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A.1. Did you know that it costs approximately 1.5 times an employee’s base salary to re-
hire and re-train for that position?Did you know it’s an even higher expense for
managerial positions?
Many companies and managers fail to remember that it costs more to re-hire for an open
position verses investing in tetention programs for the employee long term.Too many
organizations are not pro-active in creating retention programs that will help keep good
employees.
Employees primarily quit their job for these reasons.they had a poor manager or position
was not challenging enough:With management coaching and advice on how to develop
employees for long term your retention rate will increase.Many companies today are
finding that the key to an effective retention program is found in a strategy that includes
an employee’s personal ambition and the aspirations they possess for their organizations.
Step 2: To determine type of competency that is the most critical for an oranisation.
Step 3: To determine the critical competencies that are required for superior performance
at a given level in the organization (educational institution).
Motivational Competencies:
o Continuous Learning
o Perseverance
o Achievement Orientation
o Time Management
Intellectual Competencies:
o Communication
o Creativity
o Analytical Ability
Social Competencies:
o Team Work
o Inter-personal Skills
o Responsibility
o Customer Satisfaction
Emotional Competencies:
o Initiative
o Optimism
o Self Confidence
o Leadership
o Managing Stress
o Managing Change
Conclusion
Competency mapping helps an organization to identify the critical competencies that are
essential for employees to excel in an organization. By identifying the critical
competencies existing with well performing employees, the other employees can also be
stressed with the same by conducting training and development programmes.
• A clear picture of how your people view your Performance Management System
right now (your Actual).
• A clear picture of how your people think the system should be improved (your
Ideal).
• A clear picture of how experts in Performance Management think the system
should be (experts' Ideal).
• A "Gap Analysis" that shows you graphically what's working, what's not, and
which direction to go.
• Results that are based on a consensus of stakeholders, however you choose to
define them. You may decide to just find out how line managers think, or maybe
include HR staff, or the whole organization.
• Credible results, based on a strong comparative questionnaire process, the Scaled
Comparison, to answer the toughest statistical questions from the ever-present
skeptics.
• A questionnaire process that is cost-effective and time-efficient, designed and
conducted by in-house personnel requiring little or no consultant help.
1. The 10 steps of the audit process begins with notification. The notification
process alerts the party to be audited of the date and time of the process. The
notification also will list the documents that the order wishes to review in order to
understand the organization of the company. The next step, planning, is the steps
the auditor takes, before the audit, to identify key areas of risk and areas of
concern. This step is usually accomplished in a series of meetings with auditing
staff. This leads up to the opening meeting between the auditing staff and senior
management of the auditing target as well as administrative staff. The auditors
will describe the process they will undertake. Management will describe areas of
concern to them and the schedule of the employees that must be consulted. The
next step, fieldwork, begins after the results of the meeting are used to adjust the
final audit plans. Employees are notified of the audit, schedules are drawn up
regarding the activities of the audit staff, and initial investigation is begun after
learning of business procedures, interviewing key staff, testing current business
practices by sampling, reviewing the law and testing internal rules and practices
for reasonableness.
2. Communication is the next step. The audit team should consistently be in contact
with the corporate auditor to clarify processes, gain access to documents and
clarify procedures. At the completion of the audit, the next step, the draft audit, is
prepared. The draft audit will detail what was done and what was found, a
distribution list of parties to receive preliminary results, and a list of concerns.
The draft is given to management to review, edit and suggest changes, probe areas
of concern and correct errors. Upon making final corrections, the report is given
to management for the seventh step, the management response. Management is
requested to answer the report by stating whether they agree with the problems
cited, the plan to correct noted problem and the expected date by which all issues
will have been addressed.
3. The final meeting is designed to close loose ends, discuss the management
response and address the scope of the audit. The ninth step is the report
distribution, where the final audit report is sent to appropriate officials inside
and outside the audit area. The last step is the audit feedback whereby the audited
company implements the recommended changes and the auditors review and test
the quality, adherence and effects of the adopted changes. This continues until all
issues are adopted and the next audit cycle begins.
A.2. In contemporary psychology, the "Big Five" factors of personality are five broad
domains or dimensions of personality which have been scientifically discovered to define
human personality at the highest level of organization (Goldberg, 1993 These five over-
arching domains have been found to contain and subsume more-or-less all known
personality traits within their five domains and to represent the basic structure behind all
personality traits. They have brought order to the often-bewildering array of specific
lower-level personality concepts that are constantly being proposed by psychologists,
which are often found to be overlapping and confusing. These five factors provide a rich
conceptual framework for integrating all the research findings and theory in personality
psychology. The big five traits are also referred to as the "Five Factor Model" or FFM
(Costa & McCrae, 1992), and as the Global Factors of personality (Russell & Karol, 1994
The Big Five model is considered to be one of the most comprehensive, empirical, data-
driven research findings in the history of personality psychology. Identifying the traits
and structure of human personality has been one of the most fundamental goals in all of
psychology. Over three or four decades of research, these five broad factors were
gradually discovered and defined by several independent sets of researchers (Digman,
1990).] These researchers began by studying all known personality traits and then factor-
analyzing hundreds of measures of these traits (in self-report and questionnaire data, peer
ratings, and objective measures from experimental settings) in order to find the basic,
underlying factors of personality.
At least three sets of researchers have worked independently for decades on this problem
and have identified generally the same Big Five factors: Goldberg at the Oregon
Research Institute, Cattell at the University of Illinois,[10][11][12][13] and Costa and McCrae at
the National Institutes of Health. These three sets of researchers used somewhat different
methods in finding the five traits, and thus each set of five factors has somewhat different
names and definitions. However, all three sets have been found to be highly inter-
correlated and factor-analytically aligned.[18][19][20][21][22]
It is important to note that these traits have been found to organize personality at the
highest level, and so they are most helpful as a conceptual, organizing framework for
regular, lower-level personality traits. However, because the Big Five traits are so broad
and comprehensive, they are not nearly as powerful in predicting and explaining actual
behavior as are the more numerous lower-level traits. Many studies have confirmed that
in predicting actual behavior the more numerous facet or primary level traits are far more
effective (e.g. Mershon & Gorsuch, 1988[23]; Paunonon & Ashton, 2001 The Big Five
factors and their constituent traits can be summarized as follows:
• Openness - appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, curiosity, and
variety of experience.
• Conscientiousness - a tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for
achievement; planned rather than spontaneous behavior.
• Extraversion - energy, positive emotions, urgency, and the tendency to seek
stimulation in the company of others.
• Agreeableness - a tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than
suspicious and antagonistic towards others.
• Neuroticism - a tendency to experience unpleasant emotions easily, such as
anger, anxiety, depression, or vulnerability; sometimes called emotional
instability.
When scored for individual feedback, these traits are frequently presented as percentile
scores. For example, a Conscientiousness rating in the 80th percentile indicates a
relatively strong sense of responsibility and orderliness, whereas an Extraversion rating in
the 5th percentile indicates an exceptional need for solitude and quiet.
Although these trait clusters are statistical aggregates, exceptions may exist on individual
personality profiles. On average, people who register high in Openness are intellectually
curious, open to emotion, interested in art, and willing to try new things. A particular
individual, however, may have a high overall Openness score and be interested in
learning and exploring new cultures. Yet he or she might have no great interest in art or
poetry. Situational influences also exist, as even extraverts may occasionally need time
away from people.
The most frequently used measures of the Big Five comprise either items that are self-
descriptive sentences[26] or, in the case of lexical measures, items that are single
adjectives.[27] Due to the length of sentence-based and some lexical measures, short forms
have been developed and validated for use in applied research settings where
questionnaire space and respondent time are limited, such as the 40-item balanced
International English Big-Five Mini-Markers.[28] or a very brief (10 item) measure of the
big 5 domains [29].
Openness to Experience
Main article: Openness to experience
People with low scores on openness tend to have more conventional, traditional interests.
They prefer the plain, straightforward, and obvious over the complex, ambiguous, and
subtle. They may regard the arts and sciences with suspicion, regarding these endeavors
as abstruse or of no practical use. Closed people prefer familiarity over novelty. They are
conservative and resistant to change.
Conscientiousness
Main article: Conscientiousness
• I am always prepared.
• I am exacting in my work.
• I follow a schedule.
• I get chores done right away.
• I like order.
• I pay attention to details.
• I leave my belongings around. (reversed)
• I make a mess of things. (reversed)
• I often forget to put things back in their proper place. (reversed)
• I shirk my duties. (reversed)[30]
Extraversion
Main article: Extraversion and introversion
Introverts lack the exuberance, energy, and activity levels of extraverts. They tend to be
quiet, low-key, deliberate, and less involved in the social world. Their lack of social
involvement should not be interpreted as shyness or depression. Introverts simply need
less stimulation than extraverts and more time alone.
Agreeableness
Main article: Agreeableness
Disagreeable individuals place self-interest above getting along with others. They are
generally unconcerned with others’ well-being, and are less likely to extend themselves
for other people. Sometimes their skepticism about others’ motives causes them to be
suspicious, unfriendly, and uncooperative.
• I am interested in people.
• I feel others’ emotions.
• I have a soft heart.
• I make people feel at ease.
• I sympathize with others’ feelings.
• I take time out for others.
• I am not interested in other people’s problems. (reversed)
• I am not really interested in others. (reversed)
• I feel little concern for others. (reversed)
• I insult people. (reversed)[30]
• I like being isolated. (reversed)
Neuroticism
Main article: Neuroticism
At the other end of the scale, individuals who score low in neuroticism are less easily
upset and are less emotionally reactive. They tend to be calm, emotionally stable, and
free from persistent negative feelings. Freedom from negative feelings does not mean that
low scorers experience a lot of positive feelings. Frequency of positive emotions is a
component of the Extraversion domain.
• I am easily disturbed.
• I change my mood a lot.
• I get irritated easily.
• I get stressed out easily.
• I get upset easily.
• I have frequent mood swings.
• I often feel blue.
• I worry about things.
• I am relaxed most of the time. (reversed)
• I seldom feel blue
The Big five factors are Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and
Neuroticism (OCEAN, or CANOE if rearranged). The Neuroticism factor is sometimes
referred to as Emotional Stability. Some disagreement remains about how to interpret the
Openness factor, which is sometimes called "Intellect Each factor consists of a cluster of
more specific traits that correlate together. For example, extraversion includes such
related qualities as sociability, excitement seeking, impulsiveness, and positive emotions.
The Five Factor Model is a purely descriptive model of personality, but psychologists
have developed a number of theories to account for the Big Five.
A.3 By linking clearly defined department objectives and performance to the company’s
strategic business goals, the HR balanced scorecard can serve as a way of focusing
human resources staff on activities that will support the company’s goals. It also
demonstrates the strategic value of HR by defining and measuring HR's contribution in
concrete, clearly understood terms. The Balanced Scorecard (Kaplan & Norton, 1996)
provides a system that leverages the traditional measures available currently for human
resources with metrics of performance from four additional perspectives—financial,
customers, internal business processes and learning and growth.
Using the area of recruiting as an example, a balanced scorecard would look something
like this:
• Measures:
1. Cost-per-hire (financial).
2. Turnover rates and costs (financial).
3. Time-to-fill (business process).
4. Customer satisfaction with new-hire performance (customer).
5. New-hire satisfaction with orientation (learning and growth).
6. Supervisor satisfaction with orientation (learning and growth).
In addition to alignment with company goals, the HR scorecard must also contain the
following elements in order to be truly effective: accountability, validity and actionable,
measurable results.
In the above example, who is accountable for the retention of employees? It’s a joint role
between HR and the line manager. HR is responsible for developing retention strategies,
while the line manager is responsible for providing the feedback on whether the strategies
are successful.
The HR scorecard must be valid. In other words, the measurement system must contain
metrics that are understandable, aligned to the objective and can be backed up with solid
data.
For the balanced scorecard to be meaningful, it must contain only those measures that are
most important to the objective and the company’s strategic plan. In other words, can an
action be taken as a result of those measures?
The balanced scorecard must focus on results. For example, simply measuring turnover
or time-to-fill is ineffective if no action is taken as a result of those measures. More
meaningful measures that are aligned clearly with the company’s strategic plan are
productivity and retention.