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Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 45 (2013) 6374

Cntent! li!t! a"aila#le at Sci$er!e Science% irect


Experimental tiin a termic& i Fluid
' urnal h mepa(e) ***+ el ! e "i er + cm, l cat e, et - !
.n ele(erea hidrdinamic& #ule /n clane de #ule
0mir Shei1hi
1
2 3ahmat Studeh45hare#a(h

2 3e6a 7ar(hami2 8a"id 9!tu:2 9ehrdad 0l:


9ultipha!e S;!tem! 3e!earch <a#+2 =il and 5a! >rce!!in( Centre - Excellence2 Schl - Chemical En(ineerin(2 Clle(e - En(ineerin(2 ?ni"er!it; - Tehran2 >+=+ @x 11155,45632
Tehran2 Aran
a r t i c l e i n -
0rticle hi!tr;)
3ecei"ed 31 9arch 2012
3ecei"ed in re"i!ed -rm 1B Cul; 2012
0ccepted B =ct#er 2012
0"aila#le nline 30 =ct#er 2012
De;*rd!) 5a!liEuid
clumn
F;drd;namic!
$i#ratin in!pectin
>re!!ure Guctuatin!
FreEuenc; anal;!i!
Ha"elet tran!-rm
a # ! t r a c t
Cmparati" cu clane cla!ice cu #ule de (a6 4 lichid 2 clane de (a6 lichid 2 inclu!i" cu (a6 i
-luxurile de lichide au -!t in"e!ti(ate mai pu in 2 datrit& hidrdinamicii lr cmplexe i di-icult& i
pera inale + .n ace!t !tudiu 2 metde nn4 intru6i"e !imultane de "i#ra ii ca'& de clan& i de
-luctua ie pre!iune m&!ur&trile !4au cuplat cu -t(ra-ia direct& i anali6& de ima(ine pentru
caracteri6area #ule + %i-erite anali6e !ta 4 ti!tic i -rec"en & au -!t e-ectuate pe !emnalelr de
accelera ie i de pre!iune -luctua ii a determina capacitatea lr de a interpreta cmprtamentul #ule /n
interirul clanei + %e"ia ia !tandard a !emnalelr de "i#ra ie a ar&tat !en!i#ilitate mai mic& la un
cmprtament #ule /n cmpara ie cu cel al -luctua iile de pre!iune + S1e*ne!! de "i#ra ii i de pre!iune
-luctua ii ar putea detecta cu #ule puncte de tran6i ie re(im la tate "ite6ele (a6elr !tudiat i lichide
timp de "i#ra ii i de pre!iune -luctua ii exce! ar putea detecta dar punctul de tran6i ie principal al
clanei 2 la "ite6& de lichid mderat + Sa cn!tatat c& /n a-ar& de metde !tati!tice peridice 2 ener(ia
de !emnale de pre!iune ar putea pre6ice puncte de tran6i ie re(im #ule !ucce! cmplet + .n timp ce de
cntrl pe #a6& de "i#ra ii a aratat mai mult !en!i#ilitate la di!tri#u ia m&rimii #ule ( !imilar cu de"ia ia
!tandard de !emnale de pre!iune ) 2 anali6a -rec"en ei pe !emnale de pre!iune !4au d"edit a -i un
repre6entant puternic de #ule Sauter medie cu diametrul de mdi-icare de "aria ie a -luxului de lichid la
(a6 cn!tante ener(ie cinetica 4 itie! + 9ai mult decIt atIt 2 prin tran!-rmare *a"elet di!crete pe #a6& de
ener(ie 2 am de-initexact cale 4 calea di-eritelr !u#4 !emnal e"lu ii (raduale a lun(ul unei (ame lar(i
de cndi ii de -unc inare a (a6ului i "ite6elr lichide i capturat puncte de tran6i ie de re(im /n
cn!ecin & + 9etdele prpu!e /n acea!t& lucrare pt -i utili6ate pentru caracteri6area hidrdinamic nn4
intru6i" /n clanele cu #ule indu!triale+
2012 El!e"ier Anc+ 0ll ri(ht! re!er"ed+
1+ Antrductin
5a!liEuid cntactr! are *idel; u!ed in "ariu! indu!trie!
!uch a! chemical J14K2 #ichemical2 #itechnl(; J57K2 #imed4
ical JLK2 petrchemical and re:nin( JB210K2 en"irnmental2 !epara4
tin and puri:catin J111LK2 nantechnl(; J1B220K and (a!
prce!!in( indu!trie! J2123K+ 0mn( !uch cntactr!2 #u##le cl4
umn!2 *ith r *ithut liEuid G*2 are - a cn!idera#le impr4
tance in numeru! prce!! unit!+ Andu!trial plant! *hich are
dealin( *ith ph;!ical J24K and,r chemical interactin! #et*een
(a! and liEuid pha!e! a! *ell a! (a!liEuid!lid J25K cntactr!
pr:t -rm the ea!e - cn!tructin J26K2 hi(h inter-acial area
and cn!eEuentl; hi(h ma!! J27K and heat J2LK tran!-er rate!2 !ta4
#le temperature J2BK2 the ea!e - ener(; pr"idence and the hi(h
liEuid hld up J30K - #u##le clumn! J31K+
Succe!!-ul de!i(n2 peratin2 !cale! up and ptimi6atin -
#u##le clumn! hi(hl; depend! n the h;drd;namic! - !uch

Crre!pndin( authr+ Tel+) MBL 21 66B7 6L63N -ax) MBL 21 6646 1024+
E4mail addre!!e!) amir+!hei1hiOmail+mc(ill+ca (0+ Shei1hi)2 !tudehOut+ac+ir
(3+ Studeh45hare#a(h)+
1
>re!ent addre!!) Chemical En(ineerin( %epartment2 9c5ill ?ni"er!it;2 9ntreal2
Pue#ec F30 0C52 Canada+
cntactr!+ 0lthu(h "ariu! theretical e--rt! t mdel t*4
pha!e (a!liEuid cntactr! ha"e #een underta1en J323LK2 ne*
experimental apprache! -r h;drd;namic in!pectin! are -
(reat intere!t! in indu!trial and 3Q% cmmunitie!+ Hall pre!!ure
Guctuatin! *ere u!ed t !tud; the e--ect - "ariu! !par(er (em4
etrie! n #u##le G* re(ime! in #u##le clumn! J3BK+ Fl* pattern
and !tructure *ere in"e!ti(ated #; mean! - pre!!ure Guctua4
tin! cm#ined *ith particle ima(e "elcimetr; J40K+ Chatic
#eha"ir - #u##le! *ere !tudied u!in( pre!!ure !i(nal! and
la!er4phttran!i!tr J41K+ 0l!2 #u##lin(4t4'ettin( re(ime tran!i4
tin *a! in"e!ti(ated #; plenum pre!!ure Guctuatin! mnitrin(
J42K+ Tur#ulence in the heter(eneu! #u##le re(ime *a! charac4
teri6ed #; cha! anal;!i! n pre!!ure Guctuatin! J43K+
Simnnet et al+ !tudied the dra( ce-:cient n the (a! #u##le
!*arm u!in( la!er %ppler "elcimetr; J44K+ Farte"eld et al+ J45K
and =lm! et al+ J46K u!ed la!er %ppler anemmetr; -r the accu4
rate e!timatin - tur#ulence p*er !pectra and G* re(ime tran4
!itin identi:catin2 re!pecti"el;+ 9a(netic re!nance ima(in( *a!
utili6ed t characteri6e h;drd;namic! - paEue multipha!e !;!4
tem! !uch a! !lurr; #u##le clumn! J47K+ 0l!2 particle ima(e
"elcimetr; *a! -und t #e a#le t de:ne #u##le "elcit; and
G* re(ime! in!ide a t*4pha!e (a!liEuid clumn J4L50K+
Similar ad"anced2 nn4intru!i"e #ut expen!i"e methd!2 !uch a!
0LB441777,R 4 !ee -rnt matter 2012 El!e"ier Anc+ 0ll ri(ht! re!er"ed+
http),,dx+di+r(,10+1016,'+expthermGu!ci+2012+10+00L
6
0+ Shei1hi et al+ , Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 45 (2013) 6374 0+ Shei1hi et al+ , Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 45 (2013) 6374
6
8menclature
a
1
apprximatin !u#4!i(nal
0
n
amplitude in a time !erie! at a certain -reEuenc; - -
n
(1>a r m,!
2
)
CHT cntinuu! *a"elet tran!-rm
8 data pint num#er in a !ample
< !e(ment (*ind*) num#er in a time !erie!
p indicatin( pre!!ure Guctuatin experiment!
>
xx
a"era(e p*er !pectrum (1>a
2
,F6 r m
2
,!
4
F6)
n 2 2 4
d
e
eEui"alent #u##le diameter (m) >
xx
p*er !pectrum -r each !e(ment (1>a ,F6 r m ,! F6)
d
m2'
minr len(th (!malle!t Feret diameter) - #u##le! (m)
d
92'
ma'r len(th (lar(e!t Feret diameter) - #u##le! (m)
d
S
Sauter mean diameter - #u##le! (m)
%
1
detail !u#4!i(nal
S(-) di!crete Furier tran!-rm
%HT di!crete *a"elet tran!-rm
E ener(; - >S%F (1>a
2
r m
2
,!
4
)
E
a
ener(; - apprximatin !u#4!i(nal ce-:cient (1>a
2
r
m
2
,!
4
)
E
%
ener(; - detail !u#4!i(nal ce-:cient (1>a
2
r m
2
,!
4
)
- de!ired -reEuenc; (F6)
i ima(inar; unit
1 !u#4!i(nal num#er
D 1urt!i! r the -rth mment
n cunter
n
'
#u##le num#er *ith eEui"alent diameter - d
e2'
>S%F p*er !pectral den!it; -unctin (1>a
2
,F6 r m
2
,!
4
F6)
E time4la( ce-:cient
S !1e*ne!! r the third mment
t time (!)
?
(
(a! "elcit; (m,!)
?
l
liEuid "elcit; (m,!)
" indicatin( "i#ratin (acceleratin) experiment!
x
n
time !erie! data (1>a r m,!
2
)
5ree1 !;m#l!
d !cale -actr
r !tandard de"iatin
! !hi-t -actr
* mther *a"elet -unctin
cmputer4autmated radiacti"e particle trac1in( J51K2 cmputed
tm(raph; J52K2 electrical re!i!tance J53K and capacitance J54K
tm(raph; ha"e al! #een u!ed #; a "ariet; - re!earcher!+
3ecentl;2 0##a!i et al+ !u((e!ted the nn4intru!i"e mea!ure4
ment and anal;!i! - "i#ratin! in #th time J55K and -reEuenc;
J56K dmain! t characteri6e the h;drd;namic! - (a!!lid
Guid4 i6ed #ed!+ The; *ere a#le t de:ne main tran!itin pint!
in!ide the #ed a! *ell a! #u##le #eha"ir u!in( re(ular !i(nal
prce!!in( methd!+ Shei1hi et al+ J57K ha"e !h*n that "i#ratin
in!pectin can al! #e u!ed a! a relia#le methd -r the
h;drd;namic char4 acteri6atin - liEuid!lid Guidi6ed #ed!+
The; predicted mini4 mum liEuid4Guidi6atin and !lid4re(ime
tran!itin cnditin!+ Tet2 n e--rt ha! #een made t characteri6e
(a!liEuid cntactr! #; mean! - !imultaneu! "i#ratin and
pre!!ure Guctuatin! anal;!e!+ The aim - thi! *r1 i! a critical
cmparati"e !tud; n the applica#ilit; - "i#ratin and pre!!ure
Guctuatin !i(nal pr4 ce!!in( -r the h;drd;namic
characteri6atin - #u##le #eha"ir in!ide #u##le clumn!+
Electrical !i(nal! #tained -rm "i#ratin in!pectin and pre!!ure
Guctuatin! *ere prce!!ed in time and -reEuenc; dmain! and
the extracted in-rmatin *ere u!ed t determine the
h;drd;namic !tate - a #u##le clumn at a *ide ran(e -
indu!trial (a!liEuid t*4pha!e reactr peratin( cnditin!+
2+ 9aterial! and methd!
2+1+ Experimental !et4up
The #u##le clumn u!ed in thi! !tud; *a! made - a 2 m hei(ht
>lexi(la! clumn *ith an inner diameter - 0+0B m2 pre!ented in
Fi(+ 1+ 0ir at am#ient temperature2 prduced #; a cmpre!!r2
*a! intrduced int the 0+1 m hi(h (a!liEuid en(a(ement !ectin
-rm the #ttm - the #ed u!in( a c;lindrical pru! ceramic air
!par(er *ith a 0+03 m diameter and 0+0L5 m len(th cn!i!tin( -
0+0001 m pre!+ Tap *ater2 a! the cntinuu! pha!e2 *a! pumped
int the en(a(ement !ectin+ En(a(ement !ectin *a! :lled *ith
0+01 m (la!! #ead! -r #etter mixin( - air and *ater+ The mixture
- (a! and liEuid *a! then !ent int the #ed thru(h a per-rated
plate di!tri#utr includin( 110 hle! - 0+3 cm4diameter2 placed
*ith a trian(ular pitch2 -ll*ed #; a 0+0003 m me!h !creen+ The
upper !ectin - the #ed ((a!liEuid di!en(a(ement 6ne) *a!
!et t "ent the air int the atm!phere and circulate the *ater+
2+2+ $i#ratin and pre!!ure Guctuatin !i(nal acEui!itin
Fr the nn4intru!i"e "i#ratin in!pectin - the clumn2 t*
%C@ accelermeter! *ith !en!iti"itie! - 100 m$,m!
2
*ere u!ed
in the experiment!+ The cut -- -reEuenc; *a! !et t 65 1F6 t pre4
"ent data l!! in the "i#ratin !i(nal!+ 0t each run2 the data *ere
recrded -r 30 !+ T* accelermeter! *ere (lued t 0+045 m and
0+135 m a#"e the di!tri#utr n the uter !ur-ace - the clumn
*all+ T en!ure the reprduci#ilit; - the data2 each te!t *a! cn4
ducted 23 time!2 randml;+ The anal( !i(nal! prduced #; accel4
ermeter! *ere cn"erted t di(ital !i(nal! and recrded #; a
@QD >?<SE !;!tem u!in( 3560 t;pe hard*are+ The -reEuenc; -
external ni!e !urce! *a! identi:ed and eliminated -rm #ed
"i#ratin !i(4 nal! #; l*4pa!! and hi(h4pa!! :lter!+
T mea!ure pre!!ure Guctuatin!2 a pie6re!i!ti"e a#!lute
pre!!ure tran!ducer (D#ld2 SE84324L(@075)) *a! in!talled at
the hei(ht - 0+135 m a#"e the (a!liEuid di!tri#utr and pp4
!ite t the accelermeter t a"id pr#a#le cnGict!+ The pre!!ure
Guctuatin! *ere recrded #; a data acEui!itin !;!tem (0d"an4
tech >CA41712<) *ith a -reEuenc; - 400 F6 -r 163+L4 !+ The -re4
Euenc; - !amplin( -r #th acceleratin and pre!!ure *a! !et in
a *a; that !ati!:e! the Shann8;Eui!t criterin #; #ein( (reater
than 2 time! the maximum -reEuenc; *ithin the !pectrum J55257K+
2+3+ Ama(e acEui!itin and anal;!i!
T #tain #u##le !i6e di!tri#utin and eEui"alent #u##le !i6e at
each peratin( cnditin2 a pht(raphic techniEue *a! u!ed+ @u#4
#le ima(e! *ere pht(raphed u!in( a di(ital CC% camera (Cann
>*erSht4SA3) at a hei(ht - 0+135 m a#"e the (a!liEuid
di!tri#4 utr t en!ure the eliminatin - initial liEuid 'ettin(
e--ect+ Ama(e! - nt le!! than 250 #u##le! *ere anal;6ed t
determine !mall (minr) and lar(e (ma'r) #u##le diameter!
(Feret diameter!)2 and #u##le !i6e di!tri#utin at "ariu!
peratin( cnditin!+ 0 ru4 ler *a! placed in!ide the clumn at
the -cal di!tance - camera t determine the real #u##le !i6e+
Finall;2 the eEui"alent !i6e - #u#4
Sec iune
de6an(a'are
$entilare (a6
3eciclare lichid clan&
@ule de (a6
%e#i4
metre
lichide
Fa6& lichid&
3#inete
de
prele"are
a pr#elr
3e6er4
"r de
ap&
>mp&
de
reiclare
>mp&
CC%
camera
FIrtie
di-u6r
%i!tri#ui4
tr (a64
lichid
0er
<ampa
cu
hal4
(en
E"acuare ap&
Sec iune
an(a'ame
nt
9&r(ele de !ticl&
@ar#tare de (a6
Fi(+ 1+ S c h e ma d e c l a n a d e ( a 6 4 l i c h i d / n d u & - a 6 e + +
#le!2 de:ned a! an eEui"alent !phere diameter *ith the !ame "l4
ume a! the #u##le2 *a! calculated+ The #u##le !i6e chan(e at cn4
!tant (a! and "ariu! liEuid "elcitie! *a! in"e!ti(ated #; the
direct pht(raph; - #u##le! at the lcatin - pre!!ure mea!ure4
3
x
S U V
V W
W
parameter! *ere u!ed t anal;6e the !i(nal! in the time dmain+
Standard de"iatin i! a mea!ure - the data !et di!per!in -rm
it! mean and i! de:ned a! -ll*!)
v
u
1
n
ment!+ The Sauter mean diameter - #u##le! *a! calculated -rm)
r U
u
X
x xW
2
3W
8
X
n
'
d
eN'
t
n 1
V
i
V
iU1
d
S
U
'U 1
8
2
V1W
*here the mean "alue i! calculated -rm)
1
n
X
n
'
d
eN'
'U1
x U
n
X
i
iU1
V4W
in *hich the #u##le eEui"alent diameter can #e calculated u!in()
q
3

S1e*ne!! i! a mea!ure - !;mmetr;2 r mre preci!el; lac1 -


!;mmetr;2 in the di!tri#utin - a !i(nal)
d
eN'
U d
9N'
d
mN'
2 n X
3
*here d
92'
and d
m2'
are the lar(e and !mall diameter! - "al4!haped
#u##le!+
3+ %ata treatment methd!
$i#ratin and pre!!ure Guctuatin !i(nal! *ere anal;6ed in
#th time and -reEuenc; dmain! a! de!cri#ed #el*+ Stati!tical
Vx
i
xW
iU1
5
Vn 1Wr
3
8e(ati"e r p!iti"e "alue! -r the !1e*ne!! indicate that data
are !1e*ed le-t r ri(ht2 re!pecti"el;+
Durt!i! i! de:ned a! the de(ree - the pea1edne!! - data and
i! a criterin *hether the di!tri#utin i! Gat r pea1ed relati"e t
the nrmal di!tri#utin2 de:ned a!)
X
1
1
!
1
xx
'
D
2
n
Vx
i
xW
4
iU1
U
Vn 1Wr
4
V6W
"ercme thi! di-:cult;2 di!crete *a"elet tran!-rm J56K2 %HT2 !e4
lect! the !4called ce-:cient! #a!ed n the p*er - p!itin! and
!cale! d;adic)
Durt!i! i! a mea!ure - the relati"e cncentratin (Gatne!! r
pea1edne!!) - data in the center - a -reEuenc; di!tri#utin rela4
ti"e t the tail!2 *hen cmpared *ith a nrmal di!tri#utin
(*hich
1
Z
%HT V1N EW U
q
'2 '
x
n
H
t E
2
2
1
dt V11W
ha! a 1urt!i! - 3)+
Furier anal;!i! i! an extremel; u!e-ul tl in -reEuenc; dmain
-r data anal;!i!+ Furier anal;!i! decmp!e! a !i(nal int it!
cn4 !tituent !inu!id! - di--erent -reEuencie! and i! per-rmed
u!in( the di!crete Furier tran!-rm (%FT)+ The e!timated Furier
tran!4 -rm2 S(-)2 - a mea!ured time !erie!2 x
n
2 cn!i!tin( - 8
pint! i! eEual t J5LK)
8
SV- W U
X
x
n
expV 2pin- W
V7W
nU1
in *hich - and i are -reEuenc; and the cmplex num#er2
re!pec4 ti"el;+ A- 8 i! a p*er - 22 then EE+ (7) repre!ent! the -a!t
Furier
0-ter*ard!2 #; !creenin( the !i(nal! "ia pair! - l*4pa!! and
hi(h4pa!! :lter!2 1n*n a! Euadrature mirrr :lter! J5625BK2 it i!
decmp!ed int it! cn!tituent!+ Each decmp!itin !tep ma1e!
the time re!lutin hal- and du#le! the -reEuenc; re!lutin+ The
cn!tituent !u#4!i(nal!2 1n*n a! decmp!ed !i(nal!2 are called
detail (%) and apprximatin (a) !u#4!i(nal!+ The main !i(nal i! a
linear !uperp!itin - the !u#4!i(nal!)
x
n
X a
1
VtW Y %
1
VtW Y Y %
1 1
VtW Y %
1
VtW
V12W
0l!2 the ener(; - !u#4!i(nal! can #e utili6ed a! a (d repre4
!entati"e - each decmp!ed !i(nal)
8
E
a
X
2
al(rithm2 *hich i! an e-:cient al(rithm -r cmputin( the di!4
crete Furier tran!-rm (%FT) - a !eEuence+
The p*er !pectrum - a !i(nal *hich repre!ent! the cntri#u4
1
U
tU1
8
'a
1
VtW' V13W
tin - each -reEuenc; in the !pectrum t the p*er - the "erall
E
%
X
1
!i(nal can #e e!timated -rm the ma(nitude - S(-) !Euared+ The
1
U
tU1
'% VtW' V14W
"ariance - !uch an e!timatin - the p*er !pectrum de! nt de4
crea!e *ith an increa!e - 8+ T decrea!e the "ariance2 the !i(nal
i!
repeatedl; di"ided int *ind*!2 and an a"era(e - the p*er
0ccrdin(l;2 the ri(inal !i(nal ener(; i! #tained #a!ed n the
ener(; cn!er"atin - HT n rth(nal cn!tituent! J56K)
!pectrum *ithin the *ind*! i! u!ed t #tain an e!timate -r
8
E U
X
2
1
a
X
%
the p*er !pectrum (the Hel!h methd - p*er !pectrum e!ti4
matin)+ F*e"er2 the decrea!e - !ample! *ithin the *ind*!
tU1
'x
n
' U E
1
Y
'U1
E
'
V15W
(i"e! pr -reEuenc; re!lutin+ Fence2 an apprpriate *ind*
*idth !huld #e ch!en t (et a !ati!-actr; trade4-- #et*een -re4
Euenc; re!lutin and "ariance J5LK+
?!in( Fann *ind* and *ithut an; "erlap #et*een *in4
d*!2 the a"era(ed p*er !pectrum #ecme! J5LK)
<
X
n
Similar t the !i(nal it!el-2 the ener(; - main !i(nal i! a linear
!uperp!itin - !u#4!i(nal ener(ie!+ T utili6e the HT2 a *a"elet
-unctin !huld #e !elected #a!ed n the !i(nal recn!tructin er4
rr+ Such errr *a! calculated -r a randm !i(nal2 and the !ecnd4
rder %au#echie! *a"elet (d#2) *a! -und t ha"e the l*e!t
recn!tructin errr+ There-re it *a! ch!en -r the *a"elet
anal;!e!+
>
xx
V- W U
<
nU1
>
xx
V- W VLW
4+ 3e!ult! and di!cu!!in
*here < i! the num#er - *ind*! and >
n
V- W i! the p*er !pectrum
e!timate - each *ind*+
The ener(; - a !i(nal2 !Euared !um - amplitude!2 can #e de4
:ned in the -reEuenc; dmain #; >ar!e"alX! therem)
8
8
-
T* cmpletel;4di--erent4in4nature re!pn!e! - a #u##le cl4
umn t it! internal h;drd;namic alteratin!2 namel; clumn !hell
"i#ratin and lcal pre!!ure Guctuatin!2 are prce!!ed #; mean!
- !tati!tical and -reEuenc;4#a!ed anal;!e!2 and the re!ult! are
!ummari6ed #el*+
E U
X
x
n
'
2

X
>
xx
V- W VBW
iU1
1U1
4+1+ Stati!tical anal;!e!
*here 8
-
i! the num#er - pint! in the -reEuenc; dmain+
=n ne hand2 a trade4-- #et*een the *ind* !i6e and -re4
Euenc; re!lutin al*a;! happen! *hen u!in( !hrt4time Furier
tran!-rm+ =n the ther hand2 the acEuired !i(nal! !h* an un!tea4
d; and nn4re(ular pattern at di--erent time inter"al!2 e+(+2 un!tea4
d; impul!e! and amplitude pattern!+ There-re2 a mathematical
methd i! reEuired t extract in-rmatin -rm the !i(nal! #a!ed
n !e"eral *ind* !i6e! thru(h the time+ Thi! i! needed t
achie"e the hi(he!t p!!i#le time-reEuenc; re!lutin+
The cntinuu! *a"elet tran!-rm2 CHT2 i! intrduced a! J56K)
T in"e!ti(ate the capa#ilit; - !hell "i#ratin in capturin( the
e--ect - (a! and liEuid "elcitie! "ariatin! n the h;drd;namic!2
:r!t2 the !tati!tical characteri!tic! - acceleratin !i(nal! *ere
examined+ Fi(+ 2a pre!ent! "i#ratin !tandard de"iatin "er!u! li4
Euid "elcit;+ The e--ect - liEuid "elcit;2 at cn!tant (a! "elci4
tie!2 n the !tandard de"iatin - clumn "i#ratin !i(nal! i!
!h*n in Fi(+ 2a+ Hhile at hi(her (a! "elcitie! (e+(+2 ?
(
Z 0+05 m,!
cmpared t ?
(
Z 0+02 m,!)2 a !i(ni:cant !hi-t in the !tandard de"i4
atin - !hell "i#ratin i! #!er"ed due t a"era(e #u##le !i6e
increa!e in!ide the clumn2 n remar1a#le chan(e in the trend -
cur"e! can #e !een at each cn!tant (a! "elcit;+ The pre!ence -
1
Z
t !

CHT V!N dW U d
2
x
n
H
d
dt V10W
lar(er #u##le! at hi(her (a! "elcitie! i! al! pr"ed in (a!liEuid
air*ater #u##le clumn! J60K+ F*e"er2 #u##le !i6e in #u##le
?!in( a nn4:xed *ind* *idth2 the *a"elet tran!-rm (HT)
--er! accurate -reEuenc;4#a!ed in-rmatin at #th hi(h and
l* -reEuencie!+ Fere2 the challen(e i! t de:ne the time and
!cale ce-:cient! #; time2 *hich need! a hu(e cmputatinal
e--rt+ T
clumn! i! a -unctin - nt nl; (a! "elcit;2 #ut al! di!tri#utr
(emetr; J60K and clumn characteri!tic! J61K2 *hich de! nt al4
l* a (eneral and uniEue cnclu!in n #u##le #eha"ir t #e
made+ Thi! i! an imprtant pint t cn!ider that in cntra!t t
Fi(+ 2a+ The !tandard de"iatin - "i#ratin Guctuatin! in the (a!liEuid t*4pha!e clumnN a2 # and c are di--erent h;drd;namic #eha"ir re(in!+ Hhile t* and ne
tran!itin pint! are !een in re(in! a and #2 re!pecti"el;2 n #"iu! re(ime tran!itin can #e elucidated -rm re(in c+ The :r!t tran!itin pint i! enlar(ed #e!ide! the ;4
axi!2 !h*n #; an a!teri!1+
(a!4:lled media J55256K2 the !tandard de"iatin - "i#ratin! in a
liEuid4:lled clumn cannt !i(ni:cantl; !h* !li(ht chan(e! in
the #u##le !i6e+ F*e"er2 !li(ht chan(e! in the!e cur"e! can #e
cat4 e(ri6ed in three "ariu! #eha"ir!)
(a) 0t a hi(h (a! "elcit; (?
(
Z 0+05 m,!)2 #; increa!in( the
liEuid "elcit;2 #u##le! experience -ur main ("ernin(
re(ime! - cale!ced #u##le G*2 di!crete #u##le G* and
a(ain cale!ced G*2 and :nall; di!crete #u##le!+ 0ccrd4
in(l;2 there are t* re(ime tran!itin pint! - cale!ced
#u##le! G*4t4di!crete G* tran!itin (1
!t
pint crre4
!pnd! t minimum r "alue at ?
l
Z 0+006 m,!)2 and a(ain
cale!ced #u##le! G*4t4di!crete G* tran!itin (2
nd
pint at maximum r "alue *here ?
l
Z 0+03 m,!)+ The
!ecnd pint (i+e+2 di!crete4cale!ced4di!crete #u##le
tran!itin)2 cmpared t the :r!t pint (i+e+2
cale!ced4di!crete4 cale!ced #u##le tran!itin)2 can #e
cn!idered a! the main tran!itin pint+ @a!ed n the
cmprehen!i"e re(ime tran!i4 tin map -r t*4pha!e air
*ater !;!tem! *ith the G* - #th liEuid and (a!2
pr"ided #; 7han( et al+ J62K2 !uch a tri4 ple e--ect - liEuid
G* n the #u##le #eha"ir in (a!liEuid cntactr!
perated at hi(h ?
(
*a! #!er"ed #; the (radual increa!in(
- liEuid "elcit;+ 0t extremel; l* liEuid and hi(h (a!
"elcitie! (crre!pndin( t relati"el; lar(e #u#4 #le!2 i+e+2
cale!ced #u##le G*)2 in the !4called (a!4dmi4 nant
re(ime2 liEuid !hear ha! n !i(ni:cant e--ect n (a!
#u##le! J63K+ @; increa!in( the liEuid "elcit;2 relati"el;
!maller #u##le! are -rmed due t an increa!ed !hear n
the #u##le! at the time - #u##le -rmatin n the !par(er
pre!+ Thi! lead! t the pre!ence - di!crete #u##le in!ide
the clumn (?
l
Z 0+006 m,!) J62K+ Further increa!e in the
liEuid "elcit; help! #u##le! cale!ce t(ether and -rm
lar4 (er !lu(! (6 mm,! [ ?
l
[ 3 cm,!)+ F*e"er2 hi(h
!hear exerted n !lu(! at hi(her liEuid "elcitie! (?
l
\ 3
cm,!) tear! #u##le! apart and -rm relati"el; !maller and
di!crete #u#4 #le! *hich i! cn!i!tent *ith *hat i!
reprted #; 7han( et al+ J62K+ Thi! i! !h*n !chematicall;
in Fi(+ 2#+
(#) 0t l*er (a! "elcitie! (?
(
Z 0+030+04 m,!)2 n !lu( i! !een
and #u##le! tend t chan(e their re(ime -rm cale!ced t
di!crete #; the hi(h liEuid !hear at hi(h liEuid "elcitie!+
Still2 a l* liEuid "elcit; re!ult! in the increa!e - #u##le
!i6e due t pre"ailin( cale!cin( mechani!m "er #rea1a(e+
Thi! i! called the dual e--ect - liEuid "elcit; n (a! #u##le!
at mderate (a! "elcitie!+
(c) Hhen the (a! "elcit; i! cn!idera#l; l* (?
(
[ 0+02 m,!)2
(a! #u##le! are !mall and mre uni-rm in !i6e+ There-re2
the; are nt a--ected #; the liEuid "elcit; a! much a! lar(er
#u##le! at hi(her (a! "elcitie!+ Thi! i! explained #; rela4
ti"el; l*er dra( -rce exerted n !mall #u##le! cmpared
t lar(er ne!+ 0-ter a certain critical #u##le !i6e ((reater
than 1+52+5 mm) J64K2 exerted dra( n #u##le! decrea!e!
#; the decrea!e in the #u##le !i6e+ Thi! i! the main rea!n
-r the l* inGuence - liEuid G* n the #u##le! in the di!4
crete4#u##le re(ime+
T* ther !tati!tical characteri!tic! - "i#ratin !i(nal! *ere
al! !tudied) third and -urth central mment! (!1e*ne!! and 1ur4
t!i!2 re!pecti"el;)+ The !1e*ne!! - "i#ratin !i(nal! at three (a!
"elcitie! - 0+052 0+032 and 0+02 m,! i! !h*n in Fi(+ 3+ Startin(
-rm the l*e!t liEuid "elcit;2 :r!t2 the !1e*ne!! i! increa!in(2
then it decrea!e!2 and :nall;2 #a!ed n the (a! "elcit;2 *hether
it increa!e! (at hi(h (a! "elcitie!2 0+05 and 0+03 m,!) r #ecme!
a plateau (at a l* (a! "elcit;2 0+02 m,!)+ At can #e !een in thi!
:(ure that at hi(h (a! "elcitie!2 the !1e*ne!! - "i#ratin !i(nal!
predict! the :r!t re(ime4chan(e pint #; a chan(e in !i(n+
F*e"er2 at all cnditin!2 it i! a#le t apprximate the cale!c4
in(4t4di!inte(ratin( #u##le re(ime tran!itin #; it! lcal minima+
8 lcal minimum can #e !een at l* (a! "elcitie! (?
(
Z 0+02 m,!)2
*hich i! due t n !en!i#le chan(e in the #u##le #eha"ir+
The -urth central mment (1urt!i!) - "i#ratin !i(nal!
a(ain!t the liEuid "elcit; at cn!tant (a! "elcitie! i! pre!ented
in Fi(+ 4+ 0t l* liEuid "elcitie!2 #; increa!e in liEuid "elcit;2 1ur4
t!i! !h*! !e"eral Guctuatin!+ F*e"er2 at intermediate liEuid
"elcitie!2 dependin( n (a! "elcit;2 it ma; reach a maximum "a4
lue (at hi(h (a! "elcitie!2 0+05 and 0+03 m,!) r reach a plateau (at
a l* (a! "elcit; - 0+02 m,!)+ Hhile the 1urt!i! - "i#ratin at
l* liEuid "elcitie! cannt predict the #u##le #eha"ir due t
!e"er Guctuatin!2 it !h*! t #e a (d predictr - cale!cin(4
t4di!inte(ratin( #u##le tran!itin "elcit; #; a !i(ni:cant ri!e
arund the re(ime tran!itin pint+ 0t the re(ime tran!itin pint2
!i(nal! are mre pea1ed #ecau!e - !tead; #u##le cale!cence and
#rea1up rate!+ 0 di!tri#utin *ith a !teep pea1 (1urt!i! \ 0)
K
v
S
v
o
f

p
r
e
s
s
u
r
e

f
l
u
c
t
u
a
t
i
o
n
s

(
k
P
a
)
Cale!ced t %i!crete
(Secnd Tran!itin)
Cale!ced t %i!crete
(Fir!t Tran!itin)
Bubble
size
Cale!ced @u##le!
<ar(e @u##le!
Small %i!crete @u##le!
%i!crete @u##le!
U
l
Fi(+ 2#+ The !chematic - #u##le !i6e e"lutin path*a; in the (a!liEuid t*4pha!e clumn at a hi(h (a! "elcit; (crre!pndin( t ca!e a in Fi(+ 2a)+
0+025
0+02
0+015
0+01
0+005
0
40+005
40+01
?(Z0+05 m,!
?(Z0+03 m,!
?(Z0+02 m,!
0 0+01 0+02 0+03 0+04 0+05 0+06 0+07 0+0L
U
l
(m/s)
and can prduce uni-rm #u##le! !i6e!+ At !huld #e nted that
chan(e! in #u##le !i6e ccur d;namicall; in the *hle #ed2 and
"i#ratin !i(nal! are inGuenced #; the *hle "i#ratin - !hell+
There-re2 !me !tati!tical anal;!e! n "i#ratin !i(nal! ma; nt
#e a#le t predict the #u##le !i6e path*a; at l* liEuid "elcitie!+
T cmpare the extracted in-rmatin -rm the "i#ratin !i(4
nal! - the #ed *ith lcal pre!!ure Guctuatin mea!urement!2
pre!4 !ure Guctuatin !i(nal! *ere al! acEuired+ The !tandard
de"iatin - pre!!ure Guctuatin! i! !h*n in Fi(+ 5+ T* di!tinct
re(in! can #e rec(ni6ed in thi! :(ure) (1) ri!in( and (2) -allin(
- !tandard de"iatin "er!u! liEuid "elcit;+ The!e t* re(in!
-ade a*a; #; decrea!in( the (a! "elcit; due t the le!!
inGuence (l*er dra( ce-:cient) - liEuid "elcit; n !mall
(di!crete) #u##le! in!ide the #ed+ The increa!e in the !tandard
de"iatin - pre!!ure Guctu4 atin! i! attri#uted t the increa!e
- #u##le !i6e+ Thi! trend ha! al! #een #!er"ed in (a!!lid
Guidi6ed #ed! J5LK+ The e--ect - li4 Euid "elcit; at l* liEuid
"elcitie!2 crre!pndin( t l* !hear!
Fi(+ 3+ The !1e*ne!! - "i#ratin Guctuatin! in the (a!liEuid t*4pha!e clumn+
Tran!itin pint! are illu!trated #; the circle!+
3+6
?(Z0+05 m,!
exerted n the #u##le!2 help! #u##le! cale!ce (re(in 1) *hile
a-ter the re(ime tran!itin pint t di!inte(ratin( #u##le!2 *hich
i! arund ?
l
Z 0+03 m,! -r the lcal !tudied place2 the hi(h !hear
tear! the #u##le! apart and decrea!e! the a"era(e lcal #u##le !i6e+
3+55
3+5
3+45
3+4
3+35
3+3
3+25
?(Z0+03 m,!
?(Z0+02 m,!
0 0+01 0+02 0+03 0+04 0+05 0+06 0+07 0+0L
U
l
(m/s)
0+25
0+2
0+15
1
0+1
0+05
?(Z0+01 m,!
?(Z0+02 m,!
?(Z0+03 m,!
?(Z0+04 m,!
?(Z0+05 m,!
2
Fi(+ 4+ The 1urt!i! - "i#ratin Guctuatin! in the (a!liEuid t*4pha!e clumn+
The circle indicated the main tran!itin pint at hi(h and mderate (a! "elcitie!+
mean! #u##le! *ith !i6e! arund a"era(e #u##le !i6e are much
mre (in ppulatin) than !maller and lar(er ne!+ 0 lar(er
1urt!i! mean! !mall and lar(e #u##le! are le!! than a"era(e
#u##le !i6e!+ Thi! happen! *hen #u##le cale!cence (hi(h (a!
"elcit; e--ect) and #rea1a(e (liEuid !hear e--ect) are in
eEuili#rium cnditin
0
0 0+01 0+02 0+03 0+04 0+05 0+06 0+07 0+0L
U
l
(m/s)
Fi(+ 5+ The !tandard de"iatin - pre!!ure Guctuatin!2 #tained at a hei(ht -
0+135 m a#"e the di!tri#utr2 in the (a!liEuid t*4pha!e clumn+ %a!hed line
!h*! the main tran!itin in #u##le #eha"ir+
?(Z0+05 m,!
?(Z0+03 m,!
?(Z0+02 m,!
S
p
K
p
Thi! i! in a(reement *ith the re!ult! #tained -rm the !hell
"i#ra4 tin in!pectin (#th are !h*in( a liEuid "elcit; arund
0+03 m,! a! the !ecnd #u##le re(ime tran!itin pint) Fi(!+ 2a
and 5)+
The !1e*ne!! - pre!!ure Guctuatin! at three !ample (a!
"elcitie!2 ?
(
Z 0+052 0+032 0+02 m,!2 i! !h*n in Fi(+ 6+ %ependin(
n the (a! "elcit;2 pre!!ure Guctuatin! !1e*ne!! !tart! *ith a
ri!in( (at a hi(h (a! "elcit; - 0+05 m,!) r a Gat re(in (at l*er
(a! "elcitie!2 0+03 and 0+02 m,!)+ At2 then2 experience! a minimum
"alue at intermediate liEuid "elcitie!+ Cmpared t the "i#ratin
!i(nal!2 at hi(h (a! "elcitie!2 pre!!ure !1e*ne!! !h*! t* re4
(ime tran!itin! #; a maximum "alue (at ?
l
Z 0+007 m,!)2 crre4
!pndin( t the cale!ced4t4di!crete #u##le tran!itin2 -ll*ed
#; a minimum "alue (at ?
l
Z 0+03 m,!)2 *hich i! related t the
ccurrence - di!inte(ratin( #u##le!+ At i! nticea#le that the
!1e*4 ne!! - "i#ratin !i(nal! indicate! the :r!t tran!itin
pint #; a maximum "alue -ll*ed #; a lcal minimum "alue
*hile n min4 imum "alue i! !een in the pre!!ure Guctuatin
!1e*ne!!+ @th "i#ratin and pre!!ure !i(nal! !h* the main
tran!itin pint2 *hich i! the main cale!cin(4t4di!inte(ratin(
#u##le G*2 #; their minimum "alue!+
The e"lutin - pre!!ure Guctuatin! 1urt!i! at cn!tant (a!
"elcitie! #; increa!in( liEuid "elcit; i! illu!trated in Fi(+ 7+ @a!ed
n thi! :(ure2 at all (a! "elcitie!2 1urt!i! !tart! *ith a Gat re(in
and then increa!e! nl; at t* hi(he!t (a! "elcitie! - 0+05 and
0+03 m,!+ Finall;2 it reache! a plateau at all (a! "elcitie!+ At i!
#"i4 u! that !imilar t "i#ratin Guctuatin!2 the 1urt!i! -
pre!!ure Guctuatin! can nl; catch the main re(ime tran!itin2
i+e+2 the ca4 le!cin(4t4di!inte(ratin( #u##le G* #; it!
maximum "alue at intermediate liEuid "elcitie!+ At i! *rth
ntin( that it i! nt p!4 !i#le t detect the :r!t tran!itin pint
#a!ed n the trend - 1ur4 t!i!2 *hether #; u!in( "i#ratin r
pre!!ure Guctuatin !i(nal!+ 0l!2 the predicted "alue! can #e
cn!idered a! (d e!timatin! - the re(ime alteratin pint2
*hich cntain alm!t 25] errr cmpared t the real re(ime
tran!itin pint+ An thi! ca!e2 the 1ur4 t!i! - "i#ratin !i(nal!
can predict the chan(e in the #u##le #eha"ir at the main
tran!itin pint mre accuratel; than that - pre!!ure
Guctuatin!+ Such applica#ilit; i! mainl; due t the "erall
!en!in( capa#ilit; - "i#ratin in!pectin anal;!i! rather than
the lcal ne - pre!!ure Guctuatin!+
@u##le !i6e di!tri#utin! at "ariu! peratin( cnditin! are
pre!ented in Fi(+ Lac+ 0! can #e !een in Fi(+ La2 at a hi(h (a! "elc4
it; - 0+05 m,!2 an increa!e in liEuid "elcit; re!ult! in the *ide!t
#u##le !i6e di!tri#utin at the re(ime tran!itin pint
(?
l
Z 0+03 m,!)+ Thi! i! the e--ect - liEuid "elcit; n the #u##le
cale!cence #e-re the main re(ime tran!itin pint2 *hich *a!
0+4
0+2
0
0 0+01 0+02 0+03 0+04 0+05 0+06 0+07 0+0L
40+2
40+4
40+6
40+L
41
41+2
U
l
(m/s)
Fi(+ 6+ The !1e*ne!! - pre!!ure Guctuatin!2 #tained at a hei(ht - 0+135 m
a#"e the di!tri#utr2 in the (a!liEuid t*4pha!e clumn+ The circle! !h*
tran!itin pint!+
7
?(Z0+05 m,!
6
?(Z0+03 m,!
?(Z0+02 m,!
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 0+01 0+02 0+03 0+04 0+05 0+06 0+07 0+0L
U
l
(m/s)
Fi(+ 7+ The 1urt!i! - pre!!ure Guctuatin!2 #tained at a hei(ht - 0+135 m a#"e
the di!tri#utr2 in the (a!liEuid t*4pha!e clumn+ The main tran!itin i! !h*n
#; the circle+
#!er"ed a! the minimum "alue - "i#ratin and pre!!ure Guctua4
tin! !1e*ne!! (Fi(!+ 3 and 62 re!pecti"el;)2 a! *ell a! the maxi4
mum "alue! - their 1urt!i! (Fi(!+ 4 and 72 re!pecti"el;)+
0-ter*ard!2 increa!in( the liEuid "elcit;2 and cn!eEuentl;
increa!in( the liEuid !hear exerted n the #u##le!2 decrea!e! the
#u##le !i6e and ma1e! the #u##le4!i6e di!tri#utin narr*er
(Fi(+ La at ?
l
Z 0+05 m,!)+ Such decrea!e in #u##le !i6e i! clear in
the decrea!in( manner - pre!!ure Guctuatin !tandard de"iatin
a-ter the main re(ime tran!itin pint at ?
l
Z 0+03 m,!+ The *ide4
ne!! - the #u##le !i6e di!tri#utin at the main re(ime tran!itin
pint (?
l
Z 0+03 m,!) decrea!e! #; decrea!in( the (a! "elcit; t
0+03 m,! (Fi(+ L#) #ecau!e #u##le! #ecme mre uni-rm at l*er
(a! "elcitie! and the inGuence - liEuid !hear #ecme! le!! !i(ni-4
icant+ The decrea!e - the di!tri#utin *idth in #th Fi(+ La and #
at hi(h liEuid "elcitie! a-ter the main tran!itin pint (?
l
Z 0+03
m,!) i! due t a decrea!e in eEui"alent #u##le !i6e #ecau!e -
induced #u##le #rea1a(e+ Thi! i! in a(reement *ith the le"el -- in
the pre!4 !ure !i(nal! !tandard de"iatin (Fi(+ 5)+ Cmparin(
Fi(ure!+ in Lc re"eal! that !maller #u##le! are le!! inGuenced #;
the liEuid !hear+ F*e"er2 a !mth e--ect - liEuid "elcit; n the
#u##le !i6e (i+e+2 a !mth chan(e in their !i6e di!tri#utin at
?
l
\ 0+03 m,!) at ?
(
Z 0+02 m,! i! !een in the cur"e!+
The #u##le !i6e chan(e at cn!tant (a! and "ariu! liEuid "elc4
itie! *a! in"e!ti(ated #; direct pht(raph; - #u##le! at the
lca4 tin - pre!!ure mea!urement!+ The re!ult! - #u##le !i6e
characteri6atin a! *ell a! errr #ar! (-r three !et! - pht(raph;
at each cnditin) are illu!trated in Fi(+ B+ 0! can #e !een in thi!
:(4 ure2 #u##le !i6e i! :r!tl; increa!in( #; an increa!e in liEuid
"elcit; and :nall; i! decrea!in(+ F*e"er2 !uch trend i! mre
#"iu! at hi(her (a! "elcitie! due t much !en!i#le #u##le !i6e
alteratin!+ The trend - #u##le !i6e "ariatin #; the increa!e -
liEuid "elcit; at cn!tant (a! "elcitie! i! the !ame a! that
predicted #; the !tan4 dard de"iatin - pre!!ure Guctuatin!+
0lthu(h the e--ect - li4 Euid "elcit; n #u##le! at l* liEuid
"elcitie! culd nt #e cau(ht2 the main lcal tran!itin pint -
the !;!tem at mderate liEuid "elcitie! *a! #!er"ed+
T in"e!ti(ate the applica#ilit; - pre!!ure Guctuatin !i(nal!
ener(; in #u##le characteri6atin2 at three cn!tant (a! "elcitie!
- 0+052 0+032 and 0+02 m,!2 the !i(nal ener(; *a! calculated and
pre!ented in Fi(+ 10+ Thi! :(ure !h*! the trend - pre!!ure !i(nal
ener(; #; increa!in( liEuid "elcit; at cn!tant (a! "elcitie!+ 5a!
"elcitie! are !elected *ith the !ame l(ic a! the pre"iu! di!cu!4
!in n ha"in( "ariu! p!!i#le #u##le re(ime!+ 0t a hi(h (a!
"elcit; - 0+05 m,! in Fi(+ 102 an increa!e in liEuid "elcit;2 :r!tl;2
re!ulted in a decrea!e in !i(nal ener(ie! !h*in( that the pre"ail4
in( !tructure! in!ide the #ed ha"e relati"el; l*er ener(ie!+ Thi!
?(Z0+02 m,!
?(Z0+03 m,!

?(Z0+05 m,!
N
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(
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k
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N
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a
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u
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f
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a
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0+25
0+2
0+15
0+1
0+05
0
0+25
0+2
0+15
0+1
0+05
0
0+25
0+2
0+15
0+1
0+05
0
0+25
0+2
0+15
0+1
0+05
0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
d
e
(mm) d
e
(mm) d
e
(mm) d
e
(mm)
U
l
Z 0+004 m,! U
l
Z 0+02 m,! U
l
Z 0+03 m,! U
l
Z 0+05 m,!
(a) U
g
Z 0+05 m,!
0+25
0+25 0+25 0+25
0+2 0+2 0+2 0+2
0+15 0+15 0+15 0+15
0+1 0+1 0+1 0+1
0+05 0+05 0+05 0+05
0 0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
d
e
(mm) d
e
(mm) d
e
(mm) d
e
(mm)
U
l
Z 0+004 m,! U
l
Z 0+02 m,! U
l
Z 0+03 m,! U
l
Z 0+05 m,!
(#) U
g
Z 0+03 m,!
0+25
0+25 0+25 0+25
0+2 0+2 0+2 0+2
0+15 0+15 0+15 0+15
0+1 0+1 0+1 0+1
0+05 0+05 0+05 0+05
0 0 0 0
0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 20
d
e
(mm)
d
e
(mm) d
e
(mm) d
e
(mm)
U
l
Z 0+004 m,!
U
l
Z 0+02 m,!
(c) U
g
Z 0+02 m,!
U
l
Z 0+03 m,! U
l
Z 0+05 m,!
Fi(+ L+ @u##le !i6e di!tri#utin at cn!tant (a! and "aria#le liEuid "elcitie! acEuired #; ima(e anal;!i! a-ter pht(raph; at a hei(ht - 0+135 m a#"e the di!tri#utr+
L
7+5
7
6+5
6
450
400
350
300
250
?(Z0+02 m,!
?(Z0+03 m,!
?(Z0+05 m,!
5+5 200
5 150
4+5
4
3+5
0 0+01 0+02 0+03 0+04 0+05 0+06
U
l
(m/s)
100
50
0
0 0+01 0+02 0+03 0+04 0+05 0+06 0+07 0+0L
U
l
(m/s)
Fi(+ B+ @u##le Sauter mean diameter2 #tained at a hei(ht - 0+135 m a#"e the
di!tri#utr2 in the (a!liEuid t*4pha!e clumn+
mean! that #u##le! are #ecmin( !maller+ The :r!t tran!itin
pint at !uch a hi(h (a! "elcit; - 0+05 m,! i! ccurrin( at the
minimum "alue - pre!!ure Guctuatin ener(ie! arund ?
l
Z 0+006
m,!+ 0-ter4 *ard!2 the trend - !i(nal ener(ie! i! the !ame -r ?
(
Z 0+05 and
0+03 m,!N :r!t it increa!e! *ith an increa!e in liEuid "elcit; due
t the increa!e - #u##le !i6e2 *hich i! in a(reement *ith #u##le
Sauter mean diameter trend pre!ented in Fi(+ B2 and then
decrea!e! due t #u##le #rea1a(e+ The maximum "alue -
pre!!ure Guctua4 tin ener(ie! i! crre!pndin( t the main
re(ime tran!itin -
Fi(+ 10+ The ener(; - pre!!ure !i(nal! at cn!tant (a! "elcitie!+
clumn (at ?
l
Z 0+03 m,!)+ 8 !en!i#le chan(e in pre!!ure !i(nal
ener(ie! i! !een at a l* (a! "elcit; - 0+02 m,! !h*in( n #"i4
u! re(ime tran!itin in!ide the #ed+ Thi! i! al! cn!i!tent *ith
Fi(+ B2 *hich i! pre!entin( the eEui"alent #u##le diameter path4
*a;! at certain liEuid "elcitie! and cn!tant (a! "elcitie!+
4+2+ FreEuenc;4#a!ed anal;!e!
$i#ratin and pre!!ure !i(nal! *ere decmp!ed in the -re4
Euenc; dmain t in"e!ti(ate the e--ect - chan(e in the #u##le
2




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1L 1L
16 16
14 14
12 12
10 10
L L
6 6
4 4
2 2
0
0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000
0 0
0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000
0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000
f (Hz) f (Hz) f (Hz)
(a1) U
l
Z 0+003 m,! (a2) U
l
Z 0+006 m,! (a3) U
l
Z 0+00L m,!
1L
1L
16
16
14
14
12
12
10
10
L
L
6
6
4
4
2
2
0 0
0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000 0 2000 4000 6000 L000
1L
16
14
12
10
L
6
4
2
0
10000 0 2000 4000 6000 L000
1L
16
14
12
10
L
6
4
2
0
10000 0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000
f (Hz) f (Hz) f (Hz) f (Hz)
(a4) U
l
Z 0+015 m,! (a5) U
l
Z 0+02 m,! (a) U
l
Z 0+03 m,! (a!) U
l
Z 0+05 m,!
U
g
Z 0+05 m,!
1L
16
14
12
10
L
6
4
2
0
1L 1L
16 16
14 14
12 12
10 10
L L
6 6
4 4
2 2
0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000 0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000 0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000
f (Hz) f (Hz) f (Hz)
(b1) U
l
Z 0+003 m,! (b2) U
l
Z 0+006 m,! (b3) U
l
Z 0+00L m,!
1L
16
14
12
10
L
6
4
2
0
0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000
f (Hz)
1L
16
14
12
10
L
6
4
2
0
0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000
f (Hz)
1L
16
14
12
10
L
6
4
2
0
0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000
f (Hz)
1L
16
14
12
10
L
6
4
2
0
0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000
f (Hz)
(b4)U
l
Z 0+015 m,! (b5) U
l
Z 0+02 m,! (b) U
l
Z 0+03 m,! (b!)U
l
Z 0+05 m,!
U
g
Z 0+03 m,!
Fi(+ 11+ The p*er !pectral den!it; -unctin - "i#ratin !i(nal!2 #tained at a hei(ht - 0+135 m a#"e the di!tri#utr2 in the (a!liEuid t*4pha!e clumn at ?
(
Z 0+052
0+032 and 0+02 m,!+
!i6e n the p*er - -reEuenc; !pectra+ Thru(h !uch anal;!e!2
it i! p!!i#le t #!er"e the e--ect - t* imprtant h;drd;4
namic prpertie! - the clumn2 i+e+2 #u##le !i6e di!tri#utin
and re(ime tran!itin+ Fi(+ 11ac illu!trate! the p*er !pectra
- "i#ratin !i(nal! at cn!tant (a! "elcitie! - 0+05 m,!2
0+03 m,! and 0+02 m,!2 re!pecti"el;+ 0t each (a! and liEuid "elc4
it;2 the >S%F *a! !tudied2 and it *a! -und that tran!itin -rm
cale!ced t di!crete G* i! mani-e!ted in the !hape - the
>S%F+ 0t ?
l
Z 0+003 m,! (Fi(+ 11a1) the p*er !pectrum i! rela4
ti"el; hi(h in "alue and narr* in di!tri#utin *ith a tendenc;
t*ard! l* -reEuencie! (dminant pea1 at arund 750 F6)+ Thi!
can #e attri#uted t cale!ced (lar(e) #u##le! *ith cl!e !i6e! at
l*er -reEuencie!+ @; increa!in( the liEuid "elcit; t 0+006 m,!
(Fi(+ 11a2)2 the >S%F #ecme! *ider *ith l*er "alue!+ 0t
0+006 m,! there are -e*er num#er! - cale!ced (lar(e) #u##le!
at l*er -reEuencie!+ An additin2 there are !maller #u##le! *ith
lar(er -reEuencie!+ 0-ter*ard!2 #; increa!in( the liEuid "elcit;
-rm ?
l
Z 0+006 m,! (Fi(+ 11a2) t ?
l
Z 0+03 m,! (Fi(+ 11a6)2 >S%F!
ha"e dminant pea1 at l*er -reEuencie! !h*in( increa!ed
#u##le !i6e!+ Thi! i! in a(reement *ith #u##le Sauter mean
diameter (r*th (Fi(+ B) up t the main tran!itin pint t di!4
inte(ratin( #u##le! at arund 0+03 m,! - liEuid "elcitie!+ Final4
l;2 at hi(h liEuid "elcitie! (Fi(+ 11a7) >S%F !h*! the
ccurrence - !mall #u##le! at lar(e -reEuencie!+ 0t
?
(
Z 0+03 m,!2 althu(h n !en!i#le chan(e in >S%F! i! !een at
l* liEuid "elcitie! (Fi(+ 11#1#3)2 the !ame trend a! Fi(+ 11a
i! !een at the tran!itin pint t di!crete #u##le G*
(Fi(+ 11#4#7)+ 8arr* pea1! in the >S%F! at ?
(
Z 0+02 m,!
2




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1L
16
14
12
10
L
6
4
2
0
0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000
f (Hz)
1L
16
14
12
10
L
6
4
2
0
0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000
f (Hz)
1L
16
14
12
10
L
6
4
2
0
0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000
f (Hz)
(c1) U
l
Z 0+003 m,! (c2) U
l
Z 0+006 m,! (c3) U
l
Z 0+00L m,!
1L 1L 1L 1L
16 16 16 16
14 14 14 14
12 12 12 12
10 10 10 10
L L L L
6 6 6 6
4 4 4 4
2 2 2 2
0
0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000
0
0 2000 4000 6000 L000 100
0
00 0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10
0
000 0 2000 4000 6000 L000 10000
f (Hz) f (Hz) f (Hz) f (Hz)
(c4) U
l
Z 0+015 m,! (c5)U
l
Z 0+02 m,! (c) U
l
Z 0+03 m,! (c!) U
l
Z 0+05 m,!
U
g
Z 0+02 m,!
Fi(+ 11+ (cntinued)
(Fi(+ 11c1c7) are #!er"ed crre!pndin( t a narr* #u##le4
!i6e di!tri#utin+ 0t !uch cnditin2 liEuid G* ha! a -aded e--ect
n #u##le! thru(hut the clumn+ At i! nte*rth; that at hi(h
liEuid "elcitie!2 the #u##le4#rea1in( e--ect - liEuid can !till #e
!een (Fi(+ 11c7)+
T #tain the detailed path*a; - di--erent !tructure! (#u##le
#eha"ir) in!ide the #ed2 *a"elet anal;!i! n pre!!ure Guctuatin!
*a! applied+ The num#er - decmp!itin le"el! *a! !et t #e
ei(ht in rder t ha"e nine decmp!ed !u#4!i(nal! (a
L
a! the
l*4-reEuenc; repre!entati"e and %
1L
a! hi(h4-reEuenc; repre4
!entati"e!)+ Fi(+ 12ac !h*! the multi4re!lutin4anal;!i! !u#4
!i(nal ener(ie! #; increa!in( liEuid "elcitie! at cn!tant (a!
"elcitie! - 0+052 0+032 and 0+02 m,!2 re!pecti"el;+ 0t a hi(h (a!
"elcit; - 0+05 m,!2 Fi(+ 12a2 the dminant pea1 - !u#4!i(nal
ener(ie! i! n %
5
at l* liEuid "elcitie! (e+(+2 0+003 m,!)+ @; an in4
crea!e in liEuid "elcit; t 0+006 m,!2 the cur"e i! !hi-ted t the
le-t indicatin( that the ener(ie! - :ne (detail) !u#4!i(nal!
(crre4 !pndin( t hi(hl;4!cillatin( !mall #u##le!) are
pre"ailin( th!e - car!e !cale! (rele"ant t lar(er #u##le!)+ Thi!
i! due t the in4 crea!e in #u##le !i6e up t the :r!t re(ime
tran!itin pint2 pinted a! num#er 1 in Fi(+ 12a+ 0! it i! !een in
Fi(+ 12a2 #; -urther increa!e in liEuid "elcit;2 the pea1 - !u#4
!i(nal ener(ie! i! !hi-tin( t the ri(ht2 !h*n *ith num#er 22 and
then !tart! increa!in( it! prtin in the ttal ener(; (!ee num#er
4 in Fi(+ 12a)+ Thi! i! #a!icall; #e4 cau!e - an increa!e in #u##le
!i6e up t the !ecnd #u##le4re(ime tran!itin pint at ?
l
Z 0+03
m,!+ An -act2 #; the increa!e - #u##le !i6e2 l*4!cillatin(
#u##le! are -rmed2 *hich re!ult! in the de4 crea!e - :ne4!cale
!u#4!i(nal ener(ie! (crre!pndin( t hi(h !cillatin!)2 and the
increa!e - l*4-reEuenc; !u#4!i(nal ener(ie! (car!e !u#4!i(nal!)+
0-ter the main #u##le4re(ime tran!itin pint at 0+03 m,! -
liEuid "elcit;2 #u##le! are #ein( trn apart mani4 -e!ted in the
de!cended pea1 (!ee num#er 5 in Fi(+ 12a) at %
6
and increa!e
in :ne4!cale !u#4!i(nal ener(ie! due t the ccur4 rence -
relati"el; !maller #u##le!+ Antere!tin(l;2 -urther increa!e in liEuid
"elcit; t 0+07 m,! !hi-t! the pea1 t %
4
(arr* num#er
6 in Fi(+ 12a)2 'u!t the !ame a! the cnditin - #ed at the
#e(innin(
- #ed peratin at l* liEuid "elcitie!+ F*e"er2 at hi(h liEuid
"elcitie! - 0+05 and 0+07 m,!2 the pre!ence - relati"el; lar(er
#u##le! cmpared t "er; l* liEuid "elcitie! (e+(+2 0+003 m,!) i!
cncluded #a!ed n the cmpari!n - car!e !u#4!i(nal ener(ie!
at the!e t* cnditin!+ Thi! i! in accrdance *ith #u##le !i6e
mea!urement! #tained #; pht(raph;2 i+e+2 Fi(+ B+
%ecrea!in( the (a! "elcit; t 0+03 m,!2 the ener(; - *hle
multi4re!lutin4anal;!i! !u#4!i(nal !pectra *a! calculated+
Fi(+ 12# pre!ent! the ener(; prtin chan(e - "ariu! !u#4!i(4
nal! #; increa!in( liEuid "elcit; at a cn!tant (a! "elcit; -
0+03 m,!+ The #ed i! !tartin( *ith a dminant pea1 - !u#4!i(nal
ener(ie! at %
4
at l* liEuid "elcitie!+ Thi! pea1 i! "ani!hin( #;
an increa!e in liEuid "elcitie! (i"in( ri!e t a!cendin( pea1! at
%
6
+ Finall;2 the pea1! at %
6
!tart de!cendin( #; -urther increa!e
in liEuid "elcitie! (?
l
\ 0+03 m,!) re!ultin( in a!cendin( pea1!
at %
4
+ Such trend i! in -ull accrdance *ith the !4called ne re4
(ime tran!itin pint at mderate (a! "elcitie! (e+(+2 0+03 m,!)+
Startin( -rm a "er; l* liEuid "elcit;2 #; increa!in( liEuid
"elcit;2 #u##le! are cale!cin( t(ether up t the re(ime tran!i4
tin pint at 0+03 m,! - liEuid "elcit;+ Such cale!cin( #eha"ir
enhanced #; liEuid "elcit; i! cau!in( the ener(; - :ne4!cale
!u#4!i(nal! t decrea!e and the ener(; - car!e4!cale !u#4!i(nal!
t increa!e (arr*! num#er 1 and 2 in Fi(+ 12#) due t the ccur4
rence - relati"el; l*4!cillatin( #u##le! (lar(e #u##le!)+ 0-ter
the re(ime tran!itin pint2 a hi(h !hear exerted n #u##le! #;
liEuid pha!e i! #rea1in( the #u##le!2 *hich lead! t the pre!ence
- !maller #u##le! *ith hi(her ener(ie! in their :ne4!cale !u#4
!i(nal! due t ri!in( *ith hi(her !cillatin( -reEuencie! (arr*
num#er 3 n Fi(+ 12#)+
Further decrea!e - (a! "elcit; t 0+02 m,! re!ult! in !u#4!i(nal
ener(; !pectra !h*n in Fi(+ 12c+ Thi! :(ure i! illu!tratin( the mul4
ti4re!lutin4anal;!i! !u#4!i(nal ener(; prtin #; chan(in( liEuid
"elcit; at a cn!tant (a! "elcit; - 0+02 m,!+ 0! can #e !een in
thi! :(ure2 n di!tin(ui!ha#le manner can #e -und due t the lac1
- an; !en!i#le re(ime tran!itin at l* (a! "elcitie!+ F*e"er2
the "erall e--ect - liEuid "elcit; n #u##le !i6e i! !tarted #; a
de4 crea!e in pea1! at %
6
at l* liEuid "elcitie! and ended at
relati"el; hi(her :ne4!cale ener(ie! (e+(+2 %
3
2 %
4
2 and %
5
) at a
hi(h liEuid "elcit; - 0+07 m,! !h*in( the !li(ht e--ect -
liEuid !hear n #u##le! *ith the !ame trend a! that - ?
(
Z 0+03
m,!+
?lZ0+003 m,! 4
5
?lZ0+006 m,!
1
?lZ0+00L m,!
3
?lZ0+015 m,!
6
?lZ0+02 m,! 2
?lZ0+03 m,!
?lZ0+05 m,!
?lZ0+07 m,!
"elcit; and ne main and ne -aded tran!itin pint! at mderate
and l* (a! "elcitie!2 re!pecti"el;2 *ere detected #; liEuid "elc4
it; "ariatin!+ Stati!tical and -reEuenc;4#a!ed apprache! *ere
u!ed t explit in-rmatin -rm the "i#ratin and pre!!ure !i(4
nal!+ %i--erent peratin( mde! at "ariu! peratin( (a! "elcitie!
*ere detected #; the !tandard de"iatin - "i#ratin !i(nal!+ F*4
e"er2 cmpared t pre!!ure Guctuatin!2 the !tandard de"iatin -
"i#ratin !i(nal! *a! le!! !en!iti"e t the e--ect - liEuid G* n
the #u##le !i6e+ The !1e*ne!! - #th "i#ratin and pre!!ure Guc4
tuatin! !h*ed a (d !en!iti"it; t re(ime tran!itin pint!
*hile "i#ratin! *ere mre !ucce!!-ul than pre!!ure Guctuatin!
in determinin( the :r!t tran!itin pint+ The 1urt!i! - "i#ratin!
*a! -und t #e mre relia#le in detectin( the tran!itin pint!
cmpared t pre!!ure Guctuatin!+ 0l!2 pre!!ure Guctuatin ener4
%1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %L aL
(ie! pr"ed t #e a !imple2 ;et tru!ta#le *a; - treatin( !i(nal! t
E
k

(
"
)
E
k

(
"
)
E
k


(
"
)
45
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
#ulti$resolution$anal%sis sub$si&nals
(a) U
g
Z 0+05 m,!
40
?lZ0+003 m,!
de:ne #u##le #eha"ir in!ide the clumn+ Furthermre2 anal;6in(
the !i(nal! in the -reEuenc; dmain !u((e!ted the path*a; - #u#4
#le #eha"ir alteratin #a!ed n their !i6e at di--erent peratin(
cnditin! - (a! and liEuid "elcitie!+ The ener(; - "ariu! mul4
ti4re!lutin4anal;!i! !u#4!i(nal! !h*ed t #e an accurate repre4
35 ?lZ0+006 m,!
1
?lZ0+00L m,!
30
?lZ0+015 m,!
?lZ0+02 m,!
?lZ0+03 m,!
20
?lZ0+05 m,!
?lZ0+07 m,!
15
10
5
0
2
!entati"e - #u##le (radual chan(e in!ide the clumn+ 0ccrdin(l;2
it *a! !h*n that at hi(h (a! "elcitie!2 a !hi-t t the le-t in !u#4
!i(nal ener(; !pectra de:ned the :r!t #u##le tran!itin pint
3
*hile a (radual de!cend in the pea1! at %
5
!u#4!i(nal! and a!cend
in %
6
!u#4!i(nal! *ith their crre!pndin( e--ect n the *hle en4
er(; prtin !pectra captured the !ecnd re(ime tran!itin pint+
0t mderate (a! "elcitie!2 a (radual !hi-t -rm %
4
t %
6
up t
the main re(ime tran!itin pint and then a re"er!e4#ac1 !hi-t
The pht(raph! - #u##le! *ere u!ed t #!er"e the #u##le
#eha"ir at di--erent peratin( cnditin!+ The!e #!er"atin!
*ere !h*n t #e cn!i!tent *ith the re!ult! extracted -rm the
!i(nal prce!!in( methd!+ The re!ult! - thi! !tud; are !u((e!ted
%1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %L aL
#ulti$resolution$anal%sis sub$si&nals
(#) U
g
Z 0+03 m,!
30
?lZ0+003 m,!
?lZ0+006 m,!
25 ?lZ0+00L m,!
?lZ0+015 m,!
?lZ0+02 m,!
20
?lZ0+03 m,!
?lZ0+05 m,!
15
?lZ0+07 m,!
10
5
0
%1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %L aL
#ulti$resolution$anal%sis sub$si&nals
(c) U
g
Z 0+02 m,!
Fi(+ 12+ The ener(; - multi4re!lutin4anal;!i! !u#4!i(nal! #tained at cn!tant
(a! and "aria#le liEuid "elcitie! #; *a"elet anal;!i!+
5+ Cnclu!in
8"el nn4intru!i"e mea!urement!2 namel; the "i#ratin
(acceleratin) - #ed !hell a! an in!pectin tl2 a! *ell a! crre4
!pndin( !i(nal prce!!in( methd! -r h;drd;namic character4
i6atin - a t*4pha!e (a!liEuid clumn *ith #th (a! and
liEuid G*! *ere intrduced+ T* tran!itin pint! at a hi(h (a!
t #e u!ed in nn4in"a!i"e characteri6atin - indu!trial (a!4liEuid
prce!!e!2 e!peciall;2 th!e #ein( perated at !e"er temperature
and pre!!ure cnditin!+
0c1n*led(ement
The authr! *uld li1e t than1 8i!e2 $i#ratin2 and 0cu!tic!
(8$0) <a#+2 Schl - 9echanical En(ineerin(2 Clle(e - En(ineer4
in(2 ?ni"er!it; - Tehran -r their help in data acEui!itin+
3e-erence!
J1K 9+4T+ 5a2 9+ Firata2 F+ Ta1ana!hi2 T+ Fan2 =6ne ma!! tran!-er in a ne* (a!
liEuid cntactrDarman cntactr2 Sep+ >uri-+ Technl+ 42 (2005) 14514B+
J2K C+ Sanche62 0+ Cu"ert2 0+ <aplanche2 C+ 3enner2 F;drd;namic and ma!!
tran!-er in a ne* c4current t*4pha!e G* (a!liEuid cntactr2 Chem+ En(+ C+
131 (2007) 4B5L+
J3K F+D+ Die!2 @+ @enadda2 9+ =tter#ein2 Experimental !tud; n ma!! tran!-er - a
c4current (a!liEuid cntactr per-rmin( under hi(h (a! "elcitie!2 Chem+
En(+ >rce!!+ 43 (2004) 13LB13B5+
J4K S+ Drichna"aru12 >+ >a"a!ant2 0nal;!i! - (a!liEuid ma!! tran!-er in an airli-t
cntactr *ith per-rated plate!2 Chem+ En(+ C+ LB (2002) 203211+
J5K F+5+ Tu12 %+C+ 5e"e1e2 F+P+ 7han(2 8n4thermal inacti"atin - E!cherichia cli
D12 in #u--ered peptne *ater u!in( a pilt4plant !cale !upercritical car#n
dixide !;!tem *ith a (a!liEuid pru! metal cntactr2 Fd Cntrl 20
(200B) L47L51+
J6K T+ Dai2 T+ 8a(an2 T+ Fu1umt2 9+ 8a1a'ima2 T+ Ta1aha!hi2 0uttrphic (r*th
- acidithi#acillu! -errxidan! #; xidatin - mlecular h;dr(en u!in( a
(a!liEuid cntactr2 @ire!ur+ Technl+ BL (2007) 460464+
J7K 5+9+ %e @iller#ec12 C+ Fnade2 Characteri6atin - a ne* (a!liEuid cntactr
-r the #il(ical treatment - (a!eu! indu!trial e-Guent!2 @itechnl+ Tech+
10 (1BB6) 755760+
JLK %+ Cha1ra#rt;2 5+S+3+ Dri!hna2 S+ Cha1ra#rt;2 @+C+ 9ei1ap2 F;drd;namic
characteri!tic! - a !par(ed (a! liEuid cntactr -r :ne #u##le (eneratin2
And+ En(+ Chem+ 3e!+ 4L (200B) 112251122B+
JBK T+ Fan2 S+ Han(2 F+ <i2 C+ Si2 S+ 7hu2 Experimental !tud; n re:ner; (a!
de!ul-uri6atin u!in( (a!liEuid mem#rane cntactr2 China >etrle >rc+
>etrchem+ Technl+ (200B) 333L+
J10K 7+0+ Arani2 9+3+ 9ehrnia2 F+ Ta6dian2 9+ Sheil;2 5+ 9he#ali2 @+ 3a!e1h2
0nal;!i! - petrleum #ide!ul-uri6atin in an airli-t #ireactr u!in(
re!pn!e !ur-ace methdl(;2 @ire!ur+ Technl+ 102 (2011) 105L5105B1+
J11K >+T+ 8(u;en2 E+ <a!!eu(uette2 T+ 9edina45n6ale62 C+C+ 3emi(;2 %+ 3i6ard2 E+
Fa"re2 0 den!e mem#rane cntactr -r inten!i:ed C=
2
(a!,liEuid a#!rptin
in p!t4cm#u!tin capture2 C+ 9em#rane Sci+ 377 (2011) 261272+
J12K E+ Cha#ann2 C+ @uallu2 C+C+ 3emi(;2 E+ <a!!eu(uette2 T+ 9edina2 E+ Fa"re2 >+T+
8(u;en2 %+ 3i6ard2 Stud; - an inn"ati"e (a!liEuid cntactr -r C=2
a#!rptin2 in) 10th Anternatinal Cn-erence n 5reenhu!e 5a! Cntrl
Technl(ie! 20112 pp+ 176B1776+
J13K 9+ Fallan6a2 0+ =rti62 %+ 5rri2 A+ =rti62 E--ect - liEuid G* n the !eparatin -
prp;lene,prpane mixture! *ith a (a!,liEuid mem#rane cntactr u!in(
0(M43TA< !lutin!2 %e!alin+ Hater Treat+ 27 (2011) 12312B+
J14K C+ Su2 3+ <i2 <+ Han(2 C+ <i2 S+ Sun2 3em"al - #en6ene -rm nitr(en #; u!in(
pl;prp;lene hll* :#er (a!liEuid mem#rane cntactr2 Sep+ >uri-+
Technl+ 6L (200B) 75L2+
J15K >+ Chilu1uri2 D+ 3adema1er!2 D+ 8;mei'er2 <+ $an %er Fam2 F+%+ $an @er(2
>rp;lene,prpane !eparatin *ith a (a!,liEuid mem#rane cntactr u!in( a
!il"er !alt !lutin2 And+ En(+ Chem+ 3e!+ 46 (2007) L701L70B+
J16K @+ Haldie2 H+D+ Farri!2 Strippin( per-rmance - a ne* hi(h inten!it; (a!,
liEuid cntactr2 in) >rceedin(! - the 1BB7 S;mp!ium n %i!tillatin and
0#!rptpn+ >art 1 (- 2)2 1BB72 pp+ 37137L+
J17K C+0+ >edit2 D+C+ A*ama!a2 C+T+ 9iller2 H+F+ 5la6e2 %e"elpment and applicatin -
a (a!liEuid cntactr mdel -r !imulatin( ad"anced xidatin prce!!e!2
En"irn+ Sci+ Technl+ 31 (1BB7) 27B127B6+
J1LK 9+ 0!(harpur2 9+3+ 9ehrnia2 8+ 9!tu:2 E--ect - !ur-ace cntaminant! n
x;(en tran!-er in #u##le clumn reactr!2 @ichem+ En(+ C+ 4B (2010) 351
360+
J1BK 7+ Cia2 P+ Chan(2 0+ 9amat2 >reparatin - nanparticle! *ith a !emi4#atch (a!
liEuid mem#rane cntactr2 Chem+ En(+ >rce!!+ 50 (2011) L10L14+
J20K 7+ Cia2 P+ Chan(2 C+ Pin2 F+ Sun2 >reparatin - nanparticle! *ith a cntinuu!
(a!liEuid mem#rane cntactr) a#!rptin prce!!2 C+ 9em#rane Sci+ 352
(2010) 5054+
J21K 9+ 3e6a1a6emi2 7+ 8ia6i2 9+ 9ir-endere!1i2 S+ Shira6ian2 T+ 9hammadi2 0+ >a12
CF% !imulatin - natural (a! !*eetenin( in a (a!liEuid hll*4:#er
mem#rane cntactr2 Chem+ En(+ C+ 16L (2011) 12171226+
J22K F+F+ >ar12 @+3+ %e!h*al2 A+H+ Dim2 F+D+ <ee2 0#!rptin - S=2 -rm Gue (a!
u!in( >$%F hll* :#er mem#rane! in a (a!liEuid cntactr2 C+ 9em#rane
Sci+ 31B (200L) 2B37+
J23K F+ Ta6dian2 9+>+ Fa'ia##a!2 S+0+ Sh'a!adati2 9+ 8!rati2 E+ $a!he(hani4
Farahani2 9+3+ 9ehrnia2 Stud; - h;drd;namic!2 ma!! tran!-er2 ener(;
cn!umptin2 and #ima!! prductin -rm natural (a! in a -rced4liEuid
"ertical tu#ular lp #ireactr2 @ichem+ En(+ C+ 4B (2010) 1B2200+
J24K 3+ 9aceira!2 E+ ^l"are62 9+0+ Cancela2 Experimental inter-acial area
mea!urement! in a #u##le clumn2 Chem+ En(+ C+ 163 (2010) 331336+
J25K T+ Han(2 H+ Fan2 T+ <iu2 7+ 7en(2 S+ Fa2 9+ Chan(2 C+ 7han(2 T+ Su2 F+ Sian(2 T+
<i2 9delin( - the Fi!cherTrp!ch !;nthe!i! in !lurr; #u##le clumn
reactr!2 Chem+ En(+ >rce!!+ 47 (200L) 22222L+
J26K C+ 9erchu12 S+ @en47"i2 D+ 8iran'an2 Hh; u!e #u##le4clumn #ireactr!_2
Trend! @itechnl 12 (1BB4) 501511+
J27K 3+ 9aceira!2 ^+ Cancela2 9ea!urement - the inter-acial area durin( C=
2
capture *ith al1anlamine!2 Chem+ En(+ C+ 172 (2011) 335340+
J2LK 3+S+ 0#dulmh!in2 @+0+ 0#id2 9+F+ 0l4%ahhan2 Feat tran!-er !tud; in a pilt4
plant !cale #u##le clumn2 Chem+ En(+ 3e!+ %e!+ LB (2011) 7LL4+
J2BK 8+ Dantarci2 F+ @ra12 D+=+ ?l(en2 @u##le clumn reactr!2 >rce!! @ichem+ 40
(2005) 226322L3+
J30K T+T+ Shah2 @+5+ Del1ar2 S+>+ 5d#le2 H+%+ %ec1*er2 %e!i(n parameter!
e!timatin! -r #u##le clumn reactr!2 0lChE C+ 2L (1BL2) 35337B+
J31K 0+D+ 8a;a12 7+ @r1a2 <+E+ >atrun2 F+ Sprleder2 C+0+ %ra2 F+0+ Ca1#!en2 0
cm#ined multiGuid4ppulatin #alance mdel -r "ertical (a! liEuid
#u##le4 dri"en G*! cn!iderin( #u##le clumn peratin( cnditin!2 And+
En(+ Chem+ 3e!+ 50 (2011) 17L617BL+
J32K F+ 9ar!chall2 3+ 9rnhin*e(2 0+ D!!mann2 S+ =#erhau!er2 D+ <an(#ein2 =+
Finrich!en2 8umerical !imulatin - di!per!ed (a!,liEuid G*! in #u##le
clumn! at hi(h pha!e -ractin! u!in( =penF=09

+ >art A 9delin(
#a!ic!2 Chem+ En(+ Technl+ 34 (2011) 13111320+
J33K F+ 9ar!chall2 3+ 9rnhin*e(2 0+ D!!mann2 S+ =#erhau!er2 D+ <an(#ein2 =+
Finrich!en2 8umerical !imulatin - di!per!ed (a!,liEuid G*! in #u##le
clumn! at hi(h pha!e -ractin! u!in( =penF=09

+ >art AA 8umerical
!imulatin! and re!ult!2 Chem+ En(+ Technl+ 34 (2011) 13211327+
J34K 8+ Tan(2 7+ Hu2 C+ Chen2 T+ Han(2 C+ <i2 9ulti4!cale anal;!i! - (a!liEuid
interactin and CF% !imulatin - (a!liEuid G* in #u##le clumn!2 Chem+
En(+ Sci+ 66 (2011) 32123222+
J35K 0+D+ 8a;a12 7+ @r1a2 <+E+ >atrun2 F+ Sprleder2 C+0+ %ra2 F+0+ Ca1#!en2 0
cm#ined multiGuid4ppulatin #alance mdel -r "ertical (a!liEuid
#u##le4 dri"en G*! cn!iderin( #u##le clumn peratin( cnditin!2 And+
En(+ Chem+ 3e!+ 50 (2011) 17L617BL+
J36K 5+ <i2 S+ Tan(2 5+ %ai2 CF% !imulatin - e--ect! - the cn:(uratin - (a!
di!tri#utr! n (a!liEuid G* and mixin( in a #u##le clumn2 Chem+ En(+ Sci+
64 (200B) 51045116+
J37K 9+E+ %`a62 0+ Aran62 %+ Cuadra2 3+ @ar#er2 F+C+ 9nte!2 9+0+ 5alan2 8umerical
!imulatin - the (a!liEuid G* in a la#ratr; !cale #u##le clumn+
AnGuence - #u##le !i6e di!tri#utin and nn4dra( -rce!2 Chem+ En(+ C+ 13B
(200L) 36337B+
J3LK 0+ 01htar2 $+ >aree12 9+ Tadb2 CF% !imulatin! -r cntinuu! G* - #u##le!
thru(h (a!liEuid clumn!) applicatin - $=F methd2 Chem+ >rd+ >rce!!
9del+ 2 (2007)+
J3BK 9+ $i'a;an2 F+A+ Schla#er(2 9+ Han(2 E--ect! - !par(er (emetr; n the
mechani!m - G* pattern tran!itin in a #u##le clumn2 Chem+ En(+ C+ 130
(2007) 17117L+
J40K 9+C+ Sathe2 C+S+ 9athpati2 S+S+ %e!hpande2 7+ Dhan2 D+ E1am#ara2 C+@+ C!hi2
An"e!ti(atin - G* !tructure! and tran!prt phenmena in #u##le clumn!
u!in( particle ima(e "elcimetr; and miniature pre!!ure !en!r!2 Chem+ En(+
Sci+ 66 (2011) 30L73107+
J41K 3+ 9!dr-2 T+ H;!61*!1i2 Experimental in"e!ti(atin! - determini!tic cha!
appearance in #u##lin( G*2 Ant+ C+ Feat 9a!! Tran!-er 54 (2011) 5060506B+
J42K C+ Arr(an(2 =+ Finrich!en2 3+ <au2 E--ect! - ri:ce an(le and !ur-ace ru(hne!!
n the #u##lin(4t4'ettin( re(ime tran!itin in a #u##le clumn2 And+ En(+
Chem+ 3e!+ 51 (2012) 44454451+
J43K S+ 8edeltche"2 0pplicatin - cha! anal;!i! -r the in"e!ti(atin - tur#ulence
in heter(eneu! #u##le clumn!2 Chem+ En(+ Technl+ 32 (200B) 1B741BL3+
J44K 9+ Simnnet2 C+ 5entric2 E+ =lm!2 8+ 9idux2 Experimental determinatin -
the dra( ce-:cient in a !*arm - #u##le!2 Chem+ En(+ Sci+ 62 (2007) L5LL66+
J45K H+D+ Farte"eld2 3+F+ 9udde2 F+E+0+ $an den 011er2 E!timatin - tur#ulence
p*er !pectra -r #u##l; G*! -rm la!er dppler anemmetr; !i(nal!2 Chem+
En(+ Sci+ 60 (2005) 6160616L+
J46K E+ =lm!2 C+ 5entric2 S+ >ncin2 8+ 9idux2 %e!criptin - G* re(ime
tran!itin! in #u##le clumn! "ia la!er %ppler anemmetr; !i(nal!
prce!!in(2 Chem+ En(+ Sci+ 5L (2003) 17311742+
J47K <+F+ 5ladden2 <+%+ 0nadn2 C+>+ %unc1le;2 9+%+ 9antle2 0+C+ Sederman2 An!i(ht!
int (a!liEuid!lid reactr! #tained #; ma(netic re!nance ima(in(2 Chem+
En(+ Sci+ 62 (2007) 6B6B6B77+
J4LK 3+5+ Su!a2 0+9+F+3+ >int2 C+@+<+9+ Camp!2 E--ect - (a! expan!in n the
"elcit; - a Ta;lr #u##le) >A$ mea!urement!2 Ant+ C+ 9ultipha!e Fl* 32
(2006) 11L211B0+
J4BK C+ 3ee!e2 <+S+ Fan2 Tran!ient G* !tructure in the entrance re(in - a #u##le
clumn u!in( particle ima(e "elcimetr;2 Chem+ En(+ Sci+ 4B (1BB4) 5623
5636+
J50K E+ %elni'2 C+0+9+ Duiper!2 H+>+9+ $an S*aai'2 C+ He!ter*eel2 9ea!urement -
(a!liEuid t*4pha!e G* in #u##le clumn! u!in( en!em#le crrelatin >A$2
Chem+ En(+ Sci+ 55 (2000) 33L533B5+
J51K C+ Chen2 0+ Demun2 9+F+ 0l4%ahhan2 9+>+ %udu1"icc 2 %+C+ <ee2 <+4S+
Fan2 Cmparati"e h;drd;namic! !tud; in a #u##le clumn u!in(
cmputer4 autmated radiacti"e particle trac1in( (C03>T),cmputed
tm(raph; (CT) and particle ima(e "elcimetr; (>A$)2 Chem+ En(+ Sci+ 54
(1BBB) 21BB2207+
J52K 9+%+ Supardan2 T+ 9a!uda2 0+ 9ae6a*a2 S+ ?chida2 The in"e!ti(atin - (a!
hldup di!tri#utin in a t*4pha!e #u##le clumn u!in( ultra!nic cmputed
tm(raph;2 Chem+ En(+ C+ 130 (2007) 125133+
J53K F+ Cin2 9+ Han(2 3+0+ Hilliam!2 0nal;!i! - #u##le #eha"ir! in #u##le clumn!
u!in( electrical re!i!tance tm(raph;2 Chem+ En(+ C+ 130 (2007) 17B1L5+
J54K H+ Har!it2 <+S+ Fan2 9ea!urement - real4time G* !tructure! in (a!liEuid
and (a!liEuid!lid G* !;!tem! u!in( electrical capacitance tm(raph;
(ECT)2 Chem+ En(+ Sci+ 56 (2001) 64556462+
J55K 9+ 0##a!i2 3+ Studeh45hare#a(h2 8+ 9!tu:2 3+ 7ar(hami2 9+C+ 9ah'#2
8nintru!i"e characteri6atin - Guidi6ed #ed h;drd;namic! u!in( "i#ratin
!i(nature anal;!i!2 0lChE C+ 56 (2010) 5B7603+
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