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Reflectiveequilibrium*
Twomoralpowers(ofpersonsasfreeandequal)
Higherorderinterests,conceptionofthegood
BasicStructure(politicallyneutral?)
OriginalPositionasmodelofrepresentationjustifiedthroughreflectiveequilibrium
LectureI:RationalandFullAutonomy
I.
WhatdistinguishestheKantianformofconstructivismisessentiallythis:itspecifiesaparticular
conceptionofthepersonasanelementinareasonableprocedureofconstruction,theoutcome
ofwhichdeterminesthecontentofthefirstprinciplesofjustice.
Thiskindofviewsetsupacertainprocedureofconstruction.Inthisprocedurepersons(as
rationalagentsofconstruction)specifythroughtheiragreementthefirstprinciplesofjustice.
InaKantianview,theconceptionoftheperson,theprocedure,andthefirstprinciplesmustbe
relatedinacertainmanner.
Socialroleofaconceptionofjustice:enablememberstomakemutuallyacceptabletoone
anothertheirsharedinstitutions,bycitingwhatarepubliclyrecognizedassufficientreasons,as
identifiedbythatconception.
Tosucceedindoingthis,aconceptionmustspecifyadmissiblesocialinstitutionsandtheir
possiblearrangementsintoonesystem,sothattheycanbejustifiedtoallcitizens,whatever
theirsocialpositionormoreparticularinterests.
howcanpeoplesettleonaconceptionofjustice,toservethissocialrole,thatis(most)
reasonablefortheminvirtueofhowtheyconceiveoftheirpersonsandconstruethegeneral
featuresofsocialcooperationamongpersonssoregarded?
AKantianconceptionasks:whichtraditionallyrecognizedprinciplesoffreedomandequality
wouldfreeandequalmoralpersonsthemselvesagreeupon,iftheywerefairlyrepresented
solelyassuchpersonsquacitizens?
BestimmterPersonenbegriffalsTeileinesvernnftigenKonstruktionsverfahrens.DasErgebnis
diesesKonstruktionsverfahrensbestimmtdenInhaltderoberstenGerechtigkeitsprinzipien.
D.h.:
EswirdeinKonstruktionsverfahreneingefhrt,dassbestimmtenAnforderungengengenmuss,
undinnerhalbdessenPersonen(dierationaleAkteurederKonstruktionsind)durchihre
bereinknftedieoberstenGerechtigkeitsprinzipienfestlegen.
DieAufgabedesKonstruktionsverfahrensistesdemnach,eineVerbindungherzustellen
zwischendemPersonenbegriffunddenGerechtigkeitsprinzipien.Begriff,Prinzipund
KonstruktionmssenalsoineinerbestimmtenArtundWeisemiteinanderverbundensein.
AufwelcheArtundWeisesinddiesedreiElementeineinerkantischenKonzeption
miteinanderverbunden?
II.
Wemustfindasuitablerenderingoffreedomandequality,andoftheirrelativepriority,rootedin
themorefundamentalnotionsofourpoliticallifeandcongenialtoourconceptionoftheperson.
Weneedtoconnectdefiniteprinciples(ofjustice)withacertainconceptionofthe(moral)
person.
Buthowarewetoachievethis?
JFformulatesmodelconceptions.Wethenreasonwithintheframework:
ThreemodelconceptionsinJF:
conceptionofawellorderedsociety(basic)
conceptionofamoralperson(basic)
conceptionoftheOP(mediating)
Thegeneralpurposeofc
wos
andc
mp
istosingleouttheessentialaspectsofourconceptionsof
ourselvesasmoralpersonsandofourrelationtosocietyasfreeandequalcitizens.
C
OP
istoestablishaconnectionbetweenc
mp
andtheprinciplesofjusticethatcharacterizethe
relationsofcitizensinc
wos
.Itservesthisrolebymodelingthewayinwhichthecitizensina
wellorderedsociety,viewedasmoralpersons,wouldideallyselectfirstprinciplesofjusticefor
theirsociety.
TheconstraintsimposedonthepartiesintheOParetorepresentthefreedomandequalityof
moralpersonsasunderstoodinsuchasociety.
Ifcertainprinciplesofjusticewouldindeedbeagreedto,thentheaimofKantian
constructivismtoconnectdefiniteprincipleswithaparticularconceptionofthepersonis
achieved.
PartiesintheOPasrationallyautonomousagentsofconstruction:
representtheaspectofrationality,whichispartofc
mp
affirmedbycitizensinawellordered
society.
rationalautonomyvs.fullautonomy
rationalautonomyisthatofthepartiesasagentsofconstruction
rationalautonomyroughlyparallelsKantsnotionofhypotheticalimperatives
fullautonomyisthatofcitizensineverydaylife(whoaffirmandactfromthefirstprinciplesof
justicethatwouldbeagreedto
Now,featuresofawellorderedsociety:
1.itseffectivelyregulatedbyapublicconceptionofjustice(i.e.acceptanceofthesame
principlesofjustice
thebasicstructureofsocietysatisfiestheseprinciples
2.themembersofawellorderedsocietyare(andseethemselvesas)freeandequalpersons
freedom,equalityandmoral
ByformulatingthemodelconceptionoftheOP,wemustviewthepartiesasselectingprinciples
ofjusticewhicharetoserveaseffectivepublicprinciplesofjusticeinawellorderedsociety,and
henceforsocialcooperationamongpersonswhoconceiveofthemselvesasfreeandequal
moralpersons.
DuetothisdescriptionimposingvariousconditionsonhowtheOPcanbesetup,inparticular
theconceptionofmoralpersonsasfreeandequal,andthedistinctionbetweenrationalandfull
autonomy,mustbeappropriatelyreflected.
III.
Weconjecturethatthefairnessofthecircumstancesunderwhichagreementreachedtransfers
totheprinciplesofjusticeagreedto.
Fairnessthroughveilofignorance
TheOPincorporatespureproceduraljusticeatthehighestlevelwhateverprinciplesare
selectedfromthelistarejust.TheoutcomeoftheOPdefinestheappropriateprinciplesof
justice.
Thiscontrastwithperfectproceduraljustice,wherethereisanindependentandalreadygiven
criterionofwhatisjust(orfair)andwhereaprocedureexiststoensurearesultthatsatisfiesthis
standard.
Inpureproceduraljusticenoindependentcriterionofjusticeexists.Whatisjustisdefinedbythe
outcomeoftheprocedureitself.
Theuseofpureproceduraljusticeimpliesthattheprinciplesofjusticethemselvesaretobe
constructedbyaprocessofdeliberation(carriedoutbythepartiesintheOP).Thepartiesare
notboundbyanyantecedentlygivenprinciplesofrightandjustice,i.e.thereexistsnostandpoint
externaltothepartiesownperspective.
Limitationsofthediscussion:basicstructureofonesocietyasaclosedandselfsufficient
systemofcooperation.
IntheirdeliberationsthepartiesintheOParetodecideastheprinciplesofrationalitydictate,
giventheirsituation.
Inthissense,thetermautonomyasappliedtothepartiesintheOPdependsonwhattheir
interestsareandonthenatureofconstraintstowhichtheyaresubject.(IV.)
Metaethik:
Kognitivismus:
moralischeAussagenhabenUrteilscharakter,sindwahrheitsfhig,habenmoralischeInhalte
vs.Realismus:
gehtdarberhinausvonderExistenzmoralischerTatsachenaus.Obeinekognivistische
PositionperseeinenRealismusimpliziert,istumstritten.
naturalistischmoralischeTatsachensinddurchnatrlicheTatsachenkonstituiertbzw.
aufsiegegrndet.DieAussage,dasseineHandlunggutoderrichtigist,istentweder
sachidentischmiteinerAussagebernatrlicheTatsache
oder
ihreWahrheitistmitderWahrheiteinerAussagebereinenatrlicheTatsachegegeben.
nichtnaturalistischmoralischeTatsachenlassensichnichtaufnatrlicheTatsachen
zurckfhren,sondernsindTatsachensuigeneris.
DermetaethischeNaturalismusbasiertsomit(durchdieBauhauptungderObjektivitt
moralischerAussagen)aufderZurckweisungdesnaturalistischenFehlschlusses.
metaethics
http://www.iwp.jku.at/born/mpwfst/02/0205Ethik_Pos_k.html
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/metaethics/#GenObs
http://www.iep.utm.edu/metaethi/#SH1a