Animation of Power Electronics and Electrical Drives.

Peter J. van Duijsen

Simulation Research
P. O. Box 397, NL!"## $J,
$l%hen aan &en Rijn, 'he Netherlan&s
'el( )3* *7! "9!3+3, ,ax( )3* *7! "9!"77
---.cas%oc.com
.mail( %.van&uijsen/cas%oc.com
Dan Lascu
Politehnica 0niversit1 'imi2oara
,acult1 o3 .lectronics an& 'elecommunications,
B&. 4asile P5rvan !, *9## 'imi2oara, Romania
Phone( ##"#+6!#"33!, ext. 6"!, ,ax( ##"#+6*9#6#7,
.mail( &.lascu/cas%oc.com
Abstract
8n this %a%er a ne- multilevel simulation9animation tool :as%oc
;
, <Simulation Research, !##*= is
&escri>e&, -hich &urin? simulation animates the %o-er electronic circuit. 'he user sees the level o3
the no&evolta?es, the level o3 the >ranch currents an& most im%ortant, he can see the current %ath in
the circuit. 'he simulation tool can animate an1 %o-er electronic circuit or electrical &rive.
.xam%les o3 %o-er electronic an& electrical &rive animations are ?iven, -hich sho- the a&vanta?e o3
animation.
Keywords
$nimation, mo&elin?, simulation, %o-er electronics, electrical &rives, teachin?
1. Introduction
'eachin? an& un&erstan&in? Po-er .lectronics an& .lectrical Drives have >een &one -ith the use o3
>oo@s an& the >lac@>oar&. Aan1 o3 us -ill remem>er the times &ra-in? the >asic -ave3orms o3
converter o%eration on %a%er -hile @ee%in? the state o3 the converter in min&.
Simulation ma&e a chan?e here, >ecause it ?ave us the %ossi>ilit1 to use a com%uter 3or &ra-in?
-hile @ee%in? our attention to the o%eration o3 the converter. Simulation ena>le& us to stu&1 the
>ehavior 3or &i33erent %arameters an& con&itions. Still the user has to @ee% the converter in min& an&
he has to ma@e an inter%retation o3 the simulation results.
'he next lo?ical ste% is to %resent the o%eration o3 the converter as a result o3 the simulation.
$ccustome& as -e are to cartoons, this lo?ical ste% is calle& animation. Durin? the simulation the
converter o%eration is %resente& as a cartoon. 'he resultin? animation ?ives the user an insi?ht in the
converter o%eration, -hich -as not %ossi>le -ith >oo@s an& >lac@>oar&. .ven a real o%eratin?
converter &oes not sho- so man1 o%eratin? &etails as &urin? animation, sim%l1, >ecause o3 the hi?h
s-itchin? 3reBuencies. ,or exam%le, even in a +#CD recti3ier, the ste% >1 ste% o%eration ?oes too 3ast
to 3ollo- >1 the human >rain an& -e use a sco%e to store the -ave3orms &urin? the o%eration.
8n animation 1ou can actuall1 see the converter s-itchin?, see ho- inte?rators in controllers >uil& u%
char?e an& ho- motors start to rotate.
8n section !, an intro&uction is ?iven in the mathematical metho&s, -hich are use& in simulation
%ro?rams 3or Po-er .lectronics an& .lectrical Drives. 'he im%ortance o3 simulation 3or e&ucation is
>rie3l1 &escri>e& in section 3. $ short &iscussion on mo&elin? o3 com%onents is %resente& in section
". 8n section + the visualiDation o3 simulation results is &iscusse&. 'he 3act that animation is not just a
to1 is &escri>e& in section 6 an& the im%act o3 the animation on the simulation s%ee& is &iscusse& in
section 7. 'he exam%les in this %a%er -ill 3ocus on the animation o3 %o-er electronic circuits an&
electrical &rives. 'he user has the %ossi>ilit1 to &e3ine his o-n motion control mo&els in a hi?hlevel
%ro?rammin? or a >loc@&ia?ram, ena>lin? him to mo&el, 3or exam%le, a 3iel& oriente& controller or
controls 3or a%%lication s%eci3ic &rives, such as 3ans, %um%s an& automotive a%%lications. 4arious
exam%les o3 animation, 3or exam%le the 4iennaRecti3ier, conclu&e this %a%er in section 7 to *3, -ith
3inal conclu&in? remar@s in section *".
2. Modeling and Simulation metods
Simulation starts to >ecome an acce%te& tool 3or the &esi?n o3 %o-er electronics an& electrical &rives.
Over the last 3# 1ears there have >een remar@a>le a&vances in tools 3or the simulation o3 %o-er
electronics an& electrical &rives. Not onl1 a&vances in the user inter3ace o3 the %ro?rams, >ut also
a&vances in the un&erl1in? metho&s on -hich these simulation tools are >ase&.
,or %o-er electronics an& motion control in&ustries, various mo&elin? an& simulation %ac@a?es are
availa>le. 'he inte?ration o3 mo&elin? an& simulation 3or >oth motion control an& %o-er electronics into
one %ac@a?e is not so -i&e s%rea&.
,or the mo&elin? o3 electric circuits an& &1namic s1stems, there are ?enerall1 three metho&s.
'he StateS%ace a%%roach, <Sch-arD, *977= is use& in Bloc@&ia?ram oriente& %ro?rams, such as
Simulin@. 'he a&vanta?es o3 the states%ace mo&el are sim%licit1 an& simulation s%ee&. 'he
&isa&vanta?e is the &i33icult1 to &erive the state s%ace eBuations 3rom a circuit.
'he Modified Nodal Analysis EAN$F metho&, <Co, *97+=, is use& in S%ice>ase& %ro?rams. 'he
a&vanta?e is the eas1 mathematical mo&el ?eneration 3rom a circuit. 'he &isa&vanta?es are the
conver?ence %ro>lems cause& >1 semicon&uctor mo&els.
,i?ure * ( :om%lexit1 o3 mo&els.
'he mo&elin? o3 a com%onent in a Power Conversion System EP:SF is not uniBue. De%en&in? on the
nee& o3 the user, a mo&el can >e either sim%le, &etaile&, or can contain just enou?h &etails to mo&el the
time&omain >ehavior satis3actor1.
'he com%lexit1 o3 the mathematical mo&el is not necessaril1 relate& to the com%lexit1 o3 the mo&el o3
the com%onent. $s sho-n in 3i?ure *, a sim%le mo&el can contain a EnonlinearF acausal mathematical
relation an& there3ore a Differential Algebraic Equation D$., <Sch-arD, *977=, has to >e use& 3or the
mathematical mo&el(
# G tF EtF, u , 1EtF EtF, x EtF, x E 3
D$.

E*F
'he D$. &escri>es the nonlinear, %ossi>le acausal, relations amon? the timevar1in? state variables
x(t), their time&erivative
x
(t), the variables yEtF an& the inut variables u(t) o3 a P:S.
On the other si&e, i3 a more &etaile& mo&el &oesnHt contain an1 acausal relations, it can >e &escri>e& >1
a !rdinary Differential Equation OD.(
F EtF u EtF, x E ? G 1EtF
F EtF u EtF, x E 3 G EtF x
OD.
OD.

E!F
.Buation E!F is use& in Bloc@&ia?ram %ro?rams such as Simulin@.
'he SP8:.
;
%ro?ram is >ase& on the AN$ metho&. Su%%ose a mo&el can >e 3ormulate& as(
>EtF G xEtF hF xEtF, EtF, x $Et,

E3F
'he %arameters o3 the matrix $ are &e%en&ent on the varia>les an& state varia>les in the vector !EtF.
4ector bEtF stores the values o3 the in&e%en&ent sources. 'he time &erivative o3 !EtF is re%lace& >1 a
numerical inte?ration a%%roximation, -here the %arameter h is the ste% siDe o3 the numerical inte?ration
Multilevel modeling <,ranD, *99#=, <Duijsen, *99"= is a techniBue -here &i33erent mathematical mo&el
&escri%tions, such as D$., AN$ an& OD., can >e com>ine&. $ multilevel simulation is >ase& on the
total mathematical mo&el o3 the multilevel mo&el. $ multilevel mo&el can contain &i33erent t1%es o3
mo&els. 'he multilevel mo&elin? techniBue is a&vanta?eous com%are& to other mo&elin? techniBues 3or
t-o major reasons.
*. .33icient mo&elin?, >ecause each %art o3 the im%lementation li@e the %o-er electronic circuit, the loa&
or the control is &escri>e& >1 its most e33icient mo&elin? techniBue. 'his allo-s a strai?ht3or-ar&
&escri%tion -ithout, 3or exam%le, mo&elin? an inverter in a >loc@ &ia?ram or mo&elin? a control
al?orithm >1 lum%e& circuit elements.
!. 'he simulation time can >e &ecrease&, >ecause each %art o3 the im%lementation can >e solve& more
e33icientl1.
". Modeling and simulation for education
Ao&elin? an& simulation is a valua>le tool in the area o3 e&ucation an& trainin?. .s%eciall1 in the 3iel& o3
%o-er electronics an& &rives, simulation is a more save metho& to teach. ,aults an& mista@es ma&e
&urin? a simulation cause no &ama?es or ris@s. 'o >e more %recisel1, 1ou can learn much more -hen
1ou can simulate critical events, -hich are im%ossi>le to %er3orm in realit1. 'a@e 3or exam%le the
maximum current throu?h an ex%ensive I'O. Destro1in? a I'O in a simulation is harmless com%are&
to a real &estruction o3 a I'O. Per3ormin? onl1 simulations im%lies no haDar&ous &ama?es to the
surroun&in?, no re%lacements, no sol&erin?, no stoc@ o3 ex%ensive I'Os.
8m%ortant 3or e&ucation is the availa>ilit1 o3 a li>rar1 -ith exam%les. Nearl1 all lar?e ven&ors %rovi&e
exam%les 3or their simulation tools. ,or S%ice
;
an& Simulin@
;
tutorials an& li>raries -ith exam%les 3or
%o-er electronics an& &rives can >ou?ht 3rom thir&%art1 ven&ors. ,or :as%oc
;
a tutorial es%eciall1 -ith
%o-er electronics an& &rive exam%les is availa>le.
Simulation s%ee& is even 3or e&ucation an im%ortant 3actor. Co-ever simulation exam%les can >e
structure& such that a short simulation time is achieve& >1 either sim%li31in? the exam%le or ?eneraliDe&
mo&elin?. Simulation s%ee&s achieve& -ith S%ice
;
an& Simulin@
;
are satis3actor1, -ith :as%oc
;
shorter
simulation times can >e achieve& >ecause o3 the multilevel mo&elin?. $lso o3 im%ortance is the
conver?ence o3 the simulation. Cere S%ice
;
has a >a& %er3ormance, -hich can lea& to a stru??le -ith the
mo&el. 8n man1 cases the e33ort to ma@e a S%ice
;
simulation, ?oes mainl1 to inclu&in? tric@s in the mo&el
to enhance conver?ence. 'his lea&s to a -aste o3 time 3or e&ucation, >ecause stu&ents shoul& learn ho-
to >uil& mo&els, not to %revent conver?ence 3ailures. Simulin@
;
an& :as%oc
;
have no conver?ence
%ro>lems as @no-n -ith S%ice
;
.
#. Models
,or the simulation o3 Po-er .lectronics >asic mo&els are reBuire&, -hich &o not exist in stan&ar&
simulation %ro?rams, such as the earl1 S%ice>ase& %ro?rams. Recent S%ice>ase& simulation
%ro?rams have a li>rar1 o3 su>circuits 3or Po-er .lectronic com%onents such as the S:R, I'O,
Aos3et, 8IB' an&, 3or exam%le, electrical machines.
'he com%lexit1 o3 the mo&el is a ver1 im%ortant as%ect in mo&elin?. ,or most simulations a >asic
s-itchin? >ehavior is satis3actor1. ,or exam%le, the >asic s-itchin? >ehavior o3 a &io&e, S:R or
I'O, is in man1 cases satis3actor1 to mo&el a three%hase recti3ier. $ linear in&uctance mo&ele& at
the in%ut is enou?h to simulate the commutation >et-een the &io&es in a recti3ier. 'he %ro&uce&
harmonics are >asicall1 onl1 &e%en&in? on the line im%e&ance o3 the in%ut o3 the recti3ier.
,or calculatin? the e33icienc1 o3 a SAPS, also the ener?1 that is reBuire& to control the Aos3et is
im%ortant. Cere the nonlinear ?ate ca%acitance has a lar?e in3luence on the e33icienc1 o3 the SAPS.
8n this case a mo&el -here the ?ate char?e o3 a Aos3et is mo&ele& is reBuire&. Aultilevel mo&elin?
sim%li3ies the mo&elin? %rocess 3or these various com%onents.
$. %isuali&ing simulation results.
'he earl1 simulation %ro?rams %ro&uce& a lon? list -ith numerical results. No-a&a1s most simulation
%ro?rams o33er the %resentation o3 simulation results in ?ra%hical -in&o-s. 'he user has the a>ilit1 to
examine these ?ra%hical results >1 usin? a mouse, to o>tain the numerical value at each %oint in
time.
'he next ste% is the visualiDation o3 the simulation. Aost im%ortant in %o-er electronics is the current
%ath. ,or exam%le, 3ree-heelin? o3 &io&es >ecomes clear, -hen the user sees the current%ath
chan?in? 3rom s-itches to 3ree-heelin? &io&es.
'he 3ollo-in? visualiDation ?ui&elines are use&(
'he intensit1 o3 the volta?e, current or si?nal is ?iven >1 the color, -hich varies 3rom >lac@ to re&,
as &e3ine& >1 a rain>o- o3 colors.
'he color o3 a no&e in the electric circuit is &e%en&ent on the volta?e level o3 that no&e.
'he color o3 an electric circuit com%onent is &e%en&ent on the level o3 the current throu?h that
com%onent.
'he color o3 an electric circuit -ire is &e%en&ent on the level o3 the current throu?h that -ire.
'he color o3 a -ire in the >loc@&ia?ram is &e%en&ent on the level o3 the si?nal on that -ire.
:ertain com%onents animate &e%en&in? on an event, ta@in? %lace in the com%onent, such as
o%enin? or closin? o3 s-itches.
'. Im(ortance of animation.
$nimation o3 electric circuit ma1 loo@ li@e a to1. 'his is ho-ever a>solutel1 -ron?. $nimation is a
via>le tool 3or teachin?, ?ainin? insi?ht, chec@in? the >ehavior, or searchin? 3or 3ailure mo&es.
'he a&vanta?es 3or teachin? are clear. Stu&ents, 3or exam%le, can see the current%aths in recti3iers
or un&erstan& the 3ree-heelin? an& &iscontinuous mo&e in SAPS.
,or com%lex to%olo?ies, such as the 4iennaRecti3ier <Jolar, *99"=, animation can >e ver1 hel%3ul to
un&erstan& an& veri31 the %rinci%le o3 the converter. Durin? animation, it >ecomes clear to the user
ho- the converter is >ehavin?.
Durin? animation, 3ailure mo&es are &etecte&. .ven those 3ailure mo&es, the user -as not a-are o3.
Durin? 3ailure anal1sis -ithout animation it reBuires a lot o3 time to chec@ each com%onent. Kith
animation, each 3ailure is &irectl1 &is%la1e&, 3or exam%le a s-itch is o%ene& or close& at a -ron?
interval. Or some volta?e levels are too hi?h.
). Practical im(lementation.
$nimation costs time. $ simulation shoul& >e as 3ast as %ossi>le. $nimation slo-s &o-n the
simulation. 'here3ore the user shoul& have the a>ilit1 to turn the animation on or o33.
83 a circuit is animate&, the simulation in most cases has to >e slo-e& &o-n, in or&er to 3ollo- the
>ehavior o3 the s1stem. 'here3ore the timeconsum%tion o3 animation is in man1 cases not a %ro>lem.
8n or&er to s%ee& u% the animation it is not al-a1s necessar1 to sho- each simulation ste%. ,or
exam%le, i3 a small time ste% is reBuire& 3or the simulation >ut the animation is slo- var1in?,
com%are& to the time ste%, not each time ste% has to >e &is%la1e&. 'his can >e achieve& >1 not
&is%la1in? each time ste% in the animation. ,i?ure ! sho-s a t1%ical &ialo? >ox 3or animation
%ro%erties.
'o visualiDe the values o3 volta?e an& current, t-o &i33erent levels are reBuire&. ,or exam%le a SAPS
o%eratin? at the $:mains can have current levels o3 onl1 u% to * $m%ere. $lso the control si?nals
can var1 in value 3rom the volta?e an& current level. '1%ical control si?nals can ran?e >et-een # an&
*, -here the onstatus o3 a control si?nal is clearl1 si?nale& >1 a re& color an& the o33status is
si?nale& >1 a >lac@ color.
,i?ure !( $nimation %ro%erties.
'o %revent that the schematic starts >lin@in? li@e a :hristmas tree, the user shoul& have the
%ossi>ilit1 to turn on or o33 various animation e33ects. ,or exam%le, the constant &is%la1 o3 numerical
values at each no&e can ma@e the schematic ver1 cro-&e& an& there3ore the user shoul& have the
%ossi>ilit1 to turn it o33.
*. E!am(le %ienna+,ectifier
8n 3i?ure 3 the 4iennaRecti3ier <Jolar, *99"= is &is%la1e&. 'he current%ath, -hich is colore& &urin?
the animation, is sho-n thic@ in this 3i?ure. One can see clearl1 that the com%lexit1 o3 the current
%ath ?ives valua>le in3ormation on the 3unctionin? o3 the converter.
R$ *m
R: *m RB *m
L6 *+u L+ *+u L" *+u
B3 B!
)

:3
6#u
L* *7u RG*#m L3 *7u RG*#m
:*
6#u
:!
6#u
LO0'
SA
D!*
D!# D*9
S3
D*7
D*7
D*6
D*+
D*3
D*!
D**
D*#
D9
D7 S! D7
D6
D+ D"
D3 D!
D*
L! *7u RG*#m
*.##
:CP! *u
RCP! 3!#RCP3 3!#
:CP3 *u
3!#
*u
LP' LPS LPR
0N' 0NR 0NS
IRO0ND
LP3 LP!
S'.RN
AP*
00' 00S
CP!
S'.RN
CP3 CP*
,i?ure 3( :urrent%ath in the 4iennaRecti3ier.
-. E!am(le .uc/ converter
8n 3i?ure " the animation o3 a >uc@ converter is sho-n. 8n the 3i?ure the 3ree-heelin? o3 the &io&e is
sho-n. 'he level o3 the out%ut volta?e an& the level o3 the current throu?h the in&uctance L* is
&is%la1e& >1 t-o analo? meters, -hich &urin? the animation sho- the actual value.
,i?ure "( Buc@ converter -ith analo? meters.
10. E!am(le D1 sunt macine wit crane
8n 3i?ure + the animation o3 a D: shunt machine -ith crane is sho-n. 'he D: shunt machine is
controlle& >1 a controlle& volta?e source, -hich is re?ulate& >1 a li>rar1>loc@ H:rane :ontrolH. $lso a
controlle& recti3ier coul& have >een use& here. 'he li>rar1>loc@ mo&elin? the crane inclu&es an
o>ject>loc@, -hich mo&els the visualiDation o3 the crane. De%en&in? on the an?le o3 the axis o3 the
D: shunt machine, the loa& is li3te& >1 the crane.
,i?ure +( D: shunt machine -ith crane.
11. E!am(le Switced ,eluctance Macine
'he mo&el 3or the S-itche& Reluctance Aachine ESRAF contains a nonlinear in&uctance, -hich is
&e%en&in? on the %osition o3 the rotor an& the saturation in the stator. 'he nonlinear in&uctance is
mo&ele& %er %hase >1 a 3unction or via a !&imensional ta>le.
S:OP.*
AN$A.
srm6"
SRA67P$R$A.'.RS*
R NS NR LA8N LA$M JR BS BR
L* 8 3 8 ! 8 * :3 :! :*
K
'
J
L3B
L3$
L!B
L!$
L*B
L*$
SRA"6*
:OAP
)

$ND ,,L
R
S
N
:OAP
)

$BS
8*
:OAP
)

$ND ,,L
R
S
N
:OAP
)

$BS
8*
$BS
8*
'LO$D JL ,
'
N
KR
'8N
J
LO$D*
S:OP.3
:OAP
)

,,L
R
S
N
$ND
:OAP
)

4* *7##
)

D*
D"
D!
D+
D3
D6
A0L
A
I3 I! I*
I3 I! I*
:3
I3 ,,L3
77# :OAP6
79#
:OAP+ $BS3 8 3
:!
I! ,,L!
77# :OAP"
79#
:OAP3 $BS! 8 !
8 * $BS*
N
". 7A
+"
L*$
L*B
L!$
L!B
L3$
L3B
KR
:* :! :3 8 * 8 3
R
8!
:OAP*
79#
:OAP! 77#
,,L* I*
:*
#
L*$ L*B L!$ L!B L3$ L3B
'LO$D N
*3.+
,i?ure 6( S-itche& Reluctance Aachine -ith current control.
8n 3i?ure 6 the mo&el 3or a SRA is sho-n. 'he SRA is mo&ele& insi&e the li>rar1 >loc@ SRA"6, -hich
contains the mo&el 3or a 6stator an& "rotor %ole machine. On the le3t si&e the electrical connection
to the converter is ma&e. 'he in&uctances o3 the machine are connecte& to the converter via the
no&es L*$L*B, L!$L!B an& L3$L3B. 'he %arameters 3or the machine are su%%lie& via a .mo&el
&ata>ase as sho-n >elo-(
.model srm68_1 user br=0.436 bs=0.349 jr=0 lmax=110m lmin=10m nr=6 ns=8 r=50
.model srm68_2 user br=0.436 bs=0.349 jr=0 lmax=210m lmin=10m nr=6 ns=8 r=20
.model srm64 user br=0.581 bs=0.465 jr=0 lmax=2.84m lmin=0.284m nr=4 NS=6
r=0.8
'he name o3 the .mo&el has to >e s%eci3ie& in the >loc@ AName. 'he %arameters 3or the machine are
su%%lie& at the >ottom o3 the mo&el.
On the ri?ht si&e a mechanical loa& is connecte& to the SRA. 'he loa& has an inertia o3 +"J?.m
!
an&
the torBue 'loa& 3rom the loa& eBuals *3.+ON, -here N is the num>er o3 revolutions %er min. 8n the
sco%e at the ri?ht si&e o3 the Loa& >loc@ the s%ee& o3 the rotor is &is%la1e&.
$t the to% si&e o3 the SRA the control si?nals an& the currents throu?h the in&uctances are ex%orte&.
Kith a current re?ulator the current throu?h each in&uctance is limite& >et-een 77# an& 79# $m%ere,
usin? t-o com%arators, a ,li%,lo% an& an $ND?ate. 'he 8IB'Hs are onl1 close& i3 the %osition o3 a
rotor %ole is in 3ront o3 a stator %ole an& is in&icate& >1 the no&es :*, :! an& :3.
Durin? the animation the rotor is rotatin? an& the value o3 L* is &is%la1e& in a sco%e. 'he &e%en&ence
o3 the in&uctance on the %osition o3 the rotor is visualiDe& &urin? the animation.
12. E!am(le ste((er motor wit alf ste( control
8n 3i?ure 7 a >i%olair ste%%er motor -ith hal3 ste% control is &is%la1e&. 'he current throu?h the
in&uctances La an& L> is measure& an& in the >loc@ S'B.RB8P, the torBue %ro&uce& >1 the machine
is calculate&. On the ri?ht si&e o3 the machine, a Loa& >loc@ is connecte& mo&elin? a linear
mechanical loa&. 'he rotor s%ee& an& the %ro&uce& torBue are &is%la1e& in sco%e !. 'he torBue
%ulses are clearl1 visi>le.
De%en&in? on the %osition an& s%ee& o3 the rotor, the >ac@em3 E.$ an& .BF is calculate& in the >loc@
S'B.RB8P an& is mo&ele& in series -ith the in&uctances L$ an& LB, -here also the resistance
ERG*##OhmF is mo&ele&.
'he %osition o3 the rotor is ex%orte& on the no&e C* at the to% o3 the >loc@ 3or the ste%%er motor. 'his
no&e is connecte& to the >loc@ O>ject -here usin? the %arameter %* the animation o>ject 3or the
ste%%er motor is &e3ine&. De%en&in? on the value o3 C*, -hich varies 3rom # to !OP, the rotor is
rotatin? &urin? the animation.
L$
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D7 D7
D6 D+
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LB*
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,i?ure 7( Ste%%er motor -ith hal3 ste% control.
'he >loc@ S'0N8C$L,, -hich %ro&uces a 3ixe& %ulse %attern 3or the Aos3etHs, re?ulates the ste%%er
motor. $s can >e seen in the animation, the currents throu?h La an& LB in 3i?ure 7 are %ositive an&
there3ore the rotor is %ositione& as sho-n in 3i?ure 7. 8n 3i?ure 7 the Aos3etHs -here the ?ates I$*
an& IB* are %ositive are con&uctin?. 'he %osition o3 the 3ixe& %ulse %attern is ?iven >1 the value o3 $
-hich is var1in? 3rom # to !OP.
1". E!am(le brusless D1 macine wit '+(ulse control
8n 3i?ure 7 the Brushless D: machine -ith 6%ulse control an& 8IB' inverter is &is%la1e&. 'he >loc@
BLD:A mo&els the >rushless machine, -here on the le3t si&e the >loc@ is connecte& to the inverter
an& on the ri?ht si&e, the mechanical loa& is connecte&.
,i?ure 7( Brushless D: machine -ith 6%ulse control.
$t the >ottom the %arameters 3or the >rushless machine are &e3ine&, >ein? the >ac@em3 constant J
an& the inertia o3 the rotor. Other %arameters 3or the machine are 3ixe& insi&e the >loc@, so the
exam%le runs also un&er the, in no&es limite&, 3ree-are version o3 :as%oc. $t the to% the an?le o3 the
rotor is ex%orte&, -hich is reBuire& 3or a sim%le control o3 the 8IB'Hs. 'he no&e $ in&icates the an?le
o3 the rotor in ra&ians an& is connecte& to the le3t si&e o3 the >loc@ I$'.:'RL, -hich 3ires the
8IB'Hs as 3unction o3 the an?le $. 8n sco%e 3 the currents &urin? startu% are sho-n.
1#. 1onclusions
$nimation ?ives valua>le in3ormation a>out the simulation o3 Po-er .lectronics an& .lectrical Drives.
Dis%la1in? current%aths ?ives insi?ht in the >ehavior o3 the circuit an& can reveal 3ailure mo&es. 8t
reveals more insi?ht in the circuit o%eration then onl1 &is%la1in? simulation results in ?ra%hs. 83
animation is >ase& on simulation, also com%lex circuits can >e animate&. 'his ma@es animation a
%ractical tool 3or &esi?nin? %o-er electronics an& electrical &rives.
,or %o-er electronic circuits the values o3 no&al volta?es an& >ranch currents can >e visualiDe&
&urin? the simulation an& the con&uctin? semicon&uctors can >e i&enti3ie&. 'he &i33erent mo&es o3
o%eration can >e i&enti3ie& an& the animation ?ives an overvie- o3 current &istri>ution amon? the
s-itches.
'he exam%le o3 the 4iennaRecti3ier sho-s that com%lex current %aths can >e visualiDe& to ?ain a
>etter un&erstan&in? o3 the o%eration o3 the recti3ier.
,or electrical &rives, the movin? or rotatin? o>jects can >e visualiDe&. 8n the case o3 a SRA, the
&e%en&enc1 o3 the in&uctance on the rotor %osition can >e &is%la1e&, ?ivin? insi?ht in the correctness
o3 the 3unctionin? o3 the mo&el. 'he exam%le o3 the crane -ith D: machine visualiDes the o%eration
o3 a total s1stem, -here the control o3 such s1stems can >e &is%la1e&. 83 the machine -oul& not sto%
at the &esire& len?th o3 the crane ca>le, this is clearl1 visi>le in the animation.
$nimation is not a to1, it can ?ive valua>le in3ormation to the &esi?ner not onl1 on ho- his &esi?n is
o%eratin? >ut can also sho- the 3ault con&itions arisin? &urin? the normal o%eration.
1$. ,eferences
<*= Co :K, Ruehli $..., Brennan P.$., 'he mo&i3ie& no&al a%%roach to net-or@ anal1sis, 8...
'ransactions on :ircuits an& S1stems, 4ol :$S!!, No 6, %%. +#"+#9, june *97+.
<!= Sch-arD $.,., :om%uterai&e& &esi?n o3 microelectronic circuits an& s1stems, 4ol *, $ca&emic
%ress *977.
<3= ,ranD I.$., Aultilevel simulation tools 3or %o-er converters, 8... $P.: :C!7+3#99#9#####6!9,
*99#.
<"= Duijsen P.J. van, Aultilevel mo&elin? an& simulation o3 %o-er electronic converters an& &rive
s1stems, Procee&in?s Po-er :onversion an& 8ntelli?ent Aotion EP:8AF, *99".
<+= Jolar J.K., an& Lach, ,.:., $ Novel 'hreePhase 'hreeS-itch 'hreeLevel PKA Recti3ier.
Procee&in?s o3 the !7th Po-er :onversion :on3erence, Nurem>er?, June !73#, %%. *!+*37
E*99"F.
<6= Simulation Research, :as%oc !##*R $ simulation O&1sse1, ---.cas%oc.com , !##*