Destin Lewis

Intro to Biological Science

Ms.Deer
Lab 6
1. Describe the major components of the cell theory.
The major components of the cell theory are broken p into fi!e main parts".#ll
li!ing things are compose$ of cells" all cells arise from pree%isting cells throgh cell
$i!ision" cells contain here$itary material" which they pass to $aghter cells $ring
cell $i!ision" the chemical composition of all cells is &ite similar" an$ the metabolic
processes associate$ with life occr within cells.
'. Describe the strctre an$ fnction of each celllar organelle( flagella" cilia" ncles"
ncleols" )*" +olgi apparats" !esicles" lysosomes" pero%isomes" mitochon$ria"
chloroplast" cytoskeleton" !acole" an$ ribosomes.
Both cilia an$ flagella ha!e a strctre of , - ' pattern of micro.tbes an$ ha!e a
fnction of motility. The /cles is srron$e$ by a $oble membrane" an$
contains chromosomes. It0s fnction is the control the center of the cell an$
$irects photosynthesis. /cleols has a strctre of the site of genes for r*/#
synthesis an$ it assembles ribosomes. )* is a network of internal membranes
an$ forms compartments an$ !esicles" synthesis an$ mo$ification of proteins an$
lipi$s. +olgi #pparats is a stack of flattene$ !esicles an$ it packages proteins
for e%port" forms secretory !esicles. # 1esicle is a cell membrane.bon$ sac that
stores an$ transports sbstances. Lysosomes contain hy$rolytic $igesti!e
en2ymes an$ breaks $own fatty aci$s. 3ero%isomes contain o%i$ati!e an$ other
en2ymes an$ they break $own fatty aci$s. Mitochon$ria is a bacteria.like
element with $oble membrane that carry ot celllar respiration an$ pro$ces
#T3. 4hloroplast are a bacteria.like element that is fon$ in plants an$ is the sit
of photosynthesis. The cytoskeleton is the network of protein filaments an$ is the
strctral spport for cell mo!ement. 1acoles are a large membrane.bon$ sacs
in plants an$ they are the storage compartment for water" sgars" ions" an$
pigments. The ribosome is the organelle within a cell where proteins are
pro$ce$. *ibosomes can be fon$ attache$ to the en$oplasmic reticlm or
floating aron$ in the cytoplasm.
5. List the components fon$ in the prokaryotic cell.
The prokaryotic cell is compose$ of the cytoplasm" mesosome" pilli" ncleoi$
region" flagella" ribosomes" cell wall" an$ plasmi$.
6. List the components fon$ in the ekaryotic cell.
The ekaryotic cell is compose$ of the plasma membrane" ncles" ncleols"
+olgi comple%" mitochon$ria" an$ plasti$s.
7. List the components fon$ in the animal cell.
The animal cell is compose$ of cytoplasm" cell membrane" smooth en$oplasmic
reticlm" +olgi apparats" mitochon$ria" an$ the ncles.
6. /ame e%amples of )karyotic an$ 3rokaryotic cells.
Some e%amples of prokaryotic cells are bacteria" nostoc an$ prochloron an$
some e%amples of ekaryotic cells are chlorella" saccharomyces" an$ $iatoms.
8. )%plain the major $ifferences between a prokaryotic cell an$ ekaryotic cell
incl$ing si2e" cell wall" ribosomes" organelles" an$ location of D/#. Do the same
for the plan an$ animal cells incl$ing bon$ary of cell" !acoles" an$ organelles
ni&e to each.
)karyotic cells are mch larger an$ mch more comple% than prokaryotic cells.
)karyotic cells ha!e a tre ncles" bon$ by a $oble membrane. 3rokaryotic cells
ha!e no ncles.
)karyotic D/# is linear9 prokaryotic D/# is circlar.
Both cell types ha!e many" many ribosomes" bt the ribosomes of the ekaryotic
cells are larger an$ more comple% than those of the prokaryotic cell.
Both are enclose$ by plasma membranes" fille$ with cytoplasm" an$ loa$e$ with
small strctres calle$ ribosomes. Both ha!e D/# which carries the archi!e$
instrctions for operating the cell.
# ekaryotic cell contains a nmber of chromosomes9 a prokaryotic cell contains
only one circlar D/# molecle an$ a !arie$ assortment of mch smaller circlets of
D/# calle$ :plasmi$s.: The smaller" simpler prokaryotic cell re&ires far fewer genes
to operate than the ekaryotic cell.
;. <hat are the strctres a cell may ha!e that help it with mobility.
Something that a cell might ha!e to help it with mobility col$ be the flagella.
,. Differentiate between cilia an$ flagella. I$entify cells that ha!e those e%tensions.
4ilia are short" hair like appen$ages e%ten$ing from the srface of a li!ing cell
an$ flagella are long" threa$like appen$ages on the srface of a li!ing cell. 4ilia
is fon$ in ekaryotic cells while flagella is fon$ in ekaryotic an$ prokaryotic
cells.
1=. I$entify the major fnctions of the plasma membrane.
3lasma membrane is semi.permeable an$ acts as a selecti!e barrier. Its main
fnctions are to separates the content of a cell from e%ternal en!ironment"
reglates the mo!ement of sbstances entering an$ lea!ing the cell an$ allows
the e%change of ntrients between the cell an$ its en!ironment.
11. <hat are the two organic molecles that the cell membrane is compose$ of>
Two organic molecles that the cell membrane is compose$ of are proteins an$
carbohy$rates.
1'. )%plain the role of #T3 in photosynthesis an$ celllar respiration.
In plant photosynthesis" the plant takes in carbon $io%i$e as well as snlight an$
releases o%ygen. #T3 plays a role in making the proper con!ersion so the plant
can se the energy. 4elllar respiration is the catabolic process of yiel$ing
energy from foo$. #T3 is se$ as energy sorce to rn this process $ring the
stage of glycolysis an$ the creation of frctose 6.phosphate.
15. <hat is the relationship between cell respiration an$ photosynthesis>
3hotosynthesis takes the energy from snlight an$ ses it to pt together large
sgar molecles from the raw ingre$ients 4?' an$ @'?. 4elllar respiration occrs
when organisms break $own large sgar molecles to se the energy to $o work an$
release the waste pro$cts 4?' an$ @'?.
16. <hat is homeostasis an$ how $oes a cell achie!e homeostasis>
@omeostasis is the ability or ten$ency of an organism or cell to maintain internal
e&ilibrim by a$jsting its physiological processes. In organisms" cell membranes
help organisms maintain a state of homeostasis by controlling what sbstances
may enter or lea!e the cells. It is semipermeable or selecti!ely permeable" only
allowing certain molecles to pass throgh like water" o%ygen" A carbon $io%i$e.
17. <hat are three types of acti!e transport an$ how is it se$ in a cell>
There are three main types of #cti!e Transport. They are The So$im.3otassim
pmp" )%ocytosis" an$ )n$ocytosis. The So$im.3otassim pmp is a mechanism of
acti!e transport that mo!es potassim ions into an$ so$im ions ot of a cell. The
e%ocytosis is a process of celllar secretion or e%cretion in which sbstances
containe$ in !esicles are $ischarge$ from the cell by fsion of the !esiclar
membrane with the oter cell membrane. The en$ocytosis is a process of celllar
ingestion by which the plasma membrane fol$s inwar$ to bring sbstances into the
cell.