2005) 14514B+ J2K C+ Sanche62 0+ Cu"ert2 0+ <aplanche2 C+ 3enner2 F;drd;namic and ma!! tran!-er in a ne* c4current t*4pha!e G* (a!liEuid cntactr2 Chem+ En(+ C+ 131 (2007) 4B5L+ J3K F+D+ Die!2 @+ @enadda2 9+ =tter#ein2 Experimental !tud; n ma!! tran!-er - a c4current (a!liEuid cntactr per-rmin( under hi(h (a! "elcitie!2 Chem+ En(+ >rce!!+ 43 (2004) 13LB13B5+ J4K S+ Drichna"aru12 >+ >a"a!ant2 0nal;!i! - (a!liEuid ma!! tran!-er in an airli-t cntactr *ith per-rated plate!2 Chem+ En(+ C+ LB (2002) 203211+ J5K F+5+ Tu12 %+C+ 5e"e1e2 F+P+ 7han(2 8n4thermal inacti"atin - E!cherichia cli D12 in #u--ered peptne *ater u!in( a pilt4plant !cale !upercritical car#n dixide !;!tem *ith a (a!liEuid pru! metal cntactr2 Fd Cntrl 20 (200B) L47L51+ J6K T+ Dai2 T+ 8a(an2 T+ Fu1umt2 9+ 8a1a'ima2 T+ Ta1aha!hi2 0uttrphic (r*th - acidithi#acillu! -errxidan! #; xidatin - mlecular h;dr(en u!in( a (a!liEuid cntactr2 @ire!ur+ Technl+ BL (2007) 460464+ J7K 5+9+ %e @iller#ec12 C+ Fnade2 Characteri6atin - a ne* (a!liEuid cntactr -r the #il(ical treatment - (a!eu! indu!trial e-Guent!2 @itechnl+ Tech+ 10 (1BB6) 755760+ JLK %+ Cha1ra#rt;2 5+S+3+ Dri!hna2 S+ Cha1ra#rt;2 @+C+ 9ei1ap2 F;drd;namic characteri!tic! - a !par(ed (a! liEuid cntactr -r :ne #u##le (eneratin2 And+ En(+ Chem+ 3e!+ 4L (200B) 112251122B+ JBK T+ Fan2 S+ Han(2 F+ <i2 C+ Si2 S+ 7hu2 Experimental !tud; n re:ner; (a! de!ul-uri6atin u!in( (a!liEuid mem#rane cntactr2 China >etrle >rc+ >etrchem+ Technl+ (200B) 333L+ J10K 7+0+ Arani2 9+3+ 9ehrnia2 F+ Ta6dian2 9+ Sheil;2 5+ 9he#ali2 @+ 3a!e1h2 0nal;!i! - petrleum #ide!ul-uri6atin in an airli-t #ireactr u!in( re!pn!e !ur-ace methdl(;2 @ire!ur+ Technl+ 102 (2011) 105L5105B1+ J11K >+T+ 8(u;en2 E+ <a!!eu(uette2 T+ 9edina45n6ale62 C+C+ 3emi(;2 %+ 3i6ard2 E+ Fa"re2 0 den!e mem#rane cntactr -r inten!i:ed C= 2 (a!,liEuid a#!rptin in p!t4cm#u!tin capture2 C+ 9em#rane Sci+ 377 (2011) 261272+ J12K E+ Cha#ann2 C+ @uallu2 C+C+ 3emi(;2 E+ <a!!eu(uette2 T+ 9edina2 E+ Fa"re2 >+T+ 8(u;en2 %+ 3i6ard2 Stud; - an inn"ati"e (a!liEuid cntactr -r C=2 a#!rptin2 in) 10th Anternatinal Cn-erence n 5reenhu!e 5a! Cntrl Technl(ie! 20112 pp+ 176B1776+ J13K 9+ Fallan6a2 0+ =rti62 %+ 5rri2 A+ =rti62 E--ect - liEuid G* n the !eparatin - prp;lene,prpane mixture! *ith a (a!,liEuid mem#rane cntactr u!in( 0(M43TA< !lutin!2 %e!alin+ Hater Treat+ 27 (2011) 12312B+ J14K C+ Su2 3+ <i2 <+ Han(2 C+ <i2 S+ Sun2 3em"al - #en6ene -rm nitr(en #; u!in( pl;prp;lene hll* :#er (a!liEuid mem#rane cntactr2 Sep+ >uri-+ Technl+ 6L (200B) 75L2+ J15K >+ Chilu1uri2 D+ 3adema1er!2 D+ 8;mei'er2 <+ $an %er Fam2 F+%+ $an @er(2 >rp;lene,prpane !eparatin *ith a (a!,liEuid mem#rane cntactr u!in( a !il"er !alt !lutin2 And+ En(+ Chem+ 3e!+ 46 (2007) L701L70B+ J16K @+ Haldie2 H+D+ Farri!2 Strippin( per-rmance - a ne* hi(h inten!it; (a!, liEuid cntactr2 in) >rceedin(! - the 1BB7 S;mp!ium n %i!tillatin and 0#!rptpn+ >art 1 (- 2)2 1BB72 pp+ 37137L+ J17K C+0+ >edit2 D+C+ A*ama!a2 C+T+ 9iller2 H+F+ 5la6e2 %e"elpment and applicatin - a (a!liEuid cntactr mdel -r !imulatin( ad"anced xidatin prce!!e!2 En"irn+ Sci+ Technl+ 31 (1BB7) 27B127B6+ J1LK 9+ 0!(harpur2 9+3+ 9ehrnia2 8+ 9!tu:2 E--ect - !ur-ace cntaminant! n x;(en tran!-er in #u##le clumn reactr!2 @ichem+ En(+ C+ 4B (2010) 351 360+ J1BK 7+ Cia2 P+ Chan(2 0+ 9amat2 >reparatin - nanparticle! *ith a !emi4#atch (a! liEuid mem#rane cntactr2 Chem+ En(+ >rce!!+ 50 (2011) L10L14+ J20K 7+ Cia2 P+ Chan(2 C+ Pin2 F+ Sun2 >reparatin - nanparticle! *ith a cntinuu! (a!liEuid mem#rane cntactr) a#!rptin prce!!2 C+ 9em#rane Sci+ 352 (2010) 5054+ J21K 9+ 3e6a1a6emi2 7+ 8ia6i2 9+ 9ir-endere!1i2 S+ Shira6ian2 T+ 9hammadi2 0+ >a12 CF% !imulatin - natural (a! !*eetenin( in a (a!liEuid hll*4:#er mem#rane cntactr2 Chem+ En(+ C+ 16L (2011) 12171226+ J22K F+F+ >ar12 @+3+ %e!h*al2 A+H+ Dim2 F+D+ <ee2 0#!rptin - S=2 -rm Gue (a! u!in( >$%F hll* :#er mem#rane! in a (a!liEuid cntactr2 C+ 9em#rane Sci+ 31B (200L) 2B37+ J23K F+ Ta6dian2 9+>+ Fa'ia##a!2 S+0+ Sh'a!adati2 9+ 8!rati2 E+ $a!he(hani4 Farahani2 9+3+ 9ehrnia2 Stud; - h;drd;namic!2 ma!! tran!-er2 ener(; cn!umptin2 and #ima!! prductin -rm natural (a! in a -rced4liEuid "ertical tu#ular lp #ireactr2 @ichem+ En(+ C+ 4B (2010) 1B2200+ J24K 3+ 9aceira!2 E+ ^l"are62 9+0+ Cancela2 Experimental inter-acial area mea!urement! in a #u##le clumn2 Chem+ En(+ C+ 163 (2010) 331336+ J25K T+ Han(2 H+ Fan2 T+ <iu2 7+ 7en(2 S+ Fa2 9+ Chan(2 C+ 7han(2 T+ Su2 F+ Sian(2 T+ <i2 9delin( - the Fi!cherTrp!ch !;nthe!i! in !lurr; #u##le clumn reactr!2 Chem+ En(+ >rce!!+ 47 (200L) 22222L+ J26K C+ 9erchu12 S+ @en47"i2 D+ 8iran'an2 Hh; u!e #u##le4clumn #ireactr!_2 Trend! @itechnl 12 (1BB4) 501511+ J27K 3+ 9aceira!2 ^+ Cancela2 9ea!urement - the inter-acial area durin( C= 2 capture *ith al1anlamine!2 Chem+ En(+ C+ 172 (2011) 335340+ J2LK 3+S+ 0#dulmh!in2 @+0+ 0#id2 9+F+ 0l4%ahhan2 Feat tran!-er !tud; in a pilt4 plant !cale #u##le clumn2 Chem+ En(+ 3e!+ %e!+ LB (2011) 7LL4+ J2BK 8+ Dantarci2 F+ @ra12 D+=+ ?l(en2 @u##le clumn reactr!2 >rce!! @ichem+ 40 (2005) 226322L3+ J30K T+T+ Shah2 @+5+ Del1ar2 S+>+ 5d#le2 H+%+ %ec1*er2 %e!i(n parameter! e!timatin! -r #u##le clumn reactr!2 0lChE C+ 2L (1BL2) 35337B+ J31K 0+D+ 8a;a12 7+ @r1a2 <+E+ >atrun2 F+ Sprleder2 C+0+ %ra2 F+0+ Ca1#!en2 0 cm#ined multiGuid4ppulatin #alance mdel -r "ertical (a! liEuid #u##le4 dri"en G*! cn!iderin( #u##le clumn peratin( cnditin!2 And+ En(+ Chem+ 3e!+ 50 (2011) 17L617BL+ J32K F+ 9ar!chall2 3+ 9rnhin*e(2 0+ D!!mann2 S+ =#erhau!er2 D+ <an(#ein2 =+ Finrich!en2 8umerical !imulatin - di!per!ed (a!,liEuid G*! in #u##le clumn! at hi(h pha!e -ractin! u!in( =penF=09