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1. INTRODUCTION

Here is the project is Remote Operated Home Appliances or
Remote controlled Home appliances. Connect this circuit to any of your
home appliances (lamp, fan, radio, etc) to make the appliance turn on/off
from a TV, VCD, VCR, Air Conditioner or DVD remote control.

The circuit can be activated from up to 10 meters. It is very easy to
build and can be assembled on a vero board or a general -purpose PCB.

By using this system combination of wireless Infrared
communication. The project deals with the development of infrared
remote controller of home appliances using 4017B Decade counter (5-
stage Johnson counter).

This project exploits the working of a transistor in saturation
region and cut -off region to switch ON and switch OFF the lights at
appropriate time with the help of an electromagnetically operated
switch.











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2. PRINCIPLE

The Remote controlled Home appliances system operates on 12 V
DC supply. The Remote controlled Home appliances has a of wireless
infrared communication device, when the IR sensor will receive the
Infra Red signals send by the TV remote control. The sensor converts
the IR signal into electrical signals with the help of photo diode and
amplifies it, Infrared radiation exists in the electromagnetic spectrum at
a wavelength that is longer than visible light .

In the Electromagnetic spectrum the infrared radiation covers the
range from 300 GHz (1 mm) to 400 THz (750 nm). It can be divided into
far-Infrared, mid-infrared, near infrared. In this section we
mainly concentrate on mid-infrared because this range finds
many applications in human life like TV remote control, object counter,
etc.,

The mid-range IR ranges from 30 to 120 THz (10 to 2.5 m). Hot
objects (like black body radiators) can radiate strongly in this range. It
is absorbed by molecular vibrations, where the different atoms in a
molecule vibrate around their equilibrium positions. These diodes also
called as mid-range infrared diodes.

It also includes the filter circuit to demodulate the 40khz carrier
signal. The output signal is amplified by BC558. The amplified signal is
fed to clock pin 14 of decade counter IC CD4017 (IC1). Pin 8 of IC1 is
grounded, pin 16 is connected to VCC and pin 3 is connected to D2 (Red
LED), which glows to indicate that the appliance is off.

The output of IC1 CD4017 is taken from its pin 2. Green LED
connected to pin 2 is used to indicate the on state of the appliance. Red
LED connected to pin 2 of IC1 dri ves relay RL1. IN 4007 acts as a
freewheeling diode. The appliance to be controlled is connected between
the pole of the relay and neutral terminal of mains. It gets connected to
live terminal of AC mains via normally opened (N/O) contact when the
relay energizes. If you want to operate a DC 12 volt relay then use a
regulated DC 12 volt power supply for DC 12 volt.
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3. BLOCK DIAGRAM





















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3.1.1 INDIVIDUAL BLOCK EXPLANATION
POWER SUPPLY: AC power supply is stepped down, rectified and
filtered to get almost ripple-free DC output for the operation of the
circuit.







IR TRANSMITTER: IR light is a popular means of wir eless
communication for remote Control applications.

IR RECEIVER: The TSOP1738 is a miniaturized receiver for infrared
remote control systems.

SWITCH: Relay switch closes or opens electrically and automatically,
which is energized or de energized by the transistor pair.

LAMP: 100W Bulb is the output of the circuit. In this circuit .
Counter: The CD 4017 is called COUNTER or DIVIDER or DECADE
COUNTER

3.1.2. ON OFF CONTROL

The circuit is switched ON or OFF by the transistor in saturation
region or cut off region respectively, which is controlled by the signal
from Remote. The collector current from the transistor toggle between
ON or OFF modes.


230V AC
50HZ


STEP DOWN
TRANSFORMER


FULL
WAVE
RECTIFIER



FILTER

DC
OUTPUT
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4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

The circuit diagram of Remote controlled Home appli ances is given
below,





The description of all the components used in this circuit is given in
chapter 6.














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5. COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
5.1 BRIDGE RECTIFIER



The Bridge rectifier i s a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc
voltage using both half cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge
rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit has four diodes
connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the
diagonally opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected
between the other two ends of the bridge.

For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and
D3 conduct, whereas diodes D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The
conducting diodes will be in series with the load resistance RL and
hence the load current flows through RL.

For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and
D4 conduct whereas, D1 and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2
and D4 will be in series with the load resistance RL and hence the
current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous half
cycle. Thus a bi -directional wave is converted into a unidirectional
wave.

Bridge rectifier output
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5.2 DIODE

A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts
electric current in only one direction. A semiconductor diode is a
crystalline piece of semiconductor material connected to two electrical
terminals. A vacuum tube diode is a vacuum tube with two electrodes: a
plate and a cathode.

The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric
current to pass in one direction while blocking current in the opposite
direction. Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a
check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is
used to convert alternating current to direct current and to extract
modulation from radio signals in radio receivers.

When p-type and n-type materials are placed in contact with each
other, the junction is depleted of charge carriers and behaves very
differently than either type of material. The electrons in n-type material
diffuse across the junction and combines with holes in p-type material.
The region of the p-type material near the junction takes on a net
negative charge because of the electrons attracted.

Since electrons departed the N-type region, it takes on a localized
positive charge. The thin layer of the crystal lattice between these
charges has been depleted of majority carriers, thus, is known as the
depletion region.

It becomes nonconductive intrinsic semiconductor material. This
separation of charges at the p-n junction constitutes a potential barrier,
which must be overcome by an external voltage source to make the
junction conduct.

The electric field created by the space charge region opposes the
diffusion process for both electrons and holes. There are two concurrent
phenomena: the diffusion process that tends to generate more space
charge and the electric field generated by the space charge that t ends to
counteract the diffusion.
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p-n junction in thermal equilibrium with zero bias voltage
applied

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Equilibrium, forward and reverse biased conditions in a p-n
junction

When the diode is forward biased, the positive charge applied to
the P-type material repels the holes, while the negative charge applied to
the N-type material repels the electrons. As electrons and holes are
pushed towards the junction, the width of depletion zone decreases. This
lowers the barrier in potential. With increasi ng forward-bias voltage, the
depletion zone eventually becomes thin enough that the electric field of
the zone cant counteract charge carrier motion across the p-n junction,
consequently reducing electrical resistance. The electrons which cross
the p-n junction into the P-type material will diffuse in the near -neutral
region. Therefore, the amount of minority diffusion in the near -neutral
zones determines the amount of current that may flow through the diode.




p-n junction under forward and reverse bias

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When the diode is reverse biased, the holes in the p-type material
and the electrons in the n-type material are pulled away from the
junction, causing the width of the depletion zone to increase with
increase in reverse bias voltage. This increases the voltage barrier
causing a high resistance to the flow of charge carriers thus allowing
minimal electric current to cross the p-n junction. The increase in
resistance of the p-n junction results in the junction to behave as an
insulator. The strength of the depletion zone electric field increases as
the reverse-bias voltage increases. Once the electric field intensity
increases beyond a critical level, the p-n junction depletion zone breaks
down and current begins to flow.



Forward and reverse bias characteristics of a diode and its circuit
symbol

5.3 CAPACITOR
A capacitor (originally known as condenser) is a passive two-
terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field.
The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least
two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for
example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated by a
thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as parts of
electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.
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When there is a potential difference (voltage) across the
conductors, a static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing
positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other
plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is
characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in
farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the
potential difference between them.
The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation
between large areas of conductor, hence capacitor conductors are often
called plates, referring to an early means of construction. In practice, the
dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current
and also has an electric field strength limit, resulting in a breakdown
voltage, while the conductors and leads introduce an undesired
inductance and resistance.
Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct
current while allowing alt ernating current to pass, in filter networks, for
smoothing the output of power supplies, in the resonant circuits that
tune radios to particular frequencies, in electric power transmission
systems for stabilizing voltage and power flow, and for many other
purposes.
5.4 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

Light-emitting diodes are elements for light signalization in
electronics. The basic principle behind the working of LED is
electroluminescence. The Light emitting diode should be forward biased
to get the light. In Light emitting diodes, electrons are injected from low
work function cathode to the conduction band of the n-type
semiconducting material and holes are injected from high work function
anode to the valence band to the p-type semiconducting material. When
the electron in the conduction band combines with the hole in the
valence band, energy is released. In case of indirect band gap
semiconductors, phonon will be released to conserve of both energy and
momentum. But in case of direct band gap semiconductor, li ght will be
emitted whose wavelength depends on the band gap of the
semiconductor.
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Different parts of a Light emitting diode




Radiative recombination in direct and indirect band gap
semiconductor



Cartoon showing radiative recombination in a direct band-gap
semiconductor
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Schematic diagram of working of an LED



Light emitting Diode and its circuit symbol


The main advantage of Light emitting diode over other light
sources is its increased efficiency. LEDs are available in red, orange,
amber, yellow, green, blue and white. Blue and white LEDs are much
more expensive than the other colors. We have employed low cost Red
LED in our electronic circuit.






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5.5 IR TRANSMITTER

It was used to produce infrared signals and transmit to the receiver.
It was operates 10 meters inside the home or hall. The circuit diagram of
basic remote circuit was shown,

555 is a very commonly used IC for generating accurate timing
pulses. It is an 8pin timer IC and has mainly two modes of operation,
mono-stable and as-table. In mono-stable mode time delay of the pulses
can be precisely controlled by an external resistor and a capacitor
whereas in as-table mode the frequency & duty cycle are controlled by
two external resistors and a capacitor. 555 is very commonly used for
generating Delays and pulses.

Here the design of the IR transmitter depends upon the receiver
(TSOP sensor). This module requires the incoming data to be modulated
at a particular frequency. It is also i mmune to ambient IR light, so one
can easily use these sensors outdoors. TSOP sensors available for
different carrier frequencies from 32 kHz to 42 kHz. Mostly available
TSOPs in the market are with a carrier frequency 38 kHz. Here in this
project I used the TSOP with 38 kHz (TSOP 1738). In the number TSOP
1738 last two digits indicates the carrier frequency. For such IR
receiving sensor (TSOP), at the transmitter side we need to modulate the
message signal with a carrier frequency.

In this application I was generated a 38 kHz rectangular wave as a
carrier and 1 kHz rectangular wave as a message (with a duty cycle less
than 50% i.e., less TON period than TOFF period of the signal).
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Generation of 38 kHz signal using 555 timer,
Note: When I was working on 555 timer, I found that theoretical
calculations are not exactly suitable for practical circuits.

To generate 38 kHz rectangular wave, we need to operate the 555
timer in as-table mode.
Frequency of oscillation of 555 timer in as-table mode is given as,




Fosc = 38 kHz, assume C1 =0.01F(always assume a fixed value
capacitor because variable capacitor is difficult to find).
Substitute these values in equ (1)
Therefore, (Ra+2Rb) = = 3,763.
Consider Ra as a fixed resistor = 1K(say).
Obviously Rb = 1.382K.
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Practically, these resistor values may not generate exact 38 kHz
signal. Hence for R2 value I use a POT (potentio meter or variable
resistor). Use an oscilloscope to observe the signal at output pin3.
Adjust the POT (variable resistor) until the signal at output is a 38 kHz.

Now similarly, generate 1 kHz signal with duty cycle less than
50%. Because the IR detector (TSOP) does not continuously detect the
signal, it requires gap time between two detections see the image. The
detection period is called burst time.

Burst length should be 10 cycles/burst or longer. After each burst
which is between 10 cycles and 70cycles a gap time of at least 14 cycles
is necessary.

Note: This gap time should have at least same length as the burst. For
this purpose it is necessary to generate the message signal (1 kHz) with
a duty cycle less than 50%.

Modulating of message signal (1 kHz) with carrier signal (38 kHz)

Here, the procedure to generate 1KHz signal is same as above .
Ra = 33Kohms as fixed resistor and adjust the preset for Rb value until
you get exact 1KHz signal.

Same capacitor values C1 = 0.01uf.

OUTPUT signal after modulation,
To generated modulated signal, connect the output of 1kHz signal
circuit (PIN3) to the RESET pin (PIN 4) of the carrier signal circuit.

Note: so many people facing problem with IR transmitter is distance that
it cover.
Because of modulation we can transmit IR rays over a long
distance.
We if the distance is increased we should provide more VCC
supply(~ 12V) then the signal strength is good.

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5.6 IR RECEIVER

The TSOP 1738 is a member of IR remote control receiver series.
This IR sensor module consists of a PIN diode and a pre amplifier which
are embedded into a single package. The output of TSOP is active low
and it gives +5V in off state. When IR waves, from a source, with a
centre frequency of 38 kHz incident on its output low.

Lights coming from sunlight, fluorescent lamps etc. may cause
disturbance to it and result in undesirable output even when the source is
not transmitting IR signals. A band pass filter, an integrator stage and an
automatic gain control are used to suppress such disturbances.


IR Receiver and its circuit symbol

TSOP module has an inbuilt control circuit for amplifying the
coded pulses from the IR transmitter. A signal is generated when PIN
photodiode receives the signals. This input signal is received by an
automatic gain control (AGC). For a range of inputs, the output is fed
back to AGC in order to adjust the gain to a suitable level.

The signal from AGC is passed to a band pass filter to filter
undesired frequencies. After this, the signal goes to a demodulator and
this demodulated output drives an npn transistor. The collector output of
the transistor is obtained at pin 3 of TSOP module.




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5.7 RELAY

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Most of the relays use an
electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically. Relays
are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low-power signal
with complete electrical isolation between control and controlled
circuits or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.

The first relays were used in long distance telegraph circuits,
repeating the signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to
another. Relays were used extensively in telephone exchanges and early
computers to perform logical operations. Relays can also be used to
protect electrical circuits from overload.

When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a
magnetic field that attracts the armature and the consequent movement
of the movable contact either makes or breaks a connection with a fixed
contact. If the set of contacts was closed when the relay was de-
energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the
connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open. When the current
to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force,
approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed
position. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity is also
used commonly in industrial motor starters. Most relays are
manufactured to operate quickly. In a low-voltage application this
reduces noise; in a high voltage or current application it reduces arcing.

5.7.1 SINGLE POLE SINGLE THROW RELAY:
In Single Pole Single Throw relay, current will only flow through
the contacts when the relay coil is energized.

Single pole single throw Relay and its circuit symbol
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5.8 TRANSISTORS USED IN THE PROJECT
BC547(NPN)
The BC547 is a general purpose epitaxial silicon PNP bipolar
junction transistor.

Features
150 C Junction temperature.
Through hole package.



Symbol of NPN

BC548
The BC548 is a general purpose epitaxial silicon NPN bipolar
junction transistor found commonly in European electronic equipment.
The part number is assigned by Pro Electron, which allows many
manufacturers to offer electrically and physically interchangeable parts
under one identification. The BC548 is commonly available in European
Union countries. It is often the first type of bipolar transistor young
hobbyists encounter, and is often f eatured in circuit diagrams and
designs published in hobby electronics magazines.

Features
Breakdown voltage, with base open VCBO = 30 V
Rated collector current IC = 100 mA
Rated total power dissipation Ptotal = 500 mW
Transition frequency (gain-bandwidth product) ft = 300 MHz
Current versions of the part sell for around US $0.03 in
quantities of 1000 or more.

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Transistors are three terminal active devices made from different
semiconductor materials that can act as either an insulator or a
conductor by the application of a small signal voltage. The transistors
ability to change between these two states enables it to have two basic
functions: switching or amplification. Then bipolar transistors have the
ability to operate within three different regions:

Active Region - the transistor operates as an amplifier and Ic =
IB
Saturation - the transistor is fully-ON operating as a switch and
Ic = Isaturation
Cut-off - the transistor is fully-OFF operating as a switch and
Ic = ()

The word Transistor is an acronym, and is a combination of the
words Transfer Varistor used to describe their mode of operation way
back in their early days of development. There are two basic types of
bipolar transistor construction, NPN and PNP, which basically describes
the physical arrangement of the P-type and N-type semiconductor
materials from which they are made.

A transistor is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material,
with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. The
Bipolar Junction Transistor basic construction consists of two PN-
junctions producing three connecting terminals with each terminal being
given a name to identify it from the other two.

These three terminals are known and labeled as the Emitter (E), the
Base (B) and the Collector (C) respectively.

Bipolar Transistors are current regulating devices that control the
amount of current flowing through them in proportion to the amount of
biasing voltage applied to their base terminal acting li ke a current -
controlled switch.

The principle of operation of the two t ransistor types NPN and
PNP, is exactly the same the only difference being in their biasing and
the polarity of the power supply for each type.
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Bipolar Junction Transistor Configurations

Since Bipolar Junction Transistor is a three terminal device, t here
are basically three possible ways to connect it within an electronic
circuit with one terminal being common to both the input and output.
Each method of connection responding differently to its input signal
within a circuit as the static characteristi cs of the transistor varies with
each circuit arrangement.

Common Base Configuration - has Voltage Gain but no
Current Gain.
Common Emitter Configuration - has both Current and Voltage
Gain.
Common Collector Configuration - has Current Gai n but no
Voltage Gain.





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5.8.1 NPN transistor configuration



The construction and terminal voltages for an NPN transistor are
shown above. The voltage between the Base and Emitter (VBE) is
positive at the Base and negative at the Emitter because for an NPN
transistor, the Base terminal is always positive with respect to the
Emitter. Also the Collector supply voltage is positive with respect to the
Emitter (VCE). For an NPN transistor to conduct, the Collector is
always more positive with respect to both the Base and the Emitter.

The voltage sources will be connected to an NPN transistor as
shown above. The Collector is connected to the supply voltage VCC via
the load resistor, RL which also acts to limit the maximum current
flowing through the devi ce. The Base supply voltage VB is connected to
the Base resistor RB, which again is used to limit the maximum Base
current.

It is well known that the transistor is a current controlled device
since the base current controls the collector current. The transistor
current in an NPN transistor is the ratio of these two currents (IO/IB),
called the DC Current Gain of the device and is given the symbol of
hFE. The value of or hFE can be large up to 200 for standard
transistors and this large ratio between IC and IB that makes the NPN
transistor a useful amplifying device when used in its active region.
Also, the current gain of the transistor from the collector terminal to the
emitter terminal, IC/IE is called Alpha (a), and is a function of the
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transistor. As the emitter current IE is the product of a very small base
current plus a very large collector current, the value of alpha a, is very
close to unity, and for a typical low-power signal transistor this value
ranges from about 0.950 to 0.999.


NPN Biploar Junction Transistor


All the transistors have three state of operation

OFF state: In this state there is no base curr ent applied or IB = 0.

ON ACTIVE state: In this state any changes in IB will cause changes in
IC since IC = IB x hFE. This type of state is suitable when we use
transistor as a signal amplifier because transistor is said is in the linear
state.

ON SATURATION state: In this state any changes in IB will not cause
changes in IC anymore (not linear) and IC will be nearly constant. This
state cannot be used to run the transistor as a signal amplifier since the
output signal will be clamped when the transistor becomes saturate.
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When transistor is in OFF state, the voltage across collector and
emitter terminal is equal to the supplied voltage, which is equivalent to
the open circuit. When transistor is in the SATURATION state, the
collector to emitter voltage is equal or less than 0.2 V, which is
equivalent to the closed circuit. Here, the OFF state is equivalent to the
logical 0 and the SATURATION state is equivalent to the logical 1


5.8.2 Transistor as an Amplifier

A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistors
terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals.
To be more specific, the current applied to the base terminal will be
multiplied by the current gain factor of the transistor which known as
hFE. Therefore t ransistor can be used as amplifier. Any small signal
applied to the base terminal will be amplified by the factor of hFE and
reflected as a collector current on the collector terminal side.

When we operate transistor as an amplifier, we choose the bias
voltage VBE and VCE in such a way that the output IC and VCE will
swing to maximum value (saturation region) or minimum value (cut -off
region) without any distortion when the input IB swing to its maximum
or minimum value.

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5.8.3 Transistor as a switch

As mentioned above, bipolar transistor has three regions of
operation: the cut -off region, the linear or active region, and the
saturation region. When using the bipolar transistor as a switch they
must be either fully-OFF or fully-ON.

When used as a switch, the bipolar transistor is operated in the cut -
off region, the region wherein the transistor is not conducting which
makes the circuit open so that the applied voltage will be same as the
output to make the transistor OFF and saturation region, the re gion
wherein the transistor is in full conducting, thereby closing the circuit so
as to get the lowest possible VCE (i.e. nearly 0.2 volt) to make the
transistor ON.

Transistors that are fully ON are said to be in their Saturation
region and transistors t hat are fully OFF are said to be in their Cut -off
region. When using the transistor as a switch, a small base current
controls a much larger collector load current.

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When using transistors to switch inductive loads such as relays and
solenoids, a Flywheel Diode is used. When large currents or voltages
need to be controlled, Darlington configuration can be used. Transistor
switches can be used to switch and control lamps, relays or even motors.

Here, RB resistor is used to control the current on base termi nal
that make transistor OFF and ON (saturate) and RC resistor is the
current limiter for the load. If the load operate with the same voltage as
the supplied power (VCC), the resistor RC can be omitted.

In the inductive load circuit, a diode (clamp diode) is connected
across the inductive load to protect the transistor again the EMF voltage
generated by the inductor component when the transistor is switched on
the off rapidly, which is an opposing voltage to the source voltage.

Here, the diode will act as a short circuit to the high voltage
generated by the inductor component. Any diode which is capable of
handling minimum 1 A of current can be used.






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5.9 VOLTAGE REGULATOR (IC 7806)

7806 is a voltage regulator integrated circuit. It is a member of
78xx series of fixed linear voltage regulator ICs. The voltage source in a
circuit may have fluctuations and would not give the fixed voltage
output.

The voltage regulator IC maintains the output voltage at a constant
value. The xx in 78xx indicates the fixed output voltage it is designed to
provide. 7806 provide +6V regulated power supply Capacitors of
suitable values can be connected at input and output pins depending
upon the respective voltage levels.


Pin diagram of 7806


PIN DIAGRAM







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5.10 IC CD 4017

The CD 4017 is called COUNTER or DIVIDER or DECADE
COUNTER. This process continues across the ten outputs and cycles to
output "0" on the eleventh cycle.

The "Carry Out" pin goes LOW when output "5" goes HIGH and
goes HIGH when out put "0" goes HIGH. When RESET (pin 15) is taken
HIGH, the chip will make output "0" go HIGH and remain HIGH. When
"Clock Inhibit" (pin 13) is taken HIGH, the counter will FREEZE on
the output that is currently HIGH.

The CD 4017 is a divide-by-10 CMOS chip.
Minimum supply voltage 6v
Maximum supply voltage 15v
Max current per output 15mA
Maximum speed of operation 5MHz



It will count every time the voltage at pin 14 swings from low to
high, provided pin 13 is low and pin 15 is not high. Click the power
switch to start the action! You can click the Enable line to see what
happens and the Reset line.
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Just one of the individual outputs is HIGH at a time. This is quite
different from the behavior of a BCD counter like the 4510 in which it is
the combination of 0' s and 1' s which represents the count.
As you can see, the 10 output is HIGH for counts 0-4 and LOW
for counts 5-9.

The 4017 is an extremely useful device for project work and is
used in the Games Timer and in various DOCTRONICS construction kits
including the Light Chaser and the Matrix Die. When you are familiar
with the 4017, you will be able to think of lots of useful applications.
Internally, the 4017 contains five bi -stable subunits. These are
interconnected in a pattern known as a Johnson counter. The outputs of
the bi-stables are decoded to give the ten individual outputs.

5.10.1 4017 Decade Counter Test
The 4017 is designed to drive higher current loads, so it is connect
LEDs with series resistors directly to its outputs.

The simulated circuit uses a 5 V power supply. Yenka is
currently available for free download for home users
from: http://www.yenka.com/.

This is a fantastic offer from Crocodile Clips Ltd, the creators
of Yenka.

You should assemble the prototype board version of the circuit in
stages, checking that each stage is working properly before proceeding
the to the next stage.

To see the 4017 in action, you need to build an as -table. The
easiest way to do this is using a 4093 Schmitt trigger NAND gate
integrated circuit. Start by building the as-table section on your
prototype board.




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5.10.2 INSIDE IC 4017
Johnson counter
A Johnson counter is one type of walking ring counter using a shift
register circuit in which the NOT-Q, or inverse output of the fi nal stage
is connected to the serial input of the first stage. You need a diagram to
help you to understand this.
3 - Stage Johnson counter
The behavior of D-type flip-flops is described in the 4013 entry in
the Beastie Zone. Essentially, the logic state at the D, or data input is
transferred to the Q output on the rising edge of the clock signal.
For a shift register, the clock inputs of al l the D-type stages are joined
together so that all the flip-flops are clocked simultaneously. This
results in logic states being passed along from one flip-flop to the next
in sequence.

Suppose the flip-flops have all been RESET, so that the A, B, C
outputs are all logic 0. The D input to the first input will be at logic 1,
as indicated in the first line of the table,

Clock
pulses
D Input Output A Output B Output C
0 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0
2 1 1 1 0
3 0 1 1 1
4 0 0 1 1
5 0 0 0 1
6 1 0 0 0
sequence repeats..

Now follow the sequence of changes which will result as clock
pulses are delivered to the counter.
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The rising edge of the first clock pulse transfers the ' 1' from D to
A, while B and C remain ' 0' . The D input is the inverse of output C, that
is, D remains at ' 1' . Work through the rest of the table thinking about
what happens at the inputs and outputs of each of the flip-flops.
As you can see, the counter has 6 distinct output states. When the
sequence has been completed, counting starts again from the beginning.
Johnson counters have 2n output states, where n is the number of flip-
flops in the chain. Here n=3, giving 6 different output states.

Decoder stage
A decoder stage is also needed. This uses 2-input NOR gates to
uniquely identify each of the 6 states in the counting sequence.
Recall the truth table of a NOR gate,
Input B Input A Output
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 0
NOR gate truth tabl e
As you can see, the output is 1, only when both inputs are 0.
Look again at the 3-stage counter sequence,
Clock
pulses
D Input Output A Output B Output C
0 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 0 0
2 1 1 1 0
3 0 1 1 1
4 0 0 1 1
5 0 0 0 1
6 1 0 0 0
sequence repeats..
37

The first line in the table can be uniquely decoded by connecting A
and C to the inputs of a NOR gate. This is the only state in the sequence
for which A=0 and C=0.

As the counter is clocked, the logic state at the D input is
transferred along from one flip-flop to the next. The second line shows
the only state in the sequence for which A=1 and B=0, as indicated b y
the shading. This line can be uniquely decoded by connecting NOT-A
and B to the inputs of a NOR gate.

The third line is the only state in the sequence for which B=1 and
C=0, as indicated by the shading. This line can be uniquely decoded by
connecting NOT-B and C to the inputs of a NOR gate.

The remaining lines can be decoded in a similar way by detecting
the pairs of values shaded in the table. Note that the D input is the same
as NOT-C.





















38




COMPONENTS USED
IN CIRCUIT








39


6. COMPONENTS USED IN CIRCUIT


No.


Component

Nos

Used
1 220K Resistor 1 To offer resistance

2
330K Resistor 2 To offer resistance

3
1K Resistor 1 To offer resistance
4 47 K Resistor 1 To offer resistance
5 Remote 1 IR Transmitter
6 TSOP 1738 1 IR Receiver
7 IN4007 Diode 1 Rectifier
8 Green, Red LED 1 Indicator
9 BC 558 Transistor 1 Amplifier & switch
10 BC 548 Transistor 1 Amplifier & switch
11 12 V Relay 1 Switch
12 Bread Board 1 Circuit Board
13 100F 16V Capacitor 1 To store charge
14 0.1F Capacitor 1 To store charge
15 IC CD 4017 1 Decade Counter
16 Bulb 1 Output Device


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7. NOTES ON THE CIRCUIT

Before wiring the circuit make sure that the carrier frequency of
the TV remote you have is 38 KHz. For that wire the sensor part
only , point your remote to the TSOP1738 and press any switch.

If out put of TSOP1738 goes low them ok, your remote is of
38Khz type. Nothing to worry almost all TV remote are of this
type.

You can use any switch because for any switch the code only
changes, the carrier frequency remains same. We need this carrier
frequency only.

Assemble the circuit on a good quality PCB or common board.

The appliance can be connected through NO or NC and contacts of
the relay .



















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8. WORKING

The alternating current voltage (220 V) is stepped down to (12 V)
using a suitable step down transformer. The stepped down AC voltage is
rectified to direct current Voltage using a full wave rectifier.

To obtain a constant ripple-free DC voltage, a capacitor filter is
used across the circuit. The secondary output of the transformer is
applied to a bridge rectifier comprising diodes D1 through D4, filtered
by capacitor C1 and fed to the input terminal of the regulator

Voltage regulator ICS (78xx series) provide a steady output
voltage, as against a widely fluctuating input supply, when the common
terminal is grounded.

The 38 KHZ infrared rays generated by the remote control are
received by IR receiver module TSOP1738 of the circuit. Pin 1 of
TSOP1738 is connected to ground, pin 2 is connected to the power
supply through R5 and the output is taken from pin 3.

The output signal is amplified by Q1. The amplified signal i s fed to
clock pin 14 of decade counter IC CD4017 (IC1). Pin 8 of IC1 is
grounded, pin 16 is connected to vcc and pin 3 is connected to D2 (Red
LED), which glows to indicate that the appliance is off.

The output of IC1 is taken from its pin 2. D3 connected to pin 2 is
used to indicate the on state of the appliance. Q2 connected to pin 2 of
IC1 drives relay RL1. D1 acts as a freewheeling diode. The appliance to
be controlled is connected between the pole of the relay and neutral
terminal of mains.

It gets connected to live terminal of AC mains via normally opened
(N/O) contact when the relay energizes. If you want to operate a DC 12
volt relay then use a regulated DC 12 volt power supply for DC 12 volt
Relay and remember that the circuit voltage not be exceeded more than
DC 5 volts.

44

The 38kHz infrared rays generated by the remote control are
received by IR receiver module TSOP1738 of the circuit. Pin 1 of
TSOP1738 is connected to ground, pin 2 is connected to the power
supply through R5 and the output is taken from pin 3.

The output signal is amplified by Q1. The amplified signal is fed
to clock pin 14 of decade counter IC CD4017 (IC1). Pin 8 of IC1 is
grounded, pin 16 is connected to VCC and pin 3 is connected to D2 (Red
LED), which gl ows to indicate that the appliance is off.

The output of IC1 is taken from its pin 2. D3 connected to pin 2 is
used to indicate the on state of the appliance. Q2 connected to pin 2 of
IC1 drives relay RL1.

D1 acts as a freewheeling diode. The appliance to be controlled is
connected between the pole of the relay and neutral terminal of mains. It
gets connected to live terminal of AC mains via normally opened (N/O)
contact when the relay energizes.

If you want to operate a DC 12 volt relay then use a regulated DC
12 volt power supply for DC 12 volt Relay and remember that the circuit
voltage not be exceeded more than DC 5 volts.
















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9. USES OF THIS PROJECT

We propose to install a system that shall enable an electronic
switching device interfaced with a computer to be controlled remotely
using a smart device. A client running on the user' s computer would
connect to a central server, over an Internet connection.

The user could then use a HTTP/WAP protocol from a smart device
to connect to the central server, and issue requests to control his device.

In this report I explain the methodology that this system has
adopted to tackle the issue. We also explain the security considerations
that we have focused on while designing the custom client server
protocols.

In the end, we conclude with possible enhancements in the project
that might take us to a whole new world of remotely operated gadget s in
every home.


9.1 Applications

Home automation.
Small scale industries.
Hospitals.
Presentation halls.
Old age homes.










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10. BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. "Power Electronics by M D Singh and K B Khanchandan
2. "Linear Integrated Circuit s by D Roy Choudary & Shail Jain
3. "Electrical Machines by S K Bhattacharya
4. "Electrical Machines II by B L Thereja
5. Electronics For You.