Applied Mathematics and Mechanics

(English Edition, Vol.7, No.8, Aug. 1986)

Published by SUT,
Shanghai, China
F E M A N A L Y S I S ON MI X E D - MO D E F R A C T U R E OF CS M- GRP
Zhang Shuang-yin ( ~ r )
(Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing)
C. M. Leech
(Dept. of Mech. Eng., UMIST, U, K.)
(Received Mar. 15, 1985 Communicated by Chien Wei-zang)
A b s t r a c t
A FEM analysis for studying mixed-mode fracture problem of chopped strand mat
glass fibre reinforced polyester laminate is presented. The analysis is formulated on the
basis of S-node quadrilateral isoparametric element. The collapsed triangular quarter-point
singular elements were used for calculating stress intensity factors Ki and Ktt.
The crack propagation process was computed by implementing constraint
release technique. Three different approaches to the solution of stress intensity
factors Kt and Kn were compared. The effect of constraint condition imposed
upon the displacement of the three collapsed nodes of the crack tip elements on the
KI and Ktl results was evaluated. The mixed-mode critical stress intensity factors
Kic and K. c were estimated for CSM-GRP through the consideration of Kt and
Kit calculated and the measured failure load and critical crack length in the
experiment.
I. I n t r o d u c t i o n
Many finite element approaches to crack problems (fracture problems) have been developed 1~1
t2~. The collapsed triangular quarter-point element degenerated from quadrilateral isoparametric
element has now been accepted as one of the best elements of calculating fracture toughness and
proved t o be able to produce more satisfactory results TMI41
A numer of ways to estimate the stress intensity factors from finite element displacement near a
crack tip were proposed by different investigators TMis1. The constraint condition imposed on the
three nodes on the collapsed side of the singular element renders a large effect on the strain
singularity. Reference [6] has demonstrated that the triangular quarter-point elements could have
either 1 / ~' r singularity or l / r singularity, that depends on if the three collapsed nodes are
constrained to have the same displacement or not. The pr oof of the different singularity was also
given in Reference [7].
While a large number of papers of investigating crack problem in isotropic (metallic) materials
have been published, there are not many on the finite element analysis of the crack problem in fibre
composites. Sih tSj has studied fracture mechanics of composite materials and pointed out that in
some circumstances the well-established fracture mechanics for metal materials can be applied to
investigation of composite material problem. Wang etc. published a paper [9] on mixed-mode crack
problem of rectilinear anisotropic solids; as an example, he dealt with the problem of the
741
Abs t r act
The one-dimensional problem of the motion of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
an analytic solution only when the polytropic index of detonation products equals to three. In
general, a numerical analysis is required. In this paper, however, by utilizing the "weak" shock
behavior of the reflection shock in the explosive products, and applying the small parameter pur-
terbation method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained for the problem of flying
plate driven by various high explosives with polytropic indices other than but nearly equal to three.
Final velocities of flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus
an analytic formula with two parameters of high explosive (i.e. detonation velocity and polytropic
index) for estimation of the velocity of flying plate is established.
1. I nt r oduc t i on
Explosive driven flying-plate technique ffmds its important use in the study of behavior of
materials under intense impulsive loading, shock synthesis of diamonds, and explosive welding and
cladding of metals. The method of estimation of flyor velocity and the way of raising it are questions
of common interest.
Under the assumptions of one-dimensional plane detonation and rigid flying plate, the normal
approach of solving the problem of motion of flyor is to solve the following system of equations
governing the flow field of detonation products behind the flyor (Fig. I):
a p +u_~_xp + au
--ff =o,
au au 1
y =0,
aS a s
a--T =o,
p =p(p, s),
( i . 0
293
where p, p, S, u are pressure, density, specific entropy and particle velocity of detonation products
respectively, with the trajectory R of reflected shock of detonation wave D as a boundary and the
trajectory F of flyor as another boundary. Both are unknown; the position of R and the state para-
meters on it are governed by the flow field I of central rarefaction wave behind the detonation wave
D and by initial stage of motion of flyor also; the position of F and the state parameters of products
742 Zhang Shuang-yin and C. M. Leech
crack emanating from a circular hole in E-glass/epoxy panel.
in the present paper, a FEM analysis for studying the interlaminar shear fracture behaviour of
chopped strand mat reinforced polyester laminate is presented. The defonnation of the double-
grooved (lap-shear) specimen and stress distributions along the shear surface are calculated using 2
dilnensional 8-node quadrilateral elements. The crack initiation point and initial crack propagation
direction are predicted.
The micro-cracked (damage) zone is calculated by using iteration method. Three failure criteria
are employed in the calculations and the results obtained are compared. In this paper, crack-
extension process is studied, in which the constraint release technique is utilized. The mixed-mode
stress intensity factors K/ and KH from finite element displacement field in the near crack zone are
computed.
The effect of the constraint condition imposed upon the three collapsed nodes of the singular
elements on the values of K/ and KH is evaluated. The critical stress intensity factors Km and K, c are
estimated by using K/ and Kn calculated and the critical crack length and failure load measured in
the experiment.
Ii. Fi ni t e El e me nt For mul a t i on
1. 2-D quadr at i c i s opa r a me t r i c e l e me nt
in the present paper two dimensional 8-node isoparametric (Serendipity) quadrilateral element
are used. In the isoparametric element, the same shape function is used in both the coordinate
representation of x and y. and the displacement representation.
a) The coordinate representations can be given as:
8 8
X = . V~. N, (~, ~)X, , Y = ~ , N, ( 8 , t l ) Y , (2. l a , b )
i - I I - I
aH~ the displacement representations can be expressed as:
8 8
~ f = x-~ N-,(~,r/)U,, V =. ~ . N, ( ~ , ~ ) V , (2.2a, b)
i - I i ~l
I-he shape function is"
N, = + ( 1 + ~o) ( 1 + T/o) (~o + r}o-- I), i = 1 , 3 , 5 , 7
( 2 . 3 a )
N, =l ( 1- - ~z ) ( l +r / 0) ,
i = 2 , 6 ( 2 . 3 b )
where:
1
N, =~- ( 1- - n~) ( l +~0) ,
i~--'-- 4 , 8
(2. 3c)
( 2 . 4 a , b )
and ~, and r/, equal +1 or - 1 correspondingly.
b) Strain-displacement relationship is given as:
1 " }
l e } = e, = [ B M a } "
] - ' z w
Abs t r act
The one-dimensional problem of the motion of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
an analytic solution only when the polytropic index of detonation products equals to three. In
general, a numerical analysis is required. In this paper, however, by utilizing the "weak" shock
behavior of the reflection shock in the explosive products, and applying the small parameter pur-
terbation method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained for the problem of flying
plate driven by various high explosives with polytropic indices other than but nearly equal to three.
Final velocities of flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus
an analytic formula with two parameters of high explosive (i.e. detonation velocity and polytropic
index) for estimation of the velocity of flying plate is established.
1. I nt r oduc t i on
Explosive driven flying-plate technique ffmds its important use in the study of behavior of
materials under intense impulsive loading, shock synthesis of diamonds, and explosive welding and
cladding of metals. The method of estimation of flyor velocity and the way of raising it are questions
of common interest.
Under the assumptions of one-dimensional plane detonation and rigid flying plate, the normal
approach of solving the problem of motion of flyor is to solve the following system of equations
governing the flow field of detonation products behind the flyor (Fig. I):
a p +u_~_xp + au
--ff =o,
au au 1
y =0,
aS a s
a--T =o,
p =p(p, s),
( i . 0
293
where p, p, S, u are pressure, density, specific entropy and particle velocity of detonation products
respectively, with the trajectory R of reflected shock of detonation wave D as a boundary and the
trajectory F of flyor as another boundary. Both are unknown; the position of R and the state para-
meters on it are governed by the flow field I of central rarefaction wave behind the detonation wave
D and by initial stage of motion of flyor also; the position of F and the state parameters of products
FEM Analysis on Mi xed-Mode Fract ure of CSM- GRP 743
where {(3} ~ expresses the node displacement vector of an element, t hat is:
{c)}" =E ul ,vl ,u~.v~, ... , u, , v. ] T
and [B] is strain mat ri x and given as:
( 2. 6)
[B~]~.~ =
F a N , l ~' '
Ox J 0
j a N, I c~
o J
F
a N , l < . , FaN, 1 <.,
-O~u J L- f f ~ J
(2.7)
c) Stress-strain relationship is as follows:
{~} = crv =[ D] {e, }
Exl r
Where [D] is the constitutive mat ri x and is given as:
( 2. 8)
1 [ Z , , vz, ZH 0 ]
E~ G
[ D] -- 1--vl~v21 [ Sym 12
for ort hot ropi c mat eri a model.
d) The element nodal force vector is given as:
{F}<',=~F}c;> + ~F}~:' + {F} ~;'
( 2. 9)
( 2 . 1 0 )
where { F } ' ; ' is concent r at edf or cevect or .
F }<~.> is gravi t at i onal force vector and can be derived from"
{F}%'> =.Io [ N' ] ~w} dD
(2.11)
e)
and { F } ' ; ' is distributed force vector, and can be derived from"
{ F } ~ . =, [ r [ N, ] ~q} ds ( 2. 12)
The element stiffness matrix can be derived from the virtual work principle. From the virtual
work expression the following equat i on can be obtained"
{F},~) =[ K] , . . ~c 3} .... ( 2 . 1 3 )
where [ K] ' ~ is element stiffness matrix.
ff
[K]<'>= [B]T[D][B]IJld~d~
- l - l
where J J I
is Jacobi an det ermi nant .
ax
9 a$
IYl =
Ox
o7
ay
a~
ay
a~
(2.14)
( 2. 15)
Abs t r act
The one-dimensional problem of the motion of a rigid flying plate under explosive attack has
an analytic solution only when the polytropic index of detonation products equals to three. In
general, a numerical analysis is required. In this paper, however, by utilizing the "weak" shock
behavior of the reflection shock in the explosive products, and applying the small parameter pur-
terbation method, an analytic, first-order approximate solution is obtained for the problem of flying
plate driven by various high explosives with polytropic indices other than but nearly equal to three.
Final velocities of flying plate obtained agree very well with numerical results by computers. Thus
an analytic formula with two parameters of high explosive (i.e. detonation velocity and polytropic
index) for estimation of the velocity of flying plate is established.
1. I nt r oduc t i on
Explosive driven flying-plate technique ffmds its important use in the study of behavior of
materials under intense impulsive loading, shock synthesis of diamonds, and explosive welding and
cladding of metals. The method of estimation of flyor velocity and the way of raising it are questions
of common interest.
Under the assumptions of one-dimensional plane detonation and rigid flying plate, the normal
approach of solving the problem of motion of flyor is to solve the following system of equations
governing the flow field of detonation products behind the flyor (Fig. I):
a p +u_~_xp + au
--ff =o,
au au 1
y =0,
aS a s
a--T =o,
p =p(p, s),
( i . 0
293
where p, p, S, u are pressure, density, specific entropy and particle velocity of detonation products
respectively, with the trajectory R of reflected shock of detonation wave D as a boundary and the
trajectory F of flyor as another boundary. Both are unknown; the position of R and the state para-
meters on it are governed by the flow field I of central rarefaction wave behind the detonation wave
D and by initial stage of motion of flyor also; the position of F and the state parameters of products
744 Zhang Shuang-yin and C. M. Leech
2. The f o r mu l a t i o n o f s p e c i a l e l e m e n t
In expressions (2. I ) and (2.2) if the midside node is j ust located at the middle of the sides, within
the element coordinate, r (in polar coordinate system) does not have,,/~term, this element does not
have 1/ ~/ ' -7 singularity. But, if the midside node is placed at the location decided according to the
following formula:
( ~ / ~ + ~/ r - 7) ' ( 2 . 1 6 )
r z - - 4
the element will have 1/~/'-~" singularity, and it can
be proved that:
where r~, r: and r3 are distances of the three nodes on
crack surface from the crack tip (See Fig. 1). When r~ = 0,
r: = r s / 4 , the quarter point element was obtained.
I I I . D e t e r m l n b t i o n Of S t r e s s I n t e n s i t y F a c t o r s
1. I s o t r o p i c m a t e r i a l m o d e l
/
Fig. 1 Special elements
The classical linear elastic fracture mechanics has the following formulas which express the
relationship between the displacement field in the vicinity of the crack tip and the stress intensity
factors K~ and Ku.
KI [ r ~ 89 K! [ 9 ~ 89162 10 ) (3 l a )
U, = T G' t - T s - 4- TO- t - T~- J ~ ' "
K i [ r ~89
&r~ = 4- - G" - \ - ~- ] fi/( O ) - - - ~ - ~ - - - ~ - ~ - ) 8 9 ( 3 . 1 b )
where:
0 30
f l t ( 0 ) = ( 2 ~ - - l ) c o s - ~ - - - - c o s T ( 3 . 2 a )
f 1 1 ( 0 ) = ( 2 ~ - - 1 ) sin -~---- 3sin ( 3 . 2 b )
f l z ( O) = sin 30 0
( 1 + 2ft)sin--~- ( 3. 2e )
3 " I # . . . . 0
crack
0 ^ 30
f i z ( O) = ( 2 ~+ 1) cos---~--- : scos--"~ ( 3. 2d) Fig. 2 Polar coordinate in formulas (3.1) and (3.2)
Gi s s he a r modul us , G=E / 2 ( I +v ) ,
~ 3 - - 4 v
3 - - v
and h" t" ~
for plane strain problems
for plane stress problems
The polar coordinate system is shown in Fig.2.
9,. A n i s o t r o p i c m a t e r i a l m o d e l
FEM Analysis on Mixed-Mode Fracture of CSM- GRP 745
where
conjugate pairs, as /zt, #t and /~,/2z
att/~ 4 - 2at e # a + ( 2 a t z + ase)~ z- 2az0/~ + az~ = 0
p~ and q, are defined as:
U , ' = K l ~ 2 - ~ R e [ p t l ~ ( u t P , ~/ cosO+l~tsinO - # . P t ,,/ eosO+~tsinO ) ]
+ K, ~ / 2r Re [1------~---(p,,~/eosO+pzsinO--pt,~/eosO+l~tsinO ) ]
n '/*t --/~z
U . = K , ~ 2 ; R e [ . , Z p t ( t ~ t q . M c o s O + . z s i n O - - . . q , ~ / e o s 0 + , ~ t s i f i 0 ) ]
( 3. 3a)
(s.3b)
and /~z are the two different roots of the following equation, and they always occur in
(:~.,~)
p l ~ 2 ~ a z 8
- - f i l l # , + a l 2 - - a l ~ qi ~' al 2~- / "i t - ~lzz ( 3 . 5 a , b )
In equation (3.4) and formulas (3.5a) and (3.5b), a0 are compliance coefficients.
e , = ~a , j o ~ ( 3. 6)
3. D e t e r m i n a t e s o f K ~ a n d K I f r o m t h e n e a r c r a c k d i s p l a c e m e n t f i e l d
Formulas (3.1) and (3.3) express the relationship between displacements U, and Ue
and K~ and K,. Using the displacement distribution on the two crack surfaces (0 = ~r) to obtain
//t and Ku is the simplest way and gives more accurate results.
For isotropic material:
Kl ( : r ) = ~ / 2n 2 G U , ( r o , n ) ( 0 = z ) (3 7a)
r, ( I , ' +1)
K t ( _ _ r O = ~ / 2:t 2 G U , ( r o , - - z )
r , ( K+ I ) ( 0 = - - z ) ( 3. 7b)
KI ( = ) + KI ( - ~ ) , ( 3. 7c)
K j = 2
Kt ( n ) = / q 2 n . 2 GU, ( r o , n )
r, ( ~+ 1)
--n)----/V 2 x 2GU,(ro, - n )
KI
(
ro (h' + 1)
(0==) (3.8a)
( 0 = - - z ) ( 3. 8b)
KI (g)+KI (--g) (3.8c)
K I = 2
For ort hot ropi c mat ~i ai , there are :ormulas similar to (3.7) and (3.8). The only change is factor
( e + 1), which should be calculated from formulas (3.3) through (3.6), and be different for K~ and
Ktt.
It can be seen that K~ and Ku obtained from formulas (3.7) through (3.8) depend on the value of
to. To obt ai n K~ and K, at the crack tip, the following three approaches have been used in different
746 Zhang Shuang-yi n and C. M. Leech
papers:
(a) Let r,, be equal to 1 - 2 per cent of the crack length, or r,,=a/9 ,~ values o f / ( / a n d
KH obt ai ned f r om f or mul as (3.7) t hr ough (3.8) are good est i mat i on of t rue Kt and KH.
(b) Cal cul at e K~ and KH f r om the fol l owi ng formulastSl:
K,- ~ + 1 . ~ / ~ -
2 G ~ : 2 - - - ~ 4U, l~-U,l~ ( ( 3 . g a , b )
f ' / ' - , ~ + 1 { , , / - L )
/
where U0i B, Un i t , U~IB , and U, Ic are ci rcumferent i al
and radial di spl acement s at poi nt s B and C respectively. (See Fig.3)
(c) Ext r apol at i on met hod
Fig.3 A quarter-point element
It has been shown in [4] t hat the K~ and KH results obt ai ned from f or mul as of(3.1 a)t hrough
( 3. ~) var y linearly with r. Select a series of r,, cal cul at e (K3, and (KI~),, t hen use a st rai ght line
ext r apol at e to obt ai n K/ a nd K~ at r = 0.
4. S i n g u l a r i t y o f t h e c o l l a p s e d t r i a n g u l a r quar t e r - poi nt e l e me nt s
The coll~psed t r i angul ar quar t er - poi nt el ement s coul d have 1/ , , / ' r or 1/ r si ngul ari t y
in the strain field near crack tip, dependi ng on whet her the t hree collapsed nodes havi ng the same
coor di nat es of crack tip are const r ai ned to have same di spl acement s or not. I f the fol l owi ng
const r ai nt condi t i ons are i mposed on t hem,
U~ =Uj =Ub , V ~ = V j = V ~ ( 3 . 1 0 a , b )
where i, j , k are node number s of the col l apsed nodes, the strain field obt ai ned in this el ement will
have 1 / ~ / r singularity. Thi s el ement applies to cal cul at i on of linear elastic stress i nt ensi t y
fact ors, because stress field also has 1 / , , / 9 singularity. But, i f the t hree nodes can be displaced
i ndependent l y, the st rai n field cal cul at ed will be of 1/ r singularity. In this case, the stress field
is const ant in the vicinity of crack tip, this el ement applies to perfect l y plastic crack probl ems.
I V. An a l y s i s o f I n t e r l a mi n a r S h e a r F r a c t u r e o f Chopped St r and Ma t Gl a s s f i b r e
Rei nf orced Pl as t i c ( CSM- GRP)
The i nt er l ami nar shear f r act ur e behavi our has been st udi ed bot h experi ment al l y and
anal yt i cal l y, the mai n results will be present ed in anot her paper. The specimen tested is shown in
Fig.4, it is a ol ane strain probl em.
/'"
t
i a - L +
Fig.4 A lap-shear specimen
1. Pr e c r ac ke d de f o r ma t i o n and s t r e s s di s t r i but i on i n t he s pe c i me n
The pr ecr ack def or mat i on and stress di st r i but i on were comput ed by using finite el ement mesh
pat t er n (I), shown in Fig.5, and the results obt ai ned are shown in Fig.6 t o Fig.8. The stress val ues in
FEM Anal ysi s on Mi xed- Mode Fr act ur e of CSM- GRP 747
r l J ! f
i i i l l
t l l l l
! I J I J J J J J t 4 ! ! ! J J t
Fig.5 Finite Element mesh pattern (I)
Fig.6 Deformed shape of mesh pattern (I)
I < r , / ~ .
l. O
1. 2
0.8
0. 4
0.0
Transverse normal stress o'j,
3:0 , 6 0 0 . 0
12. 0
J ,
2 . 0 0
2 " 1 , / ~ t
rmal stress a,
1.00
0.50
, x ( r a r n )
0. 3.0 0.0 9.0 12.0
r / f ,
9 shear stress r
4. 0
/
3. 0~ r~
2.01
I II
, ~ , x ( mm)
i i h - -
0.0 3. 0 6.0 9.0 12',0
Fig.7 Stress distributions (isotropic material)
748 Zhang Shuang-yin and C. M. Leech
the three
which E--- 7.0 GPa,
GPa, E2:= 5.20 GPa,
figures are those of average stress in elements. Fig.7 is for isotropic material model, in
v =0.34: and Fig,8 is for orthotropic material model, in which E~=9.81
vt, =0.34, G~2= i.43 GPa.
"G .t/G ,,,
1.6 Transverse normal stress %~
1.2
0.8 ~,
0.4
s . 0 6 . 0 . 9 , o ) 2 ~ o ~ ! , , , . )
0.0 ' " '
S.O0
1.50
1.00
G , / G , .
Parallel normal stress a,
0.50
x (re_m)
o . o . . . . . ' . . . . . ' ~ ' s ~.0 8.0 9 0 1 0
~ ' [ r 0
4.0 shear stress r
a.Oz.ot.o ~ a..t/t=
X (ram)
9 z ~ ' ' ~ ' . . r .
0.0 0 6.0 940 12.0
Fig.8 Stress distributions(orthotropic material)
2. Ca l c ul a t i o ns o f t he mi c r o c r a c k e d ( damage ) z one .
The calculations for predicting the crack initiation and microcracked zone extension were
carried out by using the mesh shown in Fig.5. Within every element the strains and stresses at 25
(5 5) points (including 9 Gauss sampling points and 8 nodal points) can be calculated. In each load
step the maximum stress and the maximum stress point were searched. If the stress is larger than a
critical value, this point will fail, a microcrack occurs. The following criteria were employed in the
computation !1"1:
a. Maximum stress failure criteria
FEM Analysis on Mi xed- Mode Fr act ur e of CSM- GRP 749
b. Nor r i s di st ort i onal energy failure cri t eri on
In f or mul as (4.1) and (4.2), a . . . . a ~,
available we assume:
( 4 . 1 a , b , e )
+ -~/~1 ( 4 . 2 )
CT # c CT c
and ro are critical stresses, and f r om experi ment al dat a
a , , r a ~ c = 9 . 0 MP a , r c = 9 . 5 MP a ( 4 . 3 )
Maki ng use of the fol l owi ng procedure, the damage zone is cal cul at ed:
a) For each l oad i ncrement the maxi mum stress (or stress fact or ~b ) poi nt is searched.
b) Checki ng for failure using criteria (4.1) or (4.2).
c) I f this poi nt fails, the cor r espondi ng stiffness coeffi ci ent in const i t ut i ve mat ri x [D] will be set equal
to zero. For exampl e:
if r~>ro , t hen G~z =0 , ( 4 . 4 a )
if a ~ a , t h e n E z z = Vz l = 0 , ( 4 . 4 b )
if a,,~a,c , t h e n E u = v t z = 0 , ( 4 . 4 c )
if ~b~l , t h e n En=E2,=Gt,=O ( 4 . 4 d )
Mat r i x [D] at ot her poi nt s and ot her el ement s remai ns unchanged.
d) Modi f y the stiffness mat r i x and repeat the same comput at i on pr ocedur e described above,
damage zone obt ai ned.
The di fferent fai l ure criteria predi ct the same crack initiation poi nt , t hat is the inner cor ner
poi nt of t he t wo notcl~ ~s. Whereas the initial damage st rengt h predi ct ed by di fferent cri t eri on is
different. The results are listed in Tabl e 1.
Tabl e 1
Criteria a do" s, o" t_~o' r~r~ q~l
Initial Strength 20.2MPa 2.45MPa 3.64MPa 2.1MPa
Fr om Tabl e 1 it can be concl uded t hat the di st ort i onal strain energy criterion, ~b~l , predicts
an earlier damage t han ot her criteria. The maxi mum parallel stress cri t eri on, a, , ~cr , , c ,
predi ct s a much l arger st rengt h. It is unlikely for the parallel stress a,, to cause the material
failure.
The initial crack ext ensi on di rect i on can be predi ct ed t hr ough the searchi ng for the next (the
second) failure poi nt . The t hree criteria, ie. ~b~l , a ~ c r ~ c and r ~ r , , all predi ct the same
initial crack ext ensi on di rect i on, t hat is al ong the i nt erface (shear surface). Because in this
cal cul at i on at the failure poi nt s the mat eri al is not br oken (separat ed) compl et el y, but it is still
cont i nuous, we name this area damaged (or mi cr ocr acked) zone. The damaged zone predi ct ed by
the cri t eri on r ~ r c is shown in Fig.9, the number s indicate the failure sequences. The stress
di st ri but i on al ong the shear surface of the specimen with the damage zone calculated by using
~b~t cri t eri on is i l l ust rat ed in Fig.10. The stress di st ri but i on curves obt ai ned by the ot her ' t wo
criteria have the same feat ure. The stress values (average in the el ement ) at the c ome r of the not ch
diminish not abl y.
750 Zh a n g Shua ng- yi n a nd C. M. Leech
I
/ e 8 29 I
i -~3z7 I
1620 )
1 1 3 I s - ~ s I
2, 4 _ _
Oel
8 9 21
6 7 19
2 5 18
I 4 17
9 /
N o t c h
1
F i g 9 Da ma ge d zone cal cul at ed with
t h e cr i t er i on of r-~. rc ( Lo a d =
4 . 9 7 MI ' a )
)
1
O'.l, JO'o
I 8
1. 2
0. 8
0 . 4 ~ 3 , 0
0. 0
Tr a ns ve r s e
nor ma l st r ess (r~
0 . 0 9 . 0 1 2 . 0 x ( t r n n )
t
o' , t o ' .
00[ Par al l el nor ma l st ress a ,
2 .
t
1 . S 0
1 . 0 0
0. 50
0.C
x ( mm)
t . 0
3. 0
2 . 0
1. 0
0. 0
i ~ / r ,
Shear stress.,"
r , - - ~ , t l l
3.0 6.0 9. 0 12. 0 x ( r n; n)
Fig. 10 Stress di s t r i but i ons al ong shear surface with a
damaged zone predi ct ed by ~b-%l
3. M i x e d - m o d e s t r e s s i n t e n s i t y f a c t o r s
The c r a c k p r o p a g a t i o n pr oc e s s a n d t he st r ess i nt ens i t y f a c t or s ar e c a l c ul a t e d by usi ng t he fi ni t e
e l e me nt mes h p a t t e r n II (See F i g . l l ) .
t l i i ! ! l l l l l ] l l l I I I I l J ] ! ! [ 1 [ i l l
J t L i 1 ~ l . ~ l l l l I il ~ i i 1 1 t l l l ~
F i g . ) 1 F i n i t e e l e m e n t m e s h p a t t e r n ( I I )
The r e a r e 24 speci al e l e me nt s p a t c h e d at t he ne a r c r a c k t i p ar ea. The mi ds i de not l es o f t hese el emeri t s
a r e l oc a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o f o r mu l a (2. 16). The ei ght c r a c k t i p el ement s ar e c ol l a ps e d t r i a ngul a r
FEM Analysis on Mi xed-Mode Fract ure of CSM- GRP 751
quart er-poi nt singular elements. On the crack line, all the nodes are multi-displaced nodes. We use
the const rai nt release technique, comput e and plot the graphs showing the crack propagat i on
process, Fig.12 a t hr ough Fig.12e.
m
/
Fig. 12a Fig. 12b
i
i
!
Fig. 12d
Fig. 12c
3 . 5F,,,:;_,,., K : ) . . . . : " "
1.
0. O n' . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.1 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 8 0 . 9 1.0
Fig. 12e
Fig. 13 Extrapolation method, for defermJning Kt and Kn
The stress i nt ensi t y f act or s/ ( i and K, are comput ed for bot h isotropic and ort hot ropi c models.
Fig. 13 shows the graph of det ermi ni ng KI and Kn from the finite el ement displacement t hrough
ext rapol at i on met hod. For ort hot ropi c material model, three different approaches to the
det ermi nat i on of K~ and Kn from di spl acement are used, the results are summari sed in Table 2. ,The
two di fferent cases with and wi t hout imposing the const rai nt condi t i on (3.10) on the collapsed
752 Zhang Shuang-yi n and C. M. Leech
t hree nodes of the cr ack tip el ement s are also compar ed in this Tabl e. The maxi mum di fference
bet ween t he t wo cases is f or K, cal cul at ed f r om f or mul a (3.9), amount i ng to 8. 2% whi ch is not
i gnorabl e.
Table 2. A summary of results of K~ and KJ~
METHODS
t Use Displ. of Poi nt r. = aj 9
2 Formulas (3,9)
3 Ext rapol at i on
CONSTRAINT CONDITION
STRESS INTENSITY FACTORS
Ki / ( c ~ . , . / a ) K 1 / ( a ~ , , / o )
Const rai ned 1,782 2. 37 l
Free 1. "/79 2. 461
Const rai ned
Free
Const r ai ned
1.383
1.386
1.56
2.285
2. 488
2. 00
Fr om the t hree met hods of det er mi ni ng K~ and Kt, f r om di spl acement , the maxi mum
di fference comes f r om f or mul a (3.9) and t he ext r apol at i on met hod. The f or mul as (3.9) are deri ved
f r om the f or mul at i on of the special crack tip el ement and can pr oduce mor e accur at e results. Ther e
is somewhat uncer t ai nt y in ext r apol at i on met hod, t he accur acy of this met hod bei ng quest i onabl e.
As for t he ot her met hod, using a single di spl acement of the poi nt ro = a/ 9, to arri ve at stress i nt ensi t y
f act or s K, and K,,, t he i nval i di t y of its results is obvi ous.
Fi nal l y, the critical stress i nt ensi t y fact ors Km and Knc are est i mat ed t hr ough the
consi der at i on of fai l ure l oad and critical crack length measur ed in experi ment . The maxi mum
tensile stress at r emot e end is 20 MPa, and the critical cr ack length measur ed j ust bef or e the
speci men br eak is appr oxi mat el y 6.5 - 7 mm. Then f r o m/ / i and KH cal cul at ed, the est i mat i on of
Km and Kn c for this ki nd of l oadi ng si t uat i on are listed in Tabl e 3. These results are compar abl e
with the results given in Re f [8].
Table 3. Critical stress intensity factors
Stress Intensity
Fact ors
Critical Stress
Intensity
Fact ors
K ~ , / ( ~ , = , , / - S )
K . / ( a | ~/ a )
Kzo
Ki c
ISOTROPIC MODEL
1. 27
2. 80
66. 4N/ ram t
146. 3N/ r am ][
ORTHOTROPIC MODEL
1.383
2.285
72. 3N/ r am t
t 19. 4N/ r am [
NB K,, K,,, cal cul at ed from (2ba, b)
V. Co n c l u s i o n s
I The mi xed- mode f r act ur e pr obl ems is anal ysed wi t h FEM. Two kinds of mat er i al model s
(i sot ropi c and homogeneous ) are assumed. Bot h model s are homogeneous and t he effect of
nonhomogenei t y is i gnored.
2 The stress di st r i but i ons al ong shear surface possess a large concent r at i on at the cor ner of not ch,
FEM Analysis on Mi xed-Mode Fract ure of CSM- GRP 753
this explains why the shear strength obt ai ned by lap-shear test depends on the length of shear-
surface.
3 The const rai nt release technique is utilized for the crack extension process, it can also be used in
analsysis of dynami c cracki ng problems.
4 Three approaches to det ermi nat i on of K~ and K, from finite element displacement are
compared. The deviation is not negligibly small, if the division of grids is not very fine. The
const rai nt imposed on the three collapsed nodes renders non-i gnorabl e influence on the
di spl acement very near crack tip. The best way of obt ai ni ng linear elastic stress intensity factors
is to use the displacement field obt ai ned with the const rai nt condi t i ons (3.10) and to use
formul as (3.9).
Re f e r e nc e s
[ l ] Tracy, O. M., Finite elements for det ermi nat i on of crack tip elastic stress intensity factors,
Eng. Frac. Mech.. 3 (1971), 255- 265.
[ 2 ] Henshell, R. D. and K. G. Shaw, Crack tip finite elements are unnecessary, IJNME, 9, 3
(1975), 495 - 507.
[ 3 ] Pu, S. L., M. A. Hussain, and W. E. Lorensen, The collapsed cubic isoparametric element as a
singular element for crack problems, I JNME, 12, I I, (1978), 1727- 1742.
[ 4 ] Wang Ke-jen, Hsu Chi-lin and Kao Hua, Cal cul at i on of stress intensity factors for combi ned
mode bend specimens, Advances in Research on Strength and Fracture of Materials. 4 (1978),
123.
[ 5 ] Shih, C. F., H. G. De Lorenzi and M. D. Ger man, Crack extension modelling with singular
quadrat i c i soparamet ri c elements, Int. J. of Fracture, 12 (1976). 647- 651.
[ 6 ] Barsoum, R. S., Tri angul ar quart er-poi nt elements as elastic and perfectly-plastic crack. tip
elements, I JNME, 11 (1977), 85- 98.
[ 7] Yamada, Y., Y. Ezawa and I. Nishiguchi, Reconsi derat i ons on singularity of crack tip
elements, IJNME, 14, 10 (1979), 1525- 1544.
[ 8 ] Sih, G. C., Fract ure mechanics of composite materials, Proceedings of First USA- USSR
Symposium on Fracture of Composite Materials, Edi t ors G. C. Sih and V. P. Tamuzs, held in
Riga, USSR, 4 - 7 Sep. (1978), 111 - 130.
[9 ] Wang, S. S., J. F. Yau and H. T. Cort en, A mi xed-mode crack analysis of rectilinear
ani sot ropi c solids using conservat i on laws of elasticity; Inter. J. Fracture, 16, 3, June (1980),
247 - 259.
[10] Owen, M. J., Biaxial failure of GRP- mechani sms, modes and theories, Composi t e structures
2: Proceedings o1 the 2nd International Conferences on Composite Structures, held at Paisley
College of Technol ogy, Scotland, 1 4 - 16, Sep. (1983), Applied Science Publishers (1983).
21 - 39.