Oda020004 FR Principle Issue1 - 0

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ODA020004 FR Principle
ISSUE 1.0
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The Frame Relay (FR) protocol is a
simplified X.25 WAN protocol. On the
control plane, it manages virtual circuits
(VCs) and bandwidth and prevents
congestion. FR can multiplex multiple
logical connections over one physical
connection to achieve bandwidth
multiplexing and dynamic bandwidth
allocation. Thus, it facilitates multi-user
and multi-rate data transmission and
makes full use of network resources.
References
l FR protocol principle
l RFC1490
l Operation manual
Upon completion of this course, you will
be able to:
[ Master FR concept
[ Be familiar with FR application
Chapter 1 network switch technology Chapter 1 network switch technology
Chapter 2 FR principle concept Chapter 2 FR principle concept
Chapter 3 FR application Chapter 3 FR application
Network switch technology
l Circuit Switched (CS) mode: The CS mode is based on the circuit
switching principle of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). In
the CS mode, the switch establishes a physical data transmission path
between the calling and called parties to address the user demand for data
transmission. The CS mode features the following:
[ Small delay
[ Transparent! transmission
[ Large throughput of the information transmission.
[ The CS mode also exposes such disadvantages as fixed bandwidth
and low network resource utilization.
Circuit mode Circuit mode
l Packet Switched mode : As a storing/forwarding switching mode,
the PS mode disassembles the information to be transmitted into
the packets of certain length and then stores/forwards them in the
unit of packet. The PS mode features the following:
[ High transmission quality.
[ High reliability.
[ Packet multi-path communication.
[ Disadvantage: Large delay.
Packet Switched mode Packet Switched mode
l Cell Model: The cell model is a cell-based transmission technology
which disassembles a message into cells of fixed length. The cell
consists of the cell header and payload. In the cell model, the
network does not check the user data of the cell. The cell model
features the following:
[ Integrate the advantages of both the PS and CS modes.
[ Adopt the asynchronous time division multiplexing.
Cell Mode Cell Mode
l Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS): The SDMS is a type
of high-speed connectionless cell switching service. The SMDS
transmits messages on the network after disassembling them into
cells of fixed length (53 bytes). It adopts the similar mechanism as
the frame relay mode and implements error check and
retransmission through the end system.
S SMDS mode MDS mode
l Frame relay: The frame relay adopts simplified mode to transmit
and switch data units at the layer 2 of the OSI reference model,
that is, the data link layer.
l FR supports the functions only on the physical layer and the core
part of the link layer of OSI. It leaves traffic control and error check
to intelligent terminals to simplify protocols greatly between node
machines.
l By adopting the VC technology, FR can make full use of network
resources. Therefore, FR features high throughput, low time delay
and adaptability to outburst services.
Frame relay Frame relay
physical
data link
application
network
!"
transport
session
representation
#$"
physical
Frame relay
l The core part of FR functions corresponds to the two lower layers of OSI:
FR protocol stack FR protocol stack
FR principle concept
IETF encapsulation
FR format FR format
Flag(7E hexadecimal)
Frame Check Sequence (two octets)
Data
NLPID
Optional Pad (0x00)
Control (UI=0x03)
Q.922 Address*
Flag (7E hexadecimal)
l DTEData Terminal Equipment
l DCEData Communication Equipment
l UNIinterface between DTE and DCE!user-network interface
l NNIinterface between network and network
LAN
LAN
FR
DCE
DCE
DTE
DTE
FR model FR model
D
L
C
I
D
L
C
I
PVC use (DLCI)
Local Management
Interface (LMI)
l The frame relay adopts the connection-oriented switching technology, and
establishes virtual circuit before communication. two types of the virtual
circuits :
[ PVC!Permanent Virtual CircuitRefers to the fixed virtual
circuit provided for users. This type of virtual circuit is manually
generated and exists all along unless it is cancelled.
[ SVC!Switched Virtual CircuitRefers to the virtual circuit
automatically allocated through certain protocol. It will be
cancelled after the communication.
l the PVC is the most commonly used mode in the frame relay network.
Virtual circuit Virtual circuit
l DLCI"Data Link Connection Identifier#Used to differentiate virtual
circuits !features
[ DLCI limitation The DLCI is only applicable to local interface
and the peer interface that connects with it.
[ Local meaning the same DLCI on different physical interfaces
does not indicate the same virtual connection.
l The user interface of frame relay network supports a maximum of 1024
virtual circuits. The available DLCI range for users is 16"1007, and the rest
values are reserved for special purposes.
l The local DLCI is the Frame relay address! of the peer equipment.
DLCI DLCI
l LMI"Local Management Interface #The LMI is used to monitor the
status of PVC.
l The system supports three types of local management interface protocols:
Q.933 Appendix A of ITU-T, T1.617 Appendix D of ANSI and non-standard
compatible protocol of CISCO.
l For the DTE, the status of the PVC is subject to the DCE.
l For the DCE, the status of the PVC is subject to the network.
LMI LMI
D
L
C
I 4
8
Frame Relay switch
l FR address mapping (MAP) correlates the protocol address (IP or IPX
address) with the FR address (local DLCI) of peer equipment.
l The Address Mapping table can either be manually configured or
dynamically maintained by the Inverse ARP.
172.16.11.2
172.16.11.3
DLCI 48
Network Address
172.16.11.3
Token
Ring
MAP MAP
l Inverse ARP discovers network address of destination router
automatically!simplify the FR configuration
Switch notify DLCI 48
Switch notify DLCI 66
B notify IP 172.16.11.2 to dlci 66
A notify IP 172.16.11.3 to dlci 48
FR
DCE DCE
172.16.11.2
DLCI 48 DLCI 66
172.16.11.3
Router B
Router A
Inverse ARP Inverse ARP
Full-meshed star
Partial-meshed
topology topology
FR application
l The frame relay network enables connection of networks distributed in
different places, and includes such network topologies as the Full-meshed,
Partial-meshed and star structures.
l If three DLCIs at serial port S0 of router A are mapped to three routers,
the routing update information coming from serial port S0 of router A
will not be forwarded through this serial port. $
S0
Router B
Router C
Router D
Router A
DLCI 16 to C
D
L
C
I

1
6

t
o

D
D
L
C
I

1
6

t
o

B
Router B forward
update message to
router C though S0
horizontal splitting
FR application
l Sub interfaces can solve the problem introduced by horizontal splitting.
l One physical interface can contain multiple logical sub interfaces.
l Routers need to connect with each other through the FR network.
S0.1
Router B
Router C
Router D
Router A
Subnet 2
S
u
b
n
e
t

3
S
u
b
n
e
t

1
S0.2
S0.3
Sub Sub- -interface interface
FR application
FR bandwidth management FR bandwidth management
FR application
l CIRCommitted Information Rate
l Bccommitted burst
l Becommitted explicit
l FECNForward Explicit Congestion Notification
l BECNBackward Explicit Congestion Notification
l DE
FR application
l FRTS "Frame-Relay Traffic Shaping) is applied on the outgoing
interface of the router in the frame relay network to implement traffic control
during data transmission.
l FRTS implements the traffic control through parameter configurations. The
major parameters include MINCIR, CIR, BC and BE.
l FRTS inherits the conventional Traffic Shaping (TS) algorithm and
implements the traffic shaping through the token bucket algorithm.
FR application
Frame Frame- -Relay Traffic Shaping Relay Traffic Shaping
Frame Frame- -Relay Traffic Shaping Relay Traffic Shaping
FR application
The Frame The Frame- -Relay Traffic Policing Relay Traffic Policing
FR application
FR congestion management FR congestion management
FR application
l This slide introduce common switch
technology ;FR basic principle;
common topology and the application.
Summary Summary
Slide Modify
Archiving Notice
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