In this topic you will understand the concept of networking.

You will get idea on the types of topology like, bus, ring, star, extended star,
hierchical and mesh topologies.
There are several kinds of networks, like LAN, WAN, MAN, SAN etc. which you will
get an brief idea on these types of networks. This video also lets you to know
the most important network mathematics which you should be familiar with in orrd
er to be a network professionals in your life.
At last, I will let you know about the very basic concept of networking, i.e. th
e reference models (tcp/ip) and OSI Reference models.
Let's start with the definition of networking.
As you have already aware of this term, you can say that two or more systems whe
n have the capability of communicating with themselves, then they became in a ne
twork. Just like we are comminicating with you gyes, thus here is a network. YOu
can not say that networking means only in the term of computer networking. A sy
stem means a human being, a house, an organisation etc anything can be a system.
Because we are studying only computer networking, here we can say system as com
puters or some computing related devices. So, networking means the concept of co
mmunication between divices and we will deal with this here after.
----------------------------------------------
............ about other things to be described here later
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Reference Models:
------------------
Networking are complex environments involves multiple media, multiple protocol i
nterconnecton ebtween organisations central office to outside networks. So, ther
e is a complex set of functions that a system has to undergo to hav a communicat
ion wwith another system in a network.
To understand this complexity each and every function of the sytem are separated
into several layers. These layers help n building , designing and mainiaining n
etworks. This is called reference mdel. There are 2 such model that describe the
functionality of networked systems.
1) TCP/IP
2) OSI - Open Systems Interconnection
TCP/IP OSI output
------- ---- -------
Application Application- data
Presentation- data
Session- data
Transport Transport- segment
Internet Network- packet
Physical Datalink- frame
Physical- bits
Appication Layer:
-------------------
This layer provides networking services to upperlayer applications. At this poin
t, user/applications interface with protocols to gain access to the network. Exa
mple: A word processor servd by file transfer at this layer.
Presentation Layer:
-------------------
This layer provides data representation code formatting and negotiating data tra
nsfer sysntax between stations. A variety of coding and conversion functions are
applied to the application layer data at this layer. Encription/decription also
happens at this layer. Example: coding of jpg or gif images
Session Layer:
--------------
This layer is responsible for establishing, managing, maintaining, and terminati
ng communication sessions between presentation layer entities. Communication at
this layer consissts of services request and response that orrur between appliac
tion located at different devices.
Example: type of co-ordination between database server and database client.
Transport Layer:
-------------------
For comminication between two systems connection should be established. This log
ical connection is done at this layer. The main functions of this layer is segme
ntation/disegmention of upper layer data, flow control, windowing, recovery etc.
a) The upper layer data is converted into transport layer data stream called seg
ments. This happens by upper layer aplication identifiers which is the service a
ccess points (SAP). Example, in caseof Ip protocol it's called port numbers.
b) This layer allow application for reliable data transfer. For IP, TCP is a con
nection oriented and hence a reliable protocol. The TCP/IP communication is bein
g done by a 3 way handshake.
[__] [__]
/\ /\
Sender receiver
--------------------------------------------->
Synchronise
<---------------------------------------
ack synchronise
--------------------------------------------->
ack
(now connection established)
<------------------------>
Data Transfer
Network Layer:
-----------------
This layer defines how to transport traffic between devices that are not locally
attached, in the same broad cast domain.
Collision domain. A group of devices that connect to the same physical media so
that if 2 devices access the media at the same time the result is a collission.
Broadcast domain: Group of devices in a network that receive one another's broad
cast message.
This accomplished by two of the below things.
1) Logical addressing with source and destination stations in the packet.
2) A path through the network to the destination.
Thus, the best possible path is determined by this layer.
---------------------------------
|IP Header|SrcAddr|destAddr|Data|
---------------------------------
/ \
/ \
192.168.1.5
Router operates at this layer.
ICMP:
====
Internet control messaging protocol
This is the error reporting protocol in the IP suite. It works in the network la
yer. When a device try to sendany packet to another devicebut thepacket was no a
ble to reach thedestination, the sender receives the message through
icmp packet. Echo (ping) is also an icmp message.
ARP: Address Resolution Protocol
------------------------------------
For devices to comminicate, sending device neeeds the destination devices IP and
MAC.
Each system maintains it's ARP table which isa IP to MAC entry fromwhere the sen
der canget the
MAC address. But if the entry is not found in theARP table itsends a broadcast m
essage to all thedevices with MAC as (FFFF-FFFF-FFFF) Every device see this and
send this to network layer. If a match foundin the network layer, the response p
acket send to the source (destination) device.
RARP (Reverse ARP)
---------------------
This protocol is used to find the IP address of a device when MAC is known. Disk
less hosts know there MAC but to know their IP during boot, the send RARP reques
t. An ARAP server resolves the situation.
Router
-------------
It's a device which comminicates traffic between 2 or more networks present in a
different geographical location.
Routers build routing table in their memory and forwards the packet in the port
according to the info available in the table.
Routing Table
-------------------------
| Net INT Metric |
| --- --- ------ |
| 1 E0 0 |
| 2 s0 0 |
| 3 s0 1 |
| 3 s1 1 |
-------------------------
Data Link Layer
---------------------
This layer defines physical transfer of packets accorssmdium. The physical addre
ssing of data (MAC) is being donein this layer. It has two sub layers.
1) MAC Media Access Control
2) LLC Logical Link Control
1- MAC-
MAC layer defines how data is transmitted over the physical wire. It encapsulate
s the MAC address of source and destination to upper layer data. The MAC sublaye
r frame is as like below:
Bytes-> 8 6 6 2 variable 4
----------------------------------------------------
Preamble |DestAddr|SrcAddr|Lenght |data | FCS |
----------------------------------------------------
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ MAC Addr \
/ \
| 0000.0C | Xx.xxxx |
| |
IEEE Assigned Vendor Assigned
2) LLC
This layer is responsible for logically identifying protocol types and then enca
psulating them to be transmitted accross the network. A type code or SAP ( Servi
ce Access Point) identifier the protocol
The LLC frame looks like as below:
Bytes-> 8 6 6 2 variable 4
----------------------------------------------------
Preamble |DestAddr|SrcAddr|Length |data | FCS |
----------------------------------------------------
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ \
/ MAC Addr \
bytes--> / 1 1 1/2 var\
|destSAP|srcSAP|Ctrl|Data|
or
bytes--> 1 1 1/2 3 2 var
|destSAP|srcSAP|Ctrl|oui|type|Data|
Ex: SAP E0 means: IPX
SAP 06 means: IP likewise
Physical Layer
------------------
The physical layer defines the media type, connector type and signalling type. I
t specifies the electrical, mehanical, procedural, and functional requirements f
or activating, maintaining and deactivating the physical link bewteen end statio
ns.
There are 3 physical layer wireing standards.
1) 10 Base 2 (thin net) 185 mtrs
2) 10 Base 5 (thicknet) 500 mtrs
3) 10 Base T 100 mtrs
Collision domain. A group of devices that connect to the same physical media so
that if 2 devices access the media at the same time the result is a collission.
Broadcast domain: Group of devices in a network that receive one another's broad
cast message.
Another most important thing which you need to understand today itself is the 3
layer model of CISCO which you should know to design a proper network model.
The three layer hierarchical model is as below:
To simlify netework design, implementation and management, cisco uses ahierarhic
al model to describe the network.
This model has 3 layers.
1) Access
2) Distribution
3) Core
Access Layer: This is a point where users connect to the network. (Desktop Layer
)
Distribution Layer: This point is between the access layer andthe neteworks core
services. Main task of this layer is to perform functionslike routing, filterin
g and wan access.
This layer chooses the fastest way for a user request ( such as file server acce
ss) to be forwarded to the server. Once, path choosen, it's forwarded to core la
yer.
Core Layer: (Backbone Layer)
---------------
This layer switches traffic as fast as possible to the appropriate service. Exam
ple of services like e-mail, internet access, and video conferencing. When a use
r needs access to enterprises servic,the request is processes at thedistribution
layer. The distribution layer device forwared the requewst to the backbone. The
backnone provides quick transport to the service.
The distribution layer provides controlled access to the core.