C Programming For 8051 - Ok

Thursday, October 13, 2005 1
C Language for 8051

Microcontroller
By:
Muhammad Usman Rafique
B.Sc. Electronic Engineering
U.E.T. Lahore.
2 Thursday, October 13, 2005
Prerequisites
Programming in C language.
Number systems.
Digital Logic.
Note: No microcontrollers architecture is
required to know for this course.
A standalone system with program memory, data
memory, timers, counters and I/O.
Programmed according to the task.
Machine language is the generic language of all the
microcontrollers.
They can be programmed in assembly language and
some high level languages .
Cis the mostly used high level language for
microcontrollers.
How does a
microcontroller look like?
Architecture of 8051
Our target MCU is Intels 8051.
Two 16 bit timers. 4 parallel I/O Ports.
5 interrupts.
Memory:
4 kilobytes Program memory
128 bytes RAM
8 GPRs
Accumulator
One associated accumulator
HLL and LLL
HLL is easy to learn
More flexible
More users friendly
LLL is difficult to
learn
Complex algorithms
Mnemonics are not
English like
CPU
Microcontroller Microprocessor PLDs
Why C language?
Close to assembly language
Powerful enough
Industry standard
Portable
Rich literature
Users friendly
Specifications of 8051 C.
Special port variables.
Special functions.
Special I/O access.
Special compilers.
Tools for the course:
Keil C51 compiler. (Industry standard)
IBMclone with:
Windows98, ME, 2000, Xp
133MHz Pentium or above
128MB RAM or higher
10GB Hard Drive or higher
Color monitor
#i ncl ude <r eg51. h>
voi d mai n( ) {
i nt a;
a=0x55;
P1=a;
whi l e( 1) {
} / / end whi l e
} / / end mai n
Programs surgery
#i ncl ude <r eg51. h> is the header file for 8051
library.
mai n( ) is the function where execution starts.
a is the i nt type variable.
0x55 is the format for hex number.
a is 55H.
P1 is the reserved word for port 1 of 8051.
Port 1 is 01010101.
whi l e( 1) { } is infinite loop.
Bit accessing:
Ppor t number ^bi t number
i . e.
P1^0 accesses bit0 at port 1.
Demo. of bit access.
sbi t LED=P1^0 / / decl ar i ng bi t name i s necessar y
voi d mai n( ) {
LED=0; / / set LED LOW
/ / st ar t i nf i ni t e l oop
f or ( ; ; ) {
LED=~LED; / / i nver t i ng LED
P1^0=LED;
}
}
Reading bits.
sbi t i n=P1^2;
/ / assi gn any name i nst ead of i n
sbi t out =P1^3;
/ / assi gn any name i nst ead of out
voi d mai n( ) {
out =0;
whi l e( 1) {
i f ( i n==1)
out =1;
}
}
Sample Programs:
Program for input and output through a bit.
sbi t i nput =P0^1;
sbi t out put =P0^2;
voi d mai n( ) {
whi l e( 1) {
i f ( i nput ==0)
out put =1;
out put =0;
}
}
Port Operations:
Pnumber is the reserved word for accessing port.
i.e.
P1 = 0X45;
P0 = 253;
P2 = 01000101 b
i nt a;
a=148;
P1=a;
/ / P1 wi l l be 148.
Sample programs:
/ / Thi s pr ogr amwr i t es some dat a t o Por t 1.
/ / no need of def i ni ng a por t name.
voi d mai n( ) {
i nt dat a;
dat a = 0XAA;
f or ( ; ; ) {
P1 = dat a; / / P1=AAH or 10101010
}
}
Contd:
/ *Thi s pr ogr amr eads dat a f r omPor t 1. and
st or es i t i n var i abl e i nput . */
voi d mai n( ) {
i nt i nput ;
whi l e( 1) {
i nput = P1;
}
}
Contd:
/ * Thi s pr og. r eads dat a f r ompor t 1 and t hen
wr i t es i t t o Por t 2. */
voi d mai n( ) {
i nt hol d;
f or ( ; ; ) {
hol d = P1; / / r eadi ng f r ompor t 1.
P2 = hol d; / / wr i t i ng t o por t 2.
}
}
Exercises:
Prob. 1:
Set and clear P1^0 and P1^1 bits alternatively.
Prob. 2:
Read data from P2 and after inverting write to P2 as well.
Prob. 3:
Think some other activity to polish your knowledge.
Operations on data:
Arithmetic operations:
Addition Subtraction Multiplication
Division
Logical operations:
Shifting Comparison
Boolean operations:
AND OR NOT XOR
Addition:
Similar style as in regular C.
Performs on 8-bit operands.
Carry flag may change.
(note: 1 for result>255, 0 for result<255)
Singed and unsigned values does
matter.
Examples:
voi d mai n( ) {
unsi gned i nt m, n, out ;
m=223;
n=32;
out = m+n;
P1 = out ; / / Por t 1 wi l l be 255.
f or ( ; ; ) {
}
}
Checking overflow:
/ *Thi s pr og. cl ear s B0 of P1 i f over f l ow
occur s. */
sbi t out = P1^0;
voi d mai n( ) {
unsi gned i nt x, y;
x=246; y=10;
x = x+y;
i f ( x>255)
out =0;
whi l e( 1) {
}
}
Pr og. f or
mul t i pl i cat i on
/ / Onl y f unt i on mai n i s wr i t t en her e.
voi d mai n( ) {
unsi gned i nt x, y;
x=10; y=25;
x = x*y;
whi l e( 1) {
P1 = x; / / P1 i s 250.
}
}
Di vi si on:
/ / Onl y mai n f unct i on i s wr i t t en.
voi d mai n( ) {
unsi gned i nt a, b;
a=10;
b=2;
a=a/ 2;
f or ( ; ; ) {
P1=a;
}
}
Shifting:
Two types of shifting are:
Right Shift Left Shift
>> for right shift.
<< for left shift.
Programs on shifting:
voi d mai n( ) {
P1 = 255;
/ / Checks whet her P1 has become 0 or not .
whi l e( P1 ! = 0) {
/ / One bi t l ef t shi f t .
P1 = P1 << 1;
}
}
Discussion:
Number followed by <<symbol is for number
of shifts in one operation. i.e. y<<2
means y is shifted two bits left.
Same is the case with right shift. i.e.
y>>4 means y is shifted four bits right.
Contd:
/ *Onl y mai n f unct i on i s wr i t t en
her e. */
voi d mai n( ) {
P1 = P1<<1;
P2 = P2>>1;
}
Comparison:
Comparing two operands.
< used for less than.
> used for greater than.
i.e. i nt x, y;
i f ( x<y) {}
Programs on comparison:
voi d mai n( ) {
char x, y;
x= A ;
y= D ;
whi l e( 1) {
i f ( x<y)
P1=0xF0;
el se
P1=0x0F;
}
}
Contd:
voi d mai n( ) {
unsi gned i nt a;
si gned i nt b;
a=0xA5;
b=0xA5;
f or ( ; ; ) {
i f ( a>b)
P2= A ;
el se
P2= a ;
}
}
Logical operations:
Performed as byte operations.
AND OR XOR NOT are the only
reserved operators.
& for ANDing
| for ORing
~ for NOTor inverting
Programs on logical
operations
voi d mai n( ) {
i nt x, y, out 1, out 2;
x=0x55; y=0x2A;
out 1 = x&y;
out 2 = x| y;
whi l e( 1) {
P0 = out 1;
P1 = out 2;
}
}
/ *Thi s pr ogr ami nver t s t he P0 dat a and
out put s on P2 af t er checki ng t he l ow
st at us on P1^0 */
sbi t out = P1^0
voi d mai n( ) {
i nt x;
whi l e( 1) {
x=P0;
x=~x;
i f ( out ==0)
P2=x;
}
}
More Programs on Logical
Operations:
/ *Thi s pr ogr amcl ear s P1^0 when bot h P1^1
AND P1^2 ar e l ow. */
sbi t i n1 = P1^1;
Sbi t i n2 = P1^2;
Sbi t out = P1^0;
voi d mai n( ) {
whi l e( 1) {
i f ( i n1 == 0 && i n2== 0)
out = 0;
}
}
Contd:
/ *Thi s pr og. Checks t he same case but now
wi t h OR. */
i ncl ude <r eg51. h>
sbi t i n1 = P1^1;
sbi t i n2 = P1^2;
Sbi t out = P1^0;
voi d mai n( )
whi l e( 1) {
i f ( i n1==0 | i n2==0)
out =0;
}
}
Contd:
/ *Thi s pr og. Checks t he same case but now
wi t h XOR. */
i ncl ude <r eg51. h>
sbi t i n1 = P1^1;
sbi t i n2 = P1^2;
Sbi t out = P1^0;
voi d mai n( )
whi l e( 1) {
i f ( i n1==0 ^ i n2==0) / / ^ symbol s XOR
out =0;
}
}
Functions in C Language:
Functions are like nested programs.
Functions may or may not return the
value.
voi d declared function does not return
value while other does.
Some functions are reserved functions
for 8051 C language.
Functions may take arguments or
parameters.
Example of function:
Following is a function.
out ( ) {
i nt x;
P1 = ~P1;
P2 = 0x55;
x = P1+P2;
}
Discussion: Inverts P1, loads P2 with 55H and sum of
P1 and P2 is assigned to x.
Program with function.
i nt x; / / Var i abl e decl ar ed her e wi l l be gl obal .
voi d t hr ow( ) {
x = 138;
P1 = x;
}
/ / mai n( ) i s t he gener i c f unct i on of any C pr ogr am.
voi d mai n( ) {
t hr ow( ) ;
whi l e( 1) {
}
}
Examples:
voi d myf unct i on( ) {
i nt a;
a=100;
P2=a;
}
voi d mai n( ) {
f or ( ; ; ) {
myf unct i on( ) ;
}
}
Contd:
/ / Exampl e of f unct i on cal l i nsi de a f unct i on.
sbi t LED = P1^0;
voi d pause( ) {
i nt x;
f or ( x=0; x<30000; x++) ;
}
voi d bl i nk( ) {
LED = ~LED;
pause( ) ;
}
voi d mai n( ) {
f or ( ; ; ) {
bl i nk( ) ;
}
}
Discussion:
Function pause( ) creates the delay of
roughly 1 second if 8051 is clocked at
12MHz crystal.
bl i nk( ) function is the second
function.
bl i nk( ) is called in the mai n( ) .
Hence functions can be nested in other
functions.
Timers in 8051:
8051 has two 16-bit timers. Timer0 and
Timer1.
Each timer can be operated in either of
the four modes.
Timers can be run internally (as timer)
and externally (as counter).
Timers are to be initialized before use.
Modes of timers:
Mode0
Mode1
Mode2
Mode3
Operates as 13-bit
timer/counter.
Operates as 16-bit
timer/counter.
Operates as
autoreload 8-bit
timer/counter.
Two independent 8-
bit timer/counter
(Obsolete mode)
Registers for timers:
Each timer is composed of two cascaded
registers, each of 8-bit.
TH and TL are the higher and lower bytes of
timer/counter registers.
TH0 and TL0 are for timer0 .
TH1 and TL1 are for timer1.
TMODcontrols the timer and timer modes
simultaneously.
TCONcontrols the interrupts and whether timer
mode or counter mode is used.
Initializing timers:
Initializing means setting hardware
inside the MCU via software.
Some registers are to be
programmed to control the timer
operation.
These registers are the reserved
words in C.
More on timer registers:
All the register are treated as variables.
TCONregister is bit accessible.
Highingand Lowingspecific bits
further control the operation.
TR0 and TR1 control the start and stop of
timers.
ET0 and ET1 control the interrupt of
timers (Discussed later).
Programs on timers:
voi d t i mer _st ar t ( ) {
TMOD = 0x01;
EA = 0;
ET0 = 0;
TR0 = 1;
}
voi d mai n( ) {
t i mer _st ar t ( ) ;
whi l e( 1) {
}
}
Discussion:
TMODis the variable for selecting timer mode.
Loading predefined values to TMODwill select
different timer and its mode simultaneously.
EAis the variable for interrupt (Discussed later).
ET0 is also interrupt variable.
TR0 variable starts timer by assigning logic high
and stops timer by assigning logic low.
More on timers:
TMOD = 0x00;
TMOD = 0x01;
TMOD = 0x02;
TMOD = 0x00;
TMOD = 0x10;
TMOD = 0x20;
Selects timer0 in mode0.
More programs on timers:
/ *Onl y t i mer i ni t i al i zi ng f unct i on and mai n
f unct i on i s wr i t t en. */
voi d st ar t ( ) {
TMOD = 0x02;
TH0 = 156;
EA = 0;
TR0 = 1;
}
voi d mai n( ) {
st ar t ( ) ;
whi l e( 1) {
}
}
Auto-reload mode:
Mode2 is auto-reload mode. In this
mode timer counts from value in
TL. After completing the count, i.e.
counting upto 0xFF, value in the TH
is loaded into the TL automatically
and timer starts again from that
value.
Creating delays:
Delays are efficiently created through
timers.
Clock frequency is of great importance.
Assumption:
We run 8051 with 12MHz crystal. Internal
cycle is 1MHz as crystal frequency is divided by
12 internally.
More on timers:
Timer increments its count after each clock cycle.
If 8051 operated on 12 MHz, clock cycle will be
1MHz and hence after 1 microsecond timer will
count next value.
Timers are used efficiently for producing delays in
programs.
Timers produce interrupts that will be discussed
later.
Interrupts:
Interrupts are temporary suspension of main
program.
Interrupts are not treated in 8051 in a very
excellent way.
After servicing the interrupt main program is
again executed from where it was left.
8051 has five interrupts.
Interrupts can be disabled or enabled through
software.
Types of interrupts:
8051 has five interrupts and they are
handled in following order.
External interrupt 0
Timer interrupt 0
External interrupt 1
Timer interrupt 1
Serial port interrupt
Handling the interrupts:
Interrupts are handled in the same order as
discussed before.
If more than one interrupt occurred
simultaneously then default priority is same as
before.
Interrupt priority can be changed by programming
the I P (interrupt Priority) register.
Special built-in functions are used for interrupt
programming.
Timer interrupts:
/ *As we ar e usi ng t i mer i nt er r upt s we add some
ot her f eat ur es i n t i mer i ni t i al i zi ng
f unct i on. */
voi d t i mer _i nt er r upt ( ) {
TMOD = 0x02; / / Ti mer 0 i n mode2
TH0 = 56;
EA = 1; / / Enabl e I nt er r upt Mode
ET0 = 1; / / Enabl e Ti mer 0 i nt er r upt
TR0 = 1; / / St ar t Ti mr e0
}
Discussion:
Referring to previous program,
EA is the global interrupt variable and must be
set before using any interrupt.
ET0 is the interrupt variable for timer0.
TH0 contains the re-loadable value after one
roll off.
Same is for timer1.
ET1 is the interrupt variable for timer1.
TH1 and TL1 are the high and low bytes of
timer1.
Interrupt functions for timer:
Following are the reserved functions for interrupts
of timers.
Whenever timer interrupt occurs programs starts
execution from respective function and after
coming out of the function main program is again
executed from where it was left over.
voi d t i mer 0( ) i nt er r upt 1{}
/ / Ti mer 0 i nt er r upt .
voi d t i mer 1( ) i nt er r upt 3{}
/ / Ti mer 1 i nt er r upt .
Programs for interrupts:
/ *Onl y i nt er r upt f unct i on, t i mer st ar t i ng
f unct i on and mai n f unct i on i s wr i t t en*/
/ / Ti mer st ar t i ng f unct i on.
voi d st ar t ( ) {
TMOD = 0x02;
TH0 = 156;
EA = 1;
ET0 = 1;
TR0 = 1;
}
Contd:
/ / I nt er r upt f unct i on f or t i mer 0.
voi d t i mer 0 ( ) i nt er r upt 1{
P1 ++;
}
/ / Mai n f unct i on.
voi d mai n( ) {
P1=0;
st ar t ( ) ;
whi l e( 1) { / *st y i n endl ess l oop and wai t f or
i nt er r upt . */
}
}
Prob. 1
Write a program for 8051 in C language to show the count of
timer1 running in mode2 on Port2. ***Hint: P2 = TL1;
Prob. 2
Write a program so that P0^0 changes its state after 1 sec. using
either timer.
Prob. 3
Write a program to output the sequence 1,2, 4,9,16 upto 225 each
after 500ms on P1. Delay should be created through either timer.
Prob. 4
Think of some other activity to enhance your skill in using timers
with and without interrupt.
Two kinds of external interrupts:
Interrupt0 Interrupt1
Note:
Special pins on Port3 are dedicated
for other purposes. Hence Port3 is
multifunctional port.
Pin 12 (P3^2) is for interrupt0
Pin 13 (P3^3) is for interrupt1
Interrupts will be acknowledged , by
default, when a logic low is detected on
these pins.
These can be configured on falling edge
or rising edge of the interrupt signal.
cnt ( ) i nt er r upt 0{}
Functions for external interrupt0
cnt ( ) i nt er r upt 2{}
Functions for external interrupt1
Control automatically transfers to these
two functions whenever respective
interrupt is acknowledged.
Initializing external
interrupts:
voi d ext er nal 0( ) {
EA = 1; / / Gl obal i nt er r upt set .
EX0 = 1; / / Ex. I nt pt 0. enabl ed.
I T0 = 1; / *I nt er r upt wi l l be
acknowl edged on f al l i ng edge.
*/
}
Programs on Ex. Interrupts:
/ *Thi s pr ogr amchanges st at us of P2^0 when
i nt er r upt 0 acknowl edged. */
sbi t OUT = P2^0;
voi d i ni t i at e( ) {
EA = 1; / / Gl obal enabl ed.
EX0 = 1; / / Ext er nal I nt r pt 0. Enabl ed.
I T0 = 1; / / Conf i gur ed on f al l i ng edge.
}
cnt ( ) i nt er r upt 0{
OUT = 0;
}
Contd:
voi d mai n( ) {
i ni t i at e( ) ;
whi l e( 1) {
} / / Wai t f or i nt er r upt .
}
More on external
interrupts:
Changes for ex. Intrpt1.
EX1 = 1; Enables Ex.1 interrupt.
I T1 = 1; Enables falling edge
response.
I T1 = 0; Enables rising edge
response.
Serial Port Operation:
8051 has one full-duplex serial port.
Port supports RS232 standard.
Serial port has associated registers.
Theses registers are variables in C.
Serial Port Register:
SCONis the only register to work
with using serial communication.
SCONcontrols the serial operation
of the serial port.
Serial port has 4 operating modes.
Modes of operation:
Mode0
Fixed baud rate , equal to one clock cycle.
Mode1
8-bit mode ,variable baud rate, set by Timer1.
Mode2
9-bit mode, fixed baud rate, Osc/12 or Osc/64.
Mode3
9-bit mode, variable baud rate, set by Timer1.
Baud rate:
Tells the number of transmitted or
received bits per second.
Baud rate depends upon many factors,
primarily on the crystal frequency.
1200, 2400, 4800, 9600 are most
commonly used baud rates.
TH1 is loaded with predefined values to
obtain these baud rates.
Creating baud rates:
1200
2400
4800
9600
0XE6 *(SMOD = 0)
0XF3 *(SMOD = 0)
0XF9 *(SMOD = 0)
0XF9 *(SMOD = 1)
Discussion:
These values are loaded in the TH1
register to achieve the
corresponding baud rates.
Assumption:
It is assumed that 8051 is running
on 12 MHz external crystal
frequency.
Initializing serial port:
/ *Thi s f unct i on i ni t i al i zes ser i al por t f or
4800 baud. */
voi d ser i al _por t ( ) {
SCON = 0x50; / / Ser i al por t i n mode1.
TMOD = 0x20; / / Ti mer 1 i n aut o r el oad mode.
TH1 = 0xF9; / / Rel oadabl e val ue.
TI = 1; / / Set 1 f or t r ansmi t r eady.
TR1 = 1; / / St ar t Ti mer 1.
}
Another Program
voi d ser _st ar t ( ) {
SCON=0x50; / / 8- bi t dat a mode
TMOD=0x20; / / Ti mer 1 i n mode2
TH1=0xF3; / / 2400 baud
TR1=1;
TI =1; / / Tr ansmi t r eady i ndi cat i on
}
voi d mai n( ) {
ser _st ar t ( ) ;
whi l e( 1) {
P2= A ;
P2= B ;
P2= C ;
}
}
Another program
/ *Thi s pr ogr ampr i nt s t he message t o t he comput er
vi a PC ser i al por t connect ed wi t h 8051 ser i al
por t . Onl y ser i al por t i ni t i al i zi ng and mai n
f unct i ons ar e wr i t t en */
#i ncl ude <st di o. h> / / St andar d C l i br ar y
voi d ser i al ( ) {
SCON=0x50;
TMOD=0x20;
TH1=0xF9;
TR1=1;
TI =1;
/ / Cont d.
}
voi d mai n( ) {
ser i al ( ) ;
pr i nt f ( Hel l o, I ama Ravi an! \ n) ;
pr i nt f ( Hel l o, I ama UETi an! \ n) ;
whi l e( 1) {
}
}
__________________________________________________
Discussion:
You will have to search for the circuit diagram over the internet
and then start hyper terminal in Windows, set baud rate of your
computer same as your MCU (4800)and check the results.
Input and output via serial
port:
/ * Thi s pr ogr amr eads a char act er and t hen out put s
i t on ser i al por t . */
#i ncl ude <st di o. h>
voi d ser _st ar t ( ) {
SCON = 0x50;
TMOD = 0x20;
TH1 = 0xF3;
TR1 = 1;
TI = 1;
}
voi d mai n( ) {
/ / cont d.
unsi gned char i n;
ser _st ar t ( ) ;
whi l e( 1) {
pr i nt f ( Ent er a char act er \ n) ;
i n = get char ( ) ;
pr i nt f ( You ent er ed %c, i n) ;
}
}
Discussion:
get char ( ) is the function in C to input a character from the
keyboard.
Thursday, October 13, 2005 87
These slides are prepared for
These slides are prepared for
lectures purposes only. These
lectures purposes only. These
might not be suitable for self
might not be suitable for self
study.
study.
For any technical guidance
For any technical guidance
contact the author at:
contact the author at:
engineerusmanuet@yahoo.co.uk engineerusmanuet@yahoo.co.uk
usmanrafique83@yahoo.co.uk usmanrafique83@yahoo.co.uk

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Thursday, October 13, 2005 1

C Language for 8051

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