2000 Years of Charismatic Christianity - Hyatt

I highly recommend this book.
JOHN ARNOTT
TORONTO AIRPORT CHRISTIAN F!!O"SHIP
TORONTO# ONTARIO# CANA$A
%rilli&nt.
'RA!$ COATS
PIONR (INISTRIS
!ON$ON# N'!AN$
'ro)ndbre&king.
CATHRIN *RO'R
'OR$ON+CON"!! S(INAR,
HA(I!TON# (ASSACH-STTS
F)ll o. .ire &nd .&ith.
'OFF "A-'H
RENEWAL JO-RNA!
$OO!AN$!!A# A-STRA!IA
Sho/s tremendo)s insight.
SA( !. S(ITH
FAITH CHRISTIAN CNTR
S*ON*# (ASSACH-STTS
%est I01e re&d on ch)rch history.
$A! 'NTR,
$A! 'NTR, (INISTRIS
FORT "ORTH# T2AS
A rem&rk&ble /ork.
T. !. OS%ORN
OSFO INTRNATIONA!
T-!SA# O*!AHO(A
3citing. 3cellent.
FR$A !IN$SA,
CHRIST FOR TH NATIONS
$A!!AS# T2AS
Pr&ise 'od .or this tr)th.
%I!!, JO $A-'HRT,
4ICTOR, CHRISTIAN CNTR
T-!SA# O*!AHO(A
In.orm&ti1e. Ins5ir&tion&l.
N. %NJA(IN CRAN$A!!
6ION %I%! INSTIT-T
%ARRIN'TON# RHO$ IS!AN$
(&kes history en7oy&ble.
R. JOSPH S*INNR
CH-RCH OF JS-S CHRIST 8F-!! 'OSP!9
SHI!!ON'# ('HA!A,A# IN$IA
"ell /ritten &nd con1incing.
4INSON S,NAN
R'NT -NI4RSIT,
4IR'INIA %ACH# 4IR'INIA
"ith ins5ir&tion &nd doc)ment&tion# 2000 Years of Charismatic
Christianity l&ys to rest the notion th&t mir&c)lo)s gi.ts ce&sed &t some
5oint in time.
$A4I$ $ORRIS# PH.$.
ORA! RO%RTS 'RA$-AT SCHOO! OF
THO!O', AN$ (ISSIONS
2000 Years of
Charismatic
Christianity
Eddie L. Hyatt
:;;; ,ARS OF CHARIS(ATIC CHRISTIANIT, by ddie !. Hy&tt
P)blished by Ch&rism& Ho)se
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All rights reser1ed
!ibr&ry o. Congress C&t&log C&rd N)mberE :;;:B;B<F<
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This book /&s 5re1io)sly 5)blished by Hy&tt Intern&tion&l (inistries#
co5yright A BCC<# IS%N B+DDD?=F+;C+:.
;C B; BB B: B=B= B: BB B; C
Printed in the -nited St&tes o. Americ&
To my /i.e# $r. S)s&n C. Hy&tt# /hose
enco)r&gement &nd theologic&l e35ertise
hel5ed m&ke this book 5ossible.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Anyone /ho h&s e1er /ritten & book )nderst&nds /h&t & coo5er&ti1e
e..ort it is# &nd this book is no e3ce5tion. In the .irst 5l&ce# i. the 5eo5le
&nd mo1ements &bo)t /hich I h&1e /ritten h&d not co)r&geo)sly
.ollo/ed the !ord# there /o)ld h&1e been no s)bst&nce or re&son to
/rite. On & more 5erson&l le1el# i. m&ny 5eo5le h&d not 5&rtnered /ith
me in one /&y or &nother# this book /o)ld h&1e rem&ined &n el)si1e
dre&m.
There.ore# I /&nt to th&nk the m&ny .riends &nd 5&rtners o. Hy&tt
Intern&tion&l (inistries .or their 5r&yers &nd .in&nci&l s)55ort# both
/hile I /&s /riting &nd /hen it c&me time to meet 5rinting costs o. the
.irst t/o editions. "itho)t yo)r 5r&yers &nd .in&nci&l s)55ort this ne/
edition /o)ld not be & re&lity.
I /&nt to th&nk $r. %en7&min Cr&nd&ll# 5resident o. 6ion %ible
Instit)te in %&rrington# Rhode Isl&nd# /ho &rr&nged my te&ching
sched)le d)ring the BCCB+C: school ye&r so th&t I /&s &ble to s5end
.o)r d&ys e&ch /eek in rese&rch &nd /riting. I &lso /&nt to
&ckno/ledge the l&te sther Rollins# /ho# &t the &ge o. eighty+.o)r# did
the 5roo.re&ding o. the .irst edition# /hich is the b&sis o. this ne/
edition.
I &m gr&te.)l to my /i.e# $r. S)s&n Hy&tt# /ho is & const&nt
enco)r&gement. She contrib)ted her editori&l skills to the book &s /ell
&s her &st)te historic&l &nd theologic&l e35ertise.
Contents
Fore/ord.......................................................................3i
Pre.&ce........................................................................3iii
Introd)ctionE Reco1ering The History O. Ch&rism&tic
Christi&nity................................................................................BF
PART 1: THE EARLY CHURCHA.D. 100
B The A5ostolic Ch)rch............................................:B
PART 2: A.D. 100!2"
: The Ante+Nicene Ch)rch.......................................:F
= The $ecline o. S5irit)&l 'i.ts &nd the First
Ch&rism&tic Rene/&l.........................................................=F
PART !: A.D. !2"#00
? The Im5&ct o. Const&ntine0s Con1ersion on the
Ch&rism&tic Ch&r&cter o. the Ch)rch.................................?=
F (on&sticismE The Rise o. Another Ch&rism&tic
(o1ement..........................................................................?>
PART $: A.D. #001"1%
< $e1elo5ments "ithin (on&sticism &nd the
cclesi&stic&l Ch)rch.........................................................FC
> (on&stic Rene/&l..................................................<F
D The C&th&ri.............................................................>B
C The "&ldenses.......................................................>F
PART ": A.D. 1"1%1%00
B; (&rtin !)ther &nd the Re.orm&tion.......................>C
BB The An&b&5tists.....................................................D=
B: The French Pro5hets..............................................CB
B= 'eorge Fo3 &nd the G)&kers..................................C=
B? The (or&1i&n Re1i1&l...........................................C>
PART #: A.D. 1%001&00
BF The (ethodist Re1i1&l.........................................B;B
B< The 're&t A/&kening 8B>:<+B>F;9.....................B;>
B> The Second 're&t A/&kening 8BD;;+BD?;9........BB=
BD d/&rd Ir1ing &nd the C&tholic A5ostolic Ch)rch
BBC
BC The Nineteenth+Cent)ry Forer)nners o. the (odern
Pentecost&l H Ch&rism&tic (o1ement...............................B:F
PART %: THE EARLY 1&00'
:; Ch&rles P&rh&m &nd %ethel %ible College...........B=F
:B "illi&m Seymo)r &nd the AI)s& Street Re1i1&l..B?B
:: P&rh&m &nd the 6ion City Re1i1&l.......................B?>
:= The (ess&ge S5re&ds Aro)nd the "orld............BFF
PART (: T)E*T+ETHCE*TURY DE,EL-P.E*T'
:? F)rther $e1elo5ments in Pentecost&lism.............B<=
:F The He&ling Re1i1&l............................................B<>
:< The !&tter R&in Re1i1&l.......................................B>B
:> The Ch&rism&tic (o1ement.................................B>F
:D The Third "&1e...................................................BDB
:C The Fin&l $ec&de o. the T/entieth Cent)ry........BDF
Concl)sionE Contending .or The F&ith.......................BC=
Notes..........................................................................BCF
%ibliogr&5hy...............................................................::=
F OE WOD
ddie Hy&tt &nd S)s&n# his /i.e# &re t/o o. the best st)dents I h&1e e1er
t&)ght. Their gr&s5 o. Pentecost&lH Ch&rism&tic history &nd theology
/&s /ell &d1&nced be.ore they enrolled in my cl&sses &t Or&l Roberts
-ni1ersity in BCC;. Since th&t time# they h&1e gro/n e1en more in their
)nderst&nding &nd m&stery o. the s)b7ect.
His book 2000 Years of Charismatic Christianity is Hy&tt0s most
im5ort&nt /ork to d&te. It is & .ine historic&l s)r1ey o. the Ch&rism&tic
history &nd n&t)re o. the ch)rch. His tre&tment o. the origins &nd .&te o.
the cess&tion o. the ch&rism&t& theory is /ell rese&rched &nd
con1incingly 5resented. This 1ol)me is indeed J& t/enty+.irst cent)ry
look &t Ch)rch History .rom & Pentecost&lHCh&rism&tic 5ers5ecti1e.J O.
5&rtic)l&r 1&l)e &nd interest &re Hy&tt0s sections on Ch&rles Fo3
P&rh&m# the .orm)l&tor o. Pentecost&l theology# &nd the cr)ci&l 5&rt
5l&yed by .ollo/ers o. Ale3&nder $o/ie /ho le.t 6ion City to .o)nd
im5ort&nt Pentecost&l mo1ements &ro)nd the /orld.
Hy&tt0s /ork is &nother in & stre&m o. schol&rly /orks th&t &re
dri1ing n&ils in the co..in o. the "&r.ield theory o. the cess&tion o. the
mir&c)lo)s signs# /onders &nd mir&cles &.ter the end o. the &5ostolic
&ge. This book brings together the most recent rese&rch on the s)b7ect
&nd 5resents it in & 5o5)l&r /&y th&t &ny re&der c&n )nderst&nd.
I commend 2000 Years of Charismatic Christianity to &ll /ho look
.or dee5er )nderst&nding o. the modern Pentecost&lH Ch&rism&tic
mo1ements th&t h&1e e35loded in the t/entieth cent)ry to become the
second l&rgest .&mily o. Christi&ns in the /orld.
4INSON S,NAN
$AN OF TH SCHOO! OF $I4INIT,
R'NT -NI4RSIT,
4IR'INIA %ACH# 4IR'INIA
3i
!E F ACE
The ins5ir&tion .or this book c&me .rom my roots in cl&ssic&l
Pentecost&lism &nd my lo1e .or history. Addition&l moti1&tion &rose
/hen I bec&me &/&re o. the l&ck o. &1&il&ble in.orm&tion &bo)t
Ch&rism&tic belie1ers &nd mo1ements in ch)rch history. To my
s)r5rise# my .irst ch)rch history co)rse in & Pentecost&l %ible school
seemed to s)r1ey the history o. the Rom&n C&tholic &nd Re.orm&tion
ch)rches. Pentecost&lHCh&rism&tic 5eo5le &nd themes /ere not de&lt
/ith )ntil the t/entieth cent)ry. "&s the Holy S5irit# in .&ct# &bsent
.rom eighteen h)ndred ye&rs o. ch)rch historyK
As I beg&n & serio)s se&rch# I disco1ered th&t the ch&rism&tic
dimension o. the S5irit0s &cti1ity /&s not missing .rom the ch)rch0s 5&st.
Inste&d# & 5re1&iling bi&s &g&inst ch&rism&tic gi.ts o.ten in.l)enced
modern histori&ns either to ignore the gi.ts o. the Holy S5irit or to
s5e&k o. them dis5&r&gingly. F)rther# I disco1ered th&t Pentecost&ls &nd
Ch&rism&tics# bec&)se o. & l&ck o. schol&rly rese&rch# o.ten &cce5ted
the determin&tions o. non+Ch&rism&tic histori&ns.
As my se&rch contin)ed# I disco1ered the 5erenni&l con.lict
bet/een the s5ont&neity o. the S5irit &nd the rigid str)ct)res o. the
instit)tion. This o.ten res)lted in the instit)tion&l ch)rch l&beling &s
heretics those /ho ch&m5ioned the .reedom o. the S5irit &nd
s)55ressing or destroying their /ritings. This# o. co)rse# contrib)ted to
the l&ck o. d&t& &bo)t the Holy S5irit0s &cti1ity in history.
In this book# I .ill in some o. the g&5s by chronicling
Pentecost&lsHCh&rism&tic 5eo5le &nd mo1ements. This st)dy is neither
e3h&)sti1e nor critic&l. Its 5)r5ose is to sho/ th&t Pentecost&ls &nd
Ch&rism&tics do h&1e & legitim&te history. It &lso s)ggests th&t inste&d
o. being on the .ringes o. orthodo3 Christi&nity#
Pentecost&lHCh&rism&tic Christi&nity is in the m&instre&m o. both
biblic&l &nd historic Christi&nity.
3iii
INTRODUCTIONE Reco1ering The History O. Ch&rism&tic Christi&nity
Recovering The History
Of Charismatic
Christianity
h&rism&tic Christi&nity is not solely & t/entieth+cent)ry
5henomenon. It h&s been &ro)nd since Jes)s /&lked the e&rth
t/o tho)s&nd ye&rs &go. In the t/entieth cent)ry# ho/e1er# &nd
contin)ing into the t/enty+.irst cent)ry# there h&s been & 1erit&ble
e35losion o. ch&rism&tic Christi&nity. %eginning /ith the Pentecost&l
mo1ement in BC;B# &nd re1it&liIed by the Ch&rism&tic mo1ement
beginning in BC<; &nd the Third "&1e beginning &ro)nd BCD;# this
e35losion o. ch&rism&tic Christi&nity h&s g&ined moment)m &nd
5erme&ted e1ery .&cet o. ch)rch li.e. Not since the .irst cent)ry h&s
there been s)ch & /ides5re&d em5h&sis on the Holy S5irit &nd His gi.ts.
C
Is this e35ression o. s5irit)&lity sim5ly heresy &nd .&n&ticism# &s
some /o)ld ch&rgeK Is it merely & m&rgin&l e35ression o. tr)e
Christi&nity# &s others /o)ld s)ggestK Or is it# in .&ct# & restor&tion o.
tr)e biblic&l Christi&nityK
!egitim&te @)estions h&1e &lso been r&ised reg&rding the historicity
o. this dyn&mic .orm o. Christi&nity. H&s it re&55e&red s)ddenly in this
cent)ry /ith no historic&l link to the .irst+cent)ry ch)rch# &s some
contendK Or does it# in .&ct# h&1e historic&l 5recedentK And /hy is it
c&lled charismatic/
The /ord charismatic is deri1ed .rom the 'reek /ord charisma0
the Ne/ Test&ment /ord .or s1irit2a3 4ift. Ch&rism&# or its 5l)r&l .orm#
charismata0 is the /ord P&)l )ses in B Corinthi&ns B:EB+BB /hen he
disc)sses the gi.ts o. the Holy S5irit# s)ch &s s5e&king in tong)es# gi.ts
BF
2000 Years of Charismatic Christianity
o. he&lings# mir&cles &nd 5ro5hecy. For this re&son# &ny gro)5# ch)rch
or mo1ement th&t es5o)ses this dyn&mic dimension o. the Holy S5irit
&nd His gi.ts m&y be c&lled charismatic. 1en tho)gh they m&y be
kno/n historic&lly &s G)&kers# (ethodists or Pentecost&ls# their
5ench&nt .or the dyn&mism o. the Holy S5irit &nd His gi.ts @)&li.ies
them to be design&ted ch&rism&tic. For the s&me re&son# the .irst+
cent)ry ch)rch m&y &lso be c&lled & ch&rism&tic ch)rch.
WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE?
The @)estion h&s o.ten been &skedE "h&t is the di..erence bet/een
modern Pentecosta3s &nd Charismatics/ Perh&5s the chie. distinction is
rel&ted to the di..erent historic&l origins o. the t/o mo1ements. The
Pentecost&l mo1ement beg&n in BC;B in %ethel %ible School in To5ek&#
*&ns&s# /here &n o)t5o)ring o. the Holy S5irit occ)rred &nd the
cl&ssic&l Pentecost&l doctrine o. s5e&king in tong)es &s the biblic&l
e1idence o. S5irit b&5tism /&s .orm)l&ted &nd &cti1&ted.
The beginning o. the modern Ch&rism&tic mo1ement# on the other
h&nd# is )s)&lly identi.ied /ith the BC<; &nno)ncement by $ennis
%ennett# rector o. St. (&rk0s 5isco5&l Ch)rch in 4&n N)ys# C&li.orni&#
th&t he h&d been b&5tiIed in the Holy S5irit &nd h&d s5oken in tong)es.
Another im5ort&nt distinction is the .&ct th&t the Pentecost&l
mo1ement /&s re7ected by the e3isting ch)rches &nd# since th&t time#
o1er >?; ne/ Pentecost&l denomin&tions h&1e been .ormed /ith o1er
<F million members.
B
In contr&st# the Ch&rism&tic mo1ement &chie1ed &
rem&rk&ble degree o. &cce5t&nce in the tr&dition&l ch)rches /here it
/&s o.ten re.erred to &s & rene5a3. %)t in s5ite o. this &cce5t&nce#
/hich /&s o.ten l)ke/&rm# tho)s&nds o. ne/ Ch&rism&tic
denomin&tions h&1e &lre&dy been .ormed since the BC<;s.
:
The Third
"&1e# or neo+Ch&rism&tic mo1ement# h&s &lso 5rod)ced tho)s&nds o.
ne/ denomin&tions# sho/ing the incre&sing moment)m &nd 5o/er o.
e&ch s)cceeding /&1e.
In s5ite o. the di..erences o. e&ch J/&1e#J st&tistici&n $&1id %&rrett
notes th&t &n J)nderlying )nityJ 5er1&des the entire t/entieth+cent)ry
mo1ement. For this re&son# he h&s coined the 5hr&se
Pentecosta36Charismatic to re.er to the /ork o. the Holy S5irit
thro)gho)t the e&rth. He 1ie/s the Pentecost&l# Ch&rism&tic &nd Third
"&1e mo1ements &s Jone single cohesi1e mo1ement into /hich & 1&st
5roli.er&tion o. &ll kinds o. indi1id)&ls &nd comm)nities h&s been
dr&/n.J
=
B<
+ntro72ction: Reco8erin4 The History -f Charismatic Christianity
PHENOMENAL GROWTH
Am&Iingly# 7)st one h)ndred ye&rs &go not one Pentecost&lHCh&rism&tic
congreg&tion# &s /e )nderst&nd the term tod&y# e3isted. No/ less th&n &
cent)ry l&ter# Pentecost&l &nd Ch&rism&tic ch)rches &nd denomin&tions
dot the religio)s l&ndsc&5e &nd constit)te the most dyn&mic &nd .&stest+
gro/ing segment o. Christendom.
This &sto)nding gro/th /&s highlighted by & BCD; '&ll)5 Poll
5)blished in Christianity To7ay. The 5oll indic&ted th&t BC 5ercent o.
the tot&l 5o5)l&tion o. the -nited St&tes# or &bo)t F; million 5eo5le#
identi.ied themsel1es &s Pentecost&l or Ch&rism&tic Christi&ns. In &
more recent# BCCD *e5s5ee9 5oll# ?> 5ercent o. the Christi&ns
s)r1eyed s&id they h&d J5erson&lly e35erienced the Holy S5irit.J
Among e1&ngelic&l Protest&nts# the .ig)re rose to >F 5ercent.
?
This
5henomen&l gro/th is one o. the m&in re&sons th&t /ell+kno/n H&r1&rd
theologi&n H&r1ey Co3 is /illing to s&y th&t Pentecost&lism is
Jresh&5ing religion in the t/enty+.irst cent)ry.J
F
THE CHALLENGE OF HISTORICAL
LEGITIMACY
One criticism o.ten directed &t modern Pentecost&ls &nd Ch&rism&tics is
th&t they h&1e no tr&dition or history. The &rg)ment goes something like
thisE The ch)rch h&s been in e3istence .or t/o tho)s&nd ye&rs# b)t
Pentecost&ls &nd Ch&rism&tics h&1e been &ro)nd .or less th&n one
h)ndred ye&rs. This 5)r5orted l&ck o. history /o)ld seem to indic&te
th&t the mo1ement is# &t best# 5eri5her&l to orthodo3 Christi&nity.
This ch&llenge o. historic&l legitim&cy is )s)&lly &ns/ered in one
o. t/o /&ys by 5ro5onents o. the mo1ement. Cl&ssic&l Pentecost&ls
h&1e t&ken & restorationist &55ro&ch# commonly looking )5on
themsel1es &s re5resenting & restor&tion o. the 5)rity &nd 5o/er o. the
.irst+cent)ry &5ostolic ch)rch. From this 5ers5ecti1e# the eighteen
h)ndred inter1ening ye&rs &re reg&rded &s ye&rs o. corr)5tion &nd
s5irit)&l demise.
<
(ore recently# some Pentecost&ls &nd Ch&rism&tics h&1e been
)n/illing to ski5 eighteen h)ndred ye&rs o. ch)rch history &nd h&1e
t&ken & tra7itiona3ist &55ro&ch. They seek to .ill the 5ercei1ed
historic&l 1&c))m by .orming tr&dition&l# ecclesi&stic&l o..ices in the
str)ct)re o. their ch)rches &nd by instit)ting tr&dition&l lit)rgies into
their /orshi5 ser1ices.
>
S)ch me&s)res &re moti1&ted# in 5&rt# by
B>
&ttem5ts to est&blish & contin)ity /ith the 5&st thro)gh identi.ying /ith
the tr&dition&l# instit)tion&l ch)rches.
Neither the restorationist &55ro&ch nor the tra7itiona3ist &55ro&ch#
ho/e1er# &de@)&tely &ns/ers the historic&l @)estion. The .&ct is th&t
Pentecost&ls &nd Ch&rism&tics do h&1e & legitim&te history. It is &
history .o)nd in the 1&rio)s re1i1&l &nd rene/&l mo1ements th&t h&1e
emerged const&ntly in the li.e o. the ch)rch. %ec&)se these /ere o.ten
condemned or m&rgin&liIed by the instit)tion&l ch)rch# their history h&s
been s)bmerged or misconstr)ed. It is# there.ore# & history in need o.
disco1ery &nd .)ll reco1ery.
THE ROAD TO HISTORICAL
RECOERY
This 1ol)me brings together# )nder one co1er# & n)mber o. elements
reco1ered thro)gh schol&rly# historic&l rese&rch. It chronicles some o.
the co)r&geo)s 5eo5le &nd mo1ements .rom the $&y o. Pentecost to the
t/enty+.irst cent)ry.
This st)dy is by no me&ns e3h&)sti1eL ne1ertheless# its bene.its &re
m&ny. Permitted to do so# it c&n in.orm the e&rnest seeker o. the
dyn&mic &cti1ity o. the Holy S5irit thro)gho)t the history o. the ch)rch.
In &ddition# it c&n instr)ct those /ho /o)ld le&rn .rom the 5&st. It c&n
&lso ins5ire .)rther rese&rch &nd 5romote .)rther &/&reness &nd
)nderst&nding o. the rich history th&t right.)lly belongs to e1ery
Pentecost&lHCh&rism&tic belie1er.
Fin&lly# the d&t& in this book con.irm th&t modern
Pentecost&lsHCh&rism&tics do h&1e &n e3citing &nd legitim&te history.
Their link /ith the 5&st is not &n org&niI&tion&l linkL it is# inste&d# one
o. like biblic&l .&ith th&t contin)es to demonstr&te the s5irit)&l 5o/er o.
the .irst+cent)ry &5ostolic ch)rch. Indeed# th&t the
Pentecost&lHCh&rism&tic re1i1&l o. this cent)ry is orthodo3 Christi&nity
is con.irmed not only by the Ne/ Test&ment itsel.# b)t &lso by the
e3istence o. t/o tho)s&nd ye&rs o. ch&rism&tic Christi&nity.
BD
!AT "
P&rt BE T#E EALY C#$C#%A&D&
"00
ONE
1 The Apostolic Church
he ch)rch o. the .irst cent)ry /&s & ch&rism&tic ch)rch. !)ke#
/ho recorded its history in the %ook o. Acts# .&ith.)lly incl)ded
the &b)nd&nce o. s)5ern&t)r&l 5henomen& th&t ch&r&cteriIed its
li.e &nd ministry. S5e&king in tong)es# 5ro5hecy# he&lings &nd mir&cles
&nd &ll the other charismata/ere common# e1en &ntici5&ted &s the
norm 8Acts BEDL B;EBCL B=E:9. It /&s this dyn&mic &cti1ity o. the Holy
S5irit in the 5erson&l# indi1id)&l li1es o. the belie1ers &nd in the
cor5or&te li.e o. the ch)rch# r&ther th&n org&niI&tion&l str)ct)re# th&t
5ro1ided the b&sis .or its li.e# comm)nity &nd mission. According to
'ordon $. Fee# P&)l s&/ the S5irit J&s the key to e1erything in the
Christi&n li.e.J
B
T
As belie1ers c&rried the gos5el .rom Jer)s&lem into the 'reco+
Rom&n /orld# this ch&rism&tic ch&r&cter contin)ed to be the norm .or
the ne/ ch)rches th&t s5r&ng )5 thro)gh their ministries. This is
ob1io)s .rom Acts &s /ell &s .rom P&)l0s e5istles# /here he s5oke .reely
o. mir&cles &nd s5irit)&l gi.ts. He decl&red th&t he J.)lly 5re&chedJ the
gos5el o. Christ to the 'entiles Jin mighty signs &nd /onders# by the
5o/er o. the S5irit o. 'odJ 8Rom. BFEBC# N*J49. The Corinthi&n letters#
in 5&rtic)l&r# indic&te th&t the &ssembled ch)rches relied on the
s5ont&neity o. the S5irit r&ther th&n on o..ici&l &)thority .or the li.e &nd
direction o. their meetings.
These .&cts led H&ns 1on C&m5enh&)sen to describe the e&rly
ch)rch0s 1ision o. Christi&n comm)nity &s Jone o. .ree .ello/shi5#
de1elo5ing thro)gh the li1ing inter5l&y o. s5irit)&l gi.ts &nd ministries#
/itho)t the bene.it o. o..ici&l &)thority or res5onsible elders.J
:
Rom&n
C&tholic theologi&n H&ns *)ng conc)rs# s)ggesting th&t the ch)rch &t
Corinth Jkne/ o. neither e1is9o1oi 8bisho5s9 nor 1res:2teros 8elders9
nor &ny kind o. ordin&tion b)t only the .ree &nd s5ont&neo)s
ch&risms.J
=
He then 5oints o)t th&t# &ccording to P&)l# they /ere
:B
5ro1ided /ith &ll th&t /&s necess&ry.
?
R)dol5h %)ltm&nn &grees &nd
insists th&t in the Ne/ Test&ment Ch)rch# JThe chie. 5ersons o.
&)thority &re those endo/ed /ith s5irit)&l gi.ts.J
F
J&mes $. '. $)nn# in his book ;es2s an7 the '1irit0 demonstr&tes
th&t the e&rliest Christi&n ch)rches looked to the immedi&te 5resence o.
the Holy S5irit .or their comm)nity &nd li.e# r&ther th&n to
org&niI&tion&l str)ct)re &nd .orm&lity. He &lso 5oints o)t th&t# &5&rt
.rom Phili55i&ns BEB# JP&)l ne1er &ddresses himsel. to & le&dershi5
gro)5 /ithin & comm)nity.J
<
For $)nn the im5lic&tion is 5l&inE JI.
le&dershi5 /&s re@)ired# P&)l &ss)med th&t the ch&rism&tic S5irit /o)ld
5ro1ide it.J
>
OFFICES OR F!NCTIONS?
The P&stor&l 5istles# /hich &re .rom & l&ter 5eriod o. P&)l0s li.e# seem
to re1e&l & more .orm&l str)ct)re o. ch)rch li.e. The term 1res:2teros
8elder9 is )sed .or the .irst time by P&)l# &nd @)&li.ic&tions &re gi1en .or
those /ho /o)ld ser1e &s e1is9o1oi 8bisho5s9 or 7ia9onoi 8de&cons9.
Adol5h H&rn&ck s)ggests# ho/e1er# that 1res:2teros0 or e37er0 m&y
sim5ly denote the o37 &s o55osed to the yo2n4. John *no3 insists# J"e
&re not de&ling /ith .orm&l o..ices# b)t /ith .)nctions .or /hich
5ersons /ere &s cert&inly s5irit)&lly endo/ed &s .or 5ro5hecy &nd
he&ling.J
D
*)ng &grees &nd s&ys th&t the &55ointing o. elders Jm)st not
be seen &s the beginning o. & cleric&l r)ling system.J He 5oints o)t th&t
the emergence o. eldersHbisho5s m)st be )nderstood in the conte3t Jo.
the .)nd&ment&lly ch&rism&tic str)ct)re o. the ch)rch.J
C
GREATER OR LESSER WOR"S?
The e&rly ch)rch0s em5h&sis on the charismata sho)ld not be s)r5rising
since Jes)s t&)ght His disci5les to e35ect the 5o/er &nd dyn&mism o.
the S5irit in their li1es &nd ministries. On one occ&sion# He &d1ised
them th&t /hen the S5irit c&me# they /o)ld be en&bled to do the s&me
/orks th&t He /&s doing &nd e1en gre&ter /orks 8John B?EB:9. The
e&rly ch)rch0s e35ect&tion o. s)5ern&t)r&l ministry /&s# there.ore#
rooted in the li.e &nd te&chings o. Jes)s Himsel.. $)nn s&ys# JAs He
/&s ch&rism&tic# so /ere m&ny# i. not &ll o. the e&rliest belie1ers.J
B;
%)t /h&t h&55ened &.ter the .irst cent)ry&.ter the dece&se o. the
origin&l &5ostlesK $id the Pentecost&lH Ch&rism&tic gi.ts s)ddenly
ce&seK "ere the re1el&tory gi.ts dis5l&ced by the .orm&tion o. the Ne/
Test&ment c&non o. Scri5t)reK $id the s)5ern&t)r&l ch&r&cter o. the
::
The A1osto3ic Ch2rch
ch)rch 1&nish &ltogether &.ter the close o. the so+c&lled &5ostolic &ge o.
the .irst cent)ryK
In retros5ect# it c&n be seen th&t there /&s & gr&d)&l demise o. the
ch&rism&tic ch&r&cter o. the ch)rch &nd & corres5onding rise o.
org&niI&tion&l str)ct)re. Ne1ertheless# s5irit)&l gi.ts contin)ed to be &
1it&l 5&rt o. the li.e o. the ch)rch &.ter the .irst cent)ry. Post+&5ostolic
/ritings re1e&l no kno/ledge or e35ect&tion o. their cess&tion &t some
5oint in time. Those /ho s)cceeded the &5ostles &s le&ders in the
ch)rch h&1e# inste&d# le.t cle&r testimony o. the contin)ed /ork o. the
S5irit0s gi.ts &nd 5o/er d)ring their time.
:=
!AT 2
P&rt :E A&D& "00'(2)
T WO
2 The Ante-Nicene
Church
)stin (&rtyr 8A.$. B;;+B<F9 is reg&rded &s the .oremost &5ologist o.
the second cent)ry. %orn o. 5&g&n 5&rents ne&r the biblic&l to/n o.
Shechem# he bec&me & brilli&nt# /&ndering 5hiloso5her. He /&s
ne1er &ble to s&tis.y his he&rt0s h)nger .or tr)th# ho/e1er# )ntil one d&y#
/hile /&lking on & be&ch# he met &n elderly m&n /ho directed him to
the Scri5t)res. These# the m&n decl&red# constit)ted the tr)e 5hiloso5hy.
J)stin /&s con1inced &nd con1erted. He /ent on to o5en & Christi&n
school in Rome.
J
J)stin /&s ob1io)sly .&mili&r /ith the mir&c)lo)s gi.ts o. the Holy
S5irit. In his Dia3o42e )ith Try1ho0 he /rites# JFor the 5ro5hetic&l
gi.ts rem&in /ith )s e1en to the 5resent time.J
B
!&ter in the s&me /ork#
he s&ys# JNo/ it is 5ossible to see &mong )s /omen &nd men /ho
5ossess gi.ts o. the S5irit o. 'od.J
:
In &nother /ork c&lled The 'econ7
A1o3o4y of ;2stin0 he s5e&ks o. the &bility o. Christi&ns in his d&y to
c&st o)t demons &nd minister he&lingE
For n)mberless demoni&cs thro)gho)t the /hole /orld# &nd in
yo)r city# m&ny o. o)r Christi&n men e3orcising them in the
n&me o. Jes)s Christ# /ho /&s cr)ci.ied )nder Ponti)s Pil&te#
h&1e he&led &nd do he&l# rendering hel5less &nd dri1ing the
5ossessing de1ils o)t o. the men.
=
J)stin (&rtyr# there.ore# cle&rly testi.ies th&t Christi&ns in the
second cent)ry /ere contin)ing to e3ercise &)thority o1er demons &nd
sickness. He &lso indic&tes th&t both men &nd /omen /ere e3ercising
other gi.ts o. the S5irit &s /ell. F)rthermore# ne1er does he s)ggest th&t
:F
he e35ects these gi.ts to ce&se &t some 5oint in time.
IRENAE!S
Iren&e)s 8A.$. B:F+:;;9# bisho5 o. !yons# is best kno/n .or his /ritings
&g&inst gnosticism &nd other m&7or heresies o. his d&y. %orn in the city
o. Smyrn&# he /&s & st)dent o. Polyc&r5# & disci5le o. the &5ostle John.
From his /ritings# it is ob1io)s th&t the mir&c)lo)s gi.ts o. the Holy
S5irit /ere still 5rominent in the li.e o. the ch)rch o. his d&y.
In his /ork A4ainst Heresies0 Iren&e)s sho/s the .&ll&cy o. cert&in
gnostics /ho cl&imed th&t Jes)s /&s & 5h&nt&sm /ith no re&l 5hysic&l
body &nd th&t He 5er.ormed His /orks Jsim5ly in &55e&r&nce.J
Iren&e)s re.)tes this cl&im by 5ointing to the /orks th&t .ollo/ers o.
Jes)s /ere 5er.orming e1en thenE
For some do cert&inly &nd tr)ly dri1e o)t de1ils# so th&t those
/ho h&1e been th)s cle&nsed .rom e1il s5irits .re@)ently both
belie1e Min ChristN# &nd 7oin themsel1es to the Ch)rch. Others
h&1e .orekno/ledge o. things to comeE they see 1isions &nd
)tter 5ro5hetic e35ressions. Others still he&l the sick by l&ying
their h&nds )5on them# &nd they &re m&de /hole.
Iren&e)s &lso s5e&ks o. the de&d being r&ised.
,e&# moreo1er# &s I h&1e s&id# the de&d e1en h&1e been r&ised
)5# &nd rem&ined &mong )s .or m&ny ye&rs. And /h&t sh&ll I
more s&yK It is not 5ossible to n&me the n)mber o. gi.ts /hich
the Ch)rch Msc&tteredN thro)gho)t the /hole /orld h&s
recei1ed .rom 'od in the n&me o. Jes)s Christ.
?
Also testi.ying th&t belie1ers /ere still s5e&king in tong)es in his
d&y# Iren&e)s /ritesE
In like m&nner /e do &lso he&r m&ny brethren in the Ch)rch
/ho 5ossess 5ro5hetic gi.ts &nd /ho thro)gh the S5irit s5e&k
&ll kinds o. l&ng)&ges# &nd bring to light .or the gener&l bene.it
the hidden things o. men# &nd decl&re the mysteries o. 'od.
F
The li.e &nd /ritings o. Iren&e)s re&ch &lmost to the third cent)ry.
His /ritings &re & 5o/er.)l testimony to the /ides5re&d kno/ledge &nd
5r&ctice o. s5irit)&l gi.ts in the ch)rch o. his time. As /ith J)stin
(&rtyr# Iren&e)s in no /&y indic&ted th&t he e35ected the charismata to
ce&se.
:<
The Ante*icene Ch2rch
TERT!LLIAN
Tert)lli&n 8A.$. B<;+:?;9# & n&ti1e o. C&rth&ge# /&s con1erted in A.$.
BC:. At the time# he /&s &lre&dy 5ro.icient in l&/ &nd the 5hiloso5hic
systems o. his d&y. Skilled in both 'reek &nd !&tin# he /rote
e3tensi1ely in the l&tter. "ith this b&ckgro)nd# he @)ickly bec&me &
5resbyter in C&rth&ge# &n in.l)enti&l le&der in the ch)rch &nd the
.oremost &5ologist o. the "estern ch)rch. In his incisi1e# 5otent
/ritings &g&inst hostile r)lers &nd heretic&l sects o. his d&y# he
.orm)l&ted theologic&l conce5ts th&t g&ined him the title JF&ther o.
!&tin Theology.J His /ritings &lso re1e&l & 5erson&l &c@)&int&nce /ith
the s)5ern&t)r&l gi.ts o. the Holy S5irit# incl)ding s5e&king in tong)es.
In A Treatise on the 'o230 Tert)lli&n s&ys# JFor seeing th&t /e
&ckno/ledge the s5irit)&l charismata0 or gi.ts# /e too h&1e merited the
&tt&inment o. the 5ro5hetic gi.t.J
<
He goes on to tell o. & /om&n in his
congreg&tion J/hose lot it h&s been to be .&1ored /ith s)ndry gi.ts o.
re1el&tion.J According to Tert)lli&n# she o.ten e35erienced 1isit&tions
.rom &ngels &nd .rom the !ord Himsel.. In &ddition# she o.ten kne/ the
secrets o. 5eo5le0s he&rts &nd /&s &ble to gi1e &ns/ers to some o. their
dee5est needs# incl)ding 5hysic&l he&ling. Tert)lli&n s&ys# JAll her
comm)nic&tions &re e3&mined /ith the most scr)5)lo)s c&re in order
th&t their tr)th m&y be 5robed.J
>
In To 'ca123a0 Tert)lli&n rel&tes s5eci.ic inst&nces o. he&ling &nd
deli1er&nce .rom demonic o55ression. He concl)des# JAnd he&1en
kno/s ho/ m&ny disting)ished men# to s&y nothing o. the common
5eo5le# h&1e been c)red either o. de1ils or o. their sicknesses.J
D
In A4ainst .arcion0 /ritten to co)nter the heretic (&rcion#
Tert)lli&n re1e&ls both his &c@)&int&nce /ith s5e&king in tong)es &nd
his belie. th&t the s)5ern&t)r&l gi.ts o. the S5irit /ere & sign o.
orthodo3y. This is ob1io)s in his ch&llenge to (&rcion.
!et (&rcion then e3hibit# &s gi.ts o. his god# some 5ro5hets
s)ch &s h&1e not s5oken by h)m&n sense# b)t /ith the S5irit o.
'od# s)ch &s h&1e 5redicted things to come &nd h&1e m&de
m&ni.est the secrets o. the he&rtL let him 5rod)ce & 5s&lm# &
1ision# & 5r&yeronly let it be by the s5irit# in &n ecst&sy# th&t
is# in & r&5t)re# /hene1er &n inter5ret&tion o. tong)es h&s
occ)rred to him. No/ &ll these signs &re .orthcoming .rom my
side /itho)t &ny di..ic)lty.
C
In -n <a1tism0 Tert)lli&n s)55orts & /ork o. the S5irit in the
:>
belie1er s)bse@)ent to con1ersion. He /rites# JNot th&t in the /&ter /e
obt&in the S5iritL b)t in the /&ter /e &re cle&nsed &nd 5re5&red .or the
Holy S5irit.J He &lso st&tes th&t .ollo/ing b&5tism Jthe h&nd is l&id on
)s# in1oking &nd in1iting the Holy S5irit thro)gh benediction.J
B;
-ndo)btedly this re.ers to the &5ostolic c)stom o. l&ying h&nds on ne/
con1erts .or the rece5tion o. the Holy S5irit. 8See Acts DEB?+B>L CEB>L
BCEF+<.9
Tert)lli&n0s testimony# there.ore# demonstr&tes th&t in the third
cent)ry# s5irit)&l gi.ts /ere still 5rominent in the ch)rch. His 1ie/ o. &
s)bse@)ent /ork o. the Holy S5irit &.ter b&5tism is es5eci&lly
interesting in light o. the modern Pentecost&lHCh&rism&tic mo1ement#
/hich &lso te&ches &n em5o/erment s)bse@)ent to con1ersion. !ike
others o. his er&# Tert)lli&n gi1es no indic&tion th&t he e35ects these
gi.ts to ce&se.
ORIGEN
Origen 8A.$. BDF+:D?9# & 5roli.ic &nd in.l)enti&l /riter# /&s the ch)rch0s
.irst system&tic theologi&n. "hen Origen /&s si3teen ye&rs old# his
.&ther# & de1o)t belie1er# /&s m&rtyred. In Ale3&ndri&# gy5t# /hen he
/&s eighteen# Origen /&s &55ointed le&der o. & 5rominent Christi&n
school .o)nded to instr)ct con1erts .rom 5&g&nism.
In A4ainst Ce3s2s0 Origen s5e&ks o. the mir&cles being 5er.ormed
in his d&y thro)gh the 5o/er o. Jes)s0 n&me. His testimony indic&tes
th&t he /&s 5erson&lly in1ol1ed in m&ny o. these mir&cles.
Some gi1e e1idence o. their h&1ing recei1ed thro)gh this .&ith
& m&r1elo)s 5o/er by the c)res /hich they 5er.orm# in1oking
no other n&me o1er those /ho need their hel5 th&n th&t o. the
'od o. &ll things# &nd o. Jes)s# &long /ith & mention o. His
history. For by these me&ns /e too h&1e seen m&ny 5ersons
.reed .rom grie1o)s c&l&mities# &nd .rom distr&ctions o. mind#
&nd m&dness# &nd co)ntless other ills# /hich co)ld not be
c)red neither by men nor de1ils.
BB
F)rther in this /ork# Origen @)otes & ch&rge th&t Cels)s# & 5&g&n
/riter# h&d le1eled &g&inst Christi&ns. Cels)s criticiIes the Christi&ns0
cl&im o. ins5ir&tion thro)gh the 5ro5hetic gi.t &nd then cynic&lly @)otes
5ortions o. 5ro5hetic )tter&nces th&t he h&d he&rd. He then s&ys# JTo
these 5romises &re &dded str&nge# .&n&tic&l &nd @)ite )nintelligible
/ords# o. /hich no r&tion&l 5erson c&n .ind the me&ning.J
B:
I. this
:D
st&tement re.ers to s5e&king in tong)es# &s some belie1e# then it is &
testimony .rom one o)tside the ch)rch th&t s5e&king in tong)es
commonly occ)rred in the ch)rch &t th&t time. The conte3t o. the
&rg)ment &lso cle&rly indic&tes th&t 5ro5hetic )tter&nces /ere still
common eno)gh &mong Christi&ns th&t & 5&g&n /riter /&s &/&re o. the
5r&ctice.
Origen ob1io)sly recogniIed the re&lity &nd 1&l)e o. 5r&ying in
tong)es# &nd he gi1es .)rther e1idence o. this in his comment&ry on
Rom&ns DE:< /here he links 5r&ying in the S5irit /ith 5r&ying in
tong)es. Cecil (. Robeck notes# JOrigen m)st h&1e held th&t 5r&yer in
tong)es e3isted in his d&y# &nd it /&s tho)ght to be bene.ici&l in th&t it
/&s thro)gh this ty5e o. 5r&yer th&t the S5irit interceded e3ceedingly
be.ore 'od.J
B=
Origen# like Tert)lli&n# sho/s his belie. in & /ork o. the Holy
S5irit s)bse@)ent to regener&tion. In De Princi1iis0 he s5e&ks o. 'od
bre&thing into Ad&m the bre&th MS5iritN o. li.e# &dding th&t this c&nnot
re.er to &ll men# b)t only to those /ho h&1e been m&de ne/ in Christ.
Then he s&ysE
For this re&son /&s the gr&ce &nd re1el&tion o. the Holy S5irit
besto/ed by the im5osition o. the &5ostles0 h&nds &.ter
b&5tism. O)r S&1ior &lso# &.ter the res)rrection# /hen old
things h&d &lre&dy 5&ssed &/&y &nd &ll things h&d become
ne/...His &5ostles &lso being rene/ed by .&ith in His
res)rrection# s&ys# JRecei1e the Holy S5irit.J
B?
Origen /&s the .irst e&rly ch)rch .&ther to indic&te th&t s)5ern&t)r&l
ministry /&s becoming less common. He 5oints to the &b)nd&nce o.
s)5ern&t)r&l signs in the ministries o. Christ &nd the &5ostolic ch)rch.
Then he rem&rks# J%)t since th&t time these signs h&1e diminished.J He
cites the l&ck o. holiness &nd 5)rity &mong the Christi&ns o. his d&y &s
the re&son.
BF
Origen# there.ore# /&s .&mili&r /ith the mir&c)lo)s ministry o. the
Holy S5irit# incl)ding s5e&king in tong)es. He &lso cle&rly te&ches &
/ork o. the S5irit s)bse@)ent to con1ersion. In &ddition# /hile he
indic&tes & diminishing o. ch&rism&tic &cti1ity# he &ttrib)tes this# not to
& di1ine decree# b)t to & l&ck o. holiness &mong the Christi&ns o. his
d&y.
:C
NOATIAN
No1&ti&n 8A.$. :B;+:D;9 /&s & 5resbyter o. the ch)rch in Rome &nd &
res5ected theologi&n. He /&s &55&rently noted .or his com5&ssion &nd
holiness# .or in & 5olemic /ritten &g&inst him# his o55onent s&ys th&t
No1&ti&n J/e5t o1er the sins o. his neighbors &s i. they /ere his o/n#
bore the b)rdens o. the brethren# &s the A5ostle e3horts# &nd
strengthened those /ho /ere /e&k in di1ine .&ith.J
B<
No1&ti&n bec&me
embroiled in & contro1ersy /ith Corneli)s# bisho5 o. Rome# bec&)se o.
the leniency Corneli)s /&s sho/ing to/&rd Christi&ns /ho h&d
Jl&5sedJ d)ring 5ersec)tion. The m&tter /&s ne1er .)lly resol1ed# &nd
e1ent)&lly No1&ti&n bec&me & ri1&l bisho5 o. Rome.
The mo1ement No1&ti&n s5&/ned g&ined moment)m &nd s5re&d
@)ickly# es5eci&lly in the e&stern (editerr&ne&n &nd North A.ric&.
Adherents c&lled themsel1es C&th&ri# me&ning 5)re ones# to disting)ish
themsel1es .rom other 5ro.essing Christi&ns /hom they considered
c&rn&l &nd im5)re. Other gro)5s in ch)rch history /ith simil&r
em5h&sis &lso &do5ted this design&tion. In the eighteenth &nd nineteenth
cent)ries# the Holiness mo1ement m&int&ined simil&r 5riorities.
Perh&5s the most im5ort&nt o. No1&ti&n0s s)r1i1ing /orks is his
tre&tise The Trinity. In it he disc)sses his .&mili&rity /ith the
s)5ern&t)r&l ministry o. the Holy S5irit.
This is he Mthe Holy S5iritN /ho 5l&ces 5ro5hets in the Ch)rch#
instr)cts te&chers# directs tong)es# gi1es 5o/ers &nd he&lings#
does /onder.)l /orks# o..ers discrimin&tion o. s5irits# &..ords
5o/ers o. go1ernment# s)ggests co)nsels# &nd orders &nd
&rr&nges /h&te1er other gi.ts there &re o. ch&rism&t&L &nd th)s
m&king the !ord0s Ch)rch e1ery/here# &nd in &ll# 5er.ected
&nd com5leted.
B>
For No1&ti&n# then# the Holy S5irit /&s the so)rce o. li.e &nd order
.or the ch)rch. He cle&rly &cce5ts &s norm&l Christi&n e35eriences s)ch
5henomen& &s he&lings# mir&cles &nd tong)es. His belie. in the
charismata /&s not &n iss)e since the ch)rch o. his d&y still recogniIed
the gi.ts &s & 1it&l 5&rt o. norm&l Christi&nity.
No1&ti&n0s em5h&sis on mor&l 5)rity# co)5led /ith the testimony o.
Origen# indic&tes th&t mor&l decline &mong Christi&ns /&s & trend in
both e&stern &nd /estern sectors o. the ch)rch. This mor&l decline
5rod)ced contention &nd stri.e in the ch)rch# &nd e1ent)&lly the o..ici&l
instit)tion sided &g&inst those /ho &d1oc&ted strict mor&l 5)rity.
=;
S)cceeding gener&tions /o)ld inter5ret this st&nce on mor&lity &s &
5rim&ry c&)se o. the ch)rch0s loss o. s5irit)&l 5o/er.
CYPRIAN
Cy5ri&n 8A.$. BCF+:FD9# & 5ros5ero)s C&rth&gini&n by birth# en7oyed the
bene.its o. & good ed)c&tion in rhetoric &nd l&/. "hen he bec&me &
Christi&n in &bo)t :?<# he @)ickly g&ined 5rominence. "ithin t/o ye&rs
he h&d become bisho5 o. C&rth&ge# & 5osition he held )ntil his
m&rtyrdom in :FD.
Th&t Cy5ri&n /&s &/&re o. the charismata seems e1ident in th&t he
/&s &n &1id re&der o. Tert)lli&n. Cy5ri&n0s secret&ry told Jerome th&t
Cy5ri&n ne1er 5&ssed & d&y /itho)t re&ding .rom Tert)lli&n &nd /&s
&cc)stomed to &sking .or him /ith the /ords# JH&nd me the (&ster.J
BD
Cy5ri&n# by his o/n testimony# o.ten e35erienced s)5ern&t)r&l
1isions. His e35l&n&tion .or &ctions t&ken by his congreg&tion d)ring &
time o. 5ersec)tion /&s# JIt seemed best to )s thro)gh m&ny &nd cle&r
1isions.J
BC
These 1isions# in .&ct# occ)rred thro)gho)t the Christi&n
comm)nity.
For beside the 1isions o. the night# e1en in the d&ytime# the
innocent &ge o. boys Minnocent childrenN is &mong )s .illed
/ith the Holy S5irit# seeing in &n ecst&sy /ith their eyes# &nd
he&ring &nd s5e&king those things /hereby the !ord
condescends to /&rn &nd instr)ct )s.
:;
"hile bisho5 o. C&rth&ge# Cy5ri&n bec&me embroiled in &
contro1ersy /ith Ste5hen# bisho5 o. Rome. Ste5hen m&int&ined th&t
those 5re1io)sly b&5tiIed by heretics /o)ld not need to be reb&5tiIed
/hen they ret)rned to the ch)rch. Cy5ri&n strongly dis&greed &nd
st&)nchly insisted they m)st &g&in s)bmit to b&5tism. In the co)rse o.
the deb&te# Cy5ri&n0s 5osition th&t the Holy S5irit is recei1ed
s)bse@)ent to the /ork o. regener&tion becomes cle&r. He sees
regener&tion &s t&king 5l&ce in tr)e b&5tism &nd the rece5tion o. the
Holy S5irit &s occ)rring there&.ter thro)gh the l&ying on o. h&nds.
:B
He
s&ys# JFor he /ho h&s been s&ncti.ied# his sins being 5)t &/&y in
b&5tism# &nd h&s been s5irit)&lly re.ormed into & ne/ m&n# h&s become
.itted .or recei1ing the Holy S5irit.J
::
Cy5ri&n com5&res the t/o e1ents# regener&tion &nd rece5tion o. the
S5irit# /ith e1ents in 'od0s cre&tion o. Ad&m. Ad&m /&s .irst .ormed#
&nd then 'od bre&thed into him the bre&th MS5iritN o. li.e. In 5&r&llel
=B
.&shion# Cy5ri&n concl)des th&t & 5erson is .irst born M&g&inN &nd then
.illed /ith the Holy S5irit.
One is not born by the im5osition o. h&nds /hen he recei1es
the Holy 'host# b)t in b&5tism# th&t so# being &lre&dy born# he
m&y recei1e the Holy S5irit# e1en &s it h&55ened to the .irst
m&n Ad&m. For .irst 'od .ormed him &nd then bre&thed into
his nostrils the bre&th o. li.e.
:=
Cy5ri&n0s /ritings 5ro1ide .)rther e1idence th&t the s)5ern&t)r&l
ministry o. the Holy S5irit /&s still considered & norm&l 5&rt o. the li.e
&nd ministry o. the third+cent)ry ch)rch. His belie. in & .illing o. the
Holy S5irit s)bse@)ent to con1ersion &lso &ttests to the /ides5re&d
&cce5t&nce o. this 1ie/ in the third cent)ry. !ike other /riters o. his
er&# Cy5ri&n e35resses no &/&reness o. & theory o. cess&tion.
OTHER EARLY TESTIMONIES
Other e&rly Christi&n /ritings con.irm the contin)ed 5resence o.
s5irit)&l gi.ts in the ch)rches. For e3&m5le# the Di7ache0 5rob&bly
/ritten &t the beginning o. the second cent)ry# recogniIes the
legitim&cy o. the 5ro5hetic ministry &nd gi1es instr)ction concerning
ho/ to disting)ish bet/een tr)e &nd .&lse 5ro5hets. The 'he1her7 of
Hermes0 /ritten d)ring the e&rly second cent)ry# is b&sed on the
s)5ern&t)r&l re1el&tions &nd 1isions o. the &)thor. Ign&ti)s# bisho5 o.
Antioch# in his letter To the Phi3a7e31hians /ritten &t the beginning o.
the second cent)ry# reminds his re&ders o. the 5ro5hetic mess&ge he h&d
s5oken in their midst d)ring & recent 1isit.
:?
CONCL!SION
These testimonies cle&rly demonstr&te th&t s5irit)&l gi.ts# incl)ding
s5e&king in tong)es# contin)ed to be common in the ch)rch .rom the
$&y o. Pentecost )5 to the beginning o. the .o)rth cent)ry. 5isco5&l
schol&r (orton *elsey is correct in s&ying# JThese men /ere /ell
&/&re o. P&)l0s list o. the gi.ts o. the S5irit &nd /h&t it incl)ded. In no
5l&ce do they s)ggest th&t &ny o. them h&d dro55ed &/&y.J
:F
Origen
indic&tes their decline# b)t not their cess&tion.
The 5&tristic testimonies &lso indic&te th&t the rece5tion o. the
Holy S5irit /&s considered &n e1ent s)bse@)ent to con1ersion initi&ted
by l&ying on o. h&nds. This /&s ob1io)sly & contin)&tion o. the
&5ostolic c)stom recorded in the %ook o. Acts. This testimony indic&tes
=:
th&t# &t le&st .or the .irst three cent)ries# the ch)rch .ollo/ed this
&5ostolic c)stom o. con1ersion .ollo/ed by the rece5tion o. the Holy
S5irit.
:<
==
T HR E E
3 The Decline of piritual
!ifts an" the #irst
Charismatic Rene$al
5irit)&l gi.ts contin)ed to be m&ni.ested &.ter the .irst cent)ry. As
instit)tion&lism incre&singly domin&ted the li.e &nd ministry o.
the ch)rch# ho/e1er# their 5re1&lence &nd in.l)ence gr&d)&lly
diminished. +nstit2tiona3ism is &n em5h&sis on org&niI&tion &t the
e35ense o. other .&ctors. In the ch)rch# s)ch &n em5h&sis# or
o1erem5h&sis# on org&niI&tion &l/&ys comes &t the e35ense o. the li.e
&nd .reedom o. the S5irit. Pro.essor J&mes !. Ash# Jr. s&ys th&t 1irt)&lly
&ll histori&ns o. Christi&nity &gree th&t the instit)tion&liI&tion o. the
e&rly ch)rch /&s &ccom5&nied by the demise o. the ch&rism&tic gi.ts.
B
S
INSTIT!TIONALISM AND #ISHOPS
The mo1e to/&rd instit)tion&lism in the e&rly ch)rch &rose &s & me&ns
o. de.ense &g&inst 5ersec)tion .rom the st&te &nd im5osition o. error
.rom heretic&l sects s)ch &s 'nosticism &nd (&rcionism. Re&cting to
these thre&ts# the ch)rch .orm&liIed /orshi5 &nd centr&liIed 5o/er in
the bisho5. -n.ort)n&tely# this mo1e to/&rd org&niI&tion&l str)ct)re
bro)ght &bo)t & ch&nge in the 1ery me&ning o. the /ord bisho5.
The /ord :isho1 is deri1ed .rom the 'reek /ord e1isco1as0 /hich
in its 1erb .orm me&ns# Jto /&tch o1erJ &nd# there.ore# Jto s)5erintend
or to o1ersee.J Not )ni@)e to the Ne/ Test&ment# it /&s )sed in the
l&rger 'reco+Rom&n /orld o. the .irst cent)ry in re.erence to
=F
indi1id)&ls /ho .)nctioned &s t)tors# ins5ectors# sco)ts# /&tchmen &nd
s)5erintendents.
:
In the &5ostolic ch)rch# the /ord /&s )sed to describe
the .)nction o. o1ersight gi1en to cert&in indi1id)&ls in m&tters rel&ted
to the ch)rches. Acts :;EB># :D &nd Tit)s BEF+> sho/ th&t the s&me
indi1id)&ls /ho &re kno/n &s e1isco1as &re &lso re.erred to &s e37ers
/ho &re e35ected to she5herd or 5&stor the .lock.
"ith the gro/ing em5h&sis on org&niI&tion&l str)ct)re# e5isco5&s
e1ol1ed into & se5&r&te &nd distinct o..ice /ith incre&sing 5restige &nd
5o/er. This ch&nge is borne o)t in the /ritings o. Ign&ti)s# bisho5 o.
C&es&re&# /ho in &ll his /ritings 8c&. A.$. BB;9 seems 5reocc)5ied /ith
de.ending &nd 5romoting the &)thority &nd 5restige o. the bisho5. In To
the 'myrneans0 .or e3&m5le# Ign&ti)s decl&res# JOnly th&t )ch&rist
/hich is )nder the bisho5 is to be considered 1&lid.J He &sserted th&t
&5&rt .rom the bisho5# it is not l&/.)l Jeither to b&5tiIe or to hold &
lo1e+.e&st.J
=
In his letter To the Tra33ians0 he &dmonishes his re&ders to
Jdo nothing /itho)t the bisho5.J
?
Ash describes Ign&ti)s0s &ttem5t to g&rner s)ch &)thority .or
himsel. &nd .or the o..ice o. the bisho5 &s J& no1elty.J
F
Indeed# /hen
com5&red /ith the /ritings o. the Ne/ Test&ment# it is ob1io)s th&t
Ign&ti)s h&s t&ken & ne/ 5&th in ch)rch go1ernment. In his cl&ssic /ork
The Primiti8e Ch2rch0 %)rnett Streeter s&ysE
"h&t nobody @)estions# nobody de.endsL o1erenth)si&stic
de.ense im5lies the e3istence o. strong o55osition. The
5rinci5le /hich Ign&ti)s is so concerned to )5hold is one by
no me&ns )ni1ers&lly recogniIed.
<
History demonstr&tes th&t the instit)tion&l trend &d1oc&ted by
Ign&ti)s contin)ed# c)lmin&ting in the ecclesi&sticism o. the medie1&l
Rom&n C&tholic Ch)rch &nd in its mon&rchic&l bisho5. This me&nt th&t
o)t/&rd ecclesi&stic&l .orms o. both o..ice &nd rit)&l c&me to be 1&l)ed
o1er 5erson&l# s5irit)&l e35eriences. It &lso me&nt th&t s5ont&neo)s
m&ni.est&tions o. the Holy S5irit bec&me less &nd less desir&ble#
es5eci&lly by those in &)thority. It is .or this re&son th&t Ash# in &ns/er
to the 5o5)l&r notion th&t the ch&rism&tic gi.ts /ere re5l&ced by the
Ne/ Test&ment C&non# decl&res# JThe bisho5s# not the C&non# e35elled
5ro5hecy.J
>
For those /ho embr&ced this em5h&sis on org&niI&tion&l str)ct)re#
s5irit)&l &)thority /&s no longer seen &s residing in the 5erson /ith the
s5irit)&l gi.t. Th&t &)thority no/ resided inste&d in the one occ)5ying
the ecclesi&stic&l o..ice. This gener&ted mo)nting tensions bet/een
=<
The Dec3ine of '1irit2a3 =ifts an7 the >irst Charismatic Rene5a3
those /ho contin)ed to embr&ce s5irit)&l gi.ts &nd those /ho 5re.erred
the emerging org&niI&tion&l str)ct)re.
Those /ho desired the .reedom &nd s5ont&neity o. the S5irit .elt
s@)elched by the gro/ing rit)&l &nd .orm&lity. On the other h&nd#
ch)rch le&ders# /ho by no/ might occ)5y the o..ice /itho)t the
s5irit)&l gi.t# .elt )ncom.ort&ble /ith the ch&rism&tics0 cl&im o. direct
comm)nion /ith 'od. The iss)e c&me to & he&d in the l&tter h&l. o. the
second cent)ry /hen (ont&n)s beg&n to re&ssert the im5ort&nce o.
s5irit)&l gi.ts in the ch)rch# 5&rtic)l&rly the gi.t o. 5ro5hecy.
MONTAN!S
(ont&n)s /&s born in Phrygi& d)ring the .irst h&l. o. the second
cent)ry &nd &t one time m&y h&1e been & bisho5. Altho)gh & con1ert
.rom 5&g&nism# &s & Christi&n# he /&s orthodo3 in his .&ith# &cce5ting
&ll the books o. the C&non &s /ell &s the R23e of >aith.
D
He /&s
Jdisting)ished in /orking signs &nd mir&cles#J &nd e1en his enemies
&dmitted th&t Jboth his li.e &nd doctrine /ere holy &nd bl&meless.J
C
(ont&n)s /&s concerned &bo)t the gro/ing .orm&lism in the
ch)rch &nd the incre&sing mor&l l&3ity &mong its members. Aro)nd A.$.
B>:# there.ore# he beg&n to &ssert the im5ort&nce o. the s)5ern&t)r&l
ministry o. the S5irit# insisting th&t Christi&ns 5r&ctice & mor&lly strict
li.estyle. He em5h&siIed the second &d1ent o. Christ# &55&rently
belie1ing th&t this e1ent /o)ld h&55en d)ring his li.etime. G)ickly
g&ining & s)bst&nti&l .ollo/ing# the mo1ement s5re&d thro)gho)t Asi&
(inor# North A.ric& &nd )ro5e# re&ching e1en to Rome.
The @)&li.ying .&ctor .or ministry in the ch)rch# &ccording to
(ont&n)s# /&s 5ossession o. & s5irit)&l gi.t r&ther th&n &55ointment to
ecclesi&stic&l o..ice. He 5&rtic)l&rly em5h&siIed the gi.t o. 5ro5hecy
&nd /&s soon 7oined by t/o 5ro5hetesses# Prisc& &nd (&3imill&.
S5e&king in tong)es /&s 5rob&bly &lso & common occ)rrence &mong
the (ont&nists.
B;
The (ont&nists 5re.erred to be c&lled The *e5
Pro1hecy bec&)se they belie1ed th&t 'od /&s rene/ing the 5ro5hetic
ministry o. the ch)rch thro)gh them. Their o55onents derisi1ely
re.erred to them &s (ont&nists &.ter the n&me o. their le&der# /hich is
the n&me by /hich they bec&me kno/n.
The em5h&sis on s5irit)&l gi.ts bro)ght (ont&n)s into sh&r5
con.lict /ith m&ny ch)rch le&ders /ho contended th&t the ne/ly
de1elo5ing ecclesi&stic&l o..ice held 5reeminence o1er &ny s5irit)&l
gi.t.
BB
These le&ders &lso took iss)e /ith the m&nner in /hich (ont&n)s
=>
&nd his .ollo/ers deli1ered their 5ro5hecies. Altho)gh they .o)nd no
.&)lt /ith the content o. the 5ro5hecies# they &cc)sed them o. deli1ering
them in & .renIied st&te o. ecst&sy.
B:
$ecl&ring this to be 5roo. o. the
demonic origin o. the mess&ges# the critics &cc)sed (ont&n)s &nd his
.ollo/ers o. being demon 5ossessed.
Se1er&l region&l co)ncils or synods held in the l&tter h&l. o. the
second cent)ry cens)red (ont&n)s &nd his .ollo/ers. This c&lling o.
ch)rch co)ncils# ho/e1er# merely highlights the im5&ct th&t (ont&nism
/&s h&1ing thro)gho)t the ch)rch. In their book Christian +nitiation
an7 <a1tism in the Ho3y '1irit0 *ili&n (c$onnell &nd 'eorge
(ont&g)e 5oint o)t th&t these /ere the .irst co)ncils in the history o.
the ch)rch e3ce5t .or the Jer)s&lem co)ncil o. Acts BF# &nd th&t
Jneither the thre&t o. gnosticism# nor (&rcionism h&d e1er 5ressed the
Ch)rch into c&lling co)ncils.J
B=
S)55ort .or (ont&n)s &nd his .ollo/ers /&s /ides5re&d. )sebi)s
indic&tes th&t Iren&e)s /&s sent to Rome by the '&llic Christi&ns to
intercede on beh&l. o. the (ont&nists.
B?
His intercession initi&lly
ind)ced the bisho5 o. Rome to iss)e letters o. 5e&ce to the (ont&nist
ch)rches# b)t l&ter he /ithdre/ them. Iren&e)s m)st h&1e been re.erring
to the o55osers o. (ont&n)s /hen he e35ressed his dism&y &t those
/ho Jset &side &t once both the 'os5el &nd the 5ro5hetic S5irit.J These
s&me men# s&id Iren&e)s# co)ld not &dmit the &5ostle P&)l either# .or in
his e5istle to the Corinthi&ns Jhe e35ressly s5e&ks o. 5ro5hetic&l gi.ts#
&nd recogniIes men &nd /omen 5ro5hesying in the Ch)rch.J
BF
In North A.ric&# the (ont&nists /ere de.ended by Tert)lli&n# /ho
7oined the mo1ement &ro)nd the ye&r A.$. :;;. In A4ainst Pra?eas0
Tert)lli&n s&ys th&t the bisho5 o. Rome initi&lly J&ckno/ledged the
5ro5hetic gi.ts o. (ont&n)s# Prisc& &nd (&3imill&J &nd Jbesto/ed his
5e&ceJ )5on the (ont&nist ch)rches o. Asi& &nd Phrygi&.
B<
(c$onnell
5oints o)t th&t 1eace /&s & synonym .or 1ersona3 an7 ecc3esia3
comm2nion0 &nd .or the bisho5 to send letters o. 5e&ce to the (ont&nist
ch)rches /&s to s&y# J"e belong to the s&me comm)nionL /e celebr&te
the s&me )ch&ristL /e hold the s&me .&ith.J
B>
A com5lic&tion# ho/e1er# &rose thro)gh Pr&3e&s# /ho t&)ght &
doctrine c&lled monarchianism0 decl&ring th&t the F&ther# Son &nd Holy
S5irit &re one &nd the s&me. He s)ccess.)lly in.l)enced the Rom&n
bisho5 &g&inst the ne/ 5ro5hets# &nd the letters o. 5e&ce /ere
/ithdr&/n. Tert)lli&n s&ys th&t Pr&3e&s did & t/o.old ser1ice .or the
de1il &t Rome. JHe dro1e &/&y 5ro5hecy# &nd he bro)ght in heresyL he
5)t to .light the P&r&clete# &nd he cr)ci.ied the F&ther.J
BD
Tert)lli&n &lso
=D
/rote se1en books de.ending ecst&tic 5ro5hecy# &ll o. /hich /ere either
lost or destroyed.
BC
A.ter the de&th o. (ont&n)s# his .ollo/ers bec&me more strict in
their &sceticism# instit)ting .&sts &nd 5l&cing more stringent dem&nds
)5on &ll their &dherents. %y the onset o. the third cent)ry# they &lso
beg&n to instit)tion&liIe# setting )5 their o/n ecclesi&stic&l system /ith
bisho5s &nd de&cons. %y =DB# the Co)ncil &t Const&ntino5le .in&lly
decl&red th&t the (ont&nists sho)ld be reg&rded &s 5&g&ns. In s5ite o.
this o55osition# the mo1ement contin)ed &t le&st into the .i.th cent)ry
/hen A)g)stine mentions their e3istence.
MONTANISM$ HERESY OR #I#LICAL
CHRISTIANITY?
One 5roblem schol&rs .&ce in e1&l)&ting (ont&nism is their de5endence
on the /ritings o. the enemies o. the (ont&nists# r&ther th&n on 5rim&ry
doc)ments o. the (ont&nists themsel1es. "ritings# s)ch &s Tert)lli&n0s
se1en books on ecst&tic 5ro5hecy in /hich (ont&nists de.ended
themsel1es# h&1e not s)r1i1ed. They /ere either lost or destroyed by
their enemies.
In s5ite o. this# (ont&nism is slo/ly g&ining & more .&1or&ble
he&ring. In B>F;# .or e3&m5le# John "esley re&d &n e&rly eighteenth+
cent)ry /ork by John !&cy c&lled The =enera3 De32sion of Christians
To2chin4 the )ays of =o7 Re8ea3in4 Himse3f to an7 :y the Pro1hets. It
gi1es & 5ositi1e 1ie/ o. (ont&nism# re.)ting m&ny o. the tr&dition&l
&cc)s&tions. A.ter re&ding this book# "esley /rote the .ollo/ing
res5onse in his Jo)rn&l on A)g)st BF# B>F;E
I /&s .)lly con1inced o. /h&t I h&d once s)s5ectedE B9 Th&t
the (ont&nists# in the second &nd third cent)ries# /ere re&l
Scri5t)r&l Christi&nsL &nd :9 Th&t the gr&nd re&son /hy the
mir&c)lo)s gi.ts /ere so soon /ithdr&/n /&s not only th&t
.&ith &nd holiness /ere /ell nigh lost# b)t th&t dry# .orm&l#
orthodo3 men beg&n e1en then to ridic)le /h&te1er gi.ts they
h&d not themsel1es# &nd to decry them &ll &s either m&dness or
im5ost)re.
:;
Some detr&ctors o. (ont&nism contend th&t the mo1ement
re5resented &n intr)sion o. 5&g&n 5ro5hecy into second+cent)ry
Christi&nity.
:B
No h&rd e1idence is .orthcoming to s)bst&nti&te this
cl&im# ho/e1er. S)ch & cl&im Jis com5letely .&lseJ &ccording to $&1id
=C
A)ne in his e3tensi1e st)dy o. &ncient 5ro5hecy# Pro1hecy in the Ear3y
Ch2rch an7 the Ancient .e7iterranean )or37. He m&int&ins th&t &ll
m&7or .e&t)res o. e&rly (ont&nism# incl)ding the ecst&tic n&t)re o. their
5ro5hetic )tter&nces# J&re deri1ed .rom e&rly Christi&nity.J
::
In s)mm&tion# it is 5rob&bly s&.e to s&y th&t (ont&nism /&s the
.irst Ch&rism&tic Rene/&l /ithin the ch)rch &nd th&t it so)ght to bring
re1i1&l to & r&5idly h&rdening ecclesi&sticism. The instit)tion&l ch)rch
ob1io)sly o1erre&cted to the mo1ement &nd &cceler&ted & trend o.
disreg&rd &nd disd&in to/&rd s5irit)&l gi.ts. It &lso beg&n & trend# &s
Phili5 Sch&.. h&s 5ointed o)t# /herein & sh&r5 line /&s dr&/n Jbet/een
the &ge o. the &5ostles# in /hich there h&d been direct s)5ern&t)r&l
re1el&tions# &nd the l&ter &ge# in /hich s)ch re1el&tions h&d
dis&55e&red.J
:=
(c$onnell s&ys# JThe Ch)rch ne1er re&lly reco1ered its
b&l&nce &.ter it re7ected (ont&nism.J
:?
THE FINAL TO!CHES
The thre&t o. (ont&nism to the &)thority no/ in1ested in the
ecclesi&stic&l o..ice c&)sed the ch)rch to gr&nt e1en more &)thority to
the bisho5# thereby &cceler&ting the 5rocess o. instit)tion&liI&tion.
"here&s the &..&irs o. the .irst+cent)ry ch)rch /ere directed by & gro)5
o. elders /ho /ere &lso c&lled :isho1s or o8erseers0
2"
the ch)rches /ere
no/ )nder the control o. & single indi1id)&l .or /hom the title :isho1
/&s reser1ed e3cl)si1ely. Also &t this time# the bisho5s beg&n to be
looked )5on &s the s)ccessors o. the &5ostles. As s)ch# they /ere
5ercei1ed to be the 5ossessors &nd g)&r&ntors o. &5ostolic doctrineL
they &lone 5ossessed the charisma 8erit2s0 the di1ine gi.t o. kno/ledge
.rom 'od gi1ing them sole right to te&ch. %y in1esting &ll &)thority in
the o..ice o. the bisho5# it /&s .elt th&t the ch)rch /o)ld be 5rotected
.rom heretic&l te&chers.
This instit)tion&l trend bro)ght & sh&r5 di1ision in the ch)rch
bet/een clergy &nd l&ity# & di1ision )nkno/n in the Ne/ Test&ment
Ch)rch. The criteri& .or te&ching &nd le&ding ce&sed to be the c&lling or
gi.ting o. the S5irit# b)t /&s inste&d# ordin&tion by ecclesi&stic&l
o..ici&ls. %)ltm&n 5oints o)t th&t the gi.t o. the S5irit to te&ch &nd le&d#
J/hich /&s origin&lly gi1en by the S5irit to the 5erson# is no/
)nderstood &s &n o..icech&rism& con1eyed by ordin&tion.J
:<
The
clergy th)s &ss)med &ll the ministeri&l res5onsibilities o. the ch)rch#
&nd & distinct 5riesthood 5&r&llel to th&t o. the Old Test&ment
emerged.
:>
?;
The ch)rch0s re&ction to (ont&nism contrib)ted to the no/ r&5id
dis&55e&r&nce o. s5irit)&l gi.ts. %y the third cent)ry# Origen /o)ld
st&te e35licitly th&t Jthese signs h&1e diminished.J
:D
The .reedom o. the
S5irit /&s being re5l&ced by ceremoni&l rit)&l &nd ecclesi&stic&l order.
The .in&l blo/ to the ch&rism&tic ch&r&cter o. the ch)rch /o)ld come
/ith the con1ersion o. Const&ntine &nd the ch)rch0s &c@)isition o.
e&rthly &..l)ence &nd 5o/er.
?B
!AT (
P&rt =E A&D& (2)'*00
F OUR
% The &mpact of
Constantine's
Conversion on the
Charismatic Character
of the Church
he con1ersion o. Const&ntine in A.$. =B: m&rked the beginning
o. the ch)rch0s rise to e&rthly 5o/er &nd the end o. the
charismata &s 5&rt o. its li.e &nd ministry. In A.$. =B=#
Const&ntine iss)ed the E7ict of .i3an0 & decree not only 5ermitting
.reedom o. /orshi5 to &ll inh&bit&nts o. the em5ire# b)t &lso gr&nting
s5eci&l .&1ors to the ch)rch. As & res)lt# the ch)rches beg&n to be
.re@)ented by those seeking the 5olitic&l &nd soci&l &d1&nt&ges th&t
identi.ying /ith the ch)rch no/ o..ered.
T
MERGER OF CH!RCH AND STATE
Const&ntine bec&me directly in1ol1ed in the &..&irs o. the ch)rch#
thereby setting the st&ge .or the &m&lg&m&tion o. the Po/ers o. the
ch)rch &nd st&te. In A.$. =:F# .or e3&m5le# he c&lled the .irst 'ener&l
Co)ncil o. the Christi&n Ch)rch.
?=
%isho5s .rom &ll 5&rts o. the em5ire con1ened in Nice&# & city in Asi&
(inor# &t go1ernment e35ense. Const&ntine himsel. 5resided o1er the
.irst session# &nd in l&ter sessions he inter1ened &t signi.ic&nt 5oints in
the disc)ssions e1en tho)gh he h&d not yet been b&5tiIed. *)ng s&ysE
Const&ntine )sed this .irst co)ncil not le&st to &d&5t the ch)rch
org&niI&tion to the st&te org&niI&tion. The ch)rch 5ro1inces
/ere to corres5ond to the im5eri&l 5ro1inces# e&ch /ith &
metro5olit&n &nd & 5ro1inci&l synod. In other /ords# the
em5ire no/ h&d its im5eri&l ch)rchO
B
Const&ntine &lso initi&ted the b)ilding o. .&cilities to &ccommod&te
the religio)s g&therings o. Christi&ns. Prior to this# belie1ers h&d met
5rim&rily in homes. Const&ntine# ho/e1er# erected b)ildings in /hich
the ch)rch /&s to meet. These he modeled &.ter the &rchitect)re o. the
ci1ic &)ditori)ms o. the d&y. This &rchitect)re# /ith its ele1&ted
thronelike se&ting &t the .ront .or the bisho5 &nd its ro/s o. se&ting .or
the congreg&tion# m&de signi.ic&nt congreg&tion&l in1ol1ement
im5r&ctic&l. In &ddition# the lit)rgy &nd /orshi5 style# once 5l&in &nd
5erson&l# /ere no/ &dorned /ith the 5om5 &nd 5r&ctice o. the Im5eri&l
co)rt.
:
THE E%CL!SIE RELIGION OF THE
STATE
Const&ntine died in A.$. ==># b)t his sons contin)ed &nd e35&nded his
5olicy o. .&1oring the Christi&n ch)rch. In A.$. =DB# the ne/ em5eror#
Theodosi)s I# m&de Christi&nity the e3cl)si1e religion o. the st&te. Any
/ho d&red s)bscribe to &ny other .orm o. /orshi5# in .&ct# risked
5)nishment .rom the st&te.
=
As & res)lt# hordes o. )ncon1erted 5&g&ns
.illed the ch)rches# bringing /ith them he&then ide&s &nd 5r&ctices.
(or&l l&3ity# &lre&dy h&1ing .r&ct)red the 5ristine n&t)re o. the ch)rch#
no/ domin&ted m)ch o. her li.e. One /ho mo)rned this &55&lling st&te
o. &..&irs /&s John Chrysostom 8A.$. =?>+?;>9# 5&tri&rch o.
Const&ntino5le. He com5l&ined th&t the ch&r&cter o. the ch)rch o. his
d&y /&s no di..erent .rom th&t o. the m&rket5l&ce or the&ter.
I. &nyone is trying or intending to corr)5t & /om&n# there is no
5l&ce# I s)55ose# th&t seems to him more s)it&ble th&n the
Ch)rch. And i. &nything is to be sold or bo)ght# the Ch)rch
&55e&rs more con1enient th&n the m&rket. Or i. &ny /ish to s&y
or to he&r &ny sc&nd&l# yo) /ill .ind th&t this to be h&d here
??
The +m1act of Constantine@s Con8ersion on the Charismatic Character
of the Ch2rch
more th&n the .or)m /itho)t.
?
This being the c&se# it is 5erh&5s not s)r5rising th&t Chrysostom
e35resses &n ignor&nce o. the charismata listed in B Corinthi&ns B:. He
s&ys# JThe obsc)rity is 5rod)ced by o)r ignor&nce o. the .&cts re.erred
to &nd their cess&tion.J
F
In his region &t le&st# s5irit)&l gi.ts h&d
&55&rently ce&sed to o5er&te. The re&son seems ob1io)s.
ADOPTION OF THE ROMAN
POLITICAL MODEL
The ele1&tion o. Christi&nity to o..ici&l st&t)s &s the religion o. the
em5ire bro)ght & 5olitic&l cohesion to the ch)rch it h&d 5re1io)sly not
kno/n. A )ni1ers&l system o. ch)rch go1ernment beg&n to emerge# &nd
it soon bec&me cle&r th&t it re.lected the 5re1&iling 5olitic&l 5&ttern o.
the Rom&n m5ire. At the s&me time# the bisho5 o. the city o. Rome
beg&n to be looked )5on &s & .irst &mong e@)&ls. "ith his cl&im &s he&d
o1er the ch)rch .o)nded by Peter &nd P&)l# he g&rnered incre&sing
in.l)ence .or himsel.# &nd in so doing# he 5&1ed the /&y .or the 5&5&cy
to be the s5irit)&l co)nter5&rt o. the 5olitic&l he&d+o.+st&te# the Rom&n
em5eror. %ec&)se o. these de1elo5ments# R)dol5h Sohm notes# JThe
constit)tion o. the Ch)rch /&s# in the m&in# modeled on the
org&niI&tion o. the m5ire.J
<
These trends &lso bro)ght & solidi.ic&tion o. & doctrine o.
sacramenta3ism. The ordin&nces o. b&5tism &nd the !ord0s S)55er
beg&n to be looked )5on &s sacraments 5ossessing inherent s&l1i.ic
1&l)e &nd &ble to im5&rt the gr&ce &nd gi.ts o. 'od.
>
F)rthermore# only
the bisho5 or his &55ointed re5resent&ti1e h&d the right to &dminister
these s&cr&ments. In .&ct# in1ol1ement by &n )nord&ined 5erson in their
&dministr&tion rendered them ine..ecti1e.
These de1elo5ments h&d de1&st&ting r&mi.ic&tions .or the ministry
o. the Holy S5irit thro)gh the 5eo5le o. 'od. The gi.ts th&t once h&d
.lo/ed s5ont&neo)sly &mong the /hole congreg&tion /ere no/ bo)nd
to the ecclesi&stic&l o..ice &nd tr&nsmitted by & s&cr&ment&l &ct. In the
Ne/ Test&ment ch)rch# the 5eo5le h&d been 5&rtici5&nts in s5ont&neo)s
/orshi5# b)t they no/ bec&me 5&ssi1e s5ect&tors in & highly de1elo5ed
s&cr&ment&l rit)&l 5resided o1er by ecclesi&stic&l o..ici&ls.
?F
EMERGENCE OF DOCTRINAL STRIFE
The ch)rch0s rise to 5o/er &lso m&rked the beginning o. m&ny .ierce
doctrin&l b&ttles. Free .rom the thre&t o. 5ersec)tion &nd en7oying the
.&1or o. the em5eror# the ch)rch no/ g&1e its &ttention to theologic&l
@)estions th&t )s)&lly bec&me litm)s tests o. one0s orthodo3y. (&ny
1iolent str)ggles ens)ed# 5rod)cing sh&r5 di1isions in the ch)rch. %&sil
o. C&es&re&# bisho5 o. C&55&doci& 8A.$. =>;+=>C9# likened it to & gre&t
n&1&l b&ttle being .o)ght by men /ho Jcherish & de&dly h&te &g&inst
one &nother.J
D
%)t /h&t storm &t se& /&s e1er so /ild &nd .ierce &s this
tem5est o. the ch)rches. In it e1ery l&ndm&rk o. the F&thers
h&s been mo1edL e1ery .o)nd&tion# e1ery b)l/&rk o. o5inion
h&s been sh&kenL e1erything b)oyed )5 on the )nso)nd is
d&shed &bo)t &nd sh&ken do/n. "e &tt&ck one &nother. I. o)r
enemy is not the .irst to strike )s# /e &re /o)nded by the
comr&de &t o)r side.
C
In s)ch & st&te# it is not s)r5rising th&t the s5irit)&l gi.ts# /hich
P&)l t&)ght /ere to .)nction /ithin the conte3t o. Christi&n lo1e#
bec&me e3tinct in the instit)tion&l ch)rch. The ch)rch0s rise to e&rthly
&..l)ence &nd 5o/er m&rked the end o. the ch&rism&t& &s & 1it&l 5&rt o.
its cor5or&te li.e &nd ministry. A. J. 'ordon# %&5tist 5&stor &nd .o)nder
o. 'ordon College in %oston# /&s correct /hen he s&idE
It is not &ltogether str&nge th&t /hen the Ch)rch .orgot her
citiIenshi5 in he&1en &nd beg&n to est&blish hersel. in l)3)ry
&nd s5lendor on e&rth# she sho)ld ce&se to e3hibit the
s)5ern&t)r&l gi.ts o. he&1en.
B;
Nonetheless# &ltho)gh dis&55e&ring .rom the ecclesi&stic&l ch)rch#
the gi.ts did not dis&55e&r &ltogether. They no/ beg&n to &55e&r &mong
the belie1ers /ho# in &n e..ort to esc&5e the corr)5tion they 5ercei1ed
to h&1e t&ken o1er both the ch)rch &nd the /orld# /ithdre/ .rom
society in order to li1e li1es o. 5r&yer &nd de1otion to 'od. *no/n &s
monastics0 they bec&me & 1it&l .orce d)ring the (iddle Ages &nd
5reser1ed the mir&c)lo)s dimension o. the Christi&n .&ith.
?<
F I V E
( )onasticism* The Rise
of Another
Charismatic
)ovement
he mon&stics /ere de1o)t belie1ers /ho li1ed &scetic li1es in &n
e..ort to e35erience the 5resence &nd 5o/er o. 'od in & 1ery
5erson&l m&nner. The initi&l st&ge o. the mo1ement /&s
indi1id)&listic /ith these &scetics li1ing &s hermits. Aro)nd A.$. =:;#
they beg&n to g&ther together in comm)nities /here they li1ed & tot&lly
sel.+s)..icient li.estyle. $)ring the (iddle Ages 8A.$. <;;+BFB>9# these
comm)nities or monasteries0 &s they /ere c&lled# bec&me centers o.
le&rning# &nd the monks ser1ed &s c)stodi&ns o. books &nd m&n)scri5ts.
In com5lete de1otion to 'od# they g&1e themsel1es to st)dy# 5r&yer &nd
medit&tion. Indeed# they 5ro1ed to be shining lights d)ring the 5eriod o.
intense soci&l dec&dence kno/n &s the $&rk Ages 8c.&. F;;+B=;;9.
T
Follo/ing Const&ntine0s &scent to 5o/er# most s)5ern&t)r&l
5henomen& &re recorded either by mon&stics or by those /ho 1ener&ted
the mon&stic li.estyle. C&rdin&l !eon Jose5h S)enens is correct in
s&ying# JIn its beginnings# mon&sticism /&s# in .&ct# & Ch&rism&tic
mo1ement.J
B
The mir&c)lo)s gi.ts o. the Holy S5irit# /hich dis&55e&red
.rom the instit)tion&l ch)rch# no/ &55e&red &mong the mon&stics.
(&ny monks g&ined notoriety .or their 5o/er in 5r&yer &nd their &bility
to 5rod)ce he&ling# deli1er&nce .rom demonic o55ression &nd other
?>
mir&c)lo)s 5henomen&. Ch)rch .&thers# s)ch &s Ath&n&si)s# A)g)stine
&nd Jerome# /ho s5e&k o. mir&cles# either 5r&cticed the mon&stic
li.estyle themsel1es or /ere closely &ssoci&ted /ith those /ho did.
ANTONY
Antony 8A.$. :FB+=F<9 is )s)&lly considered the .o)nder o.
mon&sticism. He /&s re&red in &n &..l)ent Christi&n home in gy5t.
Soon &.ter his 5&rents0 de&ths /hen Antony /&s &bo)t eighteen ye&rs
old# he .elt th&t 'od directed him to gi1e )5 his 5ossessions &nd li1e &
li.e o. &bsol)te de1otion. A.ter selling his 5&rents0 three+h)ndred+&cre
est&te# he retired to & c&1e in the desert# &nd there he s5ent his time in
5r&yer &nd medit&tion.
Antony0s .&me .or holiness &nd .or 5o/er in 5r&yer e1ent)&lly
s5re&d thro)gho)t the em5ire. Imit&ting his /&y o. li.e# m&ny others
&do5ted the hermit li.estyle. Others# ins5ired by Antony0s de1otion#
org&niIed themsel1es into mon&stic comm)nities.
The Life of Antony0 /ritten by the bisho5 Ath&n&si)s# is .illed /ith
&cco)nts o. the s)5ern&t)r&l. According to Ath&n&si)s# m&ny 5eo5le
.rom &ll /&lks o. li.e 1isited Antony in the desert seeking his 5r&yers
&nd /isdom. He is s&id to h&1e 5ossessed the gi.t o. discerning o.
s5irits &nd o.ten kne/ things s)5ern&t)r&lly. His 5r&yers bro)ght
he&ling to the sick &nd deli1er&nce to the demoniIed. Ath&n&si)s s5e&ks
o. one 5&rtic)l&r occ&sion /hen m&ny g&thered &t the entr&nce o.
Antony0s c&1e seeking his 5r&yers. Antony .in&lly emerged# &nd
Jthro)gh him the !ord he&led the bodily &ilments o. m&ny 5resent# &nd
cle&nsed others .rom e1il s5irits.J
:
Antony li1ed )ntil his one h)ndred .i.th ye&r. According to
Ath&n&si)s# he rem&ined 5hysic&lly strong to the end. His eyes /ere
)ndimmed# &nd he ret&ined &ll o. his teeth. Shortly be.ore his de&th# he
1isited the other monks in the desert &nd sh&red /ith them th&t it /o)ld
be the l&st time they /o)ld see him. They res5onded /ith te&rs &nd
embr&ces# &nd he# in t)rn# 7oyo)sly e3horted them to contin)e in their
de1otion to 'od. Shortly there&.ter# h&1ing gi1en directions concerning
the distrib)tion o. his .e/ me&ger 5ossessions# he 5)lled his .eet )nder
him 8like J&cob in 'enesis ?CE==9 &nd died /ith &n e35ression o. 7oy on
his .&ce.
?D
.onasticism: The Rise of Another Charismatic .o8ement
PACHOMI!S
P&chomi)s 8A.$. :C:+=?<9# & disch&rged soldier# /&s 5rob&bly ins5ired
by the li.e o. Antony to li1e .or & time &s & hermit. One d&y /hile he
/&s sitting in his cell# &n &ngel &55e&red to him# s&ying# J'o &nd g&ther
together )nto thysel. those /ho &re /&ndering# &nd be tho) d/elling
/ith them# &nd l&y do/n .or them s)ch l&/s &s I sh&ll tell )nto thee.J
=
S)bse@)ently# P&chomi)s org&niIed the .irst mon&stery &bo)t A.$. =:;
&t T&bennisi on the e&st b&nk o. the Nile. &ch member o. the
comm)nity h&d & /ork &ssignment# & sched)led time o. /orshi5 &nd
clothing simil&r to his .ello/ monks. In &ddition to 5ri1&te de1otion&l
time# they h&d sched)led times o. cor5or&te /orshi5.
One &ncient /riter described P&chomi)s &s J& m&n endo/ed /ith
&5ostolic gr&ce both in te&ching &nd in 5er.orming mir&cles.J
?
On one
occ&sion# he h&d & 1isitor .rom the "est /ho s5oke !&tin# & l&ng)&ge
P&chomi)s did not kno/. A.ter three ho)rs o. e&rnest 5r&yer# ho/e1er#
P&chomi)s /&s en&bled to con1erse /ith the 1isitor in !&tin. It /&s
re5orted th&t on se1er&l occ&sions /hen the need &rose# P&chomi)s /&s
en&bled to s5e&k in & l&ng)&ge he h&d not le&rned. This indic&tes th&t
s5e&king in tong)es /&s 5rob&bly not )ncommon in the mon&stic
comm)nities.
ATHANASI!S
Ath&n&si)s 8A.$. :CF+=>=9# kno/n &s the >ather of -rtho7o?y0 /&s
bisho5 o. Ale3&ndri& in gy5t. His li.e &ct)&lly s5&nned both sides o.
the Co)ncil o. Nice&. He is best kno/n .or his /ritings &g&inst
Ari&nism. Ari)s t&)ght th&t Christ /&s & cre&ted being /ho /&s
di..erent .rom &nd less th&n the F&ther. This te&ching g&ined m&ny
.ollo/ers in the .o)rth cent)ry.
Ath&n&si)s# on the other h&nd# insisted th&t Christ /&s coe@)&l#
coetern&l &nd cons)bst&nti&l /ith the F&ther. For these 1ie/s he
s)..ered e3ile .i1e times# b)t his te&ching /&s .in&lly &cce5ted &s the
o..ici&l doctrine o. the ch)rch.
Ath&n&si)s /&s ob1io)sly .&mili&r /ith the s)5ern&t)r&l ministry o.
the Holy S5irit. He /rote &n &cco)nt o. the li.e o. his .riend Antony#
recording the m&ny mir&cles &ssoci&ted /ith his li.e. Ath&n&si)s
concl)ded his &cco)nt o. Antony by s&yingE
And /e o)ght not to do)bt /hether s)ch m&r1els /ere
/ro)ght by the h&nd o. & m&n. For it is the 5romise o. the
?C
S&1io)r# /hen He s&ith# JI. ye h&1e .&ith &s & gr&in o. m)st&rd
seed# ye sh&ll s&y to this mo)nt&in# remo1e hence &nd it sh&ll
remo1e# &nd nothing sh&ll be im5ossible )nto yo).J
F
%y the time o. Ath&n&si)s# the o..ice o. bisho5 h&d &lre&dy become
s)rro)nded by so m&ny 5olitic&l tr&55ings th&t m&ny considered the
5osition to be &n occ&sion to sin. Ath&n&si)s# ho/e1er# &rg)ed &g&inst
this notion in & letter to & .riend# $r&conti)s# /ho .elt he m)st choose
bet/een & mon&stic li.estyle committed to 'od or th&t o. & bisho5
s)rro)nded by e&se &nd tem5t&tion. Ath&n&si)s comm)nic&tes to
$r&conti)s th&t he c&n li1e the kind o. de1oted li.e his so)l desires e1en
&s & bisho5. He tells $r&conti)s th&t he kno/s bisho5s /ho .&st &nd
monks /ho do not# &nd o. bisho5s /ho h&1e not m&rried &nd monks
/ho h&1e m&rried &nd 5rod)ced children. He &lso s&ys# J"e kno/
bisho5s /ho /ork /onders Mmir&clesN &nd monks /ho do not.J
<
Ath&n&si)s0 testimony cle&rly indic&tes his .&mili&rity /ith &nd
o5enness to the mir&c)lo)s gi.ts o. the S5irit. His /ritings re1e&l no
kno/ledge o. & theory th&t these gi.ts /ere to ce&se# nor th&t they /ere
reser1ed .or & select# s&intly .e/.
HILARION
Hil&rion 8A.$. =;F+=DF9 /&s born in the city o. '&I& in P&lestine to
5&g&n 5&rents /ho 5ro1ided him /ith & good ed)c&tion. At &n e&rly
&ge# he bec&me & belie1er in Jes)s Christ# &nd .rom the beginning# he
e3hibited & tendency to/&rd &n &scetic li.estyle.
"hile still in his teens# Hil&rion he&rd o. the .&me o. Antony &nd
1isited him &t his desert retre&t in gy5t. As & res)lt o. this 1isit#
Hil&rion dedic&ted himsel. to li1e & li.e o. de1otion in the /ilderness o.
P&lestine. He# like Antony# g&ined & re5)t&tion .or holiness &nd 5o/er
in 5r&yer. Jerome# /ho kne/ him 5erson&lly# s&ys# JTime /o)ld .&il me
i. I /ished to rel&te &ll the mir&cles /hich /ere /ro)ght by him.J
>
On one occ&sion# Hil&rion .o)nd & 5&r&lyIed m&n lying ne&r the
entr&nce o. his &bode. He in@)ired &bo)t the m&n0s identity# &nd thenE
.../ee5ing m)ch &nd stretching o)t his h&nd to the 5rostr&te
m&n he s&id# JI bid yo) in the n&me o. o)r !ord Jes)s Christ#
&rise &nd /&lk.J The /ords /ere still on the li5s o. the s5e&ker
/hen# /ith mir&c)lo)s s5eed# the limbs /ere strengthened &nd
the m&n &rose &nd stood .irm.
D
F;
Hil&rion s5ent the l&st .e/ ye&rs o. his li.e in Cy5r)s# &nd there he
died. A .riend &nd &dmirer l&ter stole his body &nd ret)rned it to
P&lestine. According to Jerome# /ho /&s /riting &.ter Hil&rion0s de&th#
mir&cles contin)ed both &t the site o. his de&th in Cy5r)s &nd &t his
tomb in P&lestine.
AM#ROSE
Ambrose 8A.$. =?;+=C>9 bec&me bisho5 o. (il&n in A.$. =>?# h&1ing
gi1en )5 & s)ccess.)l 5olitic&l c&reer to do so. He /&s &n &ble
&dministr&tor &nd & 1ery e..ecti1e 5re&cher. In .&ct# his 5re&ching /&s
instr)ment&l in bringing A)g)stine to the kno/ledge o. the tr)th# &nd in
A.$. =D># he b&5tiIed A)g)stine.
On one occ&sion in (il&n# re5orts A)g)stine# & 1&st throng
g&thered &t the tomb o. t/o m&rtyrs. In & dre&m# the loc&tion o. the
hidden rem&ins o. these m&rtyrs h&d been re1e&led to Ambrose. As the
cro/d g&thered# & blind m&n mir&c)lo)sly recei1ed his sight.
C
Altho)gh he li1ed &nd ministered d)ring & time o. s5irit)&l decline#
Ambrose# in his /ritings# e35resses &n &/&reness o. &nd o5enness to the
s)5ern&t)r&l m&ni.est&tions o. the S5irit. This 5ers5ecti1e is cle&r in his
/ork# -f the Ho3y '1irit0 in /hich he &ttem5ts to demonstr&te the )nity
o. the Trinity by sho/ing th&t /h&t c&n be s&id o. the F&ther &nd Son
m&y &lso be s&id o. the S5irit.
,o) see the F&ther &nd Christ &lso set te&chers in the ch)rchesL
&nd &s the F&ther gi1es the gi.t o. he&lings# so too does the Son
gi1eL &s the F&ther gi1es the gi.t o. tong)es# so too h&s the Son
&lso gr&nted it. In like m&nner /e h&1e he&rd &lso &bo1e
concerning the Holy S5irit th&t He too gr&nts the s&me kinds o.
gr&ces. So# then# the S5irit gi1es the s&me gi.ts &s the F&ther
&nd the Son &lso gi1es them.
B;
This 5&ss&ge e35resses & cle&r &cce5t&nce o. ch&rism&tic
5henomen& s)ch &s he&ling &nd s5e&king in tong)es. It sho)ld &lso be
noted th&t he s5e&ks o. these gi.ts in the 5resent tense# indic&ting th&t he
belie1ed them to be 1&lid in the ch)rch o. his d&y.
&EROME
Jerome 8A.$. =?>+?:;9 bec&me & Christi&n in A.$. =<;# &nd .or se1er&l
ye&rs &.ter/&rds he /&s & /&ndering st)dent in Rome &nd the cities o.
FB
'&)l. He bec&me &n &st)te schol&r &nd & lo1er o. cl&ssic&l le&rning.
"hile tr&1eling thro)gh the Orient &nd in Antioch# he bec&me critic&lly
ill. $)ring this sickness# Christ &55e&red to him &nd re5ro&ched him .or
his de1otion to cl&ssic&l st)dy. Re5enting# he t)rned# bec&me & diligent
%ible st)dent# st)died Hebre/ &nd li1ed &s & hermit not .&r .rom
Antioch. One /riter h&s c&lled Jerome Jthe &blest schol&r the &ncient
"estern Ch)rch co)ld bo&st.J
BB
!&ter# Jerome mo1ed to P&lestine /here he bec&me the he&d o. &
mon&stery. $)ring this time in P&lestine# )ntil his de&th in A.$. ?:;#
Jerome 5rod)ced the /orks .or /hich he is remembered# incl)ding his
gre&test /ork# the !&tin tr&nsl&tion o. the Scri5t)res# The ,234ate. From
the Co)ncil o. Trent 8BF?F+BF<=9 )ntil recently# this /&s the only
o..ici&l %ible o. the Rom&n C&tholic Ch)rch.
Jerome @)ite ob1io)sly belie1ed in the s)5ern&t)r&l ministry o. the
Holy S5irit. The mir&c)lo)s is o.ten mentioned by him# es5eci&lly in his
/ork The Life of 'aint Hi3arion. Perh&5s the most o)tst&nding mir&cle
recorded by Jerome is o. Hil&rion stilling & r&ging se& embroiled by &
1iolent e&rth@)&ke. According to Jerome# the h)ge /&ll o. /&ter th&t
/&s &bo)t to destroy the 1ill&ge o. 5id&)r)s bec&me still &nd c&lm
be.ore the o)tstretched h&nds o. Hil&rion. Jerome then rem&rksE
4erily# /h&t /&s s&id to the A5ostles# JI. ye h&1e .&ith# ye
sh&ll s&y )nto this mo)nt&in# Remo1e into the se&# &nd it sh&ll
be done#J m&y e1en be liter&lly .)l.illed i. one h&s s)ch .&ith &s
the !ord comm&nded the A5ostles to h&1e.
B:
Jerome li1ed /ell into the .i.th cent)ry. He gi1es no hint in his
/ritings th&t he e35ected mir&cles to ce&se. !ike Ath&n&si)s# he
indic&tes th&t mir&cles &re /ithin the gr&s5 o. &ll /ho /ill belie1e
&ccording to the /ords o. Jes)s.
A!G!STINE
A.ter his con1ersion in A.$. =D># A)g)stine 8A.$. =F?+?=;9 bec&me the
bisho5 o. Hi55o in North A.ric&. He bec&me &n in.l)enti&l thinker &nd
& 1ol)mino)s /riter. He is o.ten &ccl&imed &s the gre&test o. the ch)rch
.&thers. In .&ct# m)ch theology o. both C&tholicism &nd Protest&ntism is
rooted in his tho)ght.
B=
&rly in his Christi&n e35erience# A)g)stine seems to h&1e looked
&sk&nce &t the mir&c)lo)s ministry o. the Holy S5irit. In his homily The
E1ist3e of 'aint ;ohn0 he re.erred to the tong)es &t Pentecost &s & sign
F:
J&d&5ted to the timeJ th&t h&d 5&ssed &/&y.
B?
He then goes on to m&ke
his 5oint th&t the /itness o. the Holy S5irit0s 5resence is no longer
gi1en by mir&cles# b)t by the lo1e o. 'od in one0s he&rt .or the ch)rch.
!&ter in li.e# ho/e1er# A)g)stine sho/s gre&t interest in the
s)5ern&t)r&l &nd rel&tes m&ny mir&c)lo)s incidents in his o/n li.e &nd
in the li1es o. others. In his /ork The City of =o70 one ch&5ter is titled
JConcerning (ir&cles "hich "ere "ro)ght in Order Th&t the "orld
(ight %elie1e in Christ &nd "hich Ce&se Not to %e "ro)ght No/
Th&t the "orld $oes %elie1e.J A)g)stine s&ys# JFor e1en no/#
mir&cles &re /ro)ght in the n&me o. Christ# /hether by His s&cr&ments
or by 5r&yer or the relics o. His s&ints.J
BF
A)g)stine then 5roceeds to describe 1&rio)s mir&cles o. /hich he
is 5erson&lly &/&re. These incl)de he&lings .rom blindness# c&ncer#
go)t# hemorrhoids# demon 5ossession &nd e1en the r&ising o. the de&d.
Some /ere he&led &s & res)lt o. & sim5le 5r&yer# &nd & 5&r&lytic /&s
he&led &t the moment o. his b&5tism. (ir&cles /ere ob1io)sly not
)ncommon in his &re&# .or he s&ys# JI &m so 5ressed by the 5romise o.
.inishing this /ork th&t I c&nnot record &ll the mir&cles I kno/.J
B<
A)g)stine &lso disc)sses & 5henomenon th&t he ca33e7 A2:i3ation0
/hich is 1ery simil&r to /h&t modern Ch&rism&tics /o)ld c&ll Jsinging
in the S5irit#J th&t is# in other tong)es. According to A)g)stine# &
5erson begins to 7)bil&te /hen the mo)th is not &ble to e35ress /ith
/ords /h&t the he&rt is singing. The 5erson contin)es to m&ke so)nds#
b)t the so)nds &re in&rtic)l&te bec&)se the he&rt is gi1ing )tter&nce to
/h&t it c&nnot s&y in /ords. He then s&ysE
And .or /hom is s)ch 7)bil&tion .itting i. not .or the ine..&ble
'odK For he is ine..&ble /hom one c&nnot e35ress in /ordsL
&nd i. yo) c&nnot e35ress him in /ords# &nd yet yo) c&nnot
rem&in silent either# then /h&t is le.t b)t to sing in 7)bil&tion#
so th&t yo)r he&rt m&y re7oice /itho)t /ords# &nd yo)r
)nbo)nded 7oy m&y not be con.ined by the limits o. syll&bles.
B>
A)g)stine0s interest in the mir&c)lo)s h&s led some /riters to
concl)de correctly th&t# in l&ter li.e# he ch&nged his 1ie/s on the
mir&c)lo)s ministry o. the Holy S5irit.
BD
Ne1ertheless# the die /&s c&st#
&nd in.l)enti&l le&ders chose to &do5t his e&rlier st&tementsL th)s# those
st&tements s5re&d thro)gho)t the ch)rch &nd do/n thro)gh the &ges &s
re5resent&ti1e o. his 5osition. A)g)stine m&y# there.ore# be res5onsible#
more th&n &nyone else# .or /h&t h&s become kno/n &s the Cessation
Theory.
F=
#ENEDICT
As & teen&ger# %enedict o. N)rsi& 8c&. A.$. ?D;+F?>9 /&s sent by his
5&rents to Rome to obt&in & good ed)c&tion. Abo)t A.$. F;;# shocked by
the 1ice o. th&t city# he retired to & c&1e in the mo)nt&ins e&st o. Rome
/here he li1ed &s & hermit. In &bo)t A.$. F:C he .o)nded the mon&stery
o. (onte C&ssino# & l&ndm&rk th&t s)r1i1ed )ntil "orld "&r II /hen it
/&s destroyed by bomb&rdment.
Another o. %enedict0s l&sting contrib)tions /&s /h&t bec&me
kno/n &s The R23e of <ene7ict. It 5ro1ided &n org&niI&tion&l 5&ttern
.or li.e# /ork &nd /orshi5 in comm)n&l mon&stic li.e. It bec&me one o.
the most im5ort&nt 5l&ns .or mon&stic li.e in the (iddle Ages
thro)gho)t )ro5e.
%enedict g&ined reno/n .or both his 5o/er in 5r&yer &nd in
.&cilit&ting mir&cles. The story is told o. ho/# on one occ&sion# &
mon&stery /&ll )nder constr)ction coll&5sed# killing one o. the monks.
%enedict ordered the m&ngled body to be bro)ght to his room. H&1ing
closed the door# he knelt do/n &nd 5r&yed e&rnestly. "ithin one ho)r#
to e1eryone0s &stonishment# the yo)ng m&n re1i1ed &nd ret)rned to his
/ork on the /&ll.
BC
%enedict did not con.ine his ministry to the members o. his
mon&stery. He re&ched o)t to the 5eo5le beyond the /&lls. JHe c)red
their sick# relie1ed the distress &nd is s&id to h&1e r&ised the de&d on
more th&n one occ&sion.J
:;
In his Dia3o42es0 'regory rel&tes incidents
in /hich %enedict c&st e1il s5irits o)t o. cert&in indi1id)&ls. On one
occ&sion# &n e1il s5irit entered one o. the monks &nd thre/ him to the
gro)nd in & 1iolent con1)lsion. "hen %enedict s&/ /h&t /&s
h&55ening# he str)ck the m&n on the cheek. The e1il s5irit immedi&tely
le.t &nd ne1er ret)rned.
:B
%enedict /&s &lso endo/ed /ith the re1el&tion gi.ts o. the Holy
S5irit &nd the gi.t o. 5ro5hecy. He o.ten described to his colle&g)es
/h&t they h&d done in his &bsence. In &ddition# he .oretold .)t)re
e1ents. He /&s .ore/&rned o. his o/n de&th &nd b&de his disci5les to
dig his gr&1e si3 d&ys be.ore the end. He died st&nding in the ch&5el
/ith his h&nds r&ised to/&rd he&1en.
::
GREGORY THE GREAT
'regory the 're&t 8A.$. F?;+<;?9 /&s born o. /e&lthy 5&rents &nd
recei1ed & good ed)c&tion. Abo)t A.$. F>; he bec&me 5re.ect o. Rome#
F?
& 5osition o. signi.ic&nt honor. A.ter his .&ther died# 'regory
s)rrendered his .ort)ne &nd entered & %enedictine mon&stery. There he
g&ined recognition &s & gi.ted le&der# &nd s)bse@)ently# /hen Po5e
Pel&gi)s died in A.$. FC;# 'regory /&s elected to s)cceed him.
In his Dia3o42es0 'regory records m&ny mir&cles o. /hich he h&d
5erson&l kno/ledge# incl)ding the r&ising o. the de&d. (&ny o. these
mir&cles re.lect (&rk BBE:= /here Jes)s s&id# JI. &nyone s&ys to this
mo)nt&in# 0'o# thro/ yo)rsel. into the se&#0 &nd does not do)bt in his
he&rt b)t belie1es /h&t he s&ys /ill h&55en# it /ill be done .or himJ
(NIV).
For e3&m5le# 'regory tells o. %isho5 %oni.&ce /hose g&rden
s)..ered &n in1&sion o. c&ter5ill&rs. Seeing &ll his 1eget&bles going to
r)in# he t)rned to the c&ter5ill&rs &nd s&id# JI &d7)re yo) in the n&me o.
o)r !ord Jes)s Christ# de5&rt .rom here &nd sto5 e&ting these
1eget&bles.J In obedience to his 1oice &ll the c&ter5ill&rs# do/n to the
1ery l&st one# dis&55e&red .rom the g&rden.
:=
'regory &lso tells o. & boy /ho# /hile dr&/ing /&ter .rom the
ri1er# .ell in &nd /&s being s/e5t &/&y by the c)rrent. %enedict# the
&bbot 8le&der9 o. the ne&rby mon&stery# &/&re o. the crisis thro)gh &
/ord o. kno/ledge# ch&rged %rother (&)r)s to h)rry to the ri1er to
resc)e the boy. R)nning to the ri1er0s edge# (&)r)s s5otted the .r&ntic
boy being s/e5t do/nstre&m# &nd /itho)t re&liIing it# he contin)ed to
r)n on the /&ter )ntil he re&ched the boy. 'r&bbing him by the h&ir# he
dr&gged him to s&.ety on the ri1erb&nk. %enedict /o)ld t&ke no credit
.or the mir&cle b)t &ttrib)ted it to the obedience o. his disci5le. (&)r)s#
ho/e1er# cl&imed th&t the resc)e /&s Jd)e entirely to his &bbot0s
comm&nd.J
:?
'regory &lso tells o. & m&n n&med (&rcell)s being r&ised .rom the
de&d. (&rcell)s died on S&t)rd&y# &nd bec&)se he co)ld not be b)ried
the s&me d&y# his sisters so)ght the 5r&yers o. Fort)n&t)s# the bisho5 o.
th&t &re&. Fort)n&t)s /ent to the home o. the dece&sed e&rly S)nd&y
morning &nd# kneeling ne&r the cor5se# beg&n to 5r&y. A.ter 5r&ying .or
some time# he &rose &nd s&t do/n. Then in & s)bd)ed 1oice# he c&lled
J%rother (&rcell)s.J (&rcell)s o5ened his eyes# looked &t Fort)n&t)s
&nd s&id# J"h&t h&1e yo) doneK "h&t h&1e yo) doneKJ Fort)n&t)s then
&sked# J"h&t h&1e I doneKJ (&rcell)s e35l&ined ho/# on the 5re1io)s
d&y# t/o 5eo5le M&ngelsN h&d come to escort him to the &bode o. the
blessed. A messenger h&d inter1ened# ho/e1er# comm&nding# JT&ke
him b&ck bec&)se %isho5 Fort)n&t)s is 1isiting his home.J (&rcell)s
re1i1ed# @)ickly reg&ined his strength &nd li1ed .or ye&rs &.ter this
FF
mir&cle.
:F
'regory ob1io)sly belie1ed in mir&cles# &nd he belie1ed th&t
mir&cles /ere to contin)e thro)gho)t the history o. the ch)rch since he
no/here s5e&ks o. & theory o. cess&tion. He does em5h&siIe th&t it /&s
ho3y men o. 'od /ho 5er.ormed these mir&cles# thereby e3hibiting the
medie1&l tendency to &ssoci&te mir&cles /ith the &scetic &nd s&intly
li.estyle. This )nd)e reg&rd .or the &scetic li.e &ct)&lly di1ided the
ch)rch d)ring this 5eriod.
CONCL!SION
$)ring the (iddle Ages# mir&cles bec&me &ssoci&ted e3cl)si1ely /ith
the mon&stic li.estyle. In the &5ostolic ch)rch# the charismata /ere
&1&il&ble to &ll belie1ers th&t &ll might bene.it. In the medie1&l ch)rch#
ho/e1er# these mir&c)lo)s gi.ts bec&me the sole 5ossession o. those
mystic&l s&ints /ho h&d /ithdr&/n .rom the /orld &nd society.
F<
!AT +
P&rt ?E A&D& *00'")",
S I X
+ Developments ,ithin
)onasticism an" the
-cclesiastical Church
)ring the (iddle Ages# the tr&ns.orm&tion o. the old &5ostolic
ch)rch into the medie1&l Rom&n C&tholic Ch)rch /&s .)lly
cons)mm&ted. The 5&5&l o..ice bec&me .)lly de1elo5ed# &nd
5o5es e3ercised ci1il &s /ell &s s5irit)&l 5o/er. They collected t&3es#
r&ised &rmies &nd s)b7)g&ted kings &nd r)lers. The ecclesi&stic&l ch)rch
th)s bec&me the domin&nt .orce in society &nd s5re&d its in.l)ence
thro)gho)t the "estern /orld.
$
This 5reocc)5&tion /ith e&rthly &..l)ence &nd 5olitic&l 5o/er
5rod)ced & de&rth o. s5irit)&l gi.ts in the instit)tion&l ch)rch.
Ill)str&ting this .&ct is & story &bo)t Thom&s A@)in&s 1isiting Rome &nd
being sho/n the ch)rch0s /e&lth by Po5e Innocent I4. In the co)rse o.
their obser1&tions# Innocent s&id to A@)in&s# J,o) see th&t the Ch)rch
is no longer in &n &ge in /hich she c&n s&y# 0Sil1er &nd gold h&1e I
none.0J
A@)in&s re5lied# JIt is tr)e# nor c&n she s&y to the l&me m&n# 0Rise
)5 &nd /&lk.0J
B
$)ring this s&me 5eriod# mon&sticism contin)ed to be the &ren& in
/hich mir&c)lo)s gi.ts .o)nd .reedom o. e35ression. %y A.$. <;;#
ho/e1er# mon&sticism itsel. /&s losing m)ch o. its s5irit)&l li.e &nd
1it&lity. The &scetic li.estyle# /hich h&d emerged .rom & desire .or the
immedi&te 5resence o. Christ# gr&d)&lly dri.ted into m)ch leg&lism &nd
s5irit)&l 5ride. As the mon&steries bec&me /e&lthy thro)gh comm)nity
FC
thri.t &nd o/nershi5# l&Iiness# &1&rice &nd gl)ttony &lso cre5t in.
:
As the mor&l .iber o. mon&sticism /ore thin# e3&gger&ted
mir&c)lo)s 5henomen& /ere incre&singly re5orted. Not only did
legend&ry .olklore become ent&ngled /ith historic&l re&lity# b)t &lso it
/&s not )ncommon .or ro)tine e1ents to be re5orted in terms o. heroic
.e&ts o. .&ith. Re5orts o. le1it&tion# &55&ritions# .lying thro)gh the &ir
&nd other biI&rre e1ents &re commonly re5orted 5henomen& .rom this
er&.
$)ring this 5eriod it bec&me common .or mir&cles to be &ssoci&ted
/ith the bones &nd relics o. s&ints# /ith shrines &nd /ith 5r&yers o..ered
to s&ints &nd the 1irgin (&ry. Sch&.. describes & ty5ic&l mon&stery o.
this er& &s & 5l&ce cons)med /ith & sort o. s)5erstitio)s &/&reness o.
the s5irit /orldE
The mir&c)lo)s belonged to the monk0s d&ily .ood. He /&s
s)rro)nded by s5irits. 4isions &nd re1el&tions occ)rred by d&y
&nd night. Single de1ils &nd de1ils in b&nds /ere ro&ming
&bo)t &t &ll ho)rs in the cloistr&l s5&ces# in the &ir &nd on .oot#
to decei1e the )n/&ry &nd to sh&ke the .&ith o. the 1igil&nt.
=
In the se1enteenth cent)ry# Je&n %oll&nd org&niIed & gro)5 o. his
.ello/ Jes)its into & society .or the e35ress 5)r5ose o. doing & critic&l
st)dy &nd 5)blic&tion o. the li1es o. the s&ints. Their /ork res)lted in &
5r)ning o. the legends &nd e3&gger&tions th&t h&d gro/n )5 &nd
ent&ngled themsel1es /ith historic&l re&lity. C&rdin&l S)enens# himsel.
& ch&rism&tic# s&ys th&t /e c&n th&nk he&1en J&nd the %oll&ndistsJ .or
their c&re.)l 5r)ning.
?
MONASTIC E%TREMES AND
MYSTICISM
Altho)gh & n)mber o. de1o)t indi1id)&ls emerged .rom medie1&l
mon&sticism# m&ny )n.ort)n&te ch&r&cteristics de1elo5ed /ithin the
mo1ement th&t ser1ed to m&ke it re5)lsi1e to m&ny. These
ch&r&cteristics incl)ded &n em5h&sis on righteo)sness thro)gh /orks
8&sceticism9# the 5ride th&t res)lted .rom this &55ro&ch &nd &
5reocc)5&tion /ith r)les &nd methods o. 5r&yer. It &lso incl)ded &
r&dic&l de1otion to the 5o5e# /hich res)lted in monks o.ten being the
Jstorm troo5ersJ o. the 5&5&cy in its b&ttle &g&inst Jheretics.J
$)ring this time JmysticismJ bec&me &ssoci&ted /ith mon&sticism
thro)gh & book c&lled .ysti9e Theo3o4ia /ritten# most likely# in the
<;
De8e3o1ments )ithin .onasticism an7 the Ecc3esiastica3 Ch2rch
e&rly si3th cent)ry by &n &nonymo)s Syri&n monk )nder the n&me
$ionysi)s the Areo5&gite. In this &nd other /orks# this &)thor
enco)r&ged his re&ders to dis5ense /ith the intellect in 5)rs)it o. &
mystic&l )nion o. the so)l /ith 'odE
I co)nsel th&t in the e&rnest e3ercise o. mystic contem5l&tion#
yo) le&1e the senses &nd &cti1ities o. the intellect &nd &ll th&t
the senses or intellect c&n 5ercei1e. H&1ing l&id yo)r
)nderst&nding to rest# str&in &s .&r &s yo) c&n to/&rd & )nion
/ith Him /hom neither being nor )nderst&nding c&n cont&in.
So sh&ll yo) be led )5/&rds to the R&y o. th&t di1ine $&rkness
/hich s)r5&sses &ll e3istence.
F
(ethods &nd techni@)es .or 5r&yer &nd medit&tion bec&me 1ery
im5ort&nt. Some /ere @)ite rem&rk&ble. 'regory P&l&m&s# & thirteenth+
cent)ry monk# stressed @)ietness &nd stillness in the 5)rs)it o. )nion
/ith 'od. As &n &id to concentr&tion# he recommended th&t the chin
rest on the chest /ith the eyes .i3ed on the n&1el.
<
JSt&ring &t one0s
n&1elJ th)s bec&me & cliche .or one /ho is 5reocc)5ied /ith the
method or 5rocess &t the e35ense o. the go&l or ob7ecti1e.
Another ch&r&cteristic o. medie1&l mysticism /&s & 5reocc)5&tion
/ith sickness &nd s)..ering. $)ring the .irst three cent)ries# Christi&ns
h&d end)red horrible 5ersec)tions by the st&te. $)ring this time# being
/illing to s)..er .or the n&me o. Christ c&me to be looked )5on &s &n
honor. (&rtyrdom /&s# &t times# e1en so)ght by Ie&lo)s belie1ers. %)t
/ith the con1ersion o. Const&ntine &nd the e3&lt&tion o. Christi&nity &s
the o..ici&lJ religion o. the em5ire# belie1ers no longer h&d s)ch &n
o55ort)nity to s)..er .or the n&me o. Christ.
(&ny o. the monks res5onded to this sit)&tion /ith sel.+in.licted
s)..ering thro)gh 5rolonged 5eriods o. .&sting# slee5 de5ri1&tion &nd
e35os)re to the elements. Their sel.+in.licted s)..ering o.ten res)lted in
sickness# /hich &lso c&me to be seen &s & blessing /hen end)red .or the
s&ke o. Christ. Along /ith the in.l)ence o. 'reek tho)ght# /hich tended
to des5ise the body &nd 1&l)e the s5irit# sickness c&me to be seen &s &
blessing .rom 'od# )sed by Him to 5)ri.y &nd s&ncti.y the so)l.
The s)..ering &nd de&th o. Christ bec&me the .oc&l 5oint r&ther
th&n His 5o/er &nd res)rrection. (&ny belie1ed th&t thro)gh s)..ering
they co)ld better identi.y /ith Christ &nd e1en lo1e Him more. %iblic&l
5&ss&ges th&t 5romised 5hysic&l he&ling /ere inter5reted &s &55lying to
the so)l. J&mes FEB=+BD# /hich cle&rly 5resents & 5romise o. 5hysic&l
he&ling# bec&me the rite o. Je3treme )nction#J &dministered to one &t
<B
the time o. de&th.
>
Since sickness /&s no/ seen &s blessing .rom 'od to
s&ncti.y the so)l# the ministry o. he&ling in the ch)rch bec&me less
5rominent &nd# in some c&ses# )nnecess&ry.
MIRACLES AND MISSIONARY
E%PANSION
Some o. the more credible mir&cles o. this 5eriod seem to be &ssoci&ted
/ith the mission&ry e35&nsion o. the ch)rch. For e3&m5le# Ansg&r 8A.$.
D;;+D<F9# c&lled JThe A5ostle o. the North#J /&s one o. the .irst
mission&ries to Sc&ndin&1i&. $escribed &s & mystic Jmo1ed by 1isions
&nd dre&ms#J he is s&id to h&1e e35erienced 1isions .rom 'od e1en &s &
child.
D
"hen e3tolled by his contem5or&ries .or the 5er.orm&nce o.
n)mero)s mir&cles# Ansg&r s&id th&t the gre&test mir&cle /o)ld be i.
'od e1er m&de & thoro)ghly 5io)s m&n o)t o. him.
C
(ir&cles &lso &ccom5&nied the &rri1&l o. the gos5el to 're&t
%rit&in in the l&te si3th &nd e&rly se1enth cent)ries. A)g)stine# .or
e3&m5le# &rri1ed on the isl&nd &ro)nd FC># h&1ing been sent by Po5e
'regory. Re5orting on A)g)stine0s mission in his Ecc3esiastica3 History
of the En43ish *ation0 the 4ener&ble %ede 8A.$. <>=+>=F9 tells o. &
letter /ritten by 'regory &ro)nd <;B in /hich he commends A)g)stine
bec&)se Jthe nglish by o)t/&rd mir&cles &re dr&/n to in/&rd gr&ce.J
B;
The mir&cles m)st h&1e been n)mero)s# .or 'regory# &ckno/ledging
th&t A)g)stine h&s ob1io)sly recei1ed Jthe gi.t o. /orking mir&cles#J
c&)tions A)g)stine not to be J5)..ed )5 by the n)mber o. them.J
BB
(ir&cles &lso &ccom5&nied the l&ter J5re&ching .ri&rs.J Indi1id)&ls
s)ch &s %ern&rd o. Cl&ir1&)3# Fr&ncis o. Assisi &nd 4incent o. Ferrier#
inste&d o. /ithdr&/ing .rom the /orld# e35erienced gre&t s)ccess &nd
s&/ mir&c)lo)s m&ni.est&tions o. the Holy S5irit &s they /ent o)t
&mongst the 5eo5le &nd 5re&ched the gos5el.
B:
SAINTS OR SORCERERS?
$)ring the (iddle Ages# & sh&r5 distinction &rose bet/een those /ho
5er.ormed mir&cles &nd those /ho did not. The monks c&me to be seen
&s & s5irit)&l elite /ith & sort o. mono5oly on intim&cy /ith 'od. At the
s&me time# & 5rono)nced bi&s emerged &g&inst the occ)rrence o.
mir&cles &mong the common 5eo5le.
This bi&s /&s cle&rly demonstr&ted by the Rom&n C&tholic
Ch)rch0s 5)blic&tion o. the Rom&n Rit)&l &ro)nd the ye&r A.$. B;;;. It
<:
De8e3o1ments )ithin .onasticism an7 the Ecc3esiastica3 Ch2rch
decl&red# &mong other things# th&t s5e&king in tong)es &mong the
common 5eo5le /&s to be considered 5rim& .&cie e1idence o. demon
5ossession. Among the mon&stics &nd ch)rch hier&rchy# ho/e1er# it
co)ld be considered e1idence o. s&inthoodO
(ir&cles bec&me &ssoci&ted e3cl)si1ely /ith the &scetic# mon&stic
li.estyle# &nd &ny occ)rrence o. mir&cles &mong the common 5eo5le
/&s looked )5on &s the /ork o. sorcery or /itchcr&.t. Since the re&ding
o. the Scri5t)res by the common 5eo5le in their o/n l&ng)&ge /&s
disco)r&ged# this le.t the m&sses &t the mercy o. & highly com5le3 &nd
el&bor&te religio)s system th&t o..ered cor5or&te identity b)t no
5erson&l &ccess to 'od.
IS MEDIEAL MYSTICISM A MODEL
FOR SPIRIT!ALITY?
Rom&n C&tholic theologi&n H&ns *)ng h&s 5ointed o)t th&t mysticism
Jis not & s5eci.ic&lly Christi&n 5henomenon.J
B=
"hile he &ckno/ledges
the de1otion &nd s&nctity o. m&ny o. the mystics# he 5oints o)t th&t
neither Jes)s nor the &5ostles instr)cted &nyone to /ithdr&/ .rom the
/orld into solit)de. They &re# r&ther# to eng&ge /ith e1eryd&y li.e &nd
the /orld. "hen they /ithdr&/ into solit)de# it is .or rest# not &s &
1oc&tion &nd /&y o. li.e.
Pr&yer in the Ne/ Test&ment is &lso 1ery di..erent .rom th&t o.
medie1&l mysticism. Inste&d o. &n em5h&sis on cert&in 5ost)res or
techni@)es# it is & n&t)r&l &nd )ncom5lic&ted comm)nic&tion /ith 'od.
Neither &re there comm&nds o. silence nor ste5s to &chie1ing )nion
/ith 'od. There is# r&ther# & sim5le tr)st in 'od &nd &cti1e obedience
to His /ill.
(edie1&l mysticism# it /o)ld seem# is & 1ery in&de@)&te model .or
s5irit)&lity. Altho)gh there is# no do)bt# m)ch to be g&ined .rom
re&ding the li1es o. the medie1&l Js&ints#J m&ny o. their e35eriences
&nd techni@)es &re cle&rly o)t o. sync /ith Jes)s &nd the te&chings o.
the Ne/ Test&ment. *)ng is /illing to gr&nt th&t & mon&stic li.estyle
m&y be & s5eci&l gi.t &nd c&lling# b)t not something th&t is norm&ti1e
.or the /hole ch)rch.
<=
S E V E N
. )onastic Rene$al
res)rgence o. gen)ine s5irit)&l rene/&l beg&n in the ele1enth
cent)ry. It bre&thed ne/ li.e into the ch)rch &t l&rge &nd into
the mon&stic mo1ement in 5&rtic)l&r. Ne/ orders incl)ding the
Cisterci&ns# the Fr&ncisc&ns &nd the $ominic&ns emerged. "here&s the
e&rlier mon&stic orders h&d cloistered themsel1es .rom the /orld# these
ne/er orders# es5eci&lly the Fr&ncisc&ns &nd the $ominic&ns# /ent
&mong the 5eo5le. *no/n &s 1reachin4 friars0 they 5re&ched the gos5el
in the l&ng)&ge o. the 5eo5le &nd hel5ed them in 1&rio)s /&ys.
A
An o)tst&nding tr&it o. these 5re&ching .ri&rs /&s their commitment
to obey liter&lly &ll the comm&nds o. Jes)s. (oti1&ted by de1otion# they
took 1o/s o. 5o1erty# ch&stity &nd obedience. They em)l&ted Jes)s0
disci5les /ho /ere to go on 5re&ching missions /itho)t c&rrying e3tr&
money or clothing# th)s 5)tting themsel1es in & 5osition o. de5endence
on 'od &nd &t the mercy o. the 5eo5le 8!)ke B;EB+B:9. In &ddition# they
co)ld not hel5 b)t see Jes)s0 instr)ctions &nd 5romises reg&rding
mir&cles. This .&cilit&ted the m&ni.est&tion o. biblic&l mir&cles in their
o/n li1es &nd ministries.
These 5re&ching .ri&rs th)s restored to the ch)rch & m)ch+needed
dimension. %y &dhering to the /ords o. Jes)s# they reco1ered the 5)rity
&nd .&ith o. &n e&rlier d&y. This de1otion &nd e35ect&tion .&cilit&ted
/h&t m&y be considered &nother Ch&rism&tic Rene/&l &t & cr)ci&l 5oint
in the history o. the ch)rch.
#ERNARD OF CLAIRA!%
%ern&rd 8B;C;+BBF=9 /&s born o. noble 5&rent&ge in Font&ines#
%)rg)ndy# in /h&t is no/ e&st+centr&l Fr&nce. Altho)gh he h&d the
o55ort)nity to 5)rs)e & sec)l&r ed)c&tion# his desire .or the
contem5l&ti1e li.e 5rom5ted him to enter the mon&stery &t Cite&)3 in
<F
BBB:. H&1ing m&de rem&rk&ble 5rogress# &.ter three ye&rs he /&s
commissioned by the &bbot o. Cite&)3 to est&blish & ne/ mon&stery &t
Cl&ir1&)3 in BBBF.
From Cl&ir1&)3# %ern&rd tr&1eled e3tensi1ely# e3tending the
in.l)ence o. the Rom&n C&tholic Ch)rch &nd seeking to /in b&ck to the
.old those considered heretics. In so doing# he g&ined /ide recognition
&nd /&s highly &ccl&imed &s & mystic# &n intellect)&l &nd &n or&tor. His
5re&ching# in .&ct# /&s l&rgely res5onsible .or the Second Cr)s&de
8BB?>+BB?C9. In &ddition# &s his .&me incre&sed# noblemen# bisho5s#
5rinces &nd 5o5es so)ght his co)nsel.
%ern&rd &lso g&ined recognition bec&)se o. the m&ny mir&cles th&t
occ)rred in his ministry. It /&s re5orted# JFrom &ll @)&rters sick
5ersons /ere con1eyed to him by the .riends /ho so)ght .rom him &
c)re.J
B
The l&me /ere he&led# &nd 5eo5le /ere deli1ered .rom
co)ntless dise&ses &nd in.irmities. On one occ&sion# & de&.+m)te boy
/&s inst&ntly &ble both to he&r &nd to s5e&k &s & res)lt o. %ern&rd0s
5r&yers. Sho)ting &nd cheering &rose .rom the cro/d o. onlookers /ho
set the boy on & /ooden bench so th&t he co)ld &ddress them.
:
The monk 'ott.ried tells o. & yo)ng boy /ho# h&1ing been blind
.rom birth# recei1ed his sight thro)gh the 5r&yers o. %ern&rd. As his
eyes o5ened# the boy sho)ted# JI see d&y# I see e1erybody# I see 5eo5le
/ith h&ir.J Cl&55ing his h&nds in delight# he e3cl&imed# J(y 'od# no/
I /ill no more d&sh my .eet &g&inst the stones.J
=
HILDEGARD OF #INGEN
Hildeg&rd o. %ingen 8B;CD+BB>C9 h&s been c&lled Jthe most 5rominent
/om&n in the Ch)rch o. her d&y.J
?
An im5ort&nt ch&rism&tic le&der# she
/&s the le&der o. & %enedictine con1ent ne&r %ingen on the Rhine in
/h&t is no/ 'erm&ny "idely recogniIed .or her 5o/er in 5r&yer# she
/&s 5etitioned by m&ny# incl)ding ch)rch o..ici&ls# .or her intercessions
on their beh&l..
(&ny c&me to Hildeg&rd seeking he&ling# some .rom &s .&r &/&y &s
S/eden. She h&d no .orm)l& b)t seemed to rely on the inner le&ding o.
the Holy S5irit .or the )ni@)e sol)tion to e&ch c&se. JSometimes the
medi)m )sed /&s & 5r&yer# sometimes & sim5le /ord o. comm&nd#
sometimes /&ter /hich# &s in one c&se# he&led 5&r&lysis o. the tong)e.J
Contem5or&ries re5orted th&t Jsc&rcely & sick 5erson c&me to her
/itho)t being he&led.J
F
Hildeg&rd /&s &lso & 1ision&ry /hose 1isions c&me /hile she /&s
<<
.onastic Rene5a3
/ide+&/&ke &nd 5er.ectly conscio)s. "h&t she s&/# she s&/ by J)sing
the eyes &nd e&rs o. the inner 5erson &ccording to the /ill o. 'od.J
<
In
&ddition# she s5oke &nd s&ng in tong)es. Her colle&g)es re.erred to
these s5irit)&l songs &s Jconcerts in the S5irit.J
>
%ec&)se her e35eriences /ere not )nderstood by some# critics
deno)nced her &s being demon 5ossessed. She /&s de.ended# ho/e1er#
by her .riend# %ern&rd o. Cl&ir1&)3# /ho &lso commended her to Po5e
)geni)s III. In BB?D# )geni)s 5erson&lly 1isited her &nd# &.ter
in1estig&ting her re1el&tions# JrecogniIed the gen)ineness o. her
mir&cles &nd enco)r&ged her to contin)e her co)rse.J
D
DOMINIC
$ominic 8BB>;+B::B9# & contem5or&ry o. Fr&ncis o. Assisi# beg&n &
5re&ching order kno/n &s the Dominicans. They /ere disting)ished .or
their mission&ry ende&1ors &nd their e..orts in ed)c&tion. One o. their
chie. go&ls /&s to /in b&ck to the Rom&n C&tholic Ch)rch s)ch gro)5s
&s the C&th&ri &nd "&ldensi&ns by o)tstri55ing them in 5iety &nd Ie&l.
(&ny re5orts o. 1isions &nd mir&cles s)rro)nd the story o.
$ominic. On one occ&sion# /hen N&5oleon# the son o. !ord C&rdin&l
Ste5hen# .ell .rom his horse &nd inst&ntly died# $ominic immedi&tely
/ent to the scene# stood be.ore the l&cer&ted cor5se# r&ised his h&nds to
he&1en &nd sho)ted# J,o)ng m&n# N&5oleon# in the n&me o. o)r !ord
Jes)s Christ# I s&y to thee &rise.J %e.ore the eyes o. &ll those 5resent#
the yo)ng m&n &rose &nd s&id# J'i1e me something to e&t.J
C
On & 7o)rney thro)gh )ro5e# $ominic &nd his com5&nions 7oined
/ith & gro)5 o. 'erm&ns# tr&1eled /ith them .or & time &nd recei1ed
their hos5it&lity. %ec&)se $ominic did not )nderst&nd their l&ng)&ge#
he co)ld not t&lk to them. On their .o)rth d&y together# $ominic
re5ro&ched himsel. .or being so )nconcerned /ith the etern&l needs o.
his .ello/ tr&1elers &nd s)ggested to his com5&nion th&t they Jkneel
do/n &nd 5r&y 'od th&t He te&ch )s their l&ng)&ge .or /e &re not &ble
to &nno)nce to them the !ord Jes)s.J
B;
'od &ns/ered their 5r&yer#
en&bling them to s5e&k to the 'erm&ns in their l&ng)&ge. Astonished &t
$ominic0s s)dden &bility to s5e&k their l&ng)&ge# the 'erm&ns listened
intently o1er & .o)r+d&y 5eriod &s $ominic sh&red the gos5el.
FRANCIS OF ASSISI
Fr&ncis 8BBDB+B::<9 /&s born the son o. & 5ros5ero)s merch&nt. As &
<>
yo)ng m&n# /hile 5r&ying in & ch)rch o)tside Assisi# he he&rd & 1oice
s&y to him# J'o &nd re5&ir (y ho)se# /hich is .&llen do/n.J
Inter5reting Jho)seJ to me&n the b)ilding in /hich he /&s 5r&ying# he
immedi&tely /ent to his .&ther0s /&reho)se# took & horse &nd & lo&d o.
cloth# sold both &nd g&1e the money to the ch)rch .or re5&irs. In
retros5ect# o. co)rse# Fr&ncis re&liIed th&t Jmy ho)seJ &ct)&lly re.erred
to the ch)rch gener&lly.
Fr&ncis est&blished the Fr&ncisc&n order# & mon&stic order
dedic&ted to st)dying the Scri5t)res# 5re&ching the gos5el# 5r&ying &nd
hel5ing the 5oor. Inter5reting (&tthe/ B;E>+BC liter&lly# they elected to
reno)nce &ll e&rthly 5ossessions &nd to li1e in 5o1erty. The order /&s
endo/ed /ith gre&t s5irit)&l 5o/er# &nd it h&s been c&lled J5erh&5s the
most thoro)ghly ch&rism&tic MorderN# in its 5rimiti1e 5eriod# th&t the
ch)rch h&s e1er kno/n.J
BB
Indeed# Fr&ncis0s 5re&ching /&s &ccom5&nied by gre&t 5o/er.
S5eci.ic&lly# re5orts %)tler# 'od g&1e Fr&ncis the gi.ts o. 5ro5hecy &nd
mir&cles.
B:
Also# m&ny he&lings occ)rred &s & res)lt o. Fr&ncis0s 5r&yers.
On one occ&sion# .or e3&m5le# /hile 5re&ching in the city o. N&rni#
Fr&ncis /&s t&ken to & m&n /ho /&s com5letely 5&r&lyIed. The m&n
h&d e35ressed &ss)r&nce th&t i. Fr&ncis /o)ld come to him# he /o)ld
be com5letely he&led. "hen Fr&ncis entered the m&n0s room# he m&de
the sign o. the cross o1er the m&n .rom his he&d to his .eet.
Immedi&tely# the m&n &rose .)lly reco1ered.
B=
According to J&cob de
4or&gine# & thirteenth+cent)ry /riter# Fr&ncis h&d origin&lly been
n&med =io8anni 8i.e. ;ohnB0 b)t &do5ted the n&me >rancis &s the res)lt
o. & mir&cle .rom 'od th&t h&d em5o/ered him to s5e&k French. $e
4or&gine s&ys# J"hene1er he /&s .illed /ith the .er1or o. the Holy
S5irit# he b)rst .orth &rdently in the French tong)e.J
B?
INCENT OF FERRIER
$)ring & time o. illness# 4incent o. Ferrier 8B=F;+B?BC9# & $ominic&n
5re&cher# recei1ed & 1ision o. Christ instr)cting him to Jgo thro)gh the
/orld 5re&ching Christ.J "hen the 1ision s)bsided# he disco1ered th&t#
indeed# he /&s com5letely /ell. Immedi&tely# he set o)t 5re&ching &nd
te&ching thro)gho)t )ro5e /ith &stonishing res)lts.
A .ello/ $ominic&n described 4incent &s one /hose /ords Jstr)ck
terror in the he&rts o. sinners.J In .&ct# s)ch con1iction &ccom5&nied his
5re&ching th&t# &t times# he /&s .orced to c)rt&il his sermons bec&)se o.
the o1er5o/ering sobs .rom the congreg&tion. 1ery/here he 5re&ched#
<D
.onastic Rene5a3
co)ntless con1ersions &nd rem&rk&ble mir&cles /ere re5orted. %)tler
re5orts th&t some .&inted or# &s /e /o)ld s&y tod&y# fe33 2n7er the
1o5er. $)ring ministry in the Netherl&nds# so m&ny mir&cles /ere
/ro)ght th&t &n ho)r /&s set &side d&ily .or the he&ling o. the sick.
BF
4incent is &lso re5orted to h&1e 5ossessed the gi.t o. s5e&king in
tong)es. %)tler s&ys# JOn the &)thority o. reli&ble /riters# 1&rio)s
ethnic gro)5s /here he tr&1eled &nd 5re&ched he&rd him s5e&king in
their o/n l&ng)&ge.J
B<
MORE EIDENCE
(&ny other e3&m5les co)ld be gi1en o. the m&ni.est&tion o. the
charismata &mong de1o)t belie1ers d)ring this er&. Je&n o. the Cross is
s&id to h&1e s5oken in tong)es o.ten# once con1incing t/o ()slims to
belie1e on Christ by s5e&king in tong)es in their n&ti1e Ar&bic. St.
Ste5hen 8d. B=C<9# on his missions to 'eorgi&# is s&id to h&1e 5re&ched
to the n&ti1es in their o/n l&ng)&ge# & tong)e he h&d ne1er le&rned. St.
Colette 8B=D;+B??>9 is &lso s&id to h&1e 5ossessed the gi.t o. tong)es
&nd to h&1e s5oken in both !&tin &nd 'erm&n.
B>
%est kno/n# 5erh&5s# is Fr&ncis 2&1ier 8BF;<+BFF:9. In his
missions to the F&r &st# he is s&id to h&1e s5oken J&5&nese J&s i. he
h&d li1ed in J&5&n &ll his li.e.J
BD
"hen the time c&me .or his
c&noniI&tion by -rb&n 4III# m)ch /&s m&de o. the .&ct th&t 2&1ier
5ossessed the gi.t o. tong)es &nd th&t he Js5oke to the 1&rio)s tribes
/ith e&se in their l&ng)&ges.J
BC
<C
E I GHT
/
The Cathari
n contr&st to the mon&stics /ho g&1e )ne@)i1oc&l s)55ort to the
Rom&n C&tholic Ch)rch# 1&rio)s gro)5s &nd indi1id)&ls emerged
d)ring the medie1&l 5eriod /ho /ere /illing to le&1e the org&niIed
ch)rch in order to 5)rs)e /h&t they considered & biblic&l .&ith &nd
ch)rch 5&ttern. These comeo2ters com5rised m&ny gro)5s c&lled by
1&rio)s n&mes# b)t the most common design&tion .or them /&s Cathari0
me&ning 12re. This design&tion /&s & direct re.erence to their mor&lly
strict li.estyles# &do5ted in res5onse to the Scri5t)res &nd in re&ction to
the 5olitic&l &nd mor&l corr)5tion so 5re1&lent in the instit)tion&l
ch)rch. The design&tion /&s not ne/# b)t h&d# in .&ct# been )sed &s
e&rly &s the .o)rth cent)ry by the histori&n )sebi)s in re.erring to the
.ollo/ers o. No1&ti&n.
B
I
*no/ledge o. the C&th&ri &nd their belie.s is b&sed &lmost solely
on the testimony o. their enemies. The only &1&il&ble doc)ment&tion
occ)rs in the records o. heresy tri&ls &nd in tr&cts &nd instr)ction
m&n)&ls .or the tre&tment o. heretics. Sch&.. rightly s&ys# JInteresting &s
they &re# they m)st be &cce5ted /ith c&)tion &s the st&tements o.
enemies.J
:
The C&th&ri es5o)sed 1&rio)s doctrines# b)t gener&lly they held in
common & tendency to be e1&ngelic&l in .&ith &nd o5en to the
mir&c)lo)s ministry o. the Holy S5irit. $irectly rel&ted to this /&s &
common concern o1er the l&ck o. these elements in the est&blished
ch)rch together /ith its 5re1&iling de5r&1ity &nd em5h&sis on rit)&l &nd
.orm. According to Sch&..E
The e3citing c&)se o. this religio)s re1olt is to be looked .or in
the /orldliness &nd &rrog&nce o. the clergy# the .orm&lism o.
the Ch)rch0s rit)&l &nd /orldly &mbitions o. the 5&5&l
>B
5olicy...The 5eo5le /&nted to get behind the clergy &nd rit)&l
o. s&cr&ments to Christ himsel..
=
Their re7ection o. the 1&l)e 5l&ced on e3tern&ls by the instit)tion&l
ch)rch e35ressed itsel. in 1&rio)s /&ys. For e3&m5le# they re5)di&ted
the ide& th&t & ch)rch b)ilding /&s o. &ny religio)s 1&l)e.
'od d/ells not in ho)ses m&de /ith h&nds. It is not the ho)se
o. stone# b)t the good m&n &nd the good /om&n# &nd the
comm)nity o. s)ch# th&t constit)tes the Ch)rch. Pr&yer in the
Ch)rch is no better th&n 5r&yer in the closet.
?
THE CONSOLAMENT!M
In deno)ncing the highly de1elo5ed .orm &nd rit)&l o. the Rom&n
C&tholic Ch)rch# the C&th&ri em5h&siIed the in/&rd &nd s5irit)&l
1&l)es o. Christi&nity. They re7ected &ll ordin&nces# incl)ding b&5tism
&nd the !ord0s S)55er. In 5l&ce o. /&ter b&5tism# they t&)ght & b&5tism
in the Holy S5irit kno/n &s the conso3ament2m0 recei1ed thro)gh the
l&ying on o. h&nds. According to A)g)st)s Ne&nder# & nineteenth+
cent)ry !)ther&n schol&rE
%y 1irt)e o. this im5osition o. h&nds# /hoe1er s)bmitted to it
in & s)it&ble .r&me o. mind /o)ld be .illed /ith gi.ts o. the
Holy S5irit &nd 5)ri.ied .rom &ll sinL he /o)ld be m&de
c&5&ble thereby .or the .irst time o. rightly )nderst&nding the
dee5 things o. Scri5t)re...This in/&rd /orking o. the di1ine
S5irit stood to them in the 5l&ce o. s&cr&ments.
F
The C&th&ri e35erienced the s)5ern&t)r&l ministry o. the Holy
S5irit# incl)ding s5e&king in tong)es. One /om&n is s&id to h&1e
s5oken in & l&ng)&ge )nkno/n to her b)t recogniIed by others &s
Armeni&n.
<
Her enemies &cc)sed her o. being )nder the s5ell o. &
/iI&rd. Indeed# so /ides5re&d /&s the s)5ern&t)r&l &mong the C&th&ri
th&t the ch&rge o. /itchcr&.t /&s & common 7)sti.ic&tion gi1en by the
Rom&n C&tholic Ch)rch .or its &ttem5ts to destroy the mo1ement.
>
In re5orting the mir&c)lo)s 5henomen& th&t occ)rred &mong the
C&th&ri# Ne&nder s)55osed th&t they 5ossessed & kno/ledge o. the
Jhidden 5o/ers o. n&t)re.J
D
Ho/e1er# he /&s seeking to e35l&in these
5henomen& /ithin the .r&me/ork o. his cess&tionist theology. The
logic&l e35l&n&tion is th&t the C&th&ri /ere 5erson&lly &c@)&inted /ith
the Holy S5irit &nd His gi.ts. As s)ch# they sho)ld be considered &
>:
The Cathari
gen)ine Ch&rism&tic mo1ement.
HERETICS OR HEROES OF THE
FAITH?
H&1ing .o)nd & so)rce o. &)thority# not only in the Scri5t)res# b)t &lso
in & ch&rism&tic e35erience o. the S5irit# the C&th&ri /ere looked )5on
&s &n &..ront to the &)thority o. the instit)tion&l ch)rch. The C&th&ri
th)s bec&me the ob7ects o. system&tic &ttem5ts o. &nnihil&tion by the
Rom&n C&tholic Ch)rch. Conse@)ently# the C&th&ri /ere o.ten b)rned
&t the st&ke or# &t times# br&nded in the .orehe&d /ith & hot iron m&rking
them &s heretics.
(&ny schol&rs consider the C&th&ri to be non+Christi&n or# &t 1ery
best# s)b+Christi&n. This is b&sed# ho/e1er# on the bi&sed# )n.riendly
testimony o. their enemies. In contr&st# John Fo3e# the si3teenth+cent)ry
&)thor o. the .&mo)s cl&ssic# >o?e@s <oo9 of .artyrs0 7)dged them to be
tr)e Christi&ns &nd# in .&ct# .orer)nners o. the Protest&nt Re.orm&tion.
It is ob1io)s .rom the tri&l notes# es5eci&lly# th&t the C&th&ri /ere
/ell 1ersed in the Scri5t)res. Records sho/ th&t they const&ntly &nd
consistently &55e&led to Scri5t)re to re.)te the ch&rges o. their
&cc)sers. In re&ction to this# &t the Synod o. To)lo)se in B::C# the
Rom&n C&tholic Ch)rch .orb&de l&ymen the )se o. 1ern&c)l&r
tr&nsl&tions o. the %ible.
Sch&.. notes the highly e3&lted 1ie/ o. Christ held by the C&th&ri.
Allegedly they denied the .)ll re&lity o. His h)m&n n&t)re# s&ying th&t
in the Inc&rn&tion# He 5&ssed thro)gh (&ry like & 5i5e.
C
Ho/e1er#
r&ther th&n &n &ct)&l deni&l o. Christ0s h)m&nity# it is more likely &
re&ction to the Rom&n C&tholic Ch)rch0s 1ener&tion o. (&ry &s the
(other o. 'od. There is# there.ore# no re&son to belie1e th&t they did
not m&int&in & biblic&l# orthodo3 1ie/ o. the 5erson o. Christ.
It is 5rob&bly s&.e to s&y th&t the C&th&ri /ere de1o)t belie1ers
/ho cre&ted &n &ir o. religio)s dissent th&t hel5ed 5&1e the /&y .or the
Protest&nt Re.orm&tion. Their d)&l em5h&sis on mor&l 5)rity &nd the
inner /orking o. the Holy S5irit is ch&r&cteristic o. &ll Rene/&l
(o1ements. Ob1io)sly# they e35erienced the ch&rism&tic gi.ts o. the
Holy S5irit &nd# there.ore# deser1e to be recogniIed &s & gen)ine
Ch&rism&tic mo1ement.
>=
NI NE
0
The ,al"enses
he "&ldenses beg&n &s & Rene/&l mo1ement /ithin the Rom&n
C&tholic Ch)rch. Their 1ision /&s to see the ch)rch rene/ed so
th&t it might tr)ly re.lect Ne/ Test&ment 5&tterns. Re7ected by
the instit)tion# ho/e1er# they .ormed their o/n ch)rch# /hich they
cl&imed /&s & contin)&tion o. the e&rly &5ostolic ch)rch.
B
!ike &ll
Rene/&l mo1ements# they stressed the im5ort&nce o. the inner# s5irit)&l
li.e &s o55osed to the o)t/&rd .orm &nd rit)&l o. the instit)tion&l
ch)rch.
T
Their distincti1e 5l&t.orm incl)ded .i1e m&in 5oints. They )rged
the ch)rch to ret)rn to the 5)re te&ching o. Scri5t)re. They re7ected the
ide& o. 5)rg&tory &nd the in.&llibility o. the ch)rch. Christi&n
l&y5ersons /ere &llo/ed to 5re&ch# &nd selling one0s goods &nd gi1ing
to the 5oor /ere &cts o. consecr&tion.
:
PETER WALDO
The "&ldenses tr&ce their origin to Peter "&ldo# & /e&lthy merch&nt o.
!yons# in so)thern Fr&nce. "&ldo li1ed in the l&tter h&l. o. the t/el.th
cent)ry &nd died in B:B>. Aro)nd BB><# h&1ing obt&ined & tr&nsl&tion
o. the Ne/ Test&ment# he re&d it &nd /&s es5eci&lly str)ck by the /ords
o. Jes)s to His disci5les in (&tthe/ B;EF+B= to go &nd 5re&ch /itho)t
concern .or m&teri&l com.ort. So im5ressed /&s "&ldo th&t he g&1e )5
his 5ossessions# kee5ing only eno)gh to c&re .or his .&mily# &nd entered
&n itiner&nt 5re&ching ministry re.lecting /h&t he s&/ in Scri5t)re.
"&ldo0s li.e o. de1otion &ttr&cted others o. like mind. Soon he
.o)nd himsel. le&ding & siI&ble host o. .ollo/ers /ho sh&red his desire
.or the e35erienti&l re&lity th&t they s&/ in the Scri5t)res. "&ldo
>F
org&niIed his .ollo/ers into b&nds# &nd t/o+by+t/o# they /ent o)t
5re&ching the gos5el.
RE&ECTION AND PERSEC!TION
In BB>C# considering himsel. & loy&l member o. the Rom&n C&tholic
Ch)rch# "&ldo &55lied to ch)rch &)thorities .or 5ermission .or his
gro)5 to 5re&ch. Po5e Innocent III re.)sed his re@)est# 7)dging them to
be# not heretics# b)t ignor&nt l&y 5eo5le. At this 7)nct)re# "&ldo /&s
.orced to choose bet/een obedience to 'od &nd m&n. Choosing to obey
'od# he contin)ed the /ork &lre&dy beg)n. S)bse@)ently# in BBD?#
Po5e !)ci)s III e3comm)nic&ted the "&ldenses.
NEW TESTAMENT CHRISTIANITY
The "&ldenses se&rched the Ne/ Test&ment to .ind the biblic&l 5&ttern
.or their li1es &nd ministries. Conse@)ently# they /ere o5en to &nd
e35erienced the s)5ern&t)r&l ministry o. the Holy S5irit. The *e5
+nternationa3 Dictionary of the Christian Ch2rch &scribes to the
"&ldenses J1isions# 5ro5hecies# &nd s5irit 5ossession.J
=
!ike the
C&th&ri# the "&ldenses /ere &cc)sed o. /itchcr&.t bec&)se o. these
mir&c)lo)s 5henomen& th&t &lso bec&me gro)nds .or 5ersec)tion by the
instit)tion&l ch)rch.
?
DIINE HEALING
$i1ine he&ling /&s & 1it&l &s5ect o. their belie. system. The "&ldensi&n
con.ession o. B?=B st&tesE
There.ore concerning the &nointing o. the sick# /e hold it &s
&n &rticle o. .&ith# &nd 5ro.ess sincerely .rom the he&rt th&t
sick 5ersons# /hen they &sk it# m&y l&/.)lly be &nointed /ith
&nointing oil by one /ho 7oins them in 5r&ying th&t it m&y be
e..ic&cio)s to the he&ling o. the body &ccording to the design
&nd end &nd e..ect mentioned by the &5ostlesL &nd /e 5ro.ess
th&t s)ch &n &nointing 5er.ormed &ccording to the &5ostolic
design &nd 5r&ctice /ill be he&ling &nd 5ro.it&ble.
F
E'!ALITY IN MINISTRY
The "&ldenses recogniIed the res5onsibility o. both men &nd /omen
to 5re&ch# to b&5tiIe &nd to &dminister the !ord0s S)55er. For them# the
><
The )a37enses
b&sis o. ministry /&s the &nointing or gi.ting o. the S5irit r&ther th&n
instit)tion&l &55ointment or ordin&tion. (inistry /&s# there.ore# o5en to
&ll since it /&s the direct# .ree &cti1ity o. the Holy S5irit th&t g&1e the
right to bind &nd loose# to consecr&te &nd bless.
<
CONCL!SION
Altho)gh the "&ldenses /ere se1erely 5ersec)ted by the instit)tion&l
ch)rch# they end)red# &nd in the si3teenth cent)ry# they identi.ied /ith
the Protest&nt Re.orm&tion. They m&int&ined their se5&r&te identity#
ho/e1er# &nd m&y still be .o)nd in m&ny 5&rts o. It&ly. Altho)gh their
st&nce on the charismata is not cle&r tod&y# they /ere# in their
beginnings# & Ch&rism&tic mo1ement.
>>
!AT )
P&rt FE A&D& ")",'",00
T E N
11 )artin 2uther an" the
Reformation
hen (&rtin !)ther 8B?D=+BF?<9 n&iled his *inetyfi8e Theses
to the door o. the ch)rch in "ittenberg# 'erm&ny# on
October =B# BFB># & m&7or ri.t o5ened in Christendom. The
&ction /&s & bold ch&llenge to the &)thority o. the Rom&n C&tholic
Ch)rch by one /ho /&s & 5riest &nd 5ro.essor o. theology. !)ther
strongly o55osed the ch)rch0s &b)se o. &)thority# 5&rtic)l&rly the selling
o. ind)lgences# & me&ns by /hich the ch)rch# in e3ch&nge .or money#
com5letely .org&1e & 5erson0s sin /itho)t re@)iring re5ent&nce.
Proceeds .rom ind)lgences .)nded the e3tr&1&g&nce &nd 5om5 o. the
ch)rch hier&rchy.
"
!)ther h&d str)ggled long &nd h&rd o1er this iss)e &nd the l&rger
iss)e o. &)thority. He concl)ded th&t .in&l &)thority resided /ith the
Scri5t)res# not the ch)rch hier&rchy. F)rther# he concl)ded th&t
s&l1&tion /&s by .&ith &lone r&ther th&n by ch)rch+&55ointed /orks &nd
s&cr&ments. This# o. co)rse# bro)ght !)ther into sh&r5 con.lict /ith
ch)rch o..ici&ls /ho insisted th&t .in&l &)thority resided /ith the Rom&n
C&tholic Ch)rch &nd th&t s&l1&tion /&s &1&il&ble only thro)gh the
s&cr&ments &dministered by those /hom the ch)rch h&d ord&ined. This
con.lict c)lmin&ted in & com5lete bre&k bet/een !)ther &nd the Rom&n
C&tholic Ch)rch&nd it sign&led the beginning o. the Protest&nt
Re.orm&tion.
L!THER AND MIRACLES
!)ther is sometimes tho)ght to h&1e been &g&inst the mir&c)lo)s
ministry o. the Holy S5irit. This misconce5tion h&s come &bo)t .or &t
>C
le&st t/o re&sons. First# he /rote &g&inst the s)5erstition &nd greed th&t
h&d become &ssoci&ted /ith the mir&cles o. the medie1&l Rom&n
C&tholic Ch)rch. Second# he o55osed cert&in An&b&5tists /ho cl&imed
the direct le&ding o. the S5irit .or their biI&rre te&ching &nd &ctions.
Contr&ry to this# ho/e1er# !)ther le.t cle&r e1idence o. his o/n
belie. in the 5erson&l &nd direct ministry o. the S5irit. This e1idence is
5resented in 5&rt by Pro.essor %engt Ho..m&n o. !)ther&n Theologic&l
Semin&ry in 'ettysb)rg# Pennsyl1&ni&# in his book L2ther an7 the
.ystics. He re5orts & con1ers&tion in /hich Cochel)s &sks !)ther i. he
h&d recei1ed s5eci&l re1el&tions. !)ther /&s silent .or & moment# &nd
then re5lied# @CEst mihi re8e3at2m0@ yes# he h&d h&d re1el&tions.J
B
It
seems th&t one o. these /&s simil&r to P&)l0s e35erience o. being c&)ght
)5 to the third he&1en 8: Cor. B:9.
:
L!THER AND A!THORITY
!)ther &lso cl&imed the direct &cti1ity o. the Holy S5irit &s & so)rce .or
his o/n &)thority &nd te&ching. In one o. his e&rly /ritings titled The
<a:y3on Ca1ti8ity of the Ch2rch0 he &ss)red his re&ders th&t the tr)th he
/&s 5resenting JI h&1e le&rned )nder the S5irit0s g)id&nce.J
=
In
&ddition# /hen he /&s ch&llenged concerning the so)rce o. his &)thority
by ch)rch &nd ci1il o..ici&ls &t "orms# Jhe relied on the re1el&tion o.
'od to himthro)gh the "ord# b)t 1i& the S5irit in & 5erson&l
m&nner.J
?
L!THER AND THE PROPHETIC GIFT
(&ny o. !)ther0s e&rly .ollo/ers belie1ed him to be & 5ro5het. One o.
his .irst biogr&5hers# Joh&nn (&thesi)s# mentions n)mero)s 5ro5hecies
s5oken by !)ther th&t /ere .)l.illed. (&thesi)s then rem&rks# J"ith
m&ny s)re 5ro5hecies he con.irmed his doctrine.J
F
1en his .riend
(el&ncthon# &t one 5oint# re.erred to !)ther &s E3iAah0 s&ying# JTh)s
the Holy S5irit 5ro5hesied o. this third li7&h# $r. (&rtin !)ther.J
<
L!THER AND DIINE HEALING
!)ther 5r&yed .or the he&ling o. the sick. !)ther is @)oted &s s&ying0
JO.ten h&s it h&55ened# &nd still does# th&t de1ils h&1e been dri1en o)t
in the n&me o. ChristL &lso by c&lling on His n&me &nd 5r&yer# the sick
h&1e been he&led.J
>
On one occ&sion# !)ther0s close .riend &nd colle&g)e# Phili5
D;
.artin L2ther an7 the Reformation
(el&ncthon# bec&me e3tremely ill &nd /&s &t de&th0s door. It is s&id th&t
!)ther 5r&yed .er1ently )sing &ll the rele1&nt 5romises he co)ld re5e&t
.rom Scri5t)re. Then# t&king (el&ncthon by the h&nd# he s&id# J%e o.
good co)r&ge# Phili5# yo) sh&ll not die.J (el&ncthon immedi&tely
re1i1ed &nd soon reg&ined his he&lth. He l&ter s&id# JI sho)ld h&1e been
& de&d m&n h&d I not been rec&lled .rom de&th itsel. by the coming o.
!)ther.J
D
On &nother occ&sion# !)ther0s colle&g)e# Frederick (yconi)s# l&y
dying in the l&st st&ges o. t)berc)losis. "hen !)ther he&rd &bo)t his
.riend0s condition# he /rote him & letter th&t e3)des .&ith .or the
mir&c)lo)s. He s&idE
I comm&nd thee in the N&me o. 'od to li1e bec&)se I still h&1e
need o. thee in the /ork o. re.orming the Ch)rch. The !ord
/ill ne1er let me he&r th&t tho) &rt de&d b)t 5ermit thee to
s)r1i1e me. For this I &m 5r&ying# this is my /ill# &nd m&y my
/ill be done bec&)se I seek only to glori.y the N&me o. 'od.
C
(yconi)s s&id th&t /hen he re&d the letter it seemed &s tho)gh he
he&rd Christ s&y# J!&I&r)s# come .orthOJ !)ther0s 5r&yer /&s &ns/ered.
(yconi)s /&s he&led &nd o)tli1ed !)ther by t/o months.
&OHANNES #REN(
The em5h&sis on the mir&c)lo)s ministry o. the Holy S5irit /&s by no
me&ns limited to !)ther. Joh&nnes %renI# &nother !)ther&n re.ormer#
/&s /&rned by &n Jinner 1oiceJ o. the &55ro&ch o. the S5&nish &rmy &t
St)ttg&rt. The inner 1oice instr)cted him to go to the )55er city# .ind &n
o5en door# enter it &nd hide )nder the roo.. He obeyed# .o)nd the door
&nd hid &s the 1oice h&d instr)cted. His hiding 5l&ce /&s 1isited by &
hen th&t d&ily l&id t/o eggs .or him )ntil the d&nger /&s 5&st.
B;
L!THER AND CESSATIONISM
In s5ite o. his ob1io)s belie. in the immedi&te 5resence &nd 5o/er o.
the Holy S5irit# !)ther &nd other Re.ormers o. his d&y m)st sh&re the
bl&me .or the /ides5re&d belie. in & theory o. the cess&tion o. mir&cles.
"hen ch&llenged by Rom&n C&tholic &)thorities to 5ro1e by mir&cles
his o/n &)thority# !)ther took re.)ge in the &)thority o. Scri5t)re &nd
his o/n conscience. (ir&cles# he &rg)ed# /ere 5&rtic)l&rly s)ited to the
&5ostolic &ge &nd /ere no longer necess&ry to 1indic&te the &)thority o.
the one /ho st&nds on the side o. Scri5t)re.
BB
He dre/ on the s&me sort
DB
o. &rg)ment in re&ction to the An&b&5tists /ho# in his o5inion#
m&int&ined &n )nd)e reli&nce on the direct 5resence o. the Holy S5irit.
His rem&rks /ere t&ken o)t o. conte3t &nd codi.ied into & leg&l
system res)lting in the !)ther&n &nd Re.ormed /ings o. the ch)rch
h&rboring & distinct bi&s &g&inst the 5ossibility o. 5resent+d&y mir&cles.
This bi&s re&ched its Ienith# 5erh&5s# /ith the 5)blic&tion o.
Co2nterfeit .irac3es by Pro.essor %. %. "&r.ield o. Princeton in BCBD.
In this 1ol)me# "&r.ield decl&red th&t the !ord h&d not 5er.ormed &
single mir&cle on e&rth since the de&th o. the origin&l t/el1e &5ostles
&nd those directly &ssoci&ted /ith them.
B:
WELCOME) HOLY SPIRIT*
In s5ite o. these )n.ort)n&te trends# the t/entieth cent)ry /itnessed &
ne/ rece5ti1ity to the Holy S5irit &mong the s5irit)&l children o.
!)ther. In BCD># the Intern&tion&l !)ther&n Rene/&l Center coordin&ted
&n intern&tion&l# thirty+t/o member !)ther&n Theologic&l Cons)lt&tion#
/hich 5rod)ced )e3come0 Ho3y '1irit: A 't27y of Charismatic
Rene5a3 in the Ch2rch. This st)dy sho/ed & m&rked rece5ti1ity to the
ch&rism&tic dimension o. the S5irit. Altho)gh it @)estioned cert&in
tr&dition&l Pentecost&l doctrines# it &ckno/ledged th&t Pentecost&ls
Jh&1e &cc)r&tely 5ercei1ed the S5irit0s str&tegyJ in th&t He is Jc&lling
belie1ers to recei1e & 5erson&l o)t5o)ring o. the Holy S5irit#J &nd
c&lling them to be J.illed /ith the Holy S5irit in & /&y &nd to & degree
th&t they h&1e not done be.ore.J
B=
!)ther /o)ld# no do)bt# &gree. The .o)rth st&nI& o. his gre&t hymn
JA (ighty Fortress Is O)r 'odJ cont&ins the 5hr&se# JThe S5irit &nd
gi.ts &re o)rs.J So)er0s /ork in 'erm&n# A History of the Christian
Ch2rch0 on 5&ge ?;< o. 1ol)me =# describes !)ther &s J& 5ro5het#
e1&ngelist# s5e&ker in tong)es &nd inter5reter# in one 5erson# endo/ed
/ith &ll the gi.ts o. the Holy S5irit.J
B?
D:
E L E V E N
11 The Ana3aptists
. !)ther /&s o5en to the mir&c)lo)s in his 5erson&l li.e# he reg&rded
the s)5ern&t)r&l /ith c&)tion in his /ork o. re.orming the ch)rch.
1en tho)gh he broke /ith the Rom&n C&tholic Ch)rch# he ret&ined
m)ch o. its lit)rgy &nd 5olity. He ret&ined the rite o. in.&nt b&5tism# .or
e3&m5le# &s /ell &s & st&te+s)55orted# territori&l ch)rch. The t&sk o.
in.)sing the ch&rism&tic dimension into the norm&l /orshi5 o. the
congreg&tion# there.ore# .ell to !)ther0s more r&dic&l contem5or&ries
kno/n &s the Ana:a1tists.
I
THE SO+CALLED RADICAL
REFORMERS
An&b&5tism beg&n in 6)rich# S/itIerl&nd# &s 5&rt o. the Re.orm
mo1ement led by -lrich 6/ingli 8B?D?+BF=B9# & contem5or&ry o.
!)ther. A bre&ch de1elo5ed bet/een 6/ingli &nd t/o o. his colle&g)es#
Feli3 (&nI &nd Conr&d 'rebel# /hen 6/ingli decided to coo5er&te
/ith the 6)rich city co)ncil0s decree th&t the (&ss contin)e to be
celebr&ted &nd th&t the destr)ction o. im&ges in the ch)rches be h&lted.
This led to & com5lete bre&k bet/een 6/ingli &nd his t/o
colle&g)es /ho insisted on rem&ining tr)e to the Scri5t)res in &ll re.orm
e..orts. For 'rebel &nd (&nI# rem&ining tr)e to Scri5t)re necessit&ted
the immedi&te &bolition o. the (&ss# the remo1&l o. &ll im&ges .rom the
ch)rches &nd the discontin)&nce o. in.&nt b&5tism. The 6)rich co)ncil
inter5reted their st&nce &s &n &..ront to its &)thority &nd res5onded by
ordering th&t &nyone /ho did not h&1e their children b&5tiIed /ithin
eight d&ys o. birth /&s to be b&nished .rom the region. F)rther# the
co)ncil iss)ed &n order 5rohibiting the &ssembling o. those /ho
o55osed the rite o. in.&nt b&5tism.
D=
In res5onse to the co)ncil0s &ction# on J&n)&ry :B# BF:F# 'rebel
&nd (&nI# &long /ith &bo)t t/enty .ollo/ers# met in (&nI0s home.
A.ter cor5or&te 5r&yer# 'eorge %l&)rock &sked 'rebel to b&5tiIe him.
'rebel consented &nd then &sked to be b&5tiIed by %l&)rock /ho
5roceeded to b&5tiIe# not only 'rebel# b)t the entire &ssembly.
According to FritI %l&nke# this m&rks Jthe birth o. the An&b&5tist
mo1ement.J
B
In S/itIerl&nd# indeed# thro)gho)t )ro5e# simil&r 5ockets o.
diss&tis.&ction &rose reg&rding the /ork o. the Re.ormers. Re.erring to
6/ingli &nd !)ther &s ha3f5ay men0 m&ny .elt th&t both /ere ret&ining
too m)ch o. the old order. They s&id th&t !)ther Jtore do/n the old
ho)se# b)t b)ilt no ne/ one in its 5l&ce#J &nd th&t 6/ingli Jthre/ do/n
&ll in.irmities &s /ith th)nder strokes# b)t erected nothing better in its
5l&ce.J
:
The Ra7ica3 Reformers0
!
on the other h&nd# /&nted to reco1er
the &5ostolic order &nd disci5line o. the Ne/ Test&ment ch)rch /itho)t
com5romising /ith the c)rrent order. C. Henry Smith s&ys# JIn .&ct# the
/hole mo1ement /&s &n &ttem5t to re5rod)ce &s liter&lly &s 5ossible
the 5rimiti1e &5ostolic Ch)rch in its origin&l 5)rity &nd sim5licity.J
?
#ELIEER'S #APTISM
Ana:a1tist sim5ly me&ns Jone /ho reb&5tiIes.J The An&b&5tists
insisted th&t b&5tism /&s .or belie1ers only &nd there.ore e3cl)ded the
ide& o. b&5tiIing in.&nts. For this st&nd# they /ere se1erely 5ersec)ted
by both C&tholics &nd other Protest&nts. In .&ct# l&/s /ere 5&ssed
thro)gho)t most o. )ro5e m&king &d)lt b&5tism & c&5it&l o..ense. In
s5ite o. the se1ere 5ersec)tion le1eled &g&inst them# the An&b&5tists
incre&sed in n)mber &nd s5re&d thro)gho)t )ro5e.
%ec&)se o. intense 5ersec)tion by both ch)rch &nd st&te# the
An&b&5tists o.ten met secretly in homes# .orests or .ields. There they
re&d the %ible &nd 5r&yed th&t the s&me S5irit &nd Po/er th&t h&d been
kno/n by the 5rimiti1e ch)rch /o)ld come )5on them. It /&s not
)n)s)&l .or the An&b&5tists to d&nce# .&ll )nder the 5o/er &nd s5e&k in
tong)es.
F
ILL!MINATION OF THE SCRIPT!RES
The An&b&5tists &lso belie1ed th&t they e35erienced the ill)min&ting
5resence o. the Holy S5irit /hen they re&d the %ible. "hen Feli3 (&nI
/&s condemned to die &s & heretic by the 6)rich &)thorities on J&n)&ry
F# BF:># he /&s ch&rged /ith Jh&1ing bo&sted o. s5eci&l re1el&tions.J
D?
The Ana:a1tists
He /&s &cc)sed o. 5retending th&t Jonce or t/ice in 5rison &nd
else/here cert&in e5istles o. P&)l /ere re1e&led to him &s i. he h&d
them be.ore his eyes.J
<
The co)rt reg&rded this &s 5roo. th&t (&nI h&d
cl&imed indi1id)&l re1el&tion e@)&l to Scri5t)re. For this# he /&s
dro/ned in the Ri1er !imm&t the s&me d&y.
THE PROPHETHOOD OF ALL
#ELIEERS
In re&ction to the ecclesi&stic&l system o. Rom&n C&tholicism# the
An&b&5tists re7ected &n hier&rchic&l str)ct)re o. le&dershi5 &nd
em5h&siIed th&t ministry /&s the res5onsibility o. the entire
congreg&tion. Th)s# i. !)ther restored the ide& o. the J5riesthood o. &ll
belie1ers#J then the An&b&5tists restored the ide& o. the J5ro5hethood
o. &ll belie1ers.J
This conce5t is cle&rly seen in & S/iss An&b&5tist doc)ment d&ted
c&. BF=:+BF=? &nd titled Ans5er of 'ome )ho Are Ca33e7
DAnaB<a1tists )hy They Do *ot Atten7 the Ch2rches. In this doc)ment#
the 5rim&ry re&son gi1en .or not &ttending the st&te ch)rches is th&t
those instit)tions did not &llo/ the members o. the congreg&tion to
e3ercise s5irit)&l gi.ts &ccording to Jthe Christi&n order &s t&)ght in the
gos5el or the "ord o. 'od in B Corinthi&ns B?.J
>
8First Corinthi&ns B?
is the ch&5ter th&t disc)sses the 5l&ce o. 5ro5hecy# tong)es &nd
inter5ret&tion in the Christi&n &ssembly.9 The &)thor o. the doc)ment
chides !)ther &nd 6/ingli# &cc)sing them o. tr&nsgressing their o/n
Jorigin&l te&chingJ &nd o. im5eding Jthe ri1ers o. li1ing /&terJ by not
&llo/ing the .ree e3ercise o. s5irit)&l gi.ts in their congreg&tions.
The &)thor sho/s &n ob1io)s 5re.erence .or & congreg&tion&l+
ch&rism&tic order .or ch)rch meetings. %ec&)se the Holy S5irit resides
in e1ery member# &nd bec&)se# there.ore# e1ery member 5ossesses one
or more o. His gi.ts .or the edi.ic&tion o. the /hole body# e1ery
member sho)ld h&1e the o55ort)nity to e3ercise th&t gi.t or gi.ts .or the
b)ilding )5 o. the congreg&tion. A Christi&n g&thering domin&ted by
one 5erson c&nnot# there.ore# be controlled by the Holy S5irit. The
&)thor s&ysE
"hen someone comes to ch)rch &nd const&ntly he&rs only one
5erson s5e&king# &nd &ll the listeners &re silent# neither
s5e&king nor 5ro5hesying# /ho c&n or /ill reg&rd or con.ess
the s&me to be & s5irit)&l congreg&tion# or con.ess &ccording to
B Corinthi&ns B? th&t 'od is d/elling &nd o5er&ting in them
DF
thro)gh His Holy S5irit /ith His gi.ts# im5elling them one
&.ter &nother in the &bo1ementioned order o. s5e&king &nd
5ro5hesying.
D
CHARISMATIC+PROPHETIC
E%TREMES
O)t o. the An&b&5tist @)est .or & restor&tion o. Ne/ Test&ment
Christi&nity# e3treme elements emerged# bringing both s)..ering &nd
disgr&ce to the mo1ement &s & /hole. These e3tremes /ere rooted in
5ride &nd &n )nd)e reli&nce on 5ro5hetic ministry .or direction &nd
g)id&nce.
In his BCBC doctor&l dissert&tion# Ch&rles Sh)m/&y obser1ed th&t#
JAll thro)gh Christi&n history those /ho h&1e come to s5e&k in tong)es
h&1e been &rdent belie1ers th&t they /ere li1ing in the l&st d&ys.J
C
This
/&s tr)e o. the An&b&5tists# m&ny o. /hom e35ected &n immedi&te
&5oc&ly5tic end to history. This &5oc&ly5tic e35ect&tion# /hen co)5led
/ith 5ro5hetic &cti1ity &nd intense 5ersec)tion# 5ro1ided & conte3t .or
s)ch e3tremes. Indi1id)&ls beg&n to &rise 5rocl&iming themsel1es to be
s5eci&l nd+Time &5ostles &nd 5ro5hets endo/ed by 'od /ith
mir&c)lo)s 5o/er to )sher in His kingdom )5on the e&rth.
One o. these# (elchoir Ho..m&n# ord&ined t/el1e &5ostles /ho# in
t)rn# beg&n ord&ining others to 1&rio)s o..ices. It /&s &lso re1e&led th&t
(elchoir h&d been gi1en & s5eci&l st&t)s beyond th&t o. & mere &5ostle.
Obe Phili5s# & contem5or&ry /ith (elchoir# s&ys# JOne o. the
5ro5hetesses &lso 5ro5hesied&nd th&t thro)gh & 1isionth&t
(elchoir /&s li7&h.J
B;
Another indi1id)&l 5ro5hesied th&t Ho..m&n
/o)ld be im5risoned .or si3 months in the city o. Str&ssb)rg &nd# &.ter
th&t# his ministry /o)ld s5re&d o1er the /hole /orld. %&sed on the
5ro5hecy# Ho..m&n mo1ed to Str&ssb)rg /here he beg&n to 5re&ch &nd
te&ch thro)gho)t th&t city.
The .irst 5&rt o. the 5ro5hecy /&s .)l.illed /hen the Str&ssb)rg
&)thorities &rrested Ho..m&n &nd h&d him im5risoned. Phili5s s&ys th&t
Jhe /ent /illingly# cheer.)lly# &nd /ell com.orted to 5rison#J
BB
con1inced th&t the l&tter 5&rt o. the 5ro5hecy /o)ld no/ soon come to
5&ss. "hile in 5rison# Ho..m&n /rote m&ny letters# /hich Phili5s s&ys
c&me e1ery d&y describing Jho/ his &ctions# his 1isions &nd re1el&tions
&..ected him.J
B:
One o. the 5ro5hecies st&ted th&t &t the end o. his si3+
month im5risonment# Ho..m&n /o)ld de5&rt Str&ssb)rg /ith B??#;;;
tr)e &5ostles endo/ed /ith s)ch mir&c)lo)s 5o/er th&t no one /o)ld
D<
The Ana:a1tists
be &ble to resist them.
For the most 5&rt# these /ere sincere# seeking 5eo5le /ho /ere
.&iling to &de@)&tely Jtest the s5iritsJ &s the Ne/ Test&ment comm&nds.
In his 1ery mo1ing &cco)nt o. these m&tters# Phili5s s&ysE
No/ /hen these te&chings &nd consol&tion /ith &ll the
.&nt&sies# dre&ms# re1el&tions &nd 1isions d&ily occ)rred
&mong the brethren# there /&s no little 7oy &nd e35ect&tion
&mong )s# ho5ing &ll /o)ld be tr)e &nd .)l.illed# .or /e /ere
&ll )ns)s5ecting# innocent# sim5le# /itho)t g)ile or c)nning#
&nd /ere not &/&re o. &ny .&lse 1isions# 5ro5hets &nd
re1el&tions. "e s)55osed in o)r sim5licity th&t i. /e g)&rded
o)rsel1es &g&inst the 5&5ists# !)ther&ns &nd 6/ingli&ns# then
&ll /&s /ell &nd /e need h&1e no c&res. Thereby & m&n0s
e35erience brings him gre&t /isdom.
B=
"hen the time o. the 5ro5hecy el&5sed# Ho..m&n rem&ined in
5rison. Nothing c&me o. &ll the 1isions &nd 5ro5hecies th&t h&d been
s5oken both to him &nd thro)gh him. Phili5s s&ys# J1erything th&t he
so boldly 5ro.essed .rom the 5ro5hets &nd 5ro5hetesses# he# in the end#
.o)nd it &ll .&lsehood &nd dece5tion.J
B?
Ho..m&n rem&ined in 5rison
)ntil his de&th# Jscorned &nd .orgotten by the brethren#J /ho no/ set
o.. &nother t&ngentseeking to set )5 the Ne/ Jer)s&lem in the city o.
()nster.
On the b&sis o. more 1isions &nd 5ro5hecies# some o. these
e3tremists took the city o. ()nster by .orce &nd decl&red it to be the
*e5 ;er2sa3em. They /ere led by John (&tthi7s# /ho cl&imed to be
both &n &5ostle &nd noch# the second /itness o. Re1el&tion BBE=.
Their occ)5&tion /&s short+li1ed# ho/e1er# .or the C&tholics @)ickly
o1er5o/ered them# reg&ining control o. the city. They /&sted no time
e3ec)ting (&tthi7s &nd sl&)ghtering the 5eo5le /ho h&d .ollo/ed him.
Phili5s s&ys# JSee# de&r .riends# ho/ /e h&1e here the beginning &nd
end o. both li7&h MHo..m&nN &nd noch M(&tthi7sN /ith their
commissions# 1isions# 5ro5hecies# dre&ms &nd re1el&tions.J
BF
%ec&)se these e3tremists re7ected in.&nt b&5tism# they /ere
cl&ssi.ied by both C&tholics &nd !)ther&ns &s An&b&5tists. They /ere#
in .&ct# @)ite di..erent .rom the m&instre&m An&b&5tist mo1ement#
/hich tended to be 5&ci.ist# re7ecting &ll .orms o. /&r &nd con.lict.
Nonetheless# thro)gho)t history An&b&5tists h&1e o.ten been 1ili.ied
bec&)se o. being &ssoci&ted /ith these e3tremist elements &nd the
()nster .i&sco. Only in the t/entieth cent)ry /&s their tr)e re5)t&tion
D>
recl&imed .rom this erroneo)s &ssoci&tion.
PILGRAM MARPEC"
%e.ore the ()nster .i&sco# Pilgr&m (&r5eck# &n An&b&5tist le&der in
centr&l 'erm&ny# h&d been /&rning his .ollo/ers to be/&re o. .&lse
5ro5hets /ho cl&imed to be sent Jto instit)te something di..erent .rom
th&t /hich Christ h&d instit)ted.J
B<
This is &n ob1io)s re.erence to the
e3tremists /ho /ere cl&iming s5eci&l &)thority &nd 5ri1ilege thro)gh
their m&ny dre&ms# 1isions &nd 5ro5hecies. (&r5eck insisted th&t Jthe
l&st d&ysJ h&d beg)n /ith the ministry o. Christ &nd th&t ch&rism&tic
gi.ts &nd ministries h&d contin)ed &mong the .&ith.)l .rom then to the
5resent time. A s5eci&l commissioning o. s)5er+em5o/ered nd+Time
&5ostles &nd 5ro5hets /&s there.ore )nnecess&ry.
B>
Those /ho cl&imed
s)ch & commission /ere .&lse 5ro5hets /ho h&d been beg)iled by the
de1il &nd /ho# in t)rn# decei1ed the )ns)s5ecting &nd the n&i1e.
(&r5eck# ho/e1er# m&kes cle&r to his re&ders th&t /h&t he is
/riting is .or the 5)r5ose o. /&rning &nd not# J&s some &ss)me# &s &n
&rg)ment to e3cl)de di1ine mir&cles &nd signs.J He contin)es# JNor
does Scri5t)re &ssert this e3cl)sion#J .or J'od h&s & .ree h&nd e1en in
these l&st d&ys.J He then mentions some /ho h&d been m&rtyred .or
their .&ith &nd then mir&c)lo)sly r&ised .rom the de&dE
(&ny o. them h&1e rem&ined const&nt# end)ring tort)res
in.licted by s/ord# ro5e# .ire &nd /&ter &nd s)..ering terrible#
tyr&nnic&l# )nhe&rd+o. de&ths &nd m&rtyrdoms# &ll o. /hich
they co)ld e&sily h&1e &1oided by rec&nt&tion. (oreo1er one
&lso m&r1els /hen he sees ho/ the .&ith.)l 'od 8/ho# &.ter &ll#
o1er.lo/s /ith goodness9 r&ises .rom the de&d se1er&l s)ch
brothers &nd sisters o. Christ &.ter they /ere h&nged# dro/ned
or killed in other /&ys. 1en tod&y# they &re .o)nd &li1e &nd
/e c&n he&r their o/n testimony.
BD
(&r5eck re5resents m&instre&m An&b&5tists /ho &..irmed the
contin)ity in the tr)e ch)rch o. J&5ostles# 5ro5hets# mir&cles &nd
te&chers b)t &ll )nder Christ &nd in con.ormity to His gos5el in
Scri5t)re.J
BC
In other /ords# re1el&tion con1eyed by gen)ine 5ro5hecy
/o)ld not 1iol&te the re1el&tion &lre&dy disclosed in Scri5t)re. It /&s
not & m&tter o. /hether Scri5t)re or S5irit h&d 5riority# b)t & con1iction
th&t the S5irit did not &ct in &ny m&nner contr&ry to Scri5t)re.
:;
DD
The Ana:a1tists
MENNO SIMONS
(enno Simons 8B?C<+BF<B9# & C&tholic 5riest in Holl&nd# 7oined the
An&b&5tists &ro)nd BF=F. In BF=<# he beg&n g&thering sc&ttered
An&b&5tists o. northern )ro5e into congreg&tions. 1ent)&lly
recogniIing (enno &s their .o)nder# these gro)5s l&ter bec&me kno/n
&s .ennonites.
In his Treatise on Christian <a1tism0 Simons is ob1io)sly not
)ncom.ort&ble /ith the s)b7ect o. s5e&king in tong)es. He s&ysE
Altho)gh Peter /&s 5re1io)sly in.ormed by & he&1enly 1ision
th&t he might go to the 'entiles &nd te&ch them the gos5el# still
he re.)sed to b&5tiIe the 5io)s# noble &nd 'odly cent)rion &nd
his &ssoci&tes so long &s he did not see the Holy S5irit /&s
descended )5on them# so th&t they s5oke /ith tong)es &nd
glori.ied 'od... Peter comm&nded th&t those only sho)ld be
b&5tiIed /ho h&d recei1ed the Holy 'host# /ho s5oke /ith
tong)es &nd glori.ied 'od# /hich only 5ert&ins to the
belie1ing# &nd not to minor children.
:B
THE ANA#APTIST LEGACY
The An&b&5tist 1ision o. the se5&r&tion o. the 5o/ers o. the ch)rch &nd
st&te bec&me & .o)nd&tion&l 5rinci5le o. modern "estern society. Their
re7ection o. .orce &nd coercion in m&tters o. .&ith &nd their insistence on
.reedom o. conscience h&1e become h&llm&rks o. .reedom+lo1ing
5eo5le &nd n&tions thro)gho)t the /orld. 'eorge "lli&ms# .ormer
5ro.essor o. ecclesi&stic&l history &t ,&le -ni1ersity# h&s s&idE
The /hole "estern /orld# not only the direct descend&nts o.
the Continent&l An&b&5tists# not &lone e1en the l&rger
Protest&nt comm)nity# b)t &ll /ho cherish "estern instit)tions
&nd .reedoms# m)st &ckno/ledge their indebtedness to the
1&lor &nd the 1ision o. the An&b&5tists /ho glim5sed &.resh
the dis5&rities bet/een the ch)rch &nd the /orld# e1en /hen
the l&tter constr)ed itsel. &s Christi&n.
::
$irect descend&nts o. the An&b&5tists incl)de the Amish# H)tterite
&nd (ennonite ch)rches. In &ddition# their freech2rch conce5t
in.l)enced P)rit&n Se5&r&tists# %&5tists &nd G)&kers. 1en more
im5ort&nt is their ch&rism&tic in.l)ence on s)cceeding gener&tions.
(ennonite schol&r John H. ,oder h&s s&id th&t Pentecost&lism Jis in
DC
o)r cent)ry the closest 5&r&llel to /h&t An&b&5tism /&s in the
si3teenth.J
:=
An&b&5tism /&s cert&inly & Ch&rism&tic mo1ement.
C;
T WE L V E
12 The #rench 4rophets
e.orm&tion ide&s beg&n to m&ke inro&ds into C&tholic Fr&nce
&.ter BF:;. These ide&s .o)nd .ertile soil in s5ite o. intense
5ersec)tion# &nd Protest&ntism bec&me & .orce to be reckoned
/ith in th&t n&tion. A.ter BF<;# the French Protest&nts bec&me kno/n &s
H242enots0 &nd in BFCD they /ere gr&nted .reedom o. religion by the
dict o. N&ntes.
R
"hen !o)is 2I4 re1oked this ch&rter in B<DF# se1ere 5ersec)tion
res)med. As m&ny &s .o)r h)ndred tho)s&nd H)g)enots .led to
ngl&nd# Pr)ssi&# Holl&nd# So)th A.ric& &nd the C&rolin&s in North
Americ&. !&rge n)mbers chose to rem&in# ho/e1er# &nd o. these# m&ny
/ere concentr&ted in the Ce1ennes (o)nt&ins o. so)thern Fr&nce.
%ec&)se o. the dyn&mic 5o/er o. the S5irit in their midst# they bec&me
kno/n &s the French Pro5hets.
Their .irm belie. in the s)5ern&t)r&l 5o/er o. 'od &rose .rom their
5r&yer &nd diligent se&rching o. the Ne/ Test&ment. They insisted#
J'od h&s no /here in the Scri5t)res concl)ded Himsel. .rom
dis5ensing &g&in the e3tr&ordin&ry gi.ts o. His S5irit )nto men.J
B
Indeed# tong)es# 1isions# 5ro5hetic )tter&nces &nd other s)5ern&t)r&l
5henomen& /ere common in their midst.
A PROPHETIC ANOINTING
One o. the most o)tst&nding 5henomenon &mong these Protest&nt
belie1ers /&s the 5ro5hetic &nointing th&t c&me )5on sm&ll children.
Children &s yo)ng &s three ye&rs old both 5ro5hesied &nd deli1ered
disco)rses in 5er.ect# .l)ent French e1en tho)gh this /&s not their
n&ti1e tong)e. On one occ&sion# & .o)rteen+month+old child# /ho
5re1io)sly h&d ne1er s5oken# s)ddenly beg&n e3horting Jto the "orks
o. Re5ent&nceJ in & lo)d# childish 1oice.
:
CB
Ad)lts /ere &lso seiIed by the S5irit &nd e35erienced the s&me
sorts o. s5irit)&l 5henomen&. One /om&n# /ho h&d & re5)t&tion o.
being &lmost idiotic# )nder the 5o/er o. the Holy S5irit )ttered
disco)rses o. s)ch ele1&ted ch&r&cter &nd in s)ch good French th&t her
he&rers e3cl&imed# JThis &ss o. %&l&&m h&s & mo)th o. gold.J
=
One
contem5or&ry described & scene in /hich m&ny J.ell on their b&cks#
they sh)t their eyes# they he&1ed /ith the bre&st# they rem&ined & /hile
in tr&nces# &nd coming o)t o. them /ith t/itching# they )ttered &ll th&t
c&me into their mo)ths.J
?
SPEA"ING IN TONG!ES
S5e&king in tong)es seems to h&1e been common &mong the French
Pro5hets. John 4enett# /ho esc&5ed to ngl&nd# rec&lled he&ring his
mother s5e&k French /hen )nder the 5o/er o. the Holy S5irit. He /&s
&m&Ied# Jbec&)se she ne1er be.ore &ttem5ted to s5e&k & /ord in th&t
l&ng)&ge# nor h&s since to my kno/ledge# &nd I &m cert&in she co)ld
not do it.J
F
Sir Rich&rd %)lkey# & /e&lthy nglish noblem&n# /&s con1erted
thro)gh cont&ct /ith French Pro5hets /ho /ere re.)gees in ngl&nd.
He tells o. he&ring one o. their le&ders# John !&cy# Jre5e&t long
sentences in !&tin# &nd &nother re.)gee s5e&k in Hebre/# neither one o.
/hom co)ld s5e&k & single /ord in these l&ng)&ges /hen not in
s5irit)&l ecst&sy.J
<
CAMISARDS
H)nted do/n by the m&r&)ding dr&goons o. the French go1ernment#
these belie1ers mo)nted &n &rmed resist&nce. As & res)lt o. this
resist&nce# they g&ined the n&me Camisar70 /hich me&ns Jnight
st&lker.J %y B>BB# the resist&nce /&s cr)shed &nd the mo1ement
dis5ersed. The .&ith o. these French Pro5hets# ho/e1er# co)ld not be
e3ting)ished# &nd their s5irit)&l e35eriences &nd e35loits o. .&ith /ere
reco)nted thro)gho)t )ro5e.
John "esley /&s &c@)&inted /ith them &nd sho/ed & c&)tio)s
o5enness to those /ho h&d .led to ngl&nd. "hen & cert&in $r.
(iddleton contended th&t# since &5ostolic times# not & single e3&m5le
co)ld be .o)nd o. &nyone h&1ing e3ercised or h&1ing 5retended to
e3ercise the gi.t o. tong)es. "esley re5lied# JSir# yo)r memory .&ils
yo) &g&in...It h&s been he&rd o. more th&n once# no .)rther o.. th&n the
d&ys o. $&)5hin#J
>
& re.erence to the French Pro5hets.
C:
T HI R T E E N
13 !eorge #o5 an" the
6ua7ers
5eo5le c&lled G)&kers emerged in ngl&nd &bo)t B<F;. They
5re.erred to be c&lled The >rien7s0 the 5o5)l&r n&me
&bbre1i&ted .rom the gro)50s o..ici&l title The Re3i4io2s 'ociety
of >rien7s. This# in t)rn# is deri1ed .rom Jes)s0 /ords# JI h&1e c&lled
yo) .riendsJ 8John BFEBF# N*J49. Initi&lly# they h&d re.erred to
themsel1es &s Chi37ren of Li4ht0 to their itiner&nt 5re&chers &s >irst
P2:3ishers of Tr2th &nd to their mo1ement &s Primiti8e Christianity
Re8i8e7.
1
Their &d1ers&ries# ho/e1er# c&lled them E2a9ers0 & sl)r .irst
5rono)nced by J)stice %ennet in B<F; /ith the intention o. ridic)ling
their 5ec)li&r res5onse o. trembling in the m&ni.est 5resence o. the
Holy S5irit. Res5onding in B<>D to this n&me# Robert %&rcl&y /ritesE
A
And .rom this the n&me o. E2a9ers0 i.e. Trem:3ers0 /&s .irst
re5ro&ch.)lly cr&.ted )5on )sL /hich tho)gh it be none o. o)r
choosing# yet in this res5ect /e &re not &sh&med o. it# b)t h&1e
re&son to re7oice there.ore# e1en th&t /e &re sensible o. this
5o/er th&t h&th o.tentimes l&id hold o. o)r &d1ers&ries# &nd
m&de them yield )nto )s# &nd 7oin /ith )s# &nd con.ess to the
tr)th.
:
GEORGE FO%
The .o)nder o. the G)&kers# 'eorge Fo3 8B<:?+CB9# /&s born in
!eicestershire# ngl&nd. From childhood# he e35ressed & Pec)li&r
sobriety &nd ye&rning .or s5irit)&l tr)th# &nd &s & yo)ng m&n# he /ent
thro)gh & time o. intense s5irit)&l str)ggle to kno/ 'od 5erson&lly &nd
C=
e35erienti&lly. -n&ble to .ind the hel5 he needed .rom the 5riests o. the
st&te ch)rch &nd other religio)s le&ders# he /&s &t the 5oint o. tot&l
des5&ir /hen he he&rd & 1oice s&y# JThere is one# e1en Christ Jes)s#
th&t c&n s5e&k to thy condition.J
=
From th&t 5oint# he beg&n to
e35erience the S5irit o. the !ord le&ding &nd te&ching him in & 5erson&l
&nd dyn&mic .&shion. In his se&rch# he bec&me 5&rtic)l&rly con1inced o.
the 5riority o. Christ /ithin 8Col. BE:>9 &nd the Inner !ight 8John BEB+
B?9.
THE POWER STR!GGLE #ETWEEN
O!TWARD SYM#OLS AND INNER
LIGHT
The nglish ch)rch o. Fo30s d&y h&d broken /ith the Rom&n C&tholic
Ch)rch thro)gh the e..orts o. *ing Henry 4III. Since Henry0s str)ggles
/ith Rome h&d been 5olitic&l r&ther th&n doctrin&l# the Ch)rch o.
ngl&nd contin)ed to be essenti&lly the s&me &s the Ch)rch o. Rome.
The m&in di..erence c&me /ith the Act o. S)5rem&cy 8BF=?9# in /hich
the nglish so1ereign re5l&ced the 5o5e &s s)5reme he&d o. the Ch)rch
o. ngl&nd.
Fo30s em5h&sis on the re&lity &nd &)thority o. Christ /ithin the
belie1er 8Col. BE:>9 &nd the Inner !ight 8John BEB+B?9 bro)ght him into
sh&r5 con.lict /ith the &)thority str)ct)re o. the o..ici&l ch)rch.
"here&s the st&te ch)rch relied on o)t/&rd rit)&l &nd ceremony to r)le
the 5eo5le# Fo3 em5h&siIed the res5onsibility o. e&ch indi1id)&l to
res5ond to the ind/elling Christ o. Scri5t)re. He em5h&siIed th&t the
tr)e ch)rch consisted# not o. b)ildings# b)t o. 'od0s tr)e 5eo5le. He
5re&ched &g&inst & 5ro.ession&l# s&l&ried ministry# decl&ring th&t
&)thority to minister rem&ined in Christ &nd e35ressed itsel. thro)gh &ll
tr)e belie1ers. He 5rocl&imed the e@)&lity o. &ll 5eo5leL there.ore# he
t&)ght .irmly &g&inst s)ch 5r&ctices &s the )se o. h)m&n titles. This
bro)ght &n o)tcry .rom the est&blishment o. cl&ss+conscio)s ngl&nd
/here# .or e3&m5le# the men o. the lo/er cl&sses /ere e35ected to do..
their h&ts to the men &nd /omen o. the )55er cl&sses &nd to &ddress
them by their soci&l titles.
PERSEC!TION
%ec&)se o. the &m&lg&m&tion o. the ch)rch &nd st&te# Fo30s 1ie/s &nd
5r&ctices 5reci5it&ted o5en hostility .rom both ecclesi&stic&l &nd ci1il
&)thorities. Se1ere 5ersec)tion er)5ted &g&inst the G)&kers# &nd &t one
C?
=eor4e >o? an7 the E2a9ers
5oint &bo)t .i.teen tho)s&nd /ere held in nglish 5risons. %ec&)se o.
the s@)&lid conditions# h)ndreds o. these belie1ers died /hile being
held c&5ti1e.
CHARISMATIC PHENOMENA
Ch&rism&tic 5henomen& /ere common &mong the e&rly G)&kers. Fo30s
;o2rna3 &nd <oo9 of .irac3es &re .illed /ith &cco)nts o. mir&c)lo)s
he&lings &nd other ch&rism&tic gi.ts. It is re5orted th&t on one occ&sion
&s Fo3 5r&yedE
The !ord0s 5o/er /&s so gre&t th&t the ho)se seemed to be
sh&ken. "hen I h&d done some o. the 5ro.essors s&id it /&s
no/ &s in the d&ys o. the &5ostles# /hen the ho)se /&s sh&ken
/here they /ere.
?
In his ;o2rna30 Fo3 tells o. the he&ling o. .ello/ G)&ker John
%&nks# /ho h&d lost the )se o. his right &rm &nd h&nd. The 5roblem h&d
beg)n /ith e3cr)ci&ting 5&in th&t descended .rom his sho)lder into his
&rm &nd h&nd. In 1&in# %&nks h&d so)ght hel5 .rom 5hysici&ns. Fin&lly#
/ith &ll ho5e gone# he h&d & dre&m in /hich he &sked Fo3 to l&y his
h&nd on his sho)lder &nd 5r&y .or he&ling. The dre&m /&s so re&l th&t
he so)ght Fo3 &nd sh&red /ith him his dre&m. Fo3 l&id his h&nd on him
&nd sim5ly s&id# JThe !ord strengthen thee /ithin &nd /itho)t.J %&nks
st&yed &t the home o. & .riend th&t e1ening# &nd /hile e&ting s)55er# he
s)ddenly re&liIed th&t he h&d 5er.ect )se o. his &rm &nd h&nd. He /&s
o1er/helmed /ith gr&tit)de &nd l&ter s&idE
(y he&rt /&s broke into tr)e tenderness be.ore the !ord# &nd
the ne3t d&y I /ent home# /ith my h&nd &nd &rm restored to its
.ormer )se &nd strength# /itho)t &ny 5&in. And the ne3t time
th&t 'eorge Fo3 &nd I met he re&dily s&id# JJohn# tho)
mended# tho) mendedLJ I &ns/ered# J,es# 1ery /ell# in & little
time.J J"ell#J s&id he# Jgi1e 'od the glory.J
F
One d&y d)ring his tr&1els# Fo3 sto55ed &t & G)&ker home to s5end
the night. In the home# lying in & cr&dle# /&s & boy o. &bo)t ele1en
ye&rs o. &ge /ho h&d gro/n &lmost do)ble &nd h&d ne1er /&lked. Fo3
bid the boy be /&shed# dressed &nd bro)ght to him. He s&idE
Then I /&s mo1ed o. the !ord 'od to l&y my h&nd )5on him
&nd s5e&k to him# &nd so bid the l&ss t&ke him &g&in &nd 5)t on
his clothes# &nd &.ter /e 5&ssed &/&y.
CF
Three ye&rs 5&ssed# &nd Fo3 &g&in sto55ed &t this home. (et /ith
&n enth)si&stic rece5tion# he le&rned th&t shortly &.ter his de5&rt)re the
5&rents h&d &rri1ed home to .ind the boy /ell &nd 5l&ying in the street.
In e&rnest# they begged Fo3 to st&y J&nd h&1e & meeting &t o)r ho)se
.or &ll the co)ntry is con1inced by the gre&t mir&cle th&t /&s done by
thee )5on my son.J
<
Fo3 &lso e35erienced the re1el&tion gi.ts o. the Holy S5irit s)ch &s
discerning o. S5irits# the /ord o. kno/ledge &nd the /ord o. /isdom.
He o.ten kne/ things s)5ern&t)r&lly &nd s&id# JThe !ord g&1e me &
s5irit o. discerning# by /hich I m&ny times s&/ the st&tes &nd
conditions o. 5eo5le &nd co)ld try their s5irits.J
>
S5e&king in tong)es /&s &lso & common occ)rrence &mong the
e&rly G)&kers. d/&rd %)rro)ghs# & .riend &nd colle&g)e o. Fo3#
s5e&ks o. G)&ker meetings in /hich they /&ited together in silence
be.ore 'od .or ho)rs &t & time. $)ring these times o. /&iting they o.ten
e35erienced 'od0s 5resence in & dyn&mic &nd &5ostolic .&shion.
"e recei1ed o.ten the 5o)ring do/n o. the S5irit )5on )s# &nd
the gi.t o. 'od0s Holy etern&l S5irit &s in the d&ys o. old# &nd
o)r he&rts /ere m&de gl&d# &nd o)r tong)es loosed# &nd o)r
mo)ths o5ened# &nd /e s5oke /ith ne/ tong)es# &s the !ord
g&1e )s )tter&nce# &nd &s His S5irit led )s# /hich /&s 5o)red
do/n )5on )s# on sons &nd d&)ghters.
D
CONCL!SION
-nd&)nted by s&1&ge 5ersec)tion# stonings# /hi55ings# be&tings# 5)blic
h&ngings &nd lengthy im5risonments# G)&ker mission&ries# in 7)st one
gener&tion# let their light shine in 1&rio)s 5&rts o. the /orld .rom
T)rkey in the e&st to the nglish colonies o. the Ne/ "orld in the /est.
In one gener&tion# the 5eo5le c&lled G)&kers bec&me the .&stest+
gro/ing mo1ement in the "estern /orld. %y B<F<# Fo3 h&d &t le&st
.i.ty+si3 &ssoci&tes /ho /ere tr&1eling 5re&chers# &nd by B<<;# the
mo1ement co)ld bo&st .orty tho)s&nd to si3ty tho)s&nd &dherents.
C
This im5ressi1e si3teenth+cent)ry mo1ement /&s# indeed# &
Ch&rism&tic mo1ement. Their o55osition to e3tern&ls in religion &nd
their em5h&sis on the interior li.e &re ch&r&cteristics o. s)ch &
mo1ement. Their o/n testimony con.irms the im5ort&nce th&t they
&tt&ched to mir&c)lo)s he&lings &nd other ch&rism&tic gi.ts.
C<
F OUR T E E N
1% The )oravian Revival
he (or&1i&n Ch)rch tr&ces its beginnings to the 5re+!)ther&n
Re.ormer John H)s 8B=>=+B?BF9. H)s /&s & 5ro.essor &t the
-ni1ersity o. Pr&g)e &nd 5&stor o. %ethlehem Ch&5el# the most
in.l)enti&l ch)rch in Pr&g)e. One h)ndred ye&rs be.ore !)ther# he
5re&ched 7)sti.ic&tion by .&ith &nd the s)5reme &)thority o. Scri5t)re.
%ec&)se his 5re&ching in.)ri&ted the ch)rch hier&rchy# he /&s b)rned &t
the st&ke &s & heretic in B?BF.
T
In (or&1i&# his .ollo/ers c&lled themsel1es Unite7 <rethren. In
s5ite o. contin)ing 5ersec)tion by the instit)tion&l ch)rch# they
5ro5&g&ted their belie.s thro)gho)t their home 5ro1ince o. %ohemi&
&nd into the neighboring 5ro1ince o. (or&1i&. A ne/ /&1e o.
5ersec)tion# the res)lt o. the Co)nter Re.orm&tion in the Rom&n
C&tholic Ch)rch# .orced h)ndreds o. these belie1ers .rom their homes.
%et/een B>:: &nd B>:># m&ny o. these re.)gees .o)nd s&nct)&ry &t
%erthelsdor.# S&3ony# on the est&te o. Co)nt Nikol&)s !)d/ig 1on
6inIendor. 8B>;;+B><;9. There they est&blished the comm)nity o.
Herrnh)t# me&ning J)nder the !ord0s /&tchJ or Jon /&tch .or the !ord.J
CO!NT (IN(ENDORF
Co)nt 6inIendor. /&s & committed Christi&n /hom &
contem5or&ry described &s Jone o. the most e3tr&ordin&ry 5erson&ges
th&t h&1e &55e&red in the Ch)rch o. Christ since the 5eriod o. the
Re.orm&tion.J
B
6inIendor. /&s re&red by Pietist 5&rents &nd /&s
in.l)enced by the le&ders o. the Pietist mo1ement. Pietism# & s5irit)&l
rene/&l th&t h&d &risen /ithin 'erm&n !)ther&nism in the l&te
se1enteenth cent)ry# /&s & re&ction to the intellect)&l st&leness th&t h&d
&risen /ithin !)ther&nism one h)ndred ye&rs &.ter !)ther.
C>
FERENT PRAYER
6inIendor. org&niIed the (or&1i&ns into & ch)rch body /ith elders &nd
5&stors# &nd he enco)r&ged them to seek 'od .or & gr&cio)s o)t5o)ring
o. His Holy S5irit. 6inIendor. himsel. led the /&y /ith .er1ent
s)55lic&tions th&t sometimes l&sted thro)gh the night. Comm)nity
members soon beg&n to g&ther o. their o/n &ccord .or 5r&yer &nd &t
times /o)ld contin)e .or &n entire night. A s5irit o. 5r&yer 5re1&iled
th&t to)ched the children &s /ell &s the &d)lts. On one occ&sion# & gro)5
o. yo)ng girls s5ent the ho)rs o. B;E;; P.(. to BE;; A.(. J5r&ying#
singing &nd /ee5ing.J
:
The boys# &t the s&me time# /ere eng&ged in
5r&yer in &nother 5l&ce.
AN O!TPO!RING
$)ring the s)mmer o. B>:># their 5r&yers beg&n to be &ns/ered in &
rem&rk&ble .&shion. On S)nd&y# A)g)st B;# &bo)t noon# /hile P&stor
Rothe /&s le&ding the meeting &t Herrnh)t# he /&s o1er/helmed by the
5resence o. the !ord &nd .ell to the .loor. The entire congreg&tion#
o1er/helmed by the S5irit &nd 5resence o. the !ord# then s&nk to the
.loor /ith him. The ser1ice contin)ed )ntil midnight /ith 5r&yer &nd
singing# /ee5ing &nd s)55lic&tion.
=
$)ring & comm)nion ser1ice three d&ys l&ter# 'od0s 5resence /&s
m&ni.est in s)ch & /&y th&t none o. the 5&rtici5&nts co)ld .)lly describe
it. John 'reen.ield# (or&1i&n histori&n &nd e1&ngelist# s&ys th&t they
Jh&rdly kne/ /hether they belonged to he&1en or e&rth.J
?
6inIendor.
s&idE
A sense o. the ne&rness o. Christ M/&sN besto/ed in & single
moment )5on &ll the members th&t /ere 5resentL &nd it /&s so
)n&nimo)s th&t t/o members# &t /ork t/enty miles &/&y#
)n&/&re th&t the meeting /&s being held# bec&me &t the s&me
time dee5ly conscio)s o. the s&me blessing.
F
It /&s &t this time th&t mir&c)lo)s he&lings &nd other s5irit)&l gi.ts
beg&n to be m&ni.est in their midst. 'reen.ield s&ys# JChristi&n /omen
&nd yo)ng 5eo5le /ere .illed /ith the S5irit &nd 5ro5hesied.J
<
6inIendor. s&id# JAt this 7)nct)re s)5ern&t)r&l gi.ts /ere m&ni.ested in
the ch)rch &nd mir&c)lo)s c)res /ere /ro)ght.J
>
6inIendor. &lso
con.irmed his belie. in the s)5ern&t)r&l ministry o. the Holy S5irit /ith
the .ollo/ing st&tementE
CD
The .ora8ian Re8i8a3
To belie1e &g&inst ho5e is the root o. the gi.t o. mir&clesL &nd I
o/e this testimony to o)r belo1ed Ch)rch# th&t A5ostolic
5o/ers &re there m&ni.ested. "e h&1e h&d )ndeni&ble 5roo.s
thereo. in the )ne@)i1oc&l disco1ery o. things# 5ersons &nd
circ)mst&nces /hich co)ld not h)m&nly h&1e been disco1ered#
in the he&ling o. m&l&dies in themsel1es inc)r&ble# s)ch &s
c&ncers# cons)m5tions# /hen the 5&tient /&s in the &gonies o.
de&th# &ll by me&ns o. 5r&yer# or o. & single /ord.
D
Altho)gh s5e&king in tong)es is not mentioned 5er se# it did bre&k
o)t occ&sion&lly in the (or&1i&n meetings. This is borne o)t by one
John Roche /ho criticiIed the (or&1i&ns .or re1i1ing the 5r&ctices o.
the (ont&nists. He &lso cl&imed th&t they Jcommonly broke into some
disconnected J&rgon# /hich they o.ten 5&ssed )5on the 1)lg&r# 0&s the
e3)ber&nt &nd resistless 1&c)&tions o. the S5irit.0J
C
On A)g)st :<# B>:># t/enty+.o)r (or&1i&n men &nd the s&me
n)mber o. /omen met &nd co1en&nted together to contin)e .rom one
midnight to the ne3t in contin)o)s 5r&yer. The t/enty+.o)r ho)rs o. the
night &nd d&y /ere di1ided &mong themsel1es by lot &s e&ch took their
t)rn in kee5ing & contin)&l .ire b)rning on the &lt&r 8!e1. <EB=+B?9.
Others soon 7oined this gro)5 o. intercessors# &nd the gro)5 gre/ to
se1enty+se1en. The children &lso org&niIed & simil&r 5l&n.
The .er1ent intercessory 5r&yers kindled & b)rning desire to m&ke
Christ0s s&l1&tion kno/n to the he&then. (ission&ries /ere soon .o)nd
thro)gho)t )ro5e# in North &nd So)th Americ& &nd in Asi& &nd A.ric&.
(or&1i&n mission&ries s&iled to 'eorgi& on the s&me bo&t &s John
"esley &nd h&d & 5ro.o)nd in.l)ence on his li.e. The 'erm&n histori&n
o. Protest&nt missions# $r. "&rneck# decl&red# JThis sm&ll Ch)rch in
t/enty ye&rs c&lled into being more (issions th&n the /hole
e1&ngelic&l Ch)rch h&s done in t/o cent)ries.J
B;
The e&rly (or&1i&n
Ch)rch /&s indeed & Ch&rism&tic mo1ement.
CC
!AT *
P&rt <E A&D& ",00'"-00
F I F T E E N
1(
The )etho"ist Revival
ohn "esley 8B>;=+B>CB9 /&s born in 5/orth# ngl&nd# the son o.
S&m)el &nd S)s&nn&h "esley. His .&ther /&s the rector o. the
Anglic&n 5&rish in 5/orth# &nd his mother /&s & brilli&nt /om&n
/ho kne/ Hebre/# 'reek &nd !&tin. She diligently t&)ght John &nd his
si3 brothers &nd sisters &c&demics &nd the /&ys o. the !ord. John
gr&d)&ted .rom O3.ord /ith the highest degree o. his d&y &nd /&s
ord&ined to the Anglic&n 5riesthood in B>:D &t the &ge o. t/enty+.i1e.
J
"hile &t O3.ord# John &nd his brother Ch&rles .o)nded & gro)5
/hose 5&rtici5&nts bec&me kno/n &s (ethodists bec&)se o. their
methodic&l &55ro&ch to seeking 'od. 1ery e1ening .rom si3 to nine#
they met .or 5r&yer &nd %ible st)dy# &nd e1ery "ednesd&y &nd Frid&y
they .&sted. Once e1ery /eek they recei1ed comm)nion. This rigoro)s
religio)s disci5line did not# ho/e1er# bring 5e&ce to "esley0s so)l.
A.ter & .&iled mission&ry 7o)rney to 'eorgi&# he ret)rned to
ngl&nd /here he contin)ed his se&rch. On the e1ening o. (&y B?#
B>=D# he .o)nd the inner &ss)r&nce .or /hich he h&d so)ght so long. It
c&me &s he listened to & re&ding o. !)ther0s Preface to Romans &t &
meeting on Aldersg&te Street in !ondon.
I .elt my he&rt str&ngely /&rmed. I .elt I did tr)st in Christ#
Christ &lone .or my s&l1&tion &nd &n &ss)r&nce /&s gi1en me
th&t He h&d t&ken &/&y my sin# e1en mine# &nd s&1ed me .rom
the l&/ o. sin &nd de&th.
B
This e35erience 5ro.o)ndly &..ected "esley0s 5erson&l rel&tionshi5
/ith Christ &s /ell &s his 5)blic ministry. As he no/ 5rocl&imed
7)sti.ic&tion thro)gh .&ith in Christ &lone# he /&s &cce5ted by the
m&sses b)t re7ected by the ch)rch hier&rchy. "esley .elt the sting o.
B;B
re7ection# b)t he contin)ed to seek 'od. In &n &ll+night 5r&yer meeting
&t this time# the Holy S5irit descended in mighty 5o/er on "esley &nd
his (ethodist .riends. He describes this e1ent in his ;o2rna3:
At &bo)t three in the morning# &s /e /ere contin)ing inst&nt in
5r&yer# the 5o/er o. 'od c&me mightily )5on )s insom)ch th&t
m&ny cried o)t .or e3ceeding 7oy# &nd m&ny .ell to the
gro)nd..."e broke o)t /ith one 1oice# J"e 5r&ise thee# O 'od#
/e &ckno/ledge thee to be the !ord.J
:
As ch)rches contin)ed to re7ect him# he /&s .orced to seek ne/
&1en)es to minister. nco)r&ged by 'eorge "hit.ield# he beg&n
tr&1eling thro)gho)t ngl&nd on horseb&ck &nd 5re&ching in the o5en
&ir. Peo5le g&thered by the tho)s&nds# &nd m)ltit)des /ere con1erted.
The S5irit con.irmed the "ord /ith he&lings# /ith deli1er&nces &nd
/ith )n)s)&l m&ni.est&tions s)ch &s .&lling# trembling# ro&ring# crying
&nd l&)ghing.
=
!N!S!AL SPIRIT!AL PHENOMENA
In his ;o2rna30 "esley recorded m&ny o. the /ondro)s e1ents.
?
In one
meeting &t Ne/g&te# .or e3&m5le# &s he beg&n to 5re&ch# Jimmedi&tely
one# &nd &nother# &nd &nother s)nk to the e&rth. They dro55ed on e1ery
side &s i. th)nderstr)ck. All Ne/g&te r&ng /ith the cries o. those /hom
the /ord o. 'od c)t to the he&rt.J
F
On &nother occ&sion# "esley &nd his
brother Ch&rles took & /&lk in & me&do/ intending to sing 5s&lms in
5r&ise to 'od. J)st &s they st&rted to sing Ch&rles b)rst into lo)d
l&)ghter. %e.ore long# John too /&s l&)ghing )ncontroll&bly. JNor
co)ld /e 5ossibly re.r&in# tho)gh /e /ere re&dy to te&r o)rsel1es in
5ieces# b)t /e /ere .orced to go home /itho)t singing &nother line.J
<
"esley himsel. e35erienced the mir&c)lo)s bene.its o. the gos5el.
He testi.ies to h&1ing been he&led mir&c)lo)sly more th&n once. In one
inst&nce# he h&d been str)ck /ith s)ch sickness th&t he co)ld sc&rcely
li.t his he&d. This h&d been on Frid&y# &nd by S)nd&y# his condition h&d
deterior&ted.
I /&s obliged to lie do/n most o. the d&y# being e&sy only in
th&t 5ost)re. In the e1ening# beside the 5&in in my b&ck &nd
he&d# &nd the .e1er /hich still contin)ed )5on me# 7)st &s I
beg&n to 5r&y I /&s seiIed /ith s)ch & co)gh th&t I co)ld
h&rdly s5e&k. At the s&me time c&me strongly to my mind#
JThese signs sh&ll .ollo/ them th&t belie1e.J I c&lled &lo)d on
B;:
The .etho7ist Re8i8a3
Jes)s to incre&se my .&ith &nd to con.irm the /ord o. His
gr&ce. "hile I /&s s5e&king# my 5&in 1&nished &/&y# the .e1er
le.t me# my bodily strength ret)rned &nd .or m&ny /eeks I .elt
neither /e&kness or 5&in. -nto thee# O !ord# do I gi1e th&nks.
>
On &nother occ&sion# he h&d been enro)te to &n im5ort&nt
5re&ching eng&gement /hen his horse# $&n# h&d become l&me. The
res)lting ro)gh ride h&d gi1en "esley & 5o)nding he&d&che. As he
li.ted & silent 5r&yer to 'od# he rec&lls# JImmedi&tely my /e&riness &nd
he&d&che ce&sed &nd my horse0s l&meness in the s&me inst&nt. Nor did
he h&lt &nymore th&t d&y or the ne3t.J
D
CHARGED WITH ENTH!SIASM
"esley o.ten .o)nd it necess&ry to de.end himsel. &g&inst ch&rges o.
being &n enth2siast. This derog&tory ch&rge /&s directed &t those /ho
s)55osedly h&d .ors&ken re&son &nd the Scri5t)res in .&1or o.
s)b7ecti1e s5irit)&l e35erience. A cert&in (r. Ch)rch# .or e3&m5le#
&cc)sed him o. Jin.erringJ th&t indi1id)&ls )nder his ministry h&d
e35erienced mir&c)lo)s c)res. "esley re5liedE
As it c&n be 5ro1ed by &b)nd&nce o. /itnesses th&t these c)res
/ere .re@)ently 8indeed &lmost &l/&ys9 the inst&nt&neo)s
conse@)ences o. 5r&yer# yo)r in.erence is 7)st. I c&nnot# d&re
not# &..irm th&t they /ere 5)rely n&t)r&l. I belie1e they /ere
not. I belie1e m&ny o. them /ere /ro)ght by the s)5ern&t)r&l
5o/er o. 'od.
C
Also in this re5ly# "esley e35ressed his belie. in the contin)&nce
o. mir&c)lo)s gi.ts thro)gho)t the ch)rch &ge.
I do not recollect &ny Scri5t)re /herein /e &re t&)ght th&t
mir&cles /ere to be con.ined /ithin the limits either o. the
&5ostolic &ge or the Cy5ri&n &ge# or o. &ny 5eriod o. time#
longer or shorter# e1en till the restit)tion o. &ll things.
B;
SPEA"ING IN TONG!ES
The s)5ern&t)r&l /&s not limited to "esley0s o5en+&ir# e1&ngelistic
meetings. It /&s# in .&ct# &n integr&l 5&rt o. the li1es o. the e&rly
(ethodists. In his ;o2rna30 "esley incl)des & descri5tion o. the re1i1&l
&t the Anglic&n 5&rish o. John %erridge in 1erton. As the 5resence o.
'od beg&n to be sensibly .elt# )n)s)&l 5henomen& beg&n to occ)r /ith
B;=
some crying o)t &nd some .&lling to the .loor.
This occ&sioned & mi3t)re o. 1&rio)s so)ndsL some shrieking#
some ro&ring &lo)d. The most gener&l /&s & lo)d bre&thing#
like th&t o. 5eo5le h&l. str&ngled &nd g&s5ing .or li.e. 're&t
n)mbers /e5t /itho)t &ny noiseL others .ell do/n &s de&dL
some sinking in silenceL some /ith e3treme noise &nd 1iolent
&git&tion.
BB
S5e&king in tong)es is not s5eci.ic&lly mentioned in this &cco)nt.
Ho/e1er# rese&rcher 'eorge %. C)tten 1ent)res to s&y th&t s5e&king in
tong)es m&y h&1e been 5&rt o. this scene.
B:
It is# indeed# 5ossible th&t
the gro&ns# cries# lo)d bre&thing &nd other in&rtic)l&te e35ressions so
common &mong e&rly (ethodists m&y h&1e incl)ded & .orm o. s5e&king
in tong)es. This is es5eci&lly borne o)t in &n entry in "esley0s ;o2rna3
d&ted J)ly =;# B>=C# in /hich he tells o. & /om&n /ho J.ell trembling
to the gro)nd. She then cried &lo)d# tho)gh not &rtic)l&tely# her /ords
being s/&llo/ed )5.J
B=
1en tho)gh this /&s not recogniIed &s the
biblic&l gi.t o. s5e&king in tong)es# there seems no logic&l re&son not to
consider it &s s)ch.
An e&rly (ethodist le&der /ho did s5e&k in tong)es &nd /ho le.t &
cle&r record o. his e35erience /&s Thom&s "&lsh# & .riend &nd
colle&g)e o. "esley. In the Febr)&ry :?# B>FB# entry o. his ;o2rna30
"&lsh /rites# JThe in.l)ence o. His S5irit /ro)ght so 5o/er.)lly )5on
me# th&t my 7oy /&s beyond e35ression.J In his entry on (&rch D# B>FB#
he /rites# JThis morning the !ord g&1e me & l&ng)&ge I kne/ not o.#
r&ising my so)l to Him in & /onder.)l m&nner.J
B?
"esley himsel. ne1er cl&imed the gi.t o. tong)es# b)t he de.ended
the e35erience in his deb&te /ith $r. (iddleton. (iddleton decl&red
th&t the gi.t o. tong)es h&d not occ)rred since the .irst cent)ry &nd th&t
&ny c)rrent cl&im to mir&cles /itho)t this gi.t /&s mere 5retension.
"esley# @)oting B Corinthi&ns B:EBB# /hich st&tes th&t s5irit)&l gi.ts
&re gi1en &s the S5irit /ills# retortedE
He /ho /orketh &s He /ill# m&y# /ith yo)r good le&1e# gi1e
the gi.t o. tong)es /here He gi1es no otherL &nd m&y see
&b)nd&nt re&sons to do so# /hether yo) &nd I see them or not.
A SECOND WOR" OF GRACE
"esley0s chie. contrib)tion to s)cceeding gener&tions /&s his em5h&sis
on &n e35erience th&t Christi&ns sho)ld seek s)bse@)ent to the ne/
B;?
The .etho7ist Re8i8a3
birth e35erience. He re.erred to this second e35erience &s Christi&n
5er.ection or entire s&ncti.ic&tion. This /&s not sinless 5er.ection. For
"esley this e35erience consisted o. 'od0s lo1e so .illing the he&rt th&t
the 5o/er o. sin /o)ld be broken &nd holiness o. li.e /o)ld res)lt.
"esley belie1ed th&t & s&ncti.ied 5erson co)ld still m&ke mist&kes &nd
e1en sin# b)t the mist&kes /o)ld be rel&ted to the mind &nd m&king
5oor 7)dgments r&ther th&n /ill.)l sins o. the he&rt. The 1&lid&ting
Scri5t)re /&s Hebre/s B:EB?# /hich s&ys# JFollo/ 5e&ce /ith &ll men#
&nd holiness Ms&ncti.ic&tionN /itho)t /hich no m&n sh&ll see the !ordJ
(KJV).
The ide& o. & /ork o. gr&ce s)bse@)ent to regener&tion h&d not
been em5h&siIed since the .o)rth cent)ry# &nd# &long /ith the o5enness
to 5erson&l# s5irit)&l e35eriences# it bec&me &n im5ort&nt .&ctor in
setting the st&ge .or the Pentecost&lH Ch&rism&tic mo1ement o. the
t/entieth cent)ry. For this re&son Pentecost&l histori&n 4inson Syn&n
h&s re.erred to "esley &s the .&ther o. the modern Pentecost&l
mo1ement.
BF
&OHN FLETCHER
Perh&5s &s deser1ing o. this title &s "esley /&s his .riend &nd
colle&g)e John Fletcher 8B>:C+B>DF9# /ho bec&me the system&tic
theologi&n o. e&rly (ethodism. Fletcher# like "esley# /&s &n ord&ined
5riest in the Anglic&n Ch)rch. He s5ent most o. his ministry &s rector o.
the 5&rish o. (&deley /here he m&de his home )ntil his de&th. His most
im5ort&nt /ork /&s Chec9s to Antinomianism0 & de.ense o. the
Armini&n theology o. "esley &nd & reb)tt&l o. the C&l1inistic br&nch o.
(ethodism led by 'eorge "hit.ield.
Fletcher0s chie. signi.ic&nce .or Pentecost&ls &nd Ch&rism&tics is
his 5ench&nt .or Pentecosta3 l&ng)&ge. He 5re.erred :a1tism in the
Ho3y '1irit to "esley0s sanctification0 &nd he &lso seemed to see the
distinction bet/een 5o/er &nd cle&nsing in the t/o terms. In & letter to
& .riend# Fletcher e3horted him to hold .&st /h&t he h&d &nd be th&nk.)l
.or it )ntil the !ord comes /ith more# Jtill He b&5tiIes yo) /ith the
Holy 'host &nd /ith .ire.J
B<
In & letter to Ch&rles "esley d&ted J&n)&ry
F# B><=# he s&ysE
"h&t I /&nt is the light &nd mighty 5o/er o. the S5irit o. 'od.
As to my 5&rish# /e &re 7)st /here /e /ereE /e look .or o)r
Pentecost# b)t /e do not 5r&y s)..iciently to obt&in it.
B>
B;F
Altho)gh &t times Fletcher e35resses lingering @)estions &bo)t the
charismata0 there is no do)bt th&t he looked .or & restor&tion o. the
5o/er o. the Holy S5irit s)ch &s tr&ns5ired on the $&y o. Pentecost.
This is borne o)t in & letter to (r. Henry %rooke in B>D? in /hich he
holds o)t & ho5e o. & restor&tion th&t /o)ld restore to the ch)rch Jthe
s5irit)&l glory /hich /&s besto/ed )5on her on the d&y o. Pentecost.J
BD
Ste1ens h&s s&id o. FletcherE
The dis5ens&tion o. the Holy 'host &s the 5rerog&ti1e o. the
Ch)rch# he d/elt )5on in the 5)l5it &nd in con1ers&tion
contin)&lly. He li1ed &nd died in the &ss)r&nce th&t this
5re1&lence o. the S5irit /&s limited in the /orld only bec&)se
the .&ith o. the Ch)rch reg&rding it /&s .eeble# &nd th&t the
glorio)s /onder o. & Pentecost&l Ch)rch /o)ld yet be seen
&mong men.
BC
Fletcher /&s /idely re&d by nineteenth+cent)ry holiness &d1oc&tes
/ho &lso incor5or&ted his Pentecost&l l&ng)&ge into their te&ching &nd
/riting. "esley&n terminology /&s th)s re5l&ced by his Pentecost&l
terminology.
:;
This hel5ed set the st&ge .or the t/entieth+cent)ry
Pentecost&l mo1ement th&t emerged o)t o. the nineteenth+cent)ry
Holiness mo1ement. &rly (ethodism# & Ch&rism&tic mo1ement in its
o/n right# th)s bec&me the /omb th&t g&1e birth to the
Pentecost&lHCh&rism&tic mo1ement o. the t/entieth cent)ry.
B;<
S I X T E E N
1+ The !reat A$a7ening
81.2+-1.(19
oloni&l Americ& in B>:< /&s in mor&l &nd s5irit)&l decline. The
ch&llenges o. .rontier li.e &nd & series o. br)t&l /&rs h&d
demor&liIed m&ny# &nd & short&ge o. ch)rches &nd ministers
h&d le.t m&ny /itho)t s5irit)&l c&re. (&ny e3isting ch)rches h&d
degener&ted into .orm&l religio)s instit)tions /ith no 5o/er to bring the
m)ch+needed ch&nge.
C
&ONATHAN EDWARDS
Jon&th&n d/&rds# 5&stor o. the Congreg&tion&l Ch)rch in
North&m5ton# (&ss&ch)setts# e35ressed his concern .or the Jgener&l
de&dness thro)gho)t the l&ndJ &nd set himsel. to seek 'od .or &
Jre1i1&l o. religion.J
B
Others &lso beg&n to seek 'od diligently# &nd in
B>:< & s5irit)&l &/&kening broke o)t in 1&rio)s regions &long the
e&stern se&bo&rd. One o. the comm)nities /here the Holy S5irit
o)t5o)red signi.ic&nt 5o/er /&s North&m5ton# (&ss&ch)setts. Indeed#
&n &/esome sense o. His di1ine 5resence 5erme&ted the entire
comm)nity. d/&rds re5orts th&t d)ring the s5ring &nd s)mmer o.
B>=F# Jthe to/n seemed to be .)ll o. the 5resence o. 'od.J In e1ery
5&rt o. to/n# the S5irit o. 'od /&s 5o/er.)lly &t /ork )ntil Jthere /&s
sc&rcely & single 5erson in the to/n# old or yo)ng# le.t )nconcerned
&bo)t the gre&t things o. the etern&l /orld.J
:
"itho)t &ny sort o. 5l&nned e1&ngelistic o)tre&ch Jso)ls did &s it
/ere come by .locks to Jes)s Christ.J
=
d/&rd0s ch)rch s)ddenly .illed
/ith those seeking s&l1&tion &nd /ith those e35eriencing the .r)it o.
&lre&dy being born &g&in.
B;>
O)r 5)blic &ssemblies /ere then be&)ti.)lE the congreg&tion
/&s &li1e in 'od0s ser1ice# e1eryone intent on the 5)blic
/orshi5# e1ery he&rer e&ger to drink in the /ords o. the
minister &s they c&me .rom his mo)thL the &ssembly /ere in
gener&l .rom time to time in te&rs /hile the /ord /&s
5re&chedL some /ee5ing /ith sorro/ &nd distress# others /ith
7oy &nd lo1e# others /ith 5ity &nd concern .or the so)ls o. their
neighbo)rs.
?
Peo5le .rom other comm)nities o.ten sco..ed /hen they he&rd o.
the e1ents in North&m5ton. Sim5ly )5on entering the comm)nity#
ho/e1er# their ske5ticism ine1it&bly dissi5&ted bec&)se o. the
o1er/helming 5resence o. 'od. As con1erts ret)rned home# they
c&rried the s5irit o. re1i1&l /ith them# &nd so the &/&kening s5re&d.
$)ring this time# d/&rds 5re&ched his .&mo)s sermon# JSinners in
the H&nds o. &n Angry 'od.J So 5o/er.)lly did con1iction o. sin gri5
the 5eo5le th&t S)nd&y morning# th&t the 5enitent cries .or mercy
dro/ned d/&rds0 1oice. Hell bec&me so re&l to the congreg&tion th&t
some cl)tched the b&cks o. 5e/s /hile others /r&55ed their &rms
&ro)nd the 5ill&rs to kee5# &s it /ere# .rom being cons)med by its
etern&l .l&mes. d/&rds m&de hell Jre&l eno)gh to be .o)nd in the
&tl&s#J /rites d/&rds0 biogr&5her# Ol& "inslo/.
F
The 5o/er th&t &ccom5&nied d/&rds0 5re&ching /&s not the res)lt
o. his to5ic &lone. Pre&ching on the terrors o. hell did not mono5oliIe
his mess&ges. He /&s# in .&ct# & 1ery sensiti1e indi1id)&l /ho co)ld be
melted to te&rs /hile contem5l&ting the lo1e &nd mercy o. 'od. Neither
/&s the 5o/er the .r)it o. or&toric&l skill# .or d/&rds0 norm&lly re&d
his sermons. His 5re&ching deri1ed its 5o/er .rom his 5r&yer li.e. He
/o)ld s5end /hole d&ys &nd /eeks in 5r&yer# &nd it /&s not )n)s)&l .or
him to s5end eighteen ho)rs in 5r&yer 5rior to 5re&ching & single
sermon.
<
The res)lt /&s & re1i1&l th&t not only tr&ns.ormed the mor&l
&nd s5irit)&l ch&r&cter o. his o/n comm)nity# b)t &lso th&t o. the entire
n&tion.
GEORGE WHITFIELD
'eorge "hit.ield 8B>B?+B>>;9# & .riend o. the "esleys# /&s & gi.ted
5re&cher &nd & 5o/er.)l comm)nic&tor. Altho)gh he /&s &n ord&ined
Anglic&n clergym&n# he /&s not denomin&tion&lly 5re7)diced. In B>=C
he &rri1ed in Americ& &nd tr&1eled the length &nd bre&dth o. the
colonies on the e&stern se&bo&rd. 1ery/here he /ent# sho5kee5ers
B;D
The =reat A5a9enin4 D1%2#1%"0B
closed their doors# .&rmers le.t their 5lo/s &nd /orkers thre/ do/n
their tools to h)rry to the 5l&ce /here he /&s to 5re&ch. At & time /hen
the 5o5)l&tion o. %oston /&s estim&ted &t t/enty+.i1e tho)s&nd#
"hit.ield 5re&ched to thirty tho)s&nd on %oston Common.
Signs &nd /onders &ccom5&nied "hit.ield0s 5re&ching. The 5o/er
o. 'od /o)ld mo1e s5ont&neo)sly thro)gho)t the congreg&tions &s he
s5oke. Follo/ing his mess&ge# .)rther m&ni.est&tions o. the S5irit
/o)ld occ)r. On one occ&sion &.ter 5re&ching to & h)ge throng g&thered
o)tdoors# "hit.ield s)r1eyed the cro/d &nd noted the &m&Iing
res5onse.
!ook /here I /o)ld# most /ere dro/ned in te&rs. Some /ere
str)ck 5&le &s de&th# others /ringing their h&nds# others lying
on the gro)nd# others sinking into the &rms o. their .riends &nd
most li.ting )5 their eyes to he&1en &nd crying o)t to 'od.
>
%en7&min Fr&nklin /&s & close .riend o. "hit.ield. His testimony
o. the 5o/er o. the re1i1&l is 5&rtic)l&rly signi.ic&nt since he did not
5ro.ess to be & Christi&n. He rec&llsE
In B>=C there &rri1ed &mong )s .rom Irel&nd the Re1erend (r.
"hit.ield /ho m&de himsel. rem&rk&ble there &s &n itiner&nt
5re&cher. He /&s &t .irst 5ermitted to 5re&ch in some o. o)r
ch)rches# b)t the clergy# t&king & dislike to him# soon re.)sed
him their 5)l5its# &nd he /&s obliged to 5re&ch in the .ields.
The m)ltit)des o. &ll sects &nd denomin&tions th&t &ttended his
sermons /ere enormo)s# &nd it /&s & m&tter o. s5ec)l&tion to
me# /ho /&s one o. the n)mber# to obser1e the e3tr&ordin&ry
in.l)ence o. his or&tory on his he&rers. From being tho)ghtless
or indi..erent &bo)t religion# it seemed &s i. &ll the /orld /ere
gro/ing religio)s so th&t one co)ld not /&lk thro)gh the to/n
in &n e1ening /itho)t he&ring 5s&lms s)ng in di..erent .&milies
o. e1ery street.
D
(&ny m&ni.est&tions o. the 're&t A/&kening /o)ld be .&mili&r to
modern Pentecost&ls &nd Ch&rism&tics. F&lling )nder the 5o/er# .or
e3&m5le# /&s not )n)s)&l. d/&rds re.ers to it &s faintin4 &nd describes
one meeting &s being J.)ll o. nothing b)t o)tcries# .&intings &nd the
like.J Some /ere so &..ected J&nd their bodies so o1ercome# th&t they
co)ld not go home b)t /ere obliged to st&y &ll night /here they /ere.J
C
On one occ&sion d/&rds ret)rned home to .ind the to/n Jin 1ery
e3tr&ordin&ry circ)mst&nces# s)ch &s# in some res5ects# I ne1er s&/ it in
B;C
be.ore.J He remembersE
There /ere some inst&nces o. 5ersons lying in & sort o. tr&nce#
rem&ining 5erh&5s .or & /hole t/enty+.o)r ho)rs motionless#
&nd /ith their senses locked )5L b)t in the me&n time )nder
strong im&gin&tions# &s tho)gh they /ent to he&1en &nd h&d
there 1isions o. glorio)s &nd delight.)l ob7ects.
B;
Altho)gh he /elcomed &nd de.ended o)t/&rd demonstr&tions s)ch
&s crying# gro&ning &nd .&lling )nder the 5o/er# d/&rds sto55ed short
o. &cce5ting the 1&lidity o. s5irit)&l gi.ts s)ch &s 5ro5hecy# tong)es &nd
mir&cles. As & st&)nch C&l1inist# he belie1ed th&t these Je3tr&ordin&ry
gi.tsJ h&d ce&sed /ith the &5ostolic ch)rch. From th&t 5ers5ecti1e# he
tells o. & m&n /hom he belie1ed /&s Jdel)dedJ into thinking th&t the
re1i1&l /&s Jthe beginning o. the glorio)s times o. the Ch)rch s5oken
o. in Scri5t)reJ &nd th&t Jm&ny in these times sho)ld be end)ed /ith
the 0e3tr&ordin&ry gi.ts0 o. the Holy 'host.J
BB
According to d/&rds# the
m&n /&s con1inced o. his del)sion &nd l&mented his error &nd the
dishonor he h&d bro)ght to 'od. d/&rds then s&ys# JThe S5irit o.
'od# not long &.ter this time# &55e&red 1ery sensibly /ithdr&/ing .rom
&ll 5&rts o. the co)ntry.J
B:
d/&rds inter5reted this to me&n th&t the
S5irit /&s grie1ed /ith the Jdel)sionJ th&t h&d t&ken 5l&ce. It is more
likely# ho/e1er# th&t the S5irit /&s grie1ed by this re7ection o. His
5resence &nd gi.ts.
This /o)ld seem to indic&te th&t there /ere# &t times#
m&ni.est&tions o. the ch&rism&tic gi.ts. An o55oser o. the re1i1&l h&s
le.t the .ollo/ing descri5tion o. & loc&l meeting. The re.erence to
ecst&tic )tter&nces co)ld incl)de s5e&king in tong)es.
These meetings /o)ld contin)e till B;# BB# B: o0clock &t nightL
in the midst o. them sometimes B;# :;# =; &nd sometimes
m&ny more /o)ld scre&m &nd cry o)t# or send .orth the most
l&ment&ble gro&ns# /hilst others m&de gre&t m&ni.est&tions o.
7oy by cl&55ing their h&nds# )ttering ecst&tic e35ressions#
singing 5s&lms &nd in1iting &nd e3horting others.
B=
The re1i1&l h&d .&r+re&ching im5lic&tions. Re5orts in Ne/ ngl&nd
&lone sho/ thirty tho)s&nd to .orty tho)s&nd con1erts &nd one h)ndred
.i.ty ne/ ch)rches. In &ddition# the re1i1&l ch&nged the mor&l clim&te o.
coloni&l Americ& &nd s5&/ned e3tensi1e mission&ry /ork &nd other
h)m&nit&ri&n enter5rises. Colleges s)ch &s Princeton# Col)mbi& &nd
H&m5den+Sydney /ere est&blished to e@)i5 ministers .or the ne/
BB;
The =reat A5a9enin4 D1%2#1%"0B
congreg&tions. The re1i1&l &lso contrib)ted to the gro/ing sense o.
5olitic&l inde5endence &mong the colonists. H&r1&rd 5ro.essor "illi&m
Perry st&tes# JThe $ecl&r&tion o. Inde5endence o. B>>< /&s & res)lt o.
the e1&ngelic&l 5re&ching o. the e1&ngelists o. the 're&t A/&kening.J
B?
In concl)sion# it sho)ld be st&ted th&t the 're&t A/&kening h&d
m&ny ch&r&cteristics o. & Ch&rism&tic re1i1&l. Altho)gh d/&rds h&d
strong reser1&tions &bo)t the 5resent 1&lidity o. the e3tr&ordin&ry gi.ts
o. the S5irit# not &ll segments o. the re1i1&l sh&red his reticence. A5&rt
.rom this mitig&ting C&l1inistic in.l)ence# the 're&t A/&kening m&y be
con.idently embr&ced &s & Ch&rism&tic mo1ement.
BBB
S E V E NT E E N
1. The econ" !reat
A$a7ening 81/11-
1/%19
s the nineteenth cent)ry d&/ned# Americ& /&s &g&in mor&lly
b&nkr)5t. A gener&tion h&d come o. &ge th&t kne/ little o. the
re1i1&l th&t h&d s/e5t the n&tion si3ty ye&rs e&rlier. ight ye&rs
o. /&r h&d dr&ined the n&tion0s 1it&lity# le&1ing & d&rk clo)d o. s5irit)&l
indi..erence &nd mor&l degr&d&tion. Neg&ti1e in.l)ences .rom the
French Re1ol)tion /ere 5enetr&ting Americ&n society# &nd deism /&s
&t its 5e&k o. 5o5)l&rity. All o. this res)lted in & rise in 5ro.&nity#
dr)nkenness# g&mbling &nd le/dness.
A
The 'ener&l Assembly o. the Presbyteri&n Ch)rch circ)l&ted &
5&stor&l letter decl&ring they /ere J.illed /ith concern &nd &/.)l
dre&dJ &t conditions they beheld on e1ery h&nd. They e35ressed the
solemn con1iction Jth&t the etern&l 'od h&s & contro1ersy /ith this
n&tion.J
B
This concern 5rom5ted .er1ent 5r&yer th&t 5reci5it&ted &
n&tion&l s5irit)&l &/&kening beginning on the &st Co&st &ro)nd BD;;
&nd s5re&ding to the /estern .rontier.
THE REIAL ON THE EAST
COAST
Colleges on the &st Co&st /ere hotbeds o. rebellion &t the time. (&ny
st)dents 5ro)dly 5ro.essed to being &theists# &gnostics &nd ske5tics# or
infi7e3s0 &s they /ere commonly c&lled in those d&ys. These s&me
BB=
college c&m5)ses# ho/e1er# bec&me inc)b&tors o. re1i1&l. At ,&le#
President Timothy $/ight# son+in+l&/ o. Jon&th&n d/&rds# 5re&ched &
series o. ch&5el mess&ges on in.idelity. The s5irit)&l stir res)lted in
one+third o. the st)dent body 5ro.essing .&ith in Christ. Re1i1&l .ires
&lso eng)l.ed $&rtmo)th# "illi&ms &nd other colleges &nd# .rom there#
s/e5t into the to/ns &nd cities.
REIAL IN "ENT!C"Y
The re1i1&l on the &st Co&st /&s t&me com5&red to e1ents &cross the
Allegheny (o)nt&ins on the /estern .rontier. There# J&mes (c're&dy#
& Presbyteri&n 5&stor o. three sm&ll congreg&tions on the '&s5er# Red
&nd ()ddy Ri1ers in !og&n Co)nty# *ent)cky# s5&rked re1i1&l .ires. In
B>C<# he led his congreg&tion in signing & co1en&nt to 5r&y e1ery
S&t)rd&y &nd S)nd&y morning# &nd to de1ote the third S&t)rd&y o. e&ch
month to 5r&yer &nd .&sting. Their .oc)s /&s re1i1&l.
Fo)r ye&rs 5&ssed /ith no ob1io)s ch&nge# /hen s)ddenly &
re1i1&l broke o)t th&t /o)ld e1ent)&lly ch&nge the co)rse o. the n&tion.
It st&rted in & /eekend meeting &t (c're&dy0s Red Ri1er Ch)rch. The
5resence o. the S5irit /&s so intense d)ring the .irst t/o d&ys o. the
meeting th&t the congreg&tion /&s red)ced to te&rs se1er&l times. On
the .in&l d&y# &.ter the .orm&l ser1ice h&d ended &nd the other ministers
h&d le.t# t/o (ethodist ministers# John &nd "illi&m (c'hee# lingered
behind /ith the congreg&tion. The Holy S5irit seemed to 5erme&te the
1ery &tmos5here# &nd /ee5ing co)ld be he&rd thro)gho)t the ho)se.
Fin&lly# John (c'hee rose to his .eet to gi1e one .in&l e3hort&tion.
I e3horted them to let the !ord Omni5otent reign in their
he&rts &nd s)bmit to Him &nd their so)ls sho)ld li1e. (&ny
broke silence. The /om&n in the e&st end o. the ho)se sho)ted
tremendo)sly. I le.t the 5)l5it to go to her. Se1er&l s5oke to
me# J,o) kno/ these 5eo5le Presbyteri&n &re m)ch .or order#
they /ill not be&r the con.)sion# go b&ck &nd be @)iet.J I
t)rned to go b&ck &nd /&s ne&r .&lling# the 5o/er o. 'od /&s
strong )5on me. I t)rned &g&in# &nd losing sight o. .e&r o. m&n#
I /ent thro)gh the ho)se sho)ting &nd e3horting /ith &ll
5ossible ecst&sy &nd energy &nd the .loor /&s soon co1ered by
the sl&in.
:
Ne/s o. the e1ent s5re&d @)ickly# &nd (c're&dy &nno)nced
&nother meeting .or the end o. J)ly &t the '&s5er Ri1er ch)rch.
Res5onse /&s 5henomen&l. Some tr&1eled & h)ndred miles to be in the
BB?
The 'econ7 =reat A5a9enin4 D1(001($0B
meetings. (&ny c&me /ith tents 5re5&red to c&m5 o)t .or .o)r d&ys.
The ch)rch /&s m)ch too sm&ll# so they cle&red &/&y the )nderbr)sh
.rom &ro)nd the ch)rch# erected & 5re&ching st&nd &nd b)ilt sim5le log
se&ts o)tdoors. This /&s 5rob&bly the .irst 5l&nned c&m5 meeting in
Americ& &nd# .or th&t m&tter# in the /orld.
The .irst ser1ice contin)ed thro)gho)t the night. Slee5 &nd 5hysic&l
com.orts seemed to be .orgotten &s things etern&l gri55ed the he&rts &nd
minds o. the 5eo5le. On S)nd&y e1ening# &s John (c'hee 5re&ched#
the cries o. the 5enitent &lmost dro/ned his 1oice. Peo5le thro)gho)t
the congreg&tion .ell 5rostr&te on the gro)nd. Cries o. distress o1er sin
soon g&1e /&y to sho)ts o. 7oy &rising o)t o. &ss)r&nce o. s&l1&tion.
#ARTON STONE AND THE CANE
RIDGE REIAL
%&rton ". Stone# 5&stor o. Presbyteri&n ch)rches &t Concord &nd C&ne
Ridge in %o)rbon Co)nty# *ent)cky# h&d &ttended the Red Ri1er
meeting. Con1inced it /&s & gen)ine /ork o. 'od# he &55lied
(c're&dy0s 5rinci5les# &nd re1i1&l .ires beg&n to b)rn in his t/o
congreg&tions.
%eginning on A)g)st <# BD;B# Stone &nd se1er&l other ministers
cond)cted & c&m5 meeting &t C&ne Ridge th&t /&s e3ce5tion&l both in
terms o. &ttend&nce &nd signs &nd /onders. One 5erson co)nted B#B?=
1ehicles 5&rked in the &re&# &nd estim&tes o. those in &ttend&nce r&nge
.rom ten tho)s&nd to t/enty+.i1e tho)s&nd. J&mes Cr&/.ord# one o. the
ministers 5resent# re5orted &bo)t three tho)s&nd being sl&in in the
S5irit.
=
Some broke o)t in lo)d l&)ghter# /hile others r&n &nd sho)ted.
Others e1en b&rked like dogs &s they Jtreed the de1il.J
?
The 5eo5le gener&lly &cce5ted these m&ni.est&tions &s the /ork o.
'od. They &ttr&cted the c)rio)s &s /ell &s )nbelie1ers /ho o.ten /ent
&/&y con1inced o. their di1ine origin. J&mes Findl&y# /ho /&s not &
5ro.essing Christi&n# &ttended the C&ne Ridge c&m5 meeting &nd
re5orted the .ollo/ing.
The noise /&s like the ro&r o. Ni&g&r&. The 1&st se& o. h)m&n
beings seemed to be &git&ted &s i. by & storm. Some o. the
5eo5le /ere singing# others 5r&ying# some crying .or mercy in
the most 5iteo)s &ccents# /hile others sho)ted 1oci.ero)sly. A
str&nge s)5ern&t)r&l 5o/er seemed to 5er1&de the entire m&ss
o. mind there collected... At one time I s&/ &t le&st .i1e
BBF
h)ndred# s/e5t do/n in & moment &s i. & b&ttery o. & tho)s&nd
g)ns h&d been o5ened )5on them# &nd then immedi&tely
.ollo/ed shrieks &nd sho)ts th&t rent the 1ery he&1ens. I .led
.or the /oods...&nd /ished I h&d st&yed &t home.
F
The re1i1&l# 5erh&5s bec&)se o. the n&t)re &nd n)mber o.
m&ni.est&tions# h&d its critics. On the other h&nd# %&rton Stone &nd
m&ny others /ere con1inced it /&s & gen)ine mo1e o. 'od. He s&id#
JSo lo/ h&d religion s)nk# &nd s)ch c&relessness h&d )ni1ers&lly
5re1&iled th&t I h&1e tho)ght th&t nothing common co)ld h&1e &rrested
&nd held the &ttention o. the 5eo5le.J
S5e&king in tong)es /&s not necess&rily em5h&siIedL ho/e1er#
incidents o. tong)e s5e&king did occ)r in the 1&rio)s c&m5 meetings
thro)gho)t the co)ntry. The -ni1ersity o. 'eorgi&# .or e3&m5le# .elt the
e..ect o. this re1i1&l# &nd /hen st)dents 1isited ne&rby c&m5gro)nds#
m&ny /ere JseiIedJ by the S5irit o. 'od.
They s/ooned &/&y &nd l&y .or ho)rs in the str&/ 5re5&red
.or those Jsmitten o. the !ord#J or they st&rted s)ddenly to .lee
&/&y &nd .ell 5rostr&te &s i. shot by & sni5er# or they took
s)ddenly to 7erking /ith &55&rently e1ery m)scle in their body
)ntil it seemed they /o)ld be torn to 5ieces or con1erted into
m&rble# or they sho)ted &nd t&lked in )nkno/n tong)es.
<
CONCL!SION
C&m5 meetings# once introd)ced# immedi&tely bec&me 5o5)l&r.
Presbyteri&ns# %&5tists &nd (ethodists o.ten 7oined together in gre&t
gener&l c&m5 meetings /ith tho)s&nds &ttending. The re1i1&l gre/#
g&ining moment)m like & gre&t tid&l /&1e. Peter C&rt/right# &
(ethodist 5re&cher# st&ted# JThe /ork /ent on &nd s5re&d &lmost in
e1ery direction g&thering &ddition&l .orce till o)r co)ntry seemed &ll
coming to 'od.J
>
The Second 're&t A/&kening /&s# in m&ny res5ects# & Ch&rism&tic
re1i1&l bringing rene/&l to the ch)rches &nd instit)tions o. .rontier
Americ&. The n)meric&l res)lts /ere &s &sto)nding &s the s5irit)&l
m&ni.est&tions. %et/een BD;;+BD;= in *ent)cky &lone# the %&5tist
ch)rches &dded ten tho)s&nd ne/ members# &nd the (ethodists# .orty
tho)s&nd. 1ery denomin&tion# in .&ct# e35erienced the .r)it o. the
re1i1&l. The S5irit o. 'od 5re1&iled o1er in.idelity &nd deism# &nd the
religio)s ch&r&cter o. the -nited St&tes /&s &ss)red .or gener&tions to
BB<
The 'econ7 =reat A5a9enin4 D1(001($0B
come.
D
BB>
E I GHT E E N
1/ -"$ar" &rving an" the
Catholic Apostolic
Church
d/&rd Ir1ing 8B>C:+BD=?9# n&ti1e to Ann&# Scotl&nd# recei1ed &n
(.A. degree /hen he /&s si3teen# &nd in BD:: he /&s ord&ined
/ith the n&tion&l Ch)rch o. Scotl&nd. A.ter /orking /ith $r.
Thom&s Ch&lmers &t St. John0s in 'l&sgo/# he took the 5&stor&te o.
C&ledoni&n Ch&5el in !ondon. A 5o/er.)l 5re&cher# Ir1ing soon
&ttr&cted l&rge cro/ds incl)ding members o. P&rli&ment &nd other
5rominent citiIens o. !ondon. A l&rger &)ditori)m /&s b)ilt &t Regent
S@)&re# b)t it &lso @)ickly .illed to c&5&city.
THE GIFT OF THE HOLY SPIRIT

In BD:># Ir1ing 5re&ched & series o. sermons on b&5tism. In the co)rse
o. his mess&ge# he re.erred to Acts :E=D.
Re5ent# &nd be b&5tiIed# e1ery one o. yo)# in the n&me o.
Jes)s Christ .or the remission o. sins# &nd ye sh&ll recei1e the
gi.t o. the Holy 'host.
*J4
He noted th&t# tr&dition&lly# this /ork o. the Holy S5irit h&d been
considered &n in/&rd gi.t o. s&ncti.ic&tion bec&)se the o)t/&rd gi.t o.
5o/er# &ccording to some# h&d ce&sed /ith the 5&ssing o. the &5ostles.
He /ent on to s&y# ho/e1er# th&t he co)ld see no re&son /hy the ch)rch
BBC
sho)ld not still recei1e the com5lete gi.t o. the Holy S5irit# incl)ding
the gi.t o. 5o/er. This# he s&id# h&d become ob1io)s to him .rom the
5l&in me&ning o. Scri5t)re.
B
Ir1ing0s 1ie/ o. the gi.ts o. the Holy S5irit de1elo5ed 5&r&llel /ith
& doctrine o. the Inc&rn&tion th&t bro)ght him into sh&r5 con.lict /ith
ch)rch o..ici&ls. It /&s his 1ie/ th&t# &ltho)gh Christ ne1er sinned# in
the Inc&rn&tion He h&d t&ken on the sin.)l .lesh o. h)m&nity. For Ir1ing#
the 5o/er th&t g&1e Christ 1ictory o1er sin &nd S&t&n /&s not inherent
deity# b)t the ind/elling 5resence o. the Holy S5irit. Christ0s e&rthly li.e
/&s# there.ore# & 5rototy5e o. /h&t e1ery Christi&n m&y e35erience# &t
le&st in 5&rt. This em5o/ering by the S5irit bec&me# .or Ir1ing# & 1ery
im5ort&nt belie.# &nd in commenting on the notion th&t s5irit)&l gi.ts
h&d ce&sed &mong belie1ers# he s&idE
I. they &sk .or &n e35l&n&tion o. the .&ct th&t these 5o/ers
h&1e ce&sed in the Ch)rch# I &ns/er# th&t they h&1e dec&yed
7)st &s .&ith &nd holiness h&1e dec&yedL b)t th&t they h&1e
ce&sed is not & m&tter so cle&r. Till the time o. the
Re.orm&tion# this o5inion /&s ne1er mooted in the Ch)rchL
&nd to this d&y the Rom&n C&tholics# &nd e1ery other 5ortion
o. the Ch)rch b)t o)rsel1es# m&int&in the 1ery contr&ry.
:
A CHARISMATIC O!T#REA" IN
SCOTLAND
"hile Ir1ing /&s gr&55ling /ith these iss)es# & Ch&rism&tic re1i1&l /&s
bre&king o)t in the '&reloch &nd Port 'l&sgo/ regions o. /estern
Scotl&nd. In the to/n o. Fernic&rry# & yo)ng l&dy n&med (&ry
C&m5bell l&y dying o. t)berc)losis. On (&rch :D# BD=;# /hile 5r&ying
/ith her sister &nd & .riend# the Holy S5irit c&me )5on her /ith mighty
5o/erE
... &nd constr&ined her to s5e&k &t gre&t length# &nd /ith
s)5erh)m&n strength# in &n )nkno/n tong)e# to the gre&t
&stonishment o. &ll /ho he&rd# &nd to her o/n gre&t edi.ic&tion
&nd en7oyment in 'od.
=
(e&n/hile# in the Port 'l&sgo/ &re&# 5r&yer meetings /ere being
held in /hich 5&rtici5&nts /ere 5r&ying .or & restor&tion o. s5irit)&l
gi.ts to the ch)rch. In A5ril BD=;# J&mes (&c$on&ld h&d & s5irit)&l
e35erience th&t he identi.ied &s the b&5tism in the Holy S5irit. A .e/
moments &.ter this e35erience# he /ent to the room o. his sister#
B:;
E75ar7 +r8in4 an7 the Catho3ic A1osto3ic Ch2rch
(&rg&ret# /ho /&s ne&r de&th# &nd comm&nded her to &rise .rom her
bed. She &rose mir&c)lo)sly he&led.
J&mes then .elt 5rom5ted to /rite & letter to (&ry C&m5bell /ith
/hom he &nd his .&mily /ere &c@)&inted. He told her o. (&rg&ret0s
he&ling# &nd he comm&nded her to &rise &nd be he&led &s /ell. "hen
(&ry C&m5bell re&d the letter# she too /&s he&led. She /ritesE
...& 5o/er /hich no /ords c&n describeL it /&s .elt to be
indeed the 1oice o. Christ... I /&s 1erily m&de in & moment to
st&nd )5on my .eet# le&5 &nd /&lk# sing &nd re7oice.
?
A .e/ e1enings l&ter on A5ril BD# BD=;# both J&mes &nd his brother
'eorge s5oke in tong)es .or the .irst time. The ne3t night# they not only
s5oke in tong)es# b)t they &lso inter5reted tong)es. The .irst
inter5ret&tion /&s# J%eholdO He comethJes)s comethOJ These e1ents
stirred the /hole &re&# &nd by the middle o. (&y# the (&c$on&ld ho)se
/&s .illed e1ery d&y /ith 5eo5le .rom &ll 5&rts o. ngl&nd# Scotl&nd
&nd Irel&nd.
Ir1ing recei1ed the re5orts o. these e1ents /ith & mi3 o. e3citement
&nd c&)tion. JI .elt it to be & m&tter o. too gre&t concern to yield )5 my
.&ith to &nything b)t the cle&rest e1idence.J
F
He re&liIed th&t i. tr)e# Jit
/o)ld re1ol)tioniIe the Ch)rch &nd m&ke s)ch &n )5t)rning &s the
/orld h&d not seen.J
<
A.ter disc)ssing the e1ents /ith eye/itnesses#
incl)ding members o. his o/n ch)rch# &nd inter1ie/ing the S5irit+
b&5tiIed ones themsel1es# Ir1ing concl)ded th&t this# indeed# /&s &
gen)ine /ork o. the Holy S5irit.
EENTS IN LONDON
Ir1ing beg&n to testi.y 5)blicly o. the e1ents to his congreg&tion# &nd he
enco)r&ged 5r&yer meetings .or the 5)r5ose o. seeking s5irit)&l gi.ts.
As & res)lt# &lmost & ye&r l&ter on A5ril =B# BD=B# (rs. C&rd&le# the
/i.e o. & 5rominent !ondon l&/yer &nd & member o. Ir1ing0s ch)rch#
s5oke in tong)es &t & home 5r&yer meeting. Si3 months l&ter# on
October =;# (iss H&ll s5oke in tong)es in the 1estry o. Regent S@)&re
Ch)rch. The .ollo/ing S)nd&y# se1er&l belie1ers bro)ght .orth
)tter&nces in tong)es &nd 5ro5hecy d)ring the morning /orshi5 ser1ice.
Needless to s&y# this c&)sed no sm&ll stir.
>
Altho)gh the m&7ority o. the congreg&tion s)55orted Ir1ing in his
@)est .or s5irit)&l gi.ts# se1er&l key le&ders 1ehemently o55osed him.
For three months# simil&r m&ni.est&tions o. the S5irit occ)rred. At th&t
B:B
5oint# ho/e1er# the tr)stees o. the Regent S@)&re Ch)rch &55e&led to
the 5resbytery o. the denomin&tion to inter1ene. In & ch)rch tri&l# Ir1ing
/&s .o)nd g)ilty o. &llo/ing indi1id)&ls to le&d 5)blic /orshi5 /ho
h&d no o..ici&l &55ointment or ordin&tion. He /&s remo1ed .rom the
5&stor&te o. Regent S@)&re Ch)rch# &nd on (&y ?# he /&s locked o)t o.
his ch)rch.
The 5resbytery then 5roceeded to try Ir1ing on ch&rges o. holding
heretic&l 1ie/s concerning the 5erson &nd h)m&nity o. Christ.
D
S)bse@)ently# on (&rch B=# BD==# he /&s .o)nd g)ilty o. the ch&rges
&nd /&s e3comm)nic&ted .rom the ministry o. the Ch)rch o. Scotl&nd.
A m&7ority o. Regent S@)&re members le.t /ith Ir1ing &nd .ormed &
ne/ congreg&tion on Ne/m&n Street c&lled the C&tholic A5ostolic
Ch)rch.
Ir1ing &nd his &ssoci&tes belie1ed th&t 'od /&s restoring &ll the
gi.ts# ministries &nd 5o/er o. the e&rly ch)rch. $)ring the ne3t t/o
ye&rs# t/el1e men in the congreg&tion /ere set &5&rt &s a1ost3es. This
/&s done 5rim&rily on the b&sis o. 5ro5hetic )tter&nce. Ir1ing himsel.
/&s &55ointed &s an4e3 or 1astor o. the congreg&tion# &nd thro)gho)t
're&t %rit&in# other like+minded ch)rches &nd 5&stors beg&n linking
themsel1es /ith the Ne/m&n Street Ch)rch.
C
THE STANDING SIGN
At this time# Ir1ing beg&n )nreser1edly to .orm)l&te his tho)ghts on the
b&5tism in the Holy S5irit &nd s5irit)&l gi.ts. His e3tensi1e /ritings on
the s)b7ect re1e&l his 1ie/ o. S5irit b&5tism &s &n endo/ment o. 5o/er
s)bse@)ent to regener&tion. He &lso s5e&ks o. S5irit b&5tism J/hose
st&nding sign# i. /e err not# is the s5e&king /ith tong)es.J
B;
Th)s#
se1enty ye&rs be.ore the modern Pentecost&l re1i1&l beg&n# Ir1ing h&d
&lre&dy .orm)l&ted the cl&ssic Pentecost&l doctrine.
Ir1ing &lso )nderstood the de1otion&l &s5ect o. s5e&king in
tong)es. He s&ysE
There.ore it is nothing to be do)bted th&t tong)es &re & gre&t
instr)ment .or 5erson&l edi.ic&tion# ho/e1er mysterio)s it m&y
seem to )sL &nd they &re on th&t &cco)nt gre&tly to be desired.
Ir1ing s&/ th&t the o)tcome .or those /ho /o)ld 5r&ctice this
5ri1&te# de1otion&l tong)es /o)ld be Jth&t they m&y 5ro5hesy &nd edi.y
the Ch)rch /hen they themsel1es h&1e been edi.ied.J
BB
Ir1ing0s in1ol1ement /ith the C&tholic A5ostolic Ch)rch 5ro1ed to
B::
E75ar7 +r8in4 an7 the Catho3ic A1osto3ic Ch2rch
be short+li1ed. In Se5tember# BD=?# &lre&dy /e&kened in he&lth# he
tr&1eled by horseb&ck .rom !ondon to 'l&sgo/ /here he .o)nded &
ne/ congreg&tion. "hen his he&lth deterior&ted r&5idly# ho/e1er# he
/&s di&gnosed /ith cons)m5tion. Fin&lly con.ined to bed# he died on
$ecember ># BD=?# &t the &ge o. .orty+t/o. His .)ner&l ser1ice#
cond)cted &t the 'l&sgo/ C&thedr&l# /&s &ttended by & l&rge cro/d#
&mong /hom /ere m&ny /ho h&d o55osed him. The sermon te3t /&s :
S&m)el =E=D# J*no/ ye not th&t there is & 5rince &nd & gre&t m&n .&llen
this d&y in Isr&elKJ 8KJV).
'eorge Str&ch&n# & st)dent o. Ir1ing0s li.e &nd theology# st&tes th&t lr1ing0s /ritings d)ring his l&st ye&rs re1e&l & Jl)cid
&nd ordered mind# )n.olding & com5lete theologic&l system.JB:
!&rry Christenson# & !)ther&n
ch&rism&tic# notesE
He /&s & m&n &he&d o. his time# 5ointing to things yet .)t)re
.or the gre&t body o. the Ch)rch. He /&s & .orer)nner not only
o. the C&tholic A5ostolic Ch)rch in & direct sense# b)t o. the
entire 5entecost&l 5henomenon o. the t/entieth cent)ry. The
things he s&id &nd did# his em5h&ses &nd concerns# l&rgely
re7ected in his o/n d&y# h&1e become common 5l&ce in the
Pentecost&l mo1ement o. o)r time.
B=
The @)estion &rises concerning /hether Ir1ing himsel. e1er s5oke
in tong)es. %ec&)se he ne1er cl&imed to h&1e e35erienced S5irit
b&5tism or to h&1e s5oken in tong)es# m&ny h&1e concl)ded th&t he did
not. Others# ho/e1er# belie1e other/ise. $&1id $orries# .or e3&m5le#
/ho /rote & doctor&l dissert&tion de.ending Ir1ing0s christology#
belie1es th&t he did. He notes Ir1ing0s e3tensi1e &nd intim&te /ritings
&bo)t the 5)r5ose &nd .)nction o. S5irit b&5tism d)ring the .in&l ye&rs
o. his li.e. He &sks# J"o)ld Ir1ing h&1e so )ntiringly committed
himsel. to le&ding others into the dee5er re&ches o. this dimension o.
5o/er h&d he himsel. been & c&st&/&yKJ
B?
In &ddition# & /ork 5)blished
in BDD= @)otes Hor&ce %)shnell &s s&yingE
(r. Ir1ing /&s not only gi.ted /ith the 5o/er o. he&ling the
sick# b)t he /&s o1ert&ken )ne35ectedly /ith the str&nge gi.t
o. tong)esE 1is.# &n ecst&tic )tter&nce# in /ords &nd so)nds#
/hich neither he nor &ny th&t he&rd him )nderstood.
BF
CONCL!SION
The le&ders o. the C&tholic A5ostolic Ch)rch &55ointed no s)ccessors#
5erh&5s bec&)se they belie1ed in the imminent Second Ad1ent o.
B:=
Christ. In BC;B# the l&st &5ostle o. the ch)rch died# sign&ling# .or &ll
5r&ctic&l 5)r5oses# the end o. the C&tholic A5ostolic Ch)rch. Th&t s&me
ye&r# h&l./&y &ro)nd the /orld in To5ek&# *&ns&s# & sm&ll gro)5 o.
%ible school st)dents e35erienced &n o)t5o)ring o. the Holy S5irit &nd
s5oke in tong)es. Altho)gh they seem to h&1e h&d no direct connection
/ith the C&tholic A5ostolic Ch)rch# they too h&d identi.ied s5e&king in
tong)es &s the e1idence o. S5irit b&5tism. The modern
Pentecost&lHCh&rism&tic re1i1&l th&t /o)ld s/ee5 the e&rth in the
t/entieth cent)ry /&s no/ beginning. For Ir1ing# this /&s .&mili&r
gro)nd. He h&d &rri1ed there se1enty ye&rs e&rlier.
B:?
NI NE T E E N
10 The Nineteenth-
Century #orerunners of
the )o"ern
4entecostal :
Charismatic )ovement
he Holiness mo1ement o. the nineteenth cent)ry beg&n &s &
Rene/&l mo1ement /ithin the (ethodist Ch)rch. It /&s &n
&ttem5t to reco1er both the religio)s .er1or o. the 5re1io)s
cent)ry &nd John "esley0s te&ching o. & second /ork o. gr&ce in the
li.e o. the belie1er. In &ddition# & concerted e..ort /&s e3tended to
reco1ering the .&ith o. the 5rimiti1e ch)rch# &nd this# in 5&rtic)l&r#
o5ened the door .or the mir&c)lo)s gi.ts o. the S5irit to be m&ni.est.
T
%eginning in the (ethodist Ch)rch# this Rene/&l mo1ement
e1ent)&lly e3erted &n in.l)ence on &lmost e1ery denomin&tion in
Americ&. Non+"esley&ns )s)&lly 5re.erred non+"esley&n terminology
to describe their @)est .or & higher le1el o. Christi&n e35erience.
Presbyteri&ns# .or e3&m5le# o.ten re.erred to it &s the higher Christi&n
li.e. %&5tists s5oke o. it &s the rest o. .&ith. 1ent)&lly# &lmost &ll
&do5ted Pentecost&l terminology &nd re.erred to it &s the b&5tism in the
Holy S5irit.
B:F
PHOE#E PALMER
The most 5rominent &nd in.l)enti&l le&der in this nineteenth+cent)ry
@)est .or & higher 5l&ne o. Christi&n e35erience /&s Phoebe "orr&ll
P&lmer 8BD;>+BD>?9. P&lmer# /i.e o. 5rominent Ne/ ,ork 5hysici&n
$r. "&lter P&lmer 8BD;?+BD>?9# /&s & (ethodist l&y 5erson. She /&s
ne1er ord&ined# yet so 5ro.o)nd /&s her in.l)ence th&t she h&s been
c&lled Jthe most in.l)enti&l .em&le theologi&n the ch)rch h&s yet
5rod)ced.J
B
In BD?;# P&lmer bec&me the le&der o. the T)esd&y (eeting .or the
Promotion o. Holiness. This meeting# cond)cted in the P&lmer0s
s5&cio)s 5&rlor# /&s &ttended by &t le&st .o)r (ethodist bisho5s &s /ell
&s by m&ny other 5rominent ch)rchmen both /ithin &nd /itho)t the
(ethodist tr&dition. P&lmer &lso bec&me & 5roli.ic /riter# &)thoring
three booksE The )ay of Ho3iness 8BD?=9# The Promise of the >ather
8BDFC9 &nd >o2r Years in the -37 )or37 8BD<F9. In &ddition# .rom
BD<?+BD>?# she edited &nd 5)blished The =2i7e to Ho3iness0 the most
in.l)enti&l Holiness 5eriodic&l o. th&t er&.
"ith "&lter0s .)ll s)55ort# Phoebe &lso tr&1eled e3tensi1ely#
ministering thro)gho)t the -nited St&tes# C&n&d& &nd 're&t %rit&in. In
the l&tter 5&rt o. her ministry "&lter tr&1eled /ith her &nd &ssisted in
the meetings. $escri5tions o. their meetings ri1&l those o. "esley#
Finney &nd (oody. H)ndreds &nd e1en tho)s&nds /o)ld be con1erted
d)ring 5rotr&cted meetings th&t r&n &ny/here .rom & .e/ d&ys to
se1er&l /eeks. H)ndreds more /o)ld cl&im to h&1e recei1ed the second
blessing o. s&ncti.ic&tion or the b&5tism in the Holy S5irit# &s it /&s
&lso c&lled.
In the city o. Ne/c&stle# ngl&nd# .or e3&m5le# Phoebe s&ys th&t
Jthe !ord /&s s&1ing the 5eo5le by scores d&ily.J
:
At the time o. her
/riting# o1er t/o tho)s&nd n&mes o. 5eo5le /ho h&d recei1ed the
blessing Jo. 5&rdon or 5)rityJ h&d been recorded. S)ch &n im5&ct /&s
being m&de th&t Jno/ the entire comm)nity seems re&dy to
&ckno/ledge its Mthe re1i1&l0sN 5o/er.J
=
These re1i1&ls /ere &ttended by gre&t s5irit)&l 5o/er th&t /&s#
5erh&5s# the key to their s)ccess. "riting .rom S)nderl&nd she s&ys th&t
there is s)ch & sense o. the di1ine 5resence th&t J5eo5le &re /ee5ing &ll
o1er the ho)se.J
?
In Ne/c&stle she st&tes th&t Jthe 5o/er o. 'od is
sensibly .elt to be 5resent to he&l.J
F
She &lso s5e&ks o. those /ho J.elt
the girdings o. &lmighty 5o/er in &n )n)s)&l m&nnerJ &nd o. the
Jtokens o. di1ine 5resenceJ in their midst.
<
For P&lmer# this sort o.
B:<
The *ineteenthCent2ry >orer2nners of the .o7ern Pentecosta3 6
Charismatic .o8ement
e35erienti&l re1i1&lism re5resented J& res)scit&tion o. 5rimiti1e
Christi&nity &nd 5rimiti1e (ethodism.J
>
S5e&king in tong)es 5rob&bly occ)rred &t times in her meetings.
"riting .rom ngl&nd# she s&ys th&t the em5h&sis o. the &.ternoon
meetings is Jthe .)ll b&5tism o. the Holy S5irit &s recei1ed by the one
h)ndred &nd t/enty disci5les on the d&y o. Pentecost.J
D
For P&lmer#
then# S5irit b&5tism &..ected one0s s5eech e1en &s the s5eech o. the one
h)ndred t/enty h&d been &..ected on the $&y o. Pentecost. In
describing one meeting# she s&ys th&t Jthe b&5tism o. .ire descendedL
&nd# &s in the e&rly d&ys o. Christi&nity# )tter&nce &s & restr&ining gi.t
/&s &lso gi1en.J
C
On &nother occ&sion# & loc&l 5re&cher c&me .or/&rd
&nd /&s the .irst to recei1e Jthe tong)e o. .ire.J According to P&lmer#
he then Js5oke &s the S5irit g&1e )tter&nce.J
B;
Thro)gh P&lmer0s e3tensi1e in.l)ence# Pentecost&l l&ng)&ge .in&lly
re5l&ced "esley&n terminology in describing the second blessing.
Inste&d o. sanctification0 it /&s no/ the :a1tism of the Ho3y =host0 &nd
inste&d o. c3eansin4 from sin0 the blessing no/ consisted o. &n
en7o5ment of 1o5er. These trends /ere im5ort&nt de1elo5ments &s the
ch)rch mo1ed to/&rd the t/entieth cent)ry &nd the e35losion o. the
modern Pentecost&lHCh&rism&tic mo1ement.
CHARLES FINNEY
Ch&rles 'r&ndison Finney 8B>C:+BD>=9 /&s con1erted &t the &ge o.
t/enty+nine &nd bec&me one o. the most s)ccess.)l e1&ngelists o.
modern times. A l&/yer &t the time o. his con1ersion# Finney .irst
&ligned himsel. /ith the Presbyteri&n Ch)rch# b)t l&ter he 7oined the
Congreg&tion&l Ch)rch. He /&s kno/n .or his re1i1&listic inno1&tions
s)ch &s the &lt&r c&ll &nd an?io2s seat &nd .or his 5o/er.)l# logic&l
5re&ching. Tho)s&nds /ere con1erted &nd entire comm)nities
tr&ns.ormed thro)gh his ministry. His An A2to:io4ra1hy &nd Lect2res
on Re8i8a3 &re still 5er)sed by st)dents o. re1i1&l.
At the time o. his con1ersion# Finney h&d &n e35erience th&t he
l&ter identi.ied &s the b&5tism in the Holy S5irit. He rec&lled th&t he
J/e5t &lo)d /ith 7oy &nd lo1eJ &nd Jliter&lly bello/ed o)t the
)n)tter&ble g)shings o. my so)l#J & 5ossible re.erence to s5e&king in
tong)es.
BB
Altho)gh Finney did not 5r&ctice 5r&ying .or the sick# there /ere
sc&ttered re5orts o. mir&c)lo)s he&lings thro)gh his ministry. In
B:>
&ddition# &t le&st t/o ment&lly ill 5ersons /ere he&led in his meetings.
On one occ&sion# he /&s in.ormed th&t & cert&in /om&n /ho /&s
)ncon1erted /&s ill &nd /o)ld not li1e thro)gh the night. A.ter & time
o. intense 5r&yer .or the /om&n# he e35erienced & settled 5e&ce in his
mind# &nd )5on meeting her h)sb&nd the ne3t d&y# he m&de & bold
decl&r&tion. He s&id# J%rother "PPPPPPP# she /ill not die /ith this
sicknessL yo) m&y rely )5on it. And she /ill ne1er die in her sins.J
B:
The /om&n reco1ered &nd shortly there&.ter /&s con1erted to Christ.
Rem&rk&ble m&ni.est&tions o. the S5irit &ccom5&nied Finney0s
meetings. F&lling )nder the 5o/er# /ee5ing &nd crying o)t /ere not
)ncommon occ)rrences. "hile 5r&ying &t the close o. & meeting in
Rome# Ne/ ,ork# he co)ld he&r the Jsobs &nd sighsJ o. the 5eo5le
thro)gho)t the ho)se. He @)ickly closed the 5r&yer &nd rose s)ddenly
.rom his knees.
At this 1ery moment & yo)ng m&n by the n&me o. "PPPPPPP#
& clerk in (r. HPPPPPPP0s store# being one o. the .irst yo)ng
men in the 5l&ce# so ne&rly .&inted# th&t he .ell )5on some
yo)ng men /ho stood ne&r himL &nd they &ll o. them 5&rti&lly
s/ooned &/&y# &nd .ell together.
B=
The 5o/er o. Finney0s re1i1&ls o.ten im5&cted entire comm)nities.
A st)dent in Rochester Ac&demy# Ch&rles P. %)sh# l&ter to become &
le&ding 5&stor in Ne/ ,ork City# /&s con1erted )nder Finney0s
ministry in Rochester# Ne/ ,ork. He gi1es this &cco)nt o. th&t .irst
re1i1&l in his n&ti1e city.
The /hole comm)nity /&s stirred. Religion /&s the to5ic o.
con1ers&tion in the ho)se# in the sho5# in the o..ice &nd on the
street. The only the&ter in the city /&s con1erted into & li1ery
st&bleL the only circ)s into & so&5 &nd c&ndle .&ctory. 'rog
sho5s /ere closedL the S&bb&th /&s honoredL the s&nct)&ries
/ere thronged /ith h&55y /orshi55ersL & ne/ im5)lse /&s
gi1en to e1ery 5hil&nthro5ic enter5riseL the .o)nt&ins o.
bene1olence /ere o5ened# &nd men li1ed to good.
B?
In BD=F Finney bec&me the 5ro.essor o. system&tic theology &t the
ne/ly .ormed Oberlin College in Oberlin# Ohio. It /&s here th&t he &nd
As& (&h&n# the .irst 5resident o. Oberlin# .orged /h&t bec&me kno/n
&s -:er3in Theo3o4y. -:er3in Theo3o4y re.erred to the second blessing
&s the b&5tism in the Holy S5irit. They identi.ied this e35erience &s &n
em5o/erment .or e..ecti1e Christi&n ser1ice r&ther th&n &s cle&nsing
B:D
.rom origin&l sin. In commenting on the l&ck in & cert&in 5&stor0s li.e
&nd ministry# Finney obser1edE
He h&d .&llen short o. recei1ing the b&5tism o. the Holy 'host
/hich is indis5ens&ble to ministeri&l s)ccess. "hen Christ
commissioned his &5ostles to go &nd 5re&ch# he told them to
&bide &t Jer)s&lem till they /ere end)ed /ith 5o/er .rom on
high. This 5o/er# &s e1eryone kno/s# /&s the b&5tism o. the
Holy 'host 5o)red o)t )5on them on the d&y o. Pentecost.
This /&s &n indis5ens&ble @)&li.ic&tion .or s)ccess in
ministry.
BF
Finney0s re1i1&l techni@)es o. 5rotr&cted meetings &nd 5)blic
5ro.essions o. .&ith /ere &do5ted thro)gho)t the Holiness mo1ement
&nd c&rried o1er into the Pentecost&l mo1ement. These techni@)es#
&long /ith his theory o. & s)bse@)ent em5o/erment o. the S5irit#
5l&yed & m&7or role in 5re5&ring the /&y .or the
Pentecost&lHCh&rism&tic re1i1&l o. the t/entieth cent)ry.
A. &. GORDON
A. J. 'ordon 8BD=<+BDCF9# .o)nder o. 'ordon College# /&s the 5&stor
o. Cl&rendon Street %&5tist Ch)rch in %oston# (&ss&ch)setts# .or
t/enty+.i1e ye&rs. A 1ol)mino)s /riter# he &)thored s)ch /orks &s The
.inistry of Hea3in40 The T5o>o37 Life &nd The .inistry of the Ho3y
'1irit.
1#
One /riter h&s described him &s J& m&7or .ig)re on the /&y to
Pentecost&lism.J
B>
In The .inistry of the Ho3y '1irit0 'ordon cle&rly deline&tes &
ch&rism&tic theology by identi.ying the b&5tism in the Holy S5irit &s &n
endo/ment o. 5o/er s)bse@)ent to con1ersion. In his disc)ssion o.
S5irit b&5tism# he &lso mentions the m&ni.est&tion o. tong)es &t
Pentecost 8Acts :E?9 &nd the m&ni.est&tion o. tong)es &nd 5ro5hecy
/hen P&)l l&id his h&nds on the ne/ 5hesi&n belie1ers 8Acts BCEB+>9.
The 5hesi&ns# 'ordon s&ys# Je3hibited the tr&its o. the S5irit common
to the other disci5les o. the &5ostolic &ge... &nd /h&tsoe1er rel&tions
belie1ers held to the S5irit in the beginning# they h&1e & right to cl&im
tod&y.J
BD
In his /ork The T5o>o37 Life0 'ordon decl&res# JIt is still o)r
5ri1ilege to 5r&y .or the b&5tism o. the S5irit &nd to t&rry in
s)55lic&tion )ntil /e be end)ed /ith 5o/er .rom on high.J
BC
In The
.inistry of Hea3in4 he not only de.ends di1ine he&ling &s & ministry o.
B:C
the ch)rch# b)t he &lso s&ys th&t e1en the gi.ts o. tong)es &nd 5ro5hecy
Jdo not seem to be con.ined /ithin the .irst &ge o. the Ch)rch.J
:;
F)rther 5roo. o. 'ordon0s ch&rism&tic tendencies is the .&ct th&t he
/&s 5ro.o)ndly in.l)enced by the /ritings o. d/&rd Ir1ing. This is
borne o)t in The .inistry of Hea3in40 /here he de1otes si3 5&ges to
Ir1ing &nd s5e&ks o. him in glo/ing terms. He re.ers to Ir1ing &s J&
m&n o. /onder.)l endo/mentsJ &nd s&ys th&t Jhe /&s &cc)sed o.
o..ering str&nge .ire )5on the &lt&r o. his ch)rch bec&)se he tho)ght to
relight the .ire o. Pentecost.J
:B
'ordon0s /ritings /ere /idely re&d in the l&tter 5&rt o. the
nineteenth cent)ry &nd in.l)enced m&ny to/&rd &n o5enness to
mir&c)lo)s m&ni.est&tions. Some o. his terminology# s)ch &s the
sea3in4 of the Ho3y '1irit0 m&y h&1e been &do5ted by e&rly Pentecost&ls
/ho )se the s&me e35ression in their o/n /ritings.
::
A more direct in.l)ence /&s thro)gh liI&beth %&ker# /ho
&ttended his ch)rch be.ore .o)nding lim T&bern&cle &nd Rochester
%ible Tr&ining Center in Rochester# Ne/ ,ork. lim T&bern&cle &nd
Rochester %ible Tr&ining Center bec&me &n im5ort&nt center .or
Pentecost&lism d)ring the e&rly d&ys o. the mo1ement. Pentecost&l
histori&n C&rl %r)mb&ck describes the school &s Jthe .irst 5erm&nent
school to m&ke & gen)ine im5ression on the mo1ement.J
:=
'ordon0s theology /o)ld 5l&ce him in the midst o. the modern
Ch&rism&tic mo1ement i. he /ere &li1e tod&y. His belie. in &
s)bse@)ent em5o/ering o. the S5irit co)5led /ith & 5ers)&sion th&t
ch&rism&tic gi.ts# incl)ding s5e&king in tong)es# &re yet 1&lid &nd
desir&ble# is cle&rly the essence o. modern ch&rism&tic theology.
'ordon0s theologic&l st&nce cle&rly identi.ies him &s & charismatic
Christi&n.
DWIGHT L. MOODY
$. !. (oody 8BD=>+BDCC9# the most 5rominent e1&ngelist d)ring the
l&tter h&l. o. the nineteenth cent)ry# &lso embr&ced the te&ching o. &
b&5tism in the Holy S5irit s)bse@)ent to regener&tion. In .&ct# he
cl&imed th&t his li.e &nd ministry /ere .ore1er ch&nged &s & res)lt o.
this e35erience. It &ll beg&n /hen t/o /omen in his ch)rch in Chic&go
set themsel1es to 5r&y .or him th&t he /o)ld recei1e this e35erience. As
they 5r&yed# his h)nger .or 'od incre&sed )ntil one d&y in BD>B# he
e35erienced 'od in & /&y th&t r&dic&lly ch&nged his li.e.
B=;
I /&s crying &ll the time th&t 'od /o)ld .ill me /ith His
S5irit. "ell# one d&y# in the city o. Ne/ ,orkoh# /h&t &
d&yOI c&nnot describe it# I seldom re.er to itL it is &lmost too
s&cred &n e35erience to n&me. P&)l h&d &n e35erience o.
/hich he ne1er s5oke .or .o)rteen ye&rs. I c&n only s&y th&t
'od re1e&led Himsel. to me# &nd I h&d &n e35erience o. His
lo1e th&t I h&d to &sk Him to st&y His h&nd. I /ent to
5re&ching &g&in. The sermons /ere not di..erentL I did not
5resent &ny ne/ tr)ths# &nd yet h)ndreds /ere con1erted. I
/o)ld not be 5l&ced b&ck /here I /&s be.ore th&t blessed
e35erience .or &ll the /orldit /o)ld be &s the sm&ll d)st o.
the b&l&nce.
:?
Altho)gh (oody0s ministry /&s not gener&lly ch&r&cteriIed by
e3tr&ordin&ry m&ni.est&tions o. the Holy S5irit# s)ch m&ni.est&tions o.
the Holy S5irit &s he&ling# 5ro5hecy &nd tong)es /ere# indeed# not
.oreign to it. For e3&m5le# his son rec&lls his .&ther 1isiting the sick in
Chic&go &nd o..ering 5r&yer J.or the he&ling o. both body &nd so)l.J
:F
Another e3&m5le comes .rom the testimony o. Re1. R. %oyd# & %&5tist
minister# /ho /ent to & meeting /here (oody h&d 7)st s5oken &nd /&s
&sto)nded by /h&t he enco)nteredE
"hen I got to the rooms o. the ,o)ng (en0s Christi&n
Associ&tion# 4ictori& H&ll# !ondon# I .o)nd the meeting on
.ire. The yo)ng men /ere s5e&king /ith tong)es# 5ro5hesying.
"h&t on e&rth did it me&nK Only th&t (oody h&d &ddressed
them th&t &.ternoon.
:<
RE!#EN A. TORREY
(oody0s &ssoci&te &nd heir &55&rent# R. A. Torrey 8BDF<+BC:D9#
5o5)l&riIed (oody0s doctrine o. S5irit b&5tism &s & s)bse@)ent /ork o.
gr&ce thro)gh (oody %ible Instit)te &s /ell &s thro)gh his s5e&king
eng&gements &nd e3tensi1e /riting 5ro7ects. Torrey e35licitly st&ted
th&t Jthe b&5tism /ith the Holy S5irit is &n o5er&tion o. the Holy S5irit
distinct .rom &nd s)bse@)ent &nd &ddition&l to his regener&ting /ork.J
:>
At one 5oint# Torrey @)estioned /hether it /&s necess&ry to s5e&k
in tong)es in order to be b&5tiIed in the Holy S5irit. He .in&lly
concl)ded on the b&sis o. B Corinthi&ns B:E=; th&t it /&s not necess&ry#
b)t he le.t the door o5en th&t it co)ld occ)r.
B=B
It MS5irit b&5tismN is the im5&rt&tion o. s)5ern&t)r&l 5o/er or
gi.ts in ser1ice# &nd sometimes one m&y h&1e r&re gi.ts by the
S5irit0s 5o/er &nd .e/ gr&ces...The 5o/er m&y be o. one kind
in one 5erson &nd o. &nother kind in &nother 5erson# b)t there
/ill &l/&ys be 5o/er.
:D
The doctrin&l 5osition o. both (oody &nd Torrey concerning S5irit
b&5tism /o)ld 5l&ce them in the Ch&rism&tic c&m5 h&d they li1ed in the
second h&l. o. the t/entieth cent)ry. Altho)gh Torrey re&cted
1ehemently to the Pentecost&l em5h&sis o. tong)es &s the initi&l
e1idence o. S5irit b&5tism# both he &nd (oody 5l&yed & 1it&l role in
setting the st&ge .or th&t mo1ement thro)gh their em5h&sis on S5irit
b&5tism &nd their o5enness to m&ni.est&tions o. the S5irit.
TONG!ES AND PENTECOSTAL
LANG!AGE
Altho)gh s5e&king in tong)es /&s not singled o)t &s &n im5ort&nt
ch&r&cteristic o. the nineteenth+cent)ry Holiness Re1i1&l# it did occ)r
on occ&sion. In Ne/ ngl&nd# .or e3&m5le# the 'i.t Ad1entists
e35erienced s5e&king in tong)es &nd the inter5ret&tion o. tong)es in
their /orshi5 ser1ices.
:C
In Cherokee Co)nty# North C&rolin&# d)ring
the s)mmer o. BDC<# & re1i1&l res)lted in n)mero)s m&ni.est&tions o.
s5irit)&l gi.ts# incl)ding he&lings &nd s5e&king in tong)es.
=;
This gro)5
l&ter bec&me the Ch)rch o. 'od 8Cle1el&nd# TN9.
Incidents s)ch &s these /ere )s)&lly &cce5ted &s sim5ly &ddition&l
m&ni.est&tions o. the S5irit in line /ith sho)ting# .&lling &nd /ee5ing.
On the other h&nd# ho/e1er# there /ere times /hen s5e&king in tong)es
c&)sed gre&t constern&tion. A. (. *ierg&n /ritesE
One d&y right in the midst o. & gre&t sermon# & /om&n .rom
C&rrol Co)nty# & holiness 5ro.essor# s5r&/led o)t &t .)ll length
in the &isle... $irectly she beg&n to com5ose & 7&rgon o. /ords
in rhyme &nd sing them /ith & /eird t)ne. She 5ersisted till the
ser1ice /&s s5oiled &nd the c&m5 /&s thro/n into & h)bb)b.
Str&nge to s&y# the c&m5 /&s di1ided thereby. Some s&id it
/&s & /onder.)l m&ni.est&tion o. di1ine 5o/er# some s&id it
/&s & re5etition o. s5e&king in )nkno/n tong)es &s &t
Pentecost. %)t e1ery 5re&cher on the gro)nd /itho)t e3ce5tion
decl&red it to be o. the de1il. %)t the c&m5 /&s so di1ided in
o5inion th&t it h&d to be h&ndled /ith the gre&test o. c&re.
=B
B=:
Reg&rdless o. the di..erent 1ie/s o. s5e&king in tong)es# by the
.in&l dec&de o. the nineteenth cent)ry# Pentecost&l l&ng)&ge h&d
5erme&ted the entire Holiness mo1ement. "esley&n schol&r $on&ld
$&yton 5oints o)t th&t by this time# e1erything .rom c&m5 meetings to
choirs /ere being described &s Pentecosta3. 1en 5erson&l e35eriences
/ere being re5orted &s Pentecosta3 Testimonies.
!2
This 5ro.)sion o. Pentecost&l l&ng)&ge &nd themes h&s been
described by one /riter &s the &ttem5t o. the Holiness Re1i1&l Jto
restore 5rimiti1e Christi&nity to the ch)rches thro)gh & rene/&l o.
Pentecost&l e35erience &nd &n &ccom5&nying ne/ &ge o. the Holy
S5irit.J
==
This restor&tionist theme# &long /ith the &55ro&ch o. the
t/entieth cent)ry# incited & ne/ o5timism &mong m&ny belie1ers
concerning the .)t)re o. the ch)rch. (&ny .elt th&t & ne/ &ge o. the
S5irit /&s &bo)t to d&/n th&t /o)ld restore 5rimiti1e Christi&nity to the
ch)rches.
=?
Presbyteri&n minister A. T. Pierson e35ressed the 5re1&iling mood
/hen he s&id# JI. in these degener&te d&ys & ne/ Pentecost /o)ld
restore 5rimiti1e .&ith# /orshi5# )nity &nd &cti1ity# ne/ dis5l&ys o.
di1ine 5o/er might s)r5&ss those o. &ny 5re1io)s 5eriod.J
=F
()ch o.
the ch)rch# there.ore# &55ro&ched the t/entieth cent)ry /ith /h&t one
/riter h&s c&lled J& s5irit)&l e35ect&ncy )ne@)&lled in 5rior Protest&nt
history.J
=<
B==
!AT ,
P&rt >E T#E EALY "-00S
TWENTY
21 Charles 4arham an"
;ethel ;i3le College
he t/entieth cent)ry d&/ned /ith m&ny st&nding on ti5toe# &s it
/ere# in e35ect&tion o. /h&t 'od /&s &bo)t to do. No one /&s
more e35ect&nt th&n Ch&rles Fo3 P&rh&m 8BD>=+BC:C9# & yo)ng#
itiner&nt e1&ngelist /ith (ethodist# Holiness &nd G)&ker in.l)ences.
P&rh&m0s .oc)s /&s /orld e1&ngelism# b)t in his o5inion# the ch)rch o.
his d&y l&cked the 5o/er necess&ry to .)l.ill the m&nd&te o. the 're&t
Commission. He ye&rned .or th&t o)t5o)ring .rom he&1en th&t /o)ld
m&ke the ch)rch & dyn&mic .orce in the e&rth# both in /ord &nd in deed.
T
SEE"ING
In BC;;# moti1&ted by & desire to kno/ more .)lly /h&t others /ere
e35eriencing# P&rh&m tr&1eled .rom his b&se in To5ek&# *&ns&s# to
1&rio)s /ell+kno/n ministries in the north &nd northe&st. Among those
th&t he 1isited /ere John Ale3&nder $o/ie0s /ork in Chic&go# (&lone0s
=o7@s <i:3e 'choo3 in Cincinn&ti# Ste5hen (erritt0s center in Ne/ ,ork
City# A. %. Sim5son0s /ork in Ny&ck# Ne/ ,ork# A. J. 'ordon0s /ork
in %oston &nd Fr&nk S&n.ord0s Ho3y =host an7 Us <i:3e 'choo3 ne&r
$)rh&m# (&ine. 1&l)&ting his st)dy to)r# P&rh&m rem&rksE
I ret)rned home .)lly con1inced th&t /hile m&ny h&d obt&ined
re&l e35erience in s&ncti.ic&tion &nd the &nointing th&t &bideth#
there still rem&ined & gre&t o)t5o)ring o. 5o/er .or the
Christi&ns /ho /ere to close this &ge.
B
B=F
#ETHEL IN TOPE"A) "ANSAS
In October BC;;# together /ith his G)&ker /i.e# S&r&h# &nd sister+in+
l&/# !ili&n Thistleth/&ite# P&rh&m o5ened %ethel %ible College in
To5ek&# *&ns&s. Abo)t .orty st)dents &ttended# m&ny o. /hom /ere
&lre&dy in1ol1ed in some &s5ect o. ministry. %ethel re@)ired no t)itionL
inste&d# the residents b&nned together to .orm & .&ith comm)nity in
/hich they so)ght 'od0s 5ro1ision cor5or&tely thro)gh 5r&yer &nd
ser1ice. Their 5)r5ose /&s to Jobey &nd li1e the comm&ndments o.
Jes)s.J
:
Pr&yer /&s the centr&l .oc)s o. the school# &nd the 5r&yer to/er
&to5 the m&nsion /&s in )se t/enty+.o)r ho)rs /ith e&ch resident o. the
school 5&rtici5&ting in & 5r&yer 1igil.
At the dedic&tion o. %ethel# one o. the st)dents# C&5t&in T)ttle#
s&/ & 1ision. Ho1ering o1er the school /&s# &s it /ere# & gre&t body o.
/&ter &bo)t to o1er.lo/. He )nderstood this to me&n th&t the
o)t5o)ring o. the S5irit &bo)t to occ)r &t this school /o)ld be so
&b)nd&nt &s to @)ench e1ery s5irit)&lly thirsty so)l on e&rth.
%y l&te $ecember the st)dents h&d com5leted their sched)led
co)rses. Three d&ys 5rior to Ne/ ,e&r0s 1e BC;;# P&rh&m /&s
sched)led to 5re&ch in *&ns&s City. %e.ore le&1ing# he e3horted the
st)dents to st)dy the s)b7ect o. the b&5tism o. the Holy S5irit#
es5eci&lly in the %ook o. Acts. He )rged them to se&rch .or ob7ecti1e#
biblic&l e1idence /hereby & 5erson co)ld kno/ .or cert&in th&t he or
she h&d tr)ly recei1ed the b&5tism o. the Holy S5irit. "hen he ret)rned
on Ne/ ,e&r0s 1e# P&rh&m c&lled the st)dents together &nd in@)ired
concerning their st)dy.
To my &stonishment they &ll h&d the s&me story# th&t /hile
there /ere di..erent things occ)rred /hen the Pentecost&l
blessing .ell# th&t the indis5)t&ble 5roo. on e&ch occ&sion /&s
th&t they s5oke /ith other tong)es.
=
THE O!TPO!RING
In the "&tchnight Ser1ice 8BC;;+BC;B9 l&ter th&t e1ening# the Holy
S5irit m&ni.ested Himsel. /ith )n)s)&l intensity. At &bo)t BBE;; P.(.# &s
the t/entieth cent)ry /&s &bo)t to d&/n# Agnes OIm&n 8BD>;+BC=>9# &
Holiness 5re&cher /ho /&s & st)dent &t the school# &sked P&rh&m to
5r&y .or her th&t she might recei1e the b&5tism o. the Holy S5irit in the
m&nner they h&d obser1ed in their st)dy. Hesit&nt &t .irst# he .in&lly
consented.
B=<
Char3es Parham an7 <ethe3 <i:3e Co33e4e
H)mbly in the n&me o. Jes)s# I l&id my h&nd )5on her he&d
&nd 5r&yed. I h&d sc&rcely re5e&ted three doIen sentences
/hen & glory .ell )5on her# & h&lo seemed to s)rro)nd her he&d
&nd .&ce# &nd she beg&n s5e&king in the Chinese l&ng)&ge &nd
/&s )n&ble to s5e&k in nglish .or three d&ys.
?
This e1ent .&nned the .l&mes o. s5irit)&l desire in P&rh&m &nd the
others &t %ethel. S)s5ending norm&l &cti1ities# they set &side &n )55er
room /here they /&ited on the !ord .or their 5erson&l Pentecost. On
J&n)&ry =# /hile they contin)ed to 5r&y# P&rh&m /ent to 5re&ch &t the
Free (ethodist Ch)rch in To5ek&. Sh&ring /ith the congreg&tion the
recent e1ents &t %ethel# he 5redicted th&t /hen he ret)rned th&t e1ening#
the entire school /o)ld h&1e recei1ed the Pentecost&l e35erience.
P&rh&m &rri1ed b&ck &t %ethel &t &bo)t B;E;; P.(. &nd immedi&tely
mo)nted the st&irs to the room /here the others /ere /&iting on 'od.
According to P&rh&m# &s he re&ched the to5 o. the st&irs he co)ld see &
sheen o. light# brighter th&n the light .rom the co&l oil l&m5s# coming
.rom the room. As he entered the room he /&s o1er/helmed by /h&t he
enco)ntered. Some /ere st&nding# &nd others /ere kneeling. Together#
in 5er.ect h&rmony &s i. led by &n in1isible cond)ctor# they /ere
singing JJes)s# !o1er o. (y So)lJ in tong)es. Sister St&nley# one o. the
more m&t)re st)dents# &55ro&ched him# s&ying# JJ)st be.ore yo) entered
tong)es o. .ire /ere sitting &bo1e their he&ds.J
F
Finding his o/n 5l&ce o. 5r&yer behind & t&ble# P&rh&m knelt &nd
&sked 'od to gi1e him this Pentecost&l blessing. His &ns/erK I. he /ere
/illing to /ithst&nd the 5ersec)tions# h&rdshi5s# tri&ls# sl&nder &nd
sc&nd&l it /o)ld ent&il# the .)ll blessing /o)ld be his. P&rh&m re5lied#
J!ord# I /ill. J)st gi1e me this blessing.J
Right then there c&me & slight t/ist in my thro&t# & glory .ell
o1er me# &nd I beg&n to /orshi5 'od in the S/edish tong)e#
/hich l&ter ch&nged to other l&ng)&ges &nd contin)ed so )ntil
the morning.
<
In the d&ys &nd /eeks th&t .ollo/ed# 1&rio)s sincere seekers &nd
the c)rio)s &rri1ed to in1estig&te the biI&rre e1ents &t %ethel. Some
recei1ed the b&5tism &nd took the mess&ge to others. Thro)gho)t the
s5ring# P&rh&m &nd some o. the st)dents /ho rem&ined &t %ethel
contin)ed to hold e1&ngelistic o)tre&ches in ne&rby comm)nities.
Immedi&te res)lts /ere m&rgin&l# &ltho)gh one /om&n /ho recei1ed
the b&5tism in meetings &t !&/rence# *&ns&s# c&rried the mess&ge to
$es (oines# Io/&# &nd 6ion City# Illinois. She th)s l&id the .o)nd&tion
B=>
.or P&rh&m0s signi.ic&nt Pentecost&l Re1i1&l in 6ion City in BC;<.
%y s)mmer# the m&nsion they /ere renting /&s sold &nd the
residents dis5ersed. S&r&h P&rh&m notes# J%ethel %ible College /&s not
intended to be & 5erm&nent school. The /hole ide& /&s & 5eriod o.
intensi1e tr&ining in the "ord# 5r&yer &nd e1&ngelism.J
>
Indeed# it h&d
ser1ed its 5)r5ose /ell.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF #ETHEL
The signi.ic&nce o. %ethel %ible College /&s the st)dents0 &rtic)l&tion
o. s5e&king in tong)es &s the biblic&l e1idence o. S5irit b&5tism. -ntil
this time# 5&rtic)l&rly in the nineteenth+cent)ry Holiness Re1i1&l#
s5ec)l&tion &bo)nded concerning the &ct)&l biblic&l e1idence o. S5irit
b&5tism. Altho)gh the doctrine /&s ne/ to the ch)rch &t l&rge# in
cert&in res5ects# it /&s not /itho)t historic&l 5recedent. In the .o)rth
&nd .i.th cent)ries# both A)g)stine &nd Chrysostom h&d re&ched the
s&me concl)sion.
D
-nlike P&rh&m &nd the st)dents &t %ethel# ho/e1er#
both h&d concl)ded th&t this 5&ttern /&s intended .or the .irst+cent)ry
ch)rch only.
In &ddition# se1enty ye&rs 5rior to this time# the Scottish 5&stor
d/&rd Ir1ing# &s & res)lt o. his intense st)dy o. the Ne/ Test&ment#
h&d re&ched the s&me concl)sion &s the st)dents &t %ethel. He h&d
identi.ied s5e&king in tong)es &s the Jintrod)ctory signJ o. S5irit
b&5tism# noting th&t# biblic&lly# tong)es /&s the Jgi.t .irst besto/ed
)5on the b&5tiIed.J
C
For the t/entieth+cent)ry ch)rch# ho/e1er# the .orm)l&tion o. this
doctrine /&s mon)ment&l. It o..ered the seeker ob7ecti1e criteri& by
/hich to determine /hen the e35erience o. S5irit b&5tism h&d been
recei1ed. It bec&me & st&nd&rd .e&t)re o. Pentecost&l doctrine &nd the
disting)ishing ch&r&cteristic o. the mo1ement. Pentecost&l 5ioneer J.
Ros/ell Flo/er h&s s&id# JIt /&s this decision Mo. tong)es &s e1idence
o. S5irit b&5tismN /hich h&s m&de the Pentecost&l mo1ement o. the
t/entieth cent)ry.
B;
WAS PARHAM A RACIST?
In recent ye&rs P&rh&m h&s been &cc)sed o. being & r&cist. I. 7)dged by
tod&y0s st&nd&rds# P&rh&m might be br&nded & r&cist since he h&d strong
reser1&tions &bo)t interr&ci&l m&rri&ge. His st&nd on m&rri&ge# ho/e1er#
/&s not b&sed on r&ci&l 5re7)dice# b)t on his belie. th&t 'od0s origin&l
B=D
Char3es Parham an7 <ethe3 <i:3e Co33e4e
5l&n /&s .or e&ch r&ce to m&int&in its ethnic 5)rity. This st&nd on
m&rri&ge# in t)rn# &..ected his 1ie/s on ho/ the di..erent r&ces 8not 7)st
bl&ck &nd /hite9 sho)ld rel&te to one &nother. A.ter his J.&lling o)tJ
/ith the AI)s& Street Re1i1&l in BC;<# P&rh&m m&de &n )n.ort)n&te
r&cist rem&rk th&t h&s h&)nted him to the 5resent time. Altho)gh
ine3c)s&ble# this rem&rk sho)ld be inter5reted in light o. this 5&in.)l
di1ision &nd in the conte3t o. his entire li.e &nd ministry.
P&rh&m# in .&ct# deser1es credit .or contrib)ting to the e&rly
interr&ci&l ch&r&cter o. Pentecost&lism. "hen he .irst 1ent)red &cross
the (&son+$i3on line in BC;F he sho/ed# .or the loc&l /hite 5o5)l&ce#
& dist)rbing o5enness to both (e3ic&n Americ&ns &nd A.ric&n
Americ&ns. Shortly &.ter P&rh&m0s &rri1&l in Ho)ston# the 5&stor o. &
loc&l /hite Holiness congreg&tion e3horted the e1&ngelists &nd /orkers
.rom the north toE
!et the r&ce @)estion &lone )ntil yo) h&1e been So)th long
eno)gh to kno/ by e35erience /h&t it seems im5ossible .or
o)r northern brethren to le&rn thro)gh other so)rces.
BB
P&rh&m be.riended the bl&ck 5o5)l&ce /hile in Te3&s /here he
bec&me .riends /ith "illi&m Seymo)r &nd !)cy F&rro/. "hen he
o5ened his Ho)ston school in J&n)&ry BC;<# P&rh&m .o)nd & /&y to
skirt the JJim Cro/J l&/s &nd loc&l c)stoms so th&t Seymo)r co)ld
&ttend.
F&rro/ li1ed /ith the P&rh&ms .or & time in %&3ter S5rings be.ore
going to !os Angeles to &ssist Seymo)r in the AI)s& Street Re1i1&l.
"hen# in A)g)st BC;<# she ret)rned to Ho)ston .rom !os Angeles#
P&rh&m in1ited her to 5re&ch in his c&m5 meeting in th&t city. One
5&rtici5&nt s&id th&t F&rro/# in this meeting# demonstr&ted J&n )n)s)&l
5o/er to l&y h&nds on 5eo5le .or the rece5tion o. the Holy S5irit.J
B:
Robert (&5es Anderson s&ysE
1en be.ore the !os Angeles re1i1&l# P&rh&m h&d t&55ed this
ne/ ethnic&lly heterogeneo)s constit)ency in Ho)ston# /here
he g&rnered bl&ck con1erts like Seymo)r# (iss F&rro/ &nd
J%rotherJ Johnson# &nd some (e3ic&n Americ&ns. At the BCB=
s)mmer enc&m5ment o. P&rh&m0s gro)5 in %&3ter S5rings#
*&ns&s# J"hite 5eo5le# colored 5eo5le &nd Indi&ns &ll took
5&rt in the meetingJ &nd &s %rother P&rh&m rem&rked# J"e
h&d the 'os5el in bl&ck &nd /hite &nd red &ll o1er.J For ye&rs#
P&rh&m held integr&ted meetings thro)gho)t the lo/er
(id/est.
B=
B=C
In %&3ter S5rings# *&ns&s# P&rh&m m&int&ined good rel&tions /ith
the bl&ck comm)nity &nd ministered o.ten in the loc&l bl&ck Holiness
ch)rch.
B?
P&rh&m0s gr&ndd&)ghter# Robert& P&rh&m Hrom&s# &ttended
integr&ted schools in %&3ter S5rings &nd /&s )n&/&re o. &ny r&ci&l
5re7)dice in the P&rh&m .&mily.
BF
A.ter P&rh&m0s de&th in J&n)&ry o. BC:C# his son# Robert# &nd
d&)ghter+in+l&/# P&)line# 5icked )5 his ministry sched)le. "hile in !os
Angles th&t s&me ye&r# Robert# P&)line &nd S&r&h P&rh&m 1isited the
AI)s& Street (ission &nd Jenny Seymo)r# /ho /&s no/ 5&stor since
her h)sb&nd0s de&th in BC::. According to P&)line P&rh&m# the /i1es o.
these t/o Pentecost&l 5ioneers# one /hite &nd the other bl&ck# h&d &
1ery cordi&l &nd .riendly 1isit. "hen &sked by this &)thor i. she he&rd
Robert or S&r&h P&rh&m s&y &nything neg&ti1e &bo)t "illi&m or Jenny
Seymo)r# P&)line P&rh&m re5lied# JOh noOJ
B<
B?;
T WE NT Y - ONE
21 ,illiam eymour an"
the A<usa treet
Revival
n BC;F# P&rh&m /ent to Ho)ston# Te3&s# /here he cond)cted &
s)ccess.)l re1i1&l c&m5&ign in %ry&n H&ll. The loc&l ne/s5&5er
c&rried re5orts o. the m&ny he&lings &nd other ch&rism&tic
5henomen& occ)rring in the meetings. To 5reser1e the .r)it o. the
re1i1&l &nd to 5re5&re /orkers to c&rry the Pentecost&l mess&ge
thro)gho)t So)th Te3&s# P&rh&m o5ened & short+term %ible school on
J&n)&ry B# BC;<.
I
Altho)gh & n)mber o. im5ort&nt e&rly Pentecost&l le&ders emerged
.rom this c&m5&ign# 5erh&5s the most .&mo)s /&s "illi&m Jose5h
Seymo)r 8BD>;+BC::9# the 5&stor o. & loc&l# bl&ck Holiness
congreg&tion. He /&s es5eci&lly intrig)ed by the doctrine o. S5irit
b&5tism e1idenced by s5e&king in tong)es th&t he he&rd P&rh&m /&s
te&ching.
"hen Seymo)r le&rned th&t P&rh&m /o)ld be rem&ining in
Ho)ston &nd o5ening & short+term %ible school# he &55lied .or
enrollment. %ec&)se o. so)thern segreg&tion l&/s &nd c)stoms# his
&55lic&tion 5osed & 5roblem. P&rh&m# nonetheless# skirted the leg&l
restrictions by &rr&nging .or Seymo)r to sit in &n &d7oining room /here#
thro)gh &n o5en door# he /&s &ble to listen to the lect)res. Altho)gh
Seymo)r did not recei1e the e35erience o. the b&5tism /hile &t the
school# he &cce5ted it &s biblic&lly correct.
B?B
Seymo)r /&s cons)med /ith & 5&ssion&te desire .or 'od.
%e.ore I met P&rh&m# s)ch & h)nger to h&1e more o. 'od /&s
in my he&rt th&t I 5r&yed .or .i1e ho)rs & d&y .or t/o &nd & h&l.
ye&rs. I got to !os Angeles# &nd there the h)nger /&s not less
b)t more. I 5r&yed# J'od# /h&t c&n I doKJ The S5irit s&id#
JPr&y more.J J%)t !ord# I &m 5r&ying .i1e ho)rs & d&y no/.J I
incre&sed my ho)rs o. 5r&yer to se1en# &nd 5r&yed on .or &
ye&r &nd & h&l. more. I 5r&yed to 'od to gi1e /h&t P&rh&m
5re&ched# the re&l Holy 'host &nd .ire /ith tong)es /ith lo1e
&nd 5o/er o. 'od like the &5ostles h&d.
B
THE CALL TO LOS ANGELES
%e.ore the co)rses /ere com5lete# Seymo)r recei1ed & letter .rom !os
Angeles in1iting him to 5&stor & ne/ly .ormed Holiness congreg&tion.
H&1ing 5r&yed &bo)t the o55ort)nity# he decided to &cce5t. P&rh&m
5ro1ided his tr&in .&re &nd blessed him &s he de5&rted &ro)nd the
middle o. Febr)&ry.
In !os Angeles# Seymo)r 5re&ched his .irst sermon .rom Acts :E?
&nd bro&ched the s)b7ect o. tong)es &s the biblic&l e1idence o. S5irit
b&5tism. "hen he ret)rned .or the e1ening ser1ice# he .o)nd the door
5&dlocked. Ch)rch o..ici&ls h&d .o)nd his mess&ge o. S5irit b&5tism
e1idenced by s5e&king in tong)es )n&cce5t&ble.
The Asberrys# /ho li1ed on %onnie %r&e Street# then in1ited
Seymo)r to their home /here he g&1e himsel. to 5r&yer &lmost
const&ntly. "hile e&ting s)55er one e1ening d)ring this time# Rich&rd
Asberry s)ddenly .ell .rom his ch&ir onto the .loor &nd beg&n s5e&king
in tong)es. Soon others# incl)ding Seymo)r# /ere &lso e35eriencing the
b&5tism in the Holy S5irit &nd s5e&king in tong)es.
As /ord s5re&d th&t ch&rism&tic gi.ts /ere occ)rring on %onnie
%r&e Street# l&rge cro/ds con1erged on the Asberry residence. Forced
to seek l&rger .&cilities# they .o)nd &n em5ty b)ilding &t =B: AI)s&
Street in do/nto/n !os Angeles. Formerly# it h&d been & (ethodist
5isco5&l Ch)rch# b)t more recently it h&d been )sed &s & st&ble &nd
/&reho)se. They remo1ed the debris &nd inst&lled ro)gh 5l&nk benches
&nd & m&keshi.t 5)l5it m&de .rom /ooden shoe bo3es. On A5ril B?#
BC;<# they held their .irst ser1ice# &nd re1i1&l .ires bl&Ied e1en more
brightly.
B?:
)i33iam 'eymo2r an7 the AF2sa 'treet Re8i8a3
PRAYER
Pr&yer seems to h&1e been the .oremost &cti1ity &t the AI)s& (ission.
One 5&rtici5&nt s&id# JThe /hole 5l&ce /&s stee5ed in 5r&yer.J
:
Seymo)r s5ent m)ch o. his time behind the 5)l5it /ith his he&d inside
the to5 shoe bo3 5r&ying. An )n5retentio)s m&n# he recogniIed his o/n
need .or the contin)&l g)id&nce &nd strength o. the Holy S5irit. A
contem5or&ry# John '. !&ke# described him &s & m&n o. gre&t s5irit)&l
5o/erE
'od h&d 5)t s)ch & h)nger into th&t m&n0s he&rt th&t /hen the
.ire o. 'od c&me it glori.ied him. I do not belie1e &ny other
m&n in modern times h&d & more /onder.)l del)ge o. 'od in
his li.e th&n 'od g&1e to th&t de&r .ello/# &nd the glory &nd
5o/er o. & re&l Pentecost s/e5t the /orld. Th&t bl&ck m&n
5re&ched to my congreg&tion o. ten tho)s&nd 5eo5le /hen the
glory &nd 5o/er o. 'od /&s )5on his s5irit# &nd men shook
&nd trembled &nd cried to 'od. 'od /&s in him.
=
HOLY SPIRIT LEADERSHIP
The ser1ices &t AI)s& /ere s5ont&neo)s. There /ere no 5re+&nno)nced
e1ents# no s5eci&l choirs# singers or /ell+kno/n e1&ngelists. The
ser1ices /o)ld )s)&lly begin &ro)nd mid+morning &nd contin)e )ntil
three or .o)r the .ollo/ing morning. One 5&rtici5&nt gi1es this
descri5tion o. & ty5ic&l ser1iceE
Someone might be s5e&king. S)ddenly the S5irit /o)ld .&ll
)5on the congreg&tion. 'od Himsel. /o)ld gi1e the &lt&r c&ll.
(en /o)ld .&ll &ll o1er the ho)se# like the sl&in in b&ttle# or
r)sh .or the &lt&r enmasse to seek 'od. Pres)m5t)o)s men
/o)ld sometimes come &mong )s. s5eci&lly 5re&chers /ho
/o)ld try to s5re&d themsel1es in sel.+o5inion&tion. %)t their
e..ort /&s short+li1ed. Their minds /o)ld /&nder# their br&ins
reel. Things /o)ld t)rn bl&ck be.ore their eyes. They co)ld not
go on. "e sim5ly 5r&yed. The Holy 'host did the rest.
?
As ser1ices contin)ed &t the AI)s& Street (ission# /ord s5re&d by
/ord o. mo)th &nd ne/s5&5ers th&t 'od /&s doing & )ni@)e /ork
there. The Los An4e3es Times g&1e loc&l co1er&ge# /hich# &ltho)gh it
/&s not &l/&ys 5ositi1e# c&)ght the &ttention o. the loc&l 5o5)l&ce.
Fr&nk %&rtlem&n# & Holiness 7o)rn&list /ho 5&rtici5&ted in the re1i1&l#
B?=
/rote &rticles &bo)t the re1i1&l &nd sent them to Holiness 5)blic&tions
thro)gho)t the co)ntry. Seymo)r &lso st&rted & 5&5er c&lled The
A1osto3ic >aith0 /hich soon re&ched & distrib)tion o. .i.ty tho)s&nd
co5ies.
Ne/s o. the re1i1&l r&ised interest e1ery/here it re&ched# &nd soon
the .&ith.)l &nd the c)rio)s /ere 7o)rneying .rom .&r &nd ne&r to
e35erience the e1ent. Tho)s&nds /ho /ere h)ngry .or & ne/ o)t5o)ring
o. 'od0s S5irit /ere b&5tiIed in the S5irit &nd s5oke in tong)es. They
c&me .rom &cross the -nited St&tes &nd C&n&d&. (ission&ries on
.oreign soil he&rd o. the re1i1&l &nd c&me. 4isitors cl&imed th&t they
co)ld .eel & s)5ern&t)r&l &tmos5here /ithin se1er&l blocks o. the
mission.
F
()ltit)des recei1ed the Pentecost&l e35erience &nd /ent .orth
/ith ne/ Ie&l# .resh 1ision &nd incre&sed S5irit+em5o/erment .or
e1&ngelism.
One o. those /hose li.e /&s tr&ns.ormed &t the AI)s& (ission /&s
rnest S. "illi&ms# /ho l&ter ser1ed &s gener&l s)5erintendent o. the
Assemblies o. 'od 8BC:C+BC?C9. He .irst 1isited the re1i1&l in BC;> &nd
/&s &sto)nded by /h&t he enco)ntered.
I /ish I co)ld describe /h&t I s&/. Pr&yer &nd /orshi5 /ere
e1ery/here. The &lt&r &re& /&s .illed /ith seekersL some /ere
kneelingL others /ere 5rone on the .loorL some /ere s5e&king
in tong)es. 1eryone /&s doing somethingL &ll /ere seemingly
lost in 'od. I sim5ly stood &nd looked# .or I h&d ne1er seen
&nything like it.
<
Shortly there&.ter# "illi&ms recei1ed his 5erson&l Pentecost &nd
s5oke in tong)es. Almost si3ty ye&rs l&ter# he re1e&led th&t th&t initi&l
enco)nter /ith the Holy S5irit h&d not rem&ined & )ni@)e e35erience.
Soon it /ill be FC ye&rs since I /&s .illed /ith the Holy S5irit.
I still h&1e my se&sons o. re.reshing .rom the 5resence o. the
!ord# s5e&king in other tong)es &nd &t times sh&king )nder the
in.l)ence o. the Holy S5irit.
>
INTERRACIAL CHARACTER
The AI)s& (ission re.lected the origin&l interr&ci&l ch&r&cter o. the
Pentecost&l mo1ement# /hich h&d been h&m5ered by the segreg&tionist
5olicies &nd c)stoms o. the So)th. F&r remo1ed .rom the So)th# !os
Angeles# e1en &t this time# /&s & melting 5ot o. m&ny r&ces &nd ethnic
B??
)i33iam 'eymo2r an7 the AF2sa 'treet Re8i8a3
gro)5s. (&ny o. the r&ces /ere meeting &t AI)s& Street# &nd &n
&m&Iing )nity o. the S5irit h&d become ob1io)s. %&rtlem&n s&id# JThe
color line /&s /&shed &/&y in the blood.J
D
The origin&l AI)s& bo&rd o.
directors re.lected both r&ci&l &nd gender di1ersity. This bo&rd# /hich
signed ministeri&l credenti&ls &nd l&id h&nds on the c&ndid&tes#
consisted o. se1en /omen &nd .i1e men. Fi1e o. the /omen /ere /hite#
&nd t/o /ere bl&ck. O. the .i1e men# .o)r /ere /hite# &nd one# P&stor
Seymo)r# /&s bl&ck.
A WORLDWIDE PHENOMENON
The re1i1&l contin)ed )n&b&ted .or &bo)t three ye&rs 8BC;<+BC;C9.
$)ring this 5eriod# the AI)s& Street (ission /&s & key instr)ment in
dis5ersing Pentecost&lism &ro)nd the /orld. -ltim&tely# ho/e1er# stri.e
d&m5ened the .l&mes o. re1i1&l. As it smoldered# m&ny /hites le.t to
begin their o/n ch)rches &nd missions. %y BCB?# the AI)s& Street
(ission h&d become & sm&ll# loc&l# bl&ck congreg&tion.
Seymo)r contin)ed &s the senior 5&stor )ntil his de&th on
Se5tember :D# BC::# in !os Angeles. His /i.e then ser1ed &s 5&stor
)ntil her de&th in BC=<. 1ent)&lly the mission /&s sold &nd then torn
do/n to m&ke room .or & 5&rking lot. Seymo)r &nd AI)s& Street#
ho/e1er# h&d c&r1ed .or themsel1es & 5rominent 5l&ce in the modern
Pentecost&lH Ch&rism&tic mo1ement. 'od )sed them &s & c&t&lyst to
hel5 s5re&d the Pentecost&l mess&ge &ro)nd the /orld.
B?F
T WE NT Y - T WO
22 4arham an" the =ion
City Revival
n (&y BC;<# P&rh&m mo1ed .rom Te3&s b&ck to *&ns&s# m&king
his he&d@)&rters in the to/n o. %&3ter S5rings. In Se5tember# he
held & c&m5 meeting &t the city 5&rk /ith se1er&l h)ndred in
&ttend&nce. At the time# in h&nd /ere t/o letters &sking him .or
immedi&te hel5. One /&s .rom Seymo)r re@)esting th&t he tr&1el to !os
Angeles &nd hel5 him /ith cert&in &s5ects o. the meetings &t the AI)s&
Street (ission.
B
The other /&s .rom .riends in 6ion City# Illinois#
&55e&ling to him to bring the Pentecost&l mess&ge there. Ne/s o.
t)rb)lent times in 6ion City# together /ith &n inner /itness# 5rom5ted
him to go north inste&d o. /est. He &rri1ed in 6ion City /ith se1er&l
/orkers &ro)nd mid+Se5tember.
I
TRO!#LE IN (ION CITY
6ion City h&d been est&blished by John Ale3&nder $o/ie in BC;B on
the shores o. !&ke (ichig&n &bo)t .orty miles north o. Chic&go.
$o/ie# kno/n .or his dr&m&tic he&ling ministry# en1isioned 6ion &s &
Christi&n city .rom /hich mission&ries /o)ld go .orth to the ends o. the
e&rth. Ardent belie1ers .rom m&ny di..erent 5&rts o. the n&tion reloc&ted
to 6ion City /ith the dre&m o. li1ing in & Christi&n -to5i&.
Their dre&ms /ere cr)shed /hen# in BC;<# 5olitic&l stri.e &nd
.in&nci&l mism&n&gement 5l)nged the city into cor5or&te b&nkr)5tcy.
As $o/ie &nd one o. his lie)ten&nts# "ilb)r 4oli1&# 7ockeyed .or
5olitic&l control o. the city# the 5eo5le s&nk into )tter des5&ir. The
b&ttle /&s .in&lly t&ken to the .eder&l co)rts /here & .eder&l 7)dge
B?>
t)rned o1er &ll o. 6ion0s ind)stries to the control o. & recei1er &nd
ordered &n election to choose &n o1erseer .or the city. $o/ie
enco)r&ged his .ollo/ers to boycott the electionL conse@)ently# 4oli1&
recei1ed &n o1er/helming m&7ority o. the 1otes. The election did little
to c&lm the t)rb)lent emotions o. the city0s 5o5)l&ce# m&ny o. /hom
h&d lost their li.e s&1ings. A d&rk clo)d o. con.)sion# &nger# bitterness
&nd stri.e seemed to h&ng o1er the city.
It /&s into this t)m)lt)o)s &tmos5here th&t P&rh&m &rri1ed /ith his
sm&ll b&nd o. /orkers. 6ion0s im5ressi1e hotel# the li7&h Hos5ice# the
l&rgest /ooden str)ct)re in the /orld &t the time# initi&lly ser1ed &s
he&d@)&rters .or his meetings. The m&n&ger o. the hos5ice# 'eorge H.
Rogers# /elcomed P&rh&m &nd o5ened & l&rge b&sement room /here
P&rh&m &nd his /orkers held & meeting on the night they &rri1ed. Ne/s
o. the meeting s5re&d# &nd on the second night# the cro/ds .illed t/o
rooms &nd s5illed o1er into the h&ll/&y. %y the end o. the /eek# they
/ere cond)cting three ser1ices & d&y /ith h)ndreds &ttending.
,'TIL "INGDOM COME.,
4oli1&# still str)ggling to consolid&te his control o. the city# /&s not &t
&ll 5le&sed /ith P&rh&m0s s)ccess. The ne/s5&5ers re5orted th&t he
5honed P&rh&m in@)iring ho/ long he 5l&nned to rem&in in 6ion.
P&rh&m re5lied# J0Til kingdom come.J
:
Since the li7&h Hos5ice /&s
)nder city control# 4oli1& /&s &ble to o)st P&rh&m .rom those .&cilities.
He then 5roceeded to rent e1ery &)ditori)m in the city so th&t P&rh&m
/o)ld not h&1e & 5l&ce .or his meetings.
Not to be o)tdone# P&rh&m res5onded by sched)ling meetings in
1&rio)s homes thro)gho)t the city. "ith the &ssist&nce o. his /orkers#
he not only cond)cted meetings d)ring the d&y# b)t he &lso held .i1e
meetings conc)rrently e1ery e1ening .rom > )ntil midnight. He /o)ld
h)rry .rom one meeting to the ne3t in & horse+dr&/n b)ggy &nd so /&s
&ble to 5re&ch in e&ch meeting d)ring the e1ening.
The cro/ds incre&sed# .illing e&ch home &nd o1er.lo/ing onto the
5orches &nd l&/ns. According to the Se5tember :D# BC;<# edition o.
The Dai3y '2n o. "&)keg&n# Illinois# tho)s&nds /ere &ttending the
meetings. H)ndreds e35erienced rele&se .rom bitterness# des5&ir &nd
&nger &nd /ere b&5tiIed in the Holy S5irit. They s&/ 1isions# &nd
h)ndreds res5onded to the c&ll to .)ll+time ministry. The .ire o. re1i1&l
li.ted them o)t o. the .ire o. des5&ir.
B?D
Parham an7 the Gion City Re8i8a3
THE DIINE HEALING CONNECTION
One o. the most im5ort&nt# yet o.ten o1erlooked res)lts o. P&rh&m0s
6ion City Re1i1&l /&s the 5erm&nent merger o. the mess&ge o. di1ine
he&ling in the Atonement /ith the Pentecost&l mess&ge.
=
One o. the
c&rdin&l te&chings o. $o/ie &nd 6ion City /&s di1ine he&ling. 1en
be.ore P&rh&m0s &rri1&l /ith his mess&ge o. Pentecost# $o/ie &nd other
residents o. 6ion City# s)ch &s John '. !&ke# h&d c&rried on &
s)ccess.)l ministry o. di1ine he&ling. %ec&)se P&rh&m &lso o5er&ted in
& signi.ic&nt he&ling ministry# &nd 5&rtic)l&rly thro)gh his ministry in
6ion City# the t/o essenti&l doctrines /ere 5erm&nently &ssoci&ted.
%ec&)se P&rh&m so &bly combined the doctrines o. di1ine he&ling &nd
S5irit b&5tism# se1er&l inde5endent he&ling e1&ngelists emerged .rom
his 6ion City Re1i1&l.
LA#ORERS THR!ST INTO THE
HAREST
P&rh&m0s /ork in 6ion City not only o5ened the /orld/ide net/ork o.
Christi&n C&tholic Ch)rches to the Pentecost&l mess&ge# b)t it &lso
thr)st &t le&st .i1e h)ndred consecr&ted &nd no/ S5irit+b&5tiIed
ministers into the intern&tion&l h&r1est .ield.
?
In .&ct# some o. the most
5rod)cti1e &nd dyn&mic le&ders o. the Pentecost&l mo1ement emerged
.rom this re1i1&l. Tried# &s it /ere# by .ire d)ring 6ion0s d&rkest ho)r#
they h&d &risen .rom the &sh he&5 o. des5&ir /ith rene/ed ho5e#
restored 1ision .or e1&ngelism &nd & ne/ dimension o. Holy S5irit
5o/er /ith /hich to .)l.ill th&t 1ision. Ch)rch histori&n P&)l '.
Ch&55ell re5ortsE
As & res)lt o. P&rh&m0s ministry in 6ion City# se1er&l ch)rches#
& l&rge .&ith home# & mission&ry tr&ining school /ere &ll
est&blished /ithin the city limits# &nd &ll &d1oc&ted the
5entecost&l mess&ge. In &ddition# &s P&rh&m tr&1eled to
di..erent br&nches o. the Christi&n C&tholic Ch)rch thro)gho)t
Americ& &nd C&n&d&# he /&s &ble to con1ert them to the
5entecost&l doctrine. Some o. P&rh&m0s 6ion .ollo/ers /ere
res5onsible .or s5re&ding the mess&ge by tr&1eling thro)gho)t
the /orld# 5l&nting the 5entecost&l mess&ge in di..erent
co)ntries s)ch &s So)th A.ric&# A)str&li&# S/itIerl&nd#
Holl&nd# J&m&ic& &nd Indi&.
F
Some o. the more .&mili&r n&mes emerging .rom 6ion City# to
B?C
n&me only & .e/# incl)deE Cyr)s Fockler# $. C. O. O55erm&n# Fred
4olger# F. A. 'r&1es# !. C. H&ll# (&rth& "ing Robinson# Fred
Hornsh)h# Sr.# H&rry &nd (&ggie C&ntel &nd $r. !ili&n %. ,eom&ns.
<
Fockler .o)nded the (il/&)kee 'os5el T&bern&cle. O55erm&n# &.ter
le&1ing his 5osition &s s)5erintendent o. schools in 6ion# 7oined the
A5ostolic F&ith in Te3&s. %oth o. these men /ere &mong the .o)nders
o. the Assemblies o. 'od &nd ser1ed on its .irst e3ec)ti1e 5resbytery.
4olger ser1ed &s &ssist&nt gener&l s)5erintendent o. th&t s&me
denomin&tion .or o1er .o)rteen ye&rs.
>
Fred Hornsh)h# Sr. /&s one o.
the .o)nders o. the O5en %ible St&nd&rd Ch)rches# !ightho)se Tem5le
in )gene# Oregon# &nd )gene %ible College.
D
(&rth& "ing Robinson
.o)nded the 6ion F&ith Homes. $r. !ili&n %. ,eom&ns /&s /ell kno/n
.or her te&ching &nd he&ling ministry. H&rry C&ntel# o1erseer o. $o/ie0s
Christi&n C&tholic Ch)rch in ngl&nd# 1isited 6ion in BC;># /&s
b&5tiIed in the S5irit &nd ret)rned to !ondon /ith the Pentecost&l
mess&ge.
Altho)gh others in ngl&nd h&d recei1ed the b&5tism o. the
S5irit# &nd some 5r&yer meetings h&d been held in & 5ri1&te
home in !ondon# this /&s the .irst Jo..ici&lJ Pentecost&l
&ssembly in !ondon. It /&s in Mthe Highb)ry (ission&ry ')est
Ho)seN th&t the .irst Pentecost&l /edding in ngl&nd /&s held
October BB# BCBB# /hen Alice Ro/l&nds &nd St&nley H.
Frodsh&m /ere )nited by Smith "iggles/orth. In BCB:# (rs.
C&ntel mo1ed to l&rger @)&rters kno/n &s (&r&n&th&one o.
the best kno/n &nd best lo1ed Pentecost&l centers# not only in
!ondon# b)t .or the /hole %ritish Isles.
C
Other 6ion con1erts /ho bec&me in.l)enti&l in the mo1ement
incl)de . N. Richey &nd his son R&ymond T.# /ho bec&me kno/n .or
his dyn&mic he&ling ministry.
B;
In &ddition# 5erh&5s three sho)ld be
considered more closelyE (&rie %)rgess %ro/n# F. F. %os/orth &nd
John '. !&ke.
MARIE #!RGESS #ROWN
(&rie %)rgess %ro/n 8BDD;+BC>B9# & gr&d)&te o. (oody %ible
Instit)te# h&d mo1ed to 6ion /here she h&d become & demonstr&tor o.
6ion m&n).&ct)red goods in Chic&go. She lost her 7ob /hen city
o..ici&ls le&rned th&t she /&s &ttending the P&rh&m meetings. She
recei1ed her S5irit b&5tism on October BD# BC;<# in one o. P&rh&m0s
meetings in the home o. F. F. %os/orth. Interestingly# both %os/orth
BF;
&nd John '. !&ke /ere &lso b&5tiIed in the S5irit in th&t s&me home
meeting.
BB
,e&rs l&ter# %ro/n rec&lled the e1entE
I remember October BD# BC;< /hen the !ord b&5tiIed me in
the Holy S5irit. For si3 ho)rs He mo1ed )5on me in
intercessory 5r&yer .or 1&rio)s mission .ields. First He took
me to Chin&. I s&/ high stone /&lls &nd .rom beyond them
he&rd the Chinese crying .or hel5. As I 5r&yed# it seemed stone
&.ter stone c&me o)t o. the /&lls# &nd I s&/ & gre&t m)ltit)de
o. Chinese /&iting to he&r the mess&ge o. s&l1&tion. Then the
!ord took me to Indi&. There I s&/ the 5eo5le o. di..erent
c&stes# &nd I /ondered &nd /e5t. %)t e1en &s I /e5t .or Indi&0s
lost# the !ord sho/ed me the continent o. A.ric&. I 5re&ched to
those 5eo5le &nd they /ere es5eci&lly res5onsi1e. Then in &
1ision I /ent to J&5&n. There I entered &n or5h&n&ge# &nd one
by one the children c&me to me.
B:
%ro/n &ss)med th&t 'od /&s c&lling her to one o. these n&tions &s
& mission&ry. P&rh&m# ho/e1er# enco)r&ged her to go to Ne/ ,ork City
to minister# &nd there she .o)nded &nd 5&stored 'l&d Tidings
T&bern&cle# /hich bec&me one o. the most 5rominent Pentecost&l
ch)rches in the n&tion. It bec&me & strong mission&ry ch)rch# e1ent)&lly
sending mission&ries to e1ery n&tion %ro/n h&d seen in the 1ision th&t
October night. In BC<B# /hile she /&s still 5&stor# 'l&d Tidings
T&bern&cle /&s described &s J& ch)rch /ith the l&rgest mission&ry
b)dget in the mission&ry+minded Assemblies o. 'od.J
B=
F. F. #OSWORTH
Another dyn&mic le&der o. the e&rly Pentecost&l mo1ement /ho c&me
o)t o. the 6ion City re1i1&l /&s F. F. %os/orth 8BD>>+BCFD9. $)ring
the re1i1&l# his home bec&me kno/n &s Centra3 Ta:ernac3e. A.ter
hel5ing to n)rt)re the re1i1&l .or & time# he l&)nched into &n
intern&tion&l ministry o. .&ith &nd he&ling. His &)diences in North
Americ& n)mbered &s high &s t/enty tho)s&nd# &nd it h&s been
estim&ted th&t o1er & million so)ls /ere con1erted thro)gh his
ministry.
B?
He &)thored the cl&ssic te3t Christ the Hea3er0 /hich is still
)sed &ro)nd the /orld# &nd his in.l)ence re&ched into the BCF;s thro)gh
his /ork /ith "illi&m %r&nh&m# $rs. T. !. &nd $&isy Osborn &nd other
he&ling e1&ngelists.
BFB
&OHN G. LA"E
$r. John '. !&ke 8BD>;+BC=F9# & s)ccess.)l b)sinessm&n &nd resident
in 6ion City# emerged .rom the 6ion City Re1i1&l &s & gi&nt .irebr&nd in
the Pentecost&l mo1ement.
BF
Shortly &.ter recei1ing his S5irit b&5tism#
he g&1e &/&y &ll his 5ossessions &nd l&)nched into & ministry o. .&ith.
In So)th A.ric&# his ministry ignited & re1i1&l ch&r&cteriIed by
rem&rk&ble he&lings &nd mir&cles. The mo1ement he .o)nded end)red#
&nd tod&y the A5ostolic F&ith o. So)th A.ric& com5rises o1er t/enty+
.i1e h)ndred ch)rches. Interestingly# $&1id d) Plessis# kno/n &s .r.
Pentecost0 /&s con1erted &nd n)rt)red in &n A5ostolic F&ith Ch)rch o.
So)th A.ric&.
!&ke &lso est&blished se1er&l ch)rches on the "est Co&st o. the
-nited St&tes. In BC:=# /hile 5&storing in Portl&nd# Oregon# he in1ited
P&rh&m to hold &n e1&ngelistic cr)s&de. $)ring one ser1ice# 'ordon
!inds&y 8BC;<+BC>=9# /ho h&d been born in 6ion City# /&s con1erted.
!inds&y0s ministry# together /ith th&t o. his /i.e Fred& 8BCB?+ 9#
s5&nned the Pentecost&l# He&ling &nd Ch&rism&tic Re1i1&ls# &nd
thro)gh Christ .or the N&tions in $&ll&s# Te3&s# it is still highly
in.l)enti&l.
CONCL!SION
%oth the AI)s& Street &nd 6ion City Re1i1&ls deser1e im5ort&nt
recognition .or their res5ecti1e roles in the Pentecost&l Re1i1&l. In
e1&l)&ting the in.l)ence o. e&ch# Ch&55ell m&kes &n &st)te obser1&tion.
He concl)desE
The in.l)ence o. the AI)s& Street Re1i1&l tended to be .oc)sed
)5on bringing e3isting holiness ch)rches into the ne/
Pentecost&l mo1ement# /here&s the 6ion City Re1i1&l did
bring & l&rge 5&rt o. $o/ie0s /orld/ide .ollo/ing into the
mo1ement# its .oc)s /&s )5on .o)nding ne/ inde5endent
ministries &nd inde5endent ch)rches.
B<
In retros5ect# 5erh&5s the Pentecost&l Re1i1&l in 6ion City h&s
been some/h&t o1erlooked &nd there.ore )nderestim&ted. As '&rdiner
notes# JThe circ)mst&nces o. this e1ent.../ere so )nostent&tio)s &nd
insigni.ic&nt &t the time th&t no one /o)ld or co)ld h&1e im&gined its
res)lts.J
B>
The l&rge n)mber o. indi1id)&ls /ith .&r+re&ching in.l)ence#
the cor5or&te in.l)ence o. the Christi&n C&tholic Ch)rches &ro)nd the
/orld &nd the 5erm&nent linking o. di1ine he&ling /ith Pentecost&lism
BF:
cert&inly 1indic&te P&rh&m0s decision in BC;< to go to 6ion City.
Indeed# &s one /riter h&s s&id# his decision to go to 6ion City
5reci5it&ted one o. the most im5ort&nt religio)s e1ents o. the t/entieth
cent)ry.
BD
BF=
T WE NT Y - T HR E E
23 The )essage prea"s
Aroun" the ,orl"
rom &ro)nd the /orld# re5orts 5o)red in o. dyn&mic enco)nters
/ith the Holy S5irit. From )ro5e# Indi&# A.ric&# So)th Americ&
&nd m&ny other di1erse regions c&me ne/s .rom belie1ers /ho
/ere being b&5tiIed in the Holy S5irit &nd s5e&king in tong)es .or the
.irst time. &rly Pentecost&ls s&/ this &s & s5ont&neo)s s5irit)&l
er)5tion orchestr&ted by the Holy S5irit# &nd it strengthened their
con1iction th&t this /&s the l&tter r&in o)t5o)ring o. the Holy S5irit th&t
/o)ld )sher in the end o. the &ge &nd the coming o. Christ.
F
INDIA
P&ndit& R&m&b&i 8BDFD+BC:;9# & /ell+ed)c&ted /om&n born o. &n
)55er c&ste# h&d become & Christi&n in the l&tter 5&rt o. the nineteenth
cent)ry. An &st)te schol&r# she /&s recogniIed by the S&nskrit schol&rs
o. C&lc)tt& -ni1ersity /ho h&d con.erred )5on her the disting)ished
titles o. 'ara5ati &nd Pan7ita. She m&stered se1en l&ng)&ges &nd
tr&nsl&ted the %ible .rom the origin&l Hebre/ &nd 'reek into (&r&thi#
her mother tong)e. In &ddition# she &)thored The Hi4hCaste Hin72
)oman &nd A Life of Christ0 &s /ell &s n)mero)s tr&cts th&t /ere
distrib)ted thro)gho)t Indi&.
$)ring & se1ere .&mine in the region o. Indi& /here she li1ed#
R&m&b&i o5ened & home .or girls. In this ende&1or# she /&s tot&lly
de5endent on 'od0s 5ro1ision# &nd 5r&yer /&s tr)ly her li.eline. In
J&n)&ry BC;F# R&m&b&i beg&n to s5e&k &bo)t the need to seek 'od .or
re1i1&l. %e.ore long# .i1e h)ndred .i.ty 5eo5le# mostly /omen &nd girls#
/ere meeting t/ice d&ily# 5r&ying .or re1i1&l &nd .or &n end)ement o.
BFF
5o/er. On J)ne =;# R&m&b&i /&s te&ching the girls .rom John D /hen
s)ddenly the Holy S5irit .ell &s in the %ook o. Acts. 1eryone in the
room beg&n to /ee5 &nd 5r&y &lo)d. The re1i1&l h&d beg)n.
R&m&b&i s)s5ended reg)l&r school &cti1ities# gi1ing the Holy S5irit
.ree reign in their midst. At the o)tset# con.ession o. sin &nd re5ent&nce
domin&ted# b)t then c&me gl&d singing# /onder.)l 5r&ise &nd 7oy+.illed
d&ncing. Some e35erienced 1isions &nd s)5ern&t)r&l dre&ms. (&ny
e35erienced the b&5tism in the Holy S5irit &ccom5&nied by s5e&king in
tong)es. A 1isitor to the school &t this time /&s mission&ry Albert
Norton# /ho /ritesE
One /eek &go I 1isited the ()kti (ission. (iss Abr&ms &sked
me i. I sho)ld like to go into & room /here &bo)t t/enty girls
/ere 5r&ying. A.ter entering# I knelt /ith closed eyes by &
t&ble on one side. Presently I he&rd someone 5r&ying ne&r me
1ery distinctly in nglish. Among the 5etitions /ere JO !ord#
o5en the mo)thL O !ord# o5en the mo)thL O !ord# o5en the
he&rtL O !ord# o5en the he&rtL O !ord# o5en the eyesO O !ord#
o5en the eyesO Oh# the blood o. Jes)s# the blood o. Jes)sO Oh#
gi1e com5lete 1ictoryO Oh# s)ch & blessingO Oh# s)ch gloryOJ
I /&s str)ck /ith &stonishment# &s I kne/ th&t there /&s no
one in the room /ho co)ld s5e&k nglish# besides (iss
Abr&ms. I o5ened my eyes &nd /ithin three .eet o. me# on her
knees# /ith closed eyes &nd r&ised h&nds /&s & /om&n /hom I
h&d b&5tiIed &t *edg&on in BDCC# &nd /hom my /i.e &nd I
h&d kno/n intim&tely since &s & de1oted Christi&n /orker. Her
mother tong)e /&s (&r&thi# &nd she co)ld s5e&k & little
Hind)st&ni. %)t she /&s )n&ble to s5e&k or )nderst&nd nglish
s)ch &s she /&s )sing. %)t /hen I he&rd her s5e&k nglish
idiom&tic&lly# distinctly &nd .l)ently# I /&s im5ressed &s I
sho)ld h&1e been h&d I seen one# /hom I kne/ to be de&d#
r&ised to li.e. A .e/ other illiter&te (&r&thi /omen &nd girls
/ere s5e&king in nglish &nd some /ere s5e&king in other
l&ng)&ges /hich none &t *edg&on )nderstood. This /&s not
gibberish# b)t it closely resembled the s5e&king o. .oreign
l&ng)&ges to /hich I h&d listened b)t did not )nderst&nd.
B
As Norton /itnessed others being b&5tiIed in the S5irit b&5tism
&nd s5e&king in tong)es# he /&s &m&Ied to he&r so m&ny s5e&king in
nglish r&ther th&n one o. the m&ny l&ng)&ges o. Indi&. He h&d no cle&r
&ns/er b)t did o..er & 5ossible sol)tion.
BF<
The .essa4e '1rea7s Aro2n7 the )or37
I h&1e &n ide& th&t it is in mercy to )s 5oor mission&ries .rom
)ro5e &nd Americ& /ho# &s & cl&ss# seem to be $o)bting
Thom&ses# in reg&rd to gi.ts &nd /orkings o. the S5irit# &nd
not recei1ing the 5o/er o. the Holy S5irit &s /e o)ght.
:
P&ndit& R&m&b&i le.t her im5rint on her gener&tion &nd s)rely
deser1es to be recogniIed &s the .other of the Pentecosta3 .o8ement
in Indi&. According to & 1isitor to her mission# she /&s Jthe most
rem&rk&ble combin&tion o. e3ec)ti1e# intellect)&l &nd religio)s 5o/ers
th&t I kno/ o. in recent times in either m&n or /om&n.J
=
In recognition
o. her soci&l im5&ct on the n&tion# the 'o1ernment o. Indi& iss)ed &
5ost&ge st&m5 in her honor in BCDC.
SO!TH AMERICA
In BC;># (innie Abr&ms 8BDFC+BCB:9# /ho /orked .or & time /ith
P&ndit& R&m&b&i# sent &n &cco)nt o. the ()kti re1i1&l to her .riends#
"illis C. 8BDF<+BC=<9 &nd (&ry Anne Hoo1er# (ethodist mission&ries
to Chile. As they re&d their .riend0s eye/itness &cco)nt o. the
rem&rk&ble o)t5o)ring o. the Holy S5irit in Indi&# they /ere stirred to
seek 'od .or & simil&r re1i1&l in Chile.
The Hoo1ers immedi&tely instit)ted s5eci&l 5r&yer times &mong
their congreg&tion .or the 5)r5ose o. re1i1&l. It /&s not )n)s)&l .or
m&ny to s5end entire nights in 5r&yer. Con1iction o. sin gri55ed the
minds o. the 5eo5le. (&ny o5enly con.essed their sin# /hile others
m&de restit)tion .or /rongdoing. %)t this# it seems# /&s 5re5&r&tory .or
/h&t /&s yet to come.
On J)ly ?# BC;C# the .loodg&tes o. he&1en o5ened# &nd re1i1&l
broke .orth /ith tremendo)s 5o/er. Hoo1er describes /h&t h&55ened.
S&t)rd&y night /&s &n &ll night o. 5r&yer# d)ring /hich .o)r
1&in yo)ng l&dies 8three o. them /ere in the choir9 .ell to the
.loor )nder the 5o/er o. the S5irit. One o. them# &.ter lying &
long time# beg&n to e3hort s&ying# JThe !ord is coming soon
&nd comm&nds )s to get re&dy.J The e..ect 5rod)ced /&s
indescrib&ble. The .ollo/ing morning in S)nd&y School# &t ten
o0clock# & d&Ie seemed to rest )5on the 5eo5le. Some /ere
)n&ble to rise &.ter the o5ening 5r&yer /hich h&d been like
Jthe so)nd o. m&ny /&ters#J &nd &ll /ere .illed /ith /onder.
From th&t time on the &tmos5here seemed ch&rged by the Holy
S5irit# &nd 5eo5le .ell on the .loor# or broke o)t in other
BF>
tong)es# or singing in the S5irit# in & /&y im5ossible in their
n&t)r&l condition. On one occ&sion & /om&n# & yo)ng l&dy &nd
& girl o. t/el1e /ere lying on the .loor in di..erent 5&rts o. the
5r&yer room# /ith eyes closed &nd silent. S)ddenly# &s /ith
one 1oice# they b)rst .orth into & song in & .&mili&r t)ne b)t in
)nkno/n tong)es# &ll s5e&king the s&me /ords. A.ter & 1erse
or t/o they bec&me silentL then &g&in s)ddenly# &nother t)ne# &
1erse or t/o# &nd silence. This /&s re5e&ted )ntil they h&d
s)ng ten t)nes# &l/&ys )sing the s&me /ords &nd kee5ing in
5er.ect time together &s i. led by some in1isible chorister.
?
Needless to s&y# s)ch biI&rre e1ents &ttr&cted 5)blic &ttention# &nd
the congreg&tion e35loded in gro/th &s the c)rio)s# con1icted &nd
con1inced dre/ ne&r.
Close on the heels o. &ll o. this c&me 5ersec)tion &s the loc&l 5ress
le1eled .&lse &nd bl&t&nt ch&rges &g&inst the Pentecost&ls. This seemed
only to &ro)se more c)riosity# ho/e1er# &nd m&ny /ho &ttended the
meetings o)t o. c)riosity /ent &/&y con1inced th&t & gen)ine /ork o.
'od /&s in 5rogress. A.ter t/o months# &ttend&nce h&d 7)m5ed .rom
three h)ndred to &lmost one tho)s&nd# &nd the re1i1&l /&s s5re&ding to
other cities.
In Febr)&ry BCB;# Hoo1er /&s .orced by his s)5eriors in the
(ethodist Ch)rch to choose bet/een ret)rning to Americ& or le&1ing
the (ethodist Ch)rch i. he /ere to rem&in &s & mission&ry in Chile. He
chose to le&1e the (ethodist Ch)rch &nd to rem&in in 4&l5&r&iso. He
&nd .o)r h)ndred .orty .ollo/ers .o)nd ne/ .&cilities# &nd the
Pentecost&l re1i1&l m)shroomed.
In 1ie/ o. these e1ents# Hoo1er h&s been honored &s the >o2n7er
of Pentecosta3ism in Chi3e. Tod&y in Chile# /ell o1er one million
Pentecost&ls constit)te 1&rio)s Pentecost&l gro)5s. The Pentecost&l
(ethodist Ch)rch# .o)nded by Hoo1er# no/ n)mbers o1er si3 h)ndred
tho)s&nd members# /hile the Chile&n (ethodist Ch)rch# /hich re7ected
the re1i1&l# h&s shr)nk to only .o)r tho)s&nd members. C. Peter "&gner
h&s commented# J(&ny (ethodists /ho bl&med the de1il .or /h&t
h&55ened in BC;C h&1e since /ondered o)t lo)d on /hose side the
de1il might re&lly h&1e been.J
F
E!ROPE
T. %. %&rr&tt 8BD<:+BC?;9 o. Nor/&y# & minister /ith the (ethodist
5isco5&l Ch)rch# 7o)rneyed to Americ& in BC;< to r&ise money .or
BFD
The .essa4e '1rea7s Aro2n7 the )or37
missions in Nor/&y. H&1ing &rri1ed on the &st Co&st# he /&s mo1ed
by re5orts coming .rom the AI)s& Street Re1i1&l in !os Angeles.
Immedi&tely# he beg&n to seek the b&5tism in the Holy S5irit# &nd on
October ># BC;># he recei1ed. He testi.ies th&t he s5oke &nd s&ng by the
5o/er o. the S5irit in se1er&l di..erent l&ng)&ges.
<
%&rr&tt ret)rned to Nor/&y &nd beg&n immedi&tely to 5re&ch his
ne/ Pentecost&l mess&ge. The res)lts /ere 5henomen&l.
Folk .rom &ll denomin&tions &re r)shing to the meetings. A
n)mber h&1e recei1ed their Pentecost &nd &re s5e&king in
tong)es. Some h&1e seen Jes)s in o)r meetings# &nd tong)es o.
.ire h&1e been seen o1er my he&d by &n in.idel# con1incing
him o. the 5o/er o. 'od. Peo5le /ho h&1e &ttended the
meetings &re t&king the .ire /ith them to the to/ns ro)nd
&bo)t.
>
Ne/s o. these e1ents s5re&d @)ickly# &nd soon 1isitors 7o)rneyed
to Oslo .rom other n&tions. At the 5e&k o. re1i1&l in BC;># A. A. %oddy
8BDF?+BC=;9# Anglic&n rector in S)nderl&nd 8BDD?+BC::9# ngl&nd#
1isited. %oddy /&s seeking & gre&ter dimension in his Christi&n
e35erience &nd /&s con1inced th&t /h&t he s&/ in Nor/&y /&s &
gen)ine /ork o. the Holy S5irit. "hen he ret)rned to S)nderl&nd# &
Pentecost&l re1i1&l broke o)t in his ch)rch &nd e1ent)&lly s5re&d
thro)gho)t the %ritish Isles. S)nderl&nd# in .&ct# bec&me & center o.
Pentecost&l rene/&l 1isited by tho)s&nds. Among these /&s Smith
"iggles/orth 8BDFC+BC?>9# /ho recei1ed his S5irit b&5tism /hen (rs.
%oddy l&id h&nds on him &nd 5r&yed. "iggles/orth# reno/ned .or his
ministry o. .&ith &nd he&ling# 5re&ched &nd ministered in the gi.ts o. the
S5irit &ro)nd the /orld.
CHINA
In Chin&# Christi&n &nd (ission&ry Alli&nce mission&ry "illi&m
Sim5son 8BD<C+BC<B9 le&rned o. the Pentecost&l re1i1&l in BC;D. The
.irst 5erson he he&rd s5e&k in tong)es /&s his illiter&te Chinese cook &t
& con1ention on the Tibet&n border. The m&n /ent on to inter5ret the
mess&ge in both (&nd&rin &nd loc&l di&lects. Intrig)ed by this
e35erience# Sim5son de1oted .o)r ye&rs o. intense st)dy &nd 5r&yer
concerning S5irit b&5tism &nd the gi.t o. tong)es. On (&y F# BCB:# he
/&s b&5tiIed in the S5irit &nd s5oke in tong)es.
Sim5son0s &cce5t&nce o. Pentecost&l e35erience &nd doctrine
BFC
necessit&ted his /ithdr&/&l .rom the Christi&n &nd (ission&ry Alli&nce.
This# in t)rn# me&nt he no longer recei1ed his reg)l&r s)55ort .rom
Americ&. In s5ite o. this h&rdshi5# he contin)ed his /ork# &nd /ith the
&dded dimension o. ch&rism&tic 5o/er# the e..ecti1eness o. his e..orts
incre&sed. Pre&ching the Pentecost&l mess&ge# he s&/ m&ny recei1e
S5irit b&5tism &ccom5&nied by s5e&king in tong)es. In &ddition# other
ch&rism&tic 5henomen&# s)ch &s .&lling# 1isions &nd he&lings#
&ccom5&nied his ministry.
In BCBF# Sim5son &nd his .&mily ret)rned to the -nited St&tes.
They &..ili&ted /ith the ne/ly .ormed Assemblies o. 'od# &nd in BCB<#
he &cce5ted the 5ost o. 5rinci5&l o. %ethel %ible Instit)te in Ne/&rk#
Ne/ Jersey. He &lso ser1ed on the .irst Assemblies o. 'od .oreign
missions committee &nd hel5ed the org&niI&tion de1elo5 its missions
5rogr&m.
!o1e .or Chin&# /here he h&d &lre&dy s5ent t/enty ye&rs o. his li.e#
still domin&ted his he&rt. In BCBD# &n incident occ)rred th&t ser1ed to
thr)st Sim5son b&ck to his .irst lo1e.
In & c&m5 meeting the S5irit s5oke 7)st &s directly to me &s He
h&d s5oken long &go to P&)lE It /&s in Chinese thro)gh & sister
/ho kne/ not one /ord o. Chinese# &nd told me to go b&ck to
T&ocho/ on the Tibet&n border. So I /&s sent .orth by the
Holy S5irit# s&iling &g&in on Febr)&ry ?# BCBD. The !ord
o5ened the /&y )ntil /e re&ched the border# &nd &s soon &s /e
&rri1ed on th&t mission .ield the S5irit o. 'od /&s 5o)red
o)t..."e recei1ed letters in1iting )s here &nd there# &nd
/here1er /e /ent the S5irit /&s 5o)red o)t in Pentecost&l
5o/er.
D
PROLIFERATION
Re5orts 5o)red in o. other Pentecost&l o)t5o)rings in !&tin Americ&#
A.ric&# )ro5e &nd the isl&nds o. the se&s. The re1i1&l# /itho)t &ny
org&niIed &gend&# /&s e35loding in n)mbers &nd in.l)ence &ro)nd the
/orld. %y BC;D# the mo1ement h&d t&ken root in o1er .i.ty n&tions. %y
BCB?# it /&s re5resented in e1ery Americ&n city o. three tho)s&nd or
more &nd in e1ery &re& o. the /orld .rom Icel&nd to T&nI&ni&# &nd
Pentecost&ls /ere 5)blishing liter&t)re in thirty l&ng)&ges.
C
B<;
!AT .
P&rt DE TWENT/ET#'CENT$Y
DE0ELO!MENTS
T WE NT Y - F OUR
2% #urther Developments
in 4entecostalism
ne o. the e&rliest de.enses o. Pentecost&lism /&s $&1id "esley
(yl&nd0s BCB; book# The Latter Rain Co8enant an7
Pentecosta3 Po5er.
1
In this 1ol)me# (yl&nd de.ended the
Pentecost&l re1i1&l &s being the l&tter r&in 5romised in both the Old &nd
Ne/ Test&ments. As s)ch# it /&s destined to bring &bo)t & gre&t h&r1est
o. so)ls &nd to )sher in the end o. the &ge.
O
THE LATTER RAIN COENANT
(yl&nd 5ointed o)t th&t the e&rly &nd l&tter r&in origin&lly re.erred to
the n&t)r&l# se&son&l r&in cycle in Isr&el. "hen the Isr&elites h&d come
o)t .rom gy5t into the l&nd o. their inherit&nce# 'od 5romised th&t i.
they /o)ld be .&ith.)l to lo1e &nd ser1e Him# He /o)ld be .&ith.)l in
sending the e&rly &nd l&tter r&ins in their 5ro5er se&sons. The res)lt
/o)ld be &b)nd&nt h&r1ests. 8See $e)teronomy BBEB=+BF.9
The e&rly r&in c&me &t the beginning o. the gro/ing se&son 7)st
&.ter 5l&nting# c&)sing the seeds to germin&te &nd t&ke root &nd gi1ing
them & he&rty st&rt in their gro/th to/&rd m&t)rity. The l&tter r&in c&me
to/&rd the end o. the gro/ing se&son# m&t)ring the cro5s .or h&r1est.
%et/een these t/o r&iny se&sons /&s & long dry 5eriod /hen only
isol&ted# intermittent sho/ers .ell.
!&ter# cert&in Old Test&ment 5ro5hets beg&n gi1ing & s5irit)&l
&55lic&tion to the conce5t o. the e&rly &nd l&tter r&in. Hose&# .or
e3&m5le# 5redicted & 1isit&tion o. 'od to the e&rth &nd &lso told the
m&nner in /hich He /o)ld come. He /ill come# Hose& s&id# J&s the
B<=
r&in# &s the l&tter &nd .ormer r&in )nto the e&rthJ 8Hos. <E=# *J49. Joel
:E:= 8*J49 &lso 5romises Jthe .ormer r&in &nd the l&tter r&in#J &nd the
/riter o. Pro1erbs B<EBF s&ys th&t 'od0s J.&1or is like & clo)d o. the
l&tter r&inJ 8N*J49. 6ech&ri&h B;EB s&ys# JAsk the !ord .or r&in in the
time o. the l&tter r&inJ 8N*J49.
The conce5t is c&rried o1er into the Ne/ Test&ment. J&mes re.ers
s5eci.ic&lly to the e&rly &nd l&tter r&in &nd &55lies it to the ch)rch &ge
&nd the coming o. Christ. He s&ys th&t Christ /ill come only &.ter the
e&rth h&s recei1ed both the e&rly &nd l&tter r&in &nd the res)lting
h&r1est. 8See J&mes FE>.9
For (yl&nd &nd his Pentecost&l colle&g)es# the e&rly &nd l&tter r&in
5ro1ided & 5&r&digm thro)gh /hich to 1ie/ the history o. the ch)rch
.rom the $&y o. Pentecost to the 5resent time. The e&rly r&in
re5resented the o)t5o)ring o. the Holy S5irit th&t beg&n on the $&y o.
Pentecost &nd contin)ed )n&b&ted thro)gh the .irst cent)ry. A.ter/&rds
c&me the long# dry se&son /hen s5irit)&l gi.ts /ere r&re. The &d1ent o.
the Pentecost&l re1i1&l# they insisted# /&s the l&tter r&in o)t5o)ring o.
the Holy S5irit# &nd &s s)ch# it /&s & sign o. the im5ending end o. the
&ge &nd ret)rn o. Christ to the e&rth.
A TREND TOWARD
DENOMINATIONALISM
%y the second dec&de o. the cent)ry# & trend to/&rd denomin&tion&lism
bec&me ob1io)s /ithin the mo1ement. As instit)tion&l distincti1es in
disci5line &nd doctrine /ere de.ined# coo5er&tion &nd .ello/shi5 b&sed
on the common e35erience o. S5irit b&5tism bec&me less common. The
denomin&tions )s)&lly .ormed &long theologic&l &nd r&ci&l lines. The
Ch)rch o. 'od in Christ# .or e3&m5le# org&niIed in BC;> &nd no/ the
l&rgest Pentecost&l denomin&tion in Americ&# /&s 5redomin&tely &
bl&ck denomin&tion. The Assemblies o. 'od# org&niIed by /hite
Pentecost&ls in BCB?# /&s the .irst non+"esley&n Pentecost&l gro)5.
Oneness or )nit&ri&n Pentecost&l gro)5s beg&n .orming# es5eci&lly &.ter
BCB<. Se1er&l "esley&n+Holiness gro)5s &lre&dy in e3istence be.ore
BC;;# s)ch &s the Ch)rch o. 'od 8Cle1el&nd# TN9 &nd the Pentecost&l
Holiness Ch)rch# h&d# in .&ct# become Pentecost&l in doctrine &nd
5r&ctice &s e&rly &s BC;< thro)gh the o1er.lo/ o. the AI)s& Street
Re1i1&l.
These org&niI&tions contin)ed to gro/ r&5idly# &nd by the BC?;s
they /ere &ttr&cting the &ttention o. the rest o. the ch)rch /orld. At the
B<?
>2rther De8e3o1ments in Pentecosta3ism
.o)nding meeting o. the N&tion&l Associ&tion o. 1&ngelic&ls in BC?:#
B; 5ercent o. the deleg&tes /ere Pentecost&l. Altho)gh recei1ed /&rily
&t .irst# the Pentecost&ls e1ent)&lly g&ined .)ll &cce5t&nce in this
e1&ngelic&l org&niI&tion &nd no/ constit)te the m&7ority o. its
membershi5.
Along /ith the gro/ing &cce5t&nce o. their mo1ement#
Pentecost&ls /ere# &t the s&me time# e35eriencing & loss o. s5irit)&l
1it&lity th&t &l/&ys &ccom5&nies the onsl&)ght o. instit)tion&lism. The
BC=;s &nd BC?;s h&1e been described &s & time /hen Jthe de5th o.
/orshi5 &nd the o5er&tion o. the gi.ts o. the S5irit so m)ch in e1idence
in e&rlier dec&des /ere not so 5rominent.J
:
(&ny /ere concerned to the
5oint th&t system&tic times o. 5r&yer &nd .&sting /ere instit)ted to 5r&y
.or s5irit)&l rene/&l &nd re1i1&l. The &ns/er to their 5r&yers beg&n /ith
the &d1ent o. the He&ling Re1i1&l# /hich beg&n in BC?<# &nd the !&tter
R&in Re1i1&l# /hich beg&n in BC?>.
B<F
T WE NT Y - F I V E
2( The Healing Revival
illi&m %r&nh&m 8BC;C+BC<F9 is norm&lly recogniIed &s the
5erson 'od )sed to initi&te the He&ling Re1i1&l o. the l&te
.orties &nd e&rly .i.ties. "hen it &ll beg&n# %r&nh&m# &
%&5tist minister in Je..erson1ille# Indi&n&# /&s moonlighting &s & g&me
/&rden bec&)se the sm&ll ch)rch he /&s 5&storing /&s )n&ble to
s)55ort him &nd his .&mily. He /&s & h)mble m&n /ith & sim5le .&ith in
the 'od o. the %ible.
"
In BC?<# %r&nh&m re5orted th&t &n &ngel h&d &55e&red to him
instr)cting him to c&rry & gi.t o. he&ling to the /orld. According to
%r&nh&m# the &ngel h&d &55e&red &t BB P.(. on (&y ># BC?<# &.ter &
time o. 5r&yer# &nd s&idE
Fe&r not. I &m sent .rom the 5resence o. Almighty 'od to tell
yo) th&t yo)r 5ec)li&r li.e &nd yo)r mis)nderstood /&ys h&1e
been to indic&te th&t 'od h&s sent yo) to t&ke & gi.t o. di1ine
he&ling to the 5eo5le o. the /orld. I. yo) /ill be sincere# &nd
c&n get the 5eo5le to belie1e yo)# nothing sh&ll st&nd be.ore
yo)r 5r&yer# not e1en c&ncer.
B
%r&nh&m immedi&tely l&)nched into & s)ccess.)l e1&ngelistic &nd
he&ling ministry b)t /ith limited e35os)re. Res5ecting %r&nh&m0s
5otenti&l &nd 1&l)ing his /onder.)l gi.t# yet )nderst&nding his need .or
/ise &dministr&tion# P&stor J&ck (oore# & Oneness Pentecost&l .rom
Shre1e5ort# !o)isi&n&# bro)ght %r&nh&m together /ith 'ordon !inds&y.
!inds&y# /ho /&s /ell kno/n &nd highly res5ected in Pentecost&l
circles# &greed to ser1e &s %r&nh&m0s c&m5&ign m&n&ger. His &bility to
org&niIe &nd g&rner s)55ort .or city/ide c&m5&igns thr)st %r&nh&m
into n&tion&l &nd intern&tion&l 5rominence.
%r&nh&m o5er&ted in & 5&rtic)l&rly 5o/er.)l ministry o. the /ord
B<>
o. kno/ledge. "hen this gi.t m&ni.ested# he o.ten re1e&led intim&te
det&ils o. the 5erson0s li.e to /hom he /&s ministering. Thro)gh & gi.t
o. he&ling# he /&s &lso &ble to detect &nd di&gnose dise&se by
5)ls&tions in his le.t h&nd th&t /o)ld occ)r /hen he /o)ld t&ke the
&..licted 5erson0s le.t h&nd.
"&lter Hollen/eger 8BC:>+ 9# 5ro.essor o. missions &t the
-ni1ersity o. %irmingh&m# ngl&nd# ser1ed &s %r&nh&m0s inter5reter in
)ro5e on se1er&l occ&sions. In his mon)ment&l /ork The
Pentecosta3s0 he s&ysE
The &)thor# /ho kne/ %r&nh&m 5erson&lly &nd inter5reted .or
him in 6)rich# is not &/&re o. &ny c&se in /hich he /&s
mist&ken in the o.ten det&iled st&tements he m&de. It /&s
ch&r&cteristic o. %r&nh&m0s kindhe&rtedness th&t he g&1e
cert&in 5erson&l re1el&tions to those /ho /ere seeking he&ling
in & /his5er# so th&t they co)ld not be 5icked )5 by the
micro5hone &nd re1e&led to the s5ect&tors.
:
ORAL RO#ERTS
Abo)t this s&me time# 'od /&s de&ling /ith Or&l Roberts# & yo)ng
5&stor in nid# Okl&hom&. A di1inity st)dent &t Philli5s -ni1ersity#
Roberts /&s 5&stor o. & sm&ll Pentecost&l Holiness Ch)rch in nid. In
BC=F# /hen he /&s se1enteen# he h&d been mir&c)lo)sly he&led o.
&d1&nced t)berc)losis. 'od h&d s5oken to him &t th&t time# s&ying# JI
h&1e c&lled yo) to t&ke (y he&ling 5o/er to yo)r gener&tion.J No/ he
/&s diligently seeking 'od .or & .resh o)t5o)ring o. the Holy S5irit in
his o/n li.e &nd ministry &nd .or the .)l.illment o. th&t /ord.
On (&y B?# BC?># .ollo/ing & se1en+month se&son o. .oc)sed
5r&yer &nd .&sting# Roberts recei1ed inner &ss)r&nce th&t it /&s time .or
'od0s c&ll to begin to be .)l.illed.
=
At this time# 'od &lso re1e&led to
Roberts th&t he /o)ld .eel His 5o/er in his right h&nd &nd th&t# &s he
l&id his h&nds on the sick# he /o)ld be &ble to detect the n&me &nd
n)mber o. &ny demons th&t might be 5resent.
"ith this &ss)r&nce .resh in his mind# he l&)nched into & ministry
th&t em5h&siIed he&ling .or the body &nd s&l1&tion .or the so)l. His
ministry /&s &n inst&nt s)ccess. In BC?D# to &ccommod&te the cro/ds#
he ordered & tent th&t /o)ld se&t t/o tho)s&nd. The cro/ds contin)ed
to incre&se# &nd by BCF=# he /&s cond)cting meetings )nder & tent th&t
se&ted B:#F;;. (&ny rem&rk&ble mir&cles occ)rred# &nd Roberts
B<D
The Hea3in4 Re8i8a3
e1ent)&lly bec&me the most 5rominent he&ling e1&ngelist o. th&t er&.
THE OICE OF HEALING
The ministries o. "illi&m %r&nh&m &nd Or&l Roberts sign&led the
beginning o. & signi.ic&nt er& o. he&ling e1&ngelism. Almost
immedi&tely# & host o. other e1&ngelists beg&n re5orting mir&c)lo)s
he&lings &nd other s)5ern&t)r&l 5henomen& in their meetings. These
incl)ded A. A. Allen# J&ck Coe# T. !. Osborn# "illi&m Freem&n# ". 4.
'r&nt# *enneth H&gin &nd m&ny other e1&ngelists.
!inds&y# /ho se5&r&ted .rom %r&nh&m in BCFF# 5ro1ided cohesion
to the re1i1&l thro)gh his ,oice of Hea3in4 m&g&Iine &nd &nn)&l ,oice
of Hea3in4 con1entions. His m&g&Iine re5orted the re1i1&ls o. 1&rio)s
e1&ngelists &nd ser1ed &s & 5l&t.orm gi1ing them n&tion&l recognition.
His e..orts /ere &lso instr)ment&l in l&)nching the ministries o. se1er&l
5rominent e1&ngelists o. this er&. One /riter h&s described !inds&y0s
role in the re1i1&l &s Jthe cond)ctor o. &n )nr)ly orchestr&.J
?
T. L. AND DAISY OS#ORN
In BC?F# T. !. &nd $&isy Osborn 8BC:=+ L BC:?+BCCF9 /ent to Indi& &s
Pentecost&l mission&ries. -n&ble to 5ers)&de the teeming m&sses to
belie1e in the !ord Jes)s Christ# the yo)ng co)5le ret)rned to Americ&.
They h&d seen the s)..ering m&sses /itho)t Christ# ho/e1er# &nd
bec&)se o. th&t .&ct# they /o)ld not rest )ntil they h&d .o)nd & /&y to
re&ch them /ith the gos5el.
"hile 5&storing in the North/est# they diligently so)ght 'od .or
the &ns/er&nd 'od re/&rds those /ho diligently seek Him 8Heb.
BBE<9. As they beg&n to hold e1&ngelistic &nd he&ling cr)s&des# 'od
con.irmed the gos5el /ith signs &nd /onders# &nd they kne/ they h&d
.o)nd the &ns/er .or the m&sses s)ch &s they h&d seen in Indi&.
Follo/ing & 5eriod o. coo5er&ti1e ministry /ith the 4oice o. He&ling in
Americ&# the Osborns ret)rned to the mission .ields o. the /orld.
Tr&1eling to se1enty+si3 n&tions# they 5ioneered m&ss he&ling cr)s&des
/ith 5henomen&l res)lts. They .o)nd th&t demonstr&tions o. 'od0s
com5&ssion &nd he&ling 5o/er /o)ld res)lt in tho)s&nds &cce5ting
Christ in & single ser1ice. Their h)ge o)tdoor cr)s&des bec&me the
5&ttern .or m&ss e1&ngelism in de1elo5ing n&tions. As they &55ro&ched
their se1enties# it /&s s&id o. this h)sb&ndH/i.e te&m th&t they h&d
5re&ched the gos5el to more 5eo5le# .&ce to .&ce# th&n &nyone to th&t
5oint in history.
B<C
CONCL!SION
%y the end o. BCF<# the He&ling Re1i1&l /&s being rent by stri.e
bet/een the he&ling e1&ngelists &nd the Pentecost&l denomin&tions to
/hich they belonged. Some o. the stri.e /&s sim5ly 7e&lo)sy on the 5&rt
o. the denomin&tions# &nd some /&s d)e to @)estion&ble 5r&ctices by
some o. the e1&ngelists. The con.lict res)lted in the /&ning o. the
re1i1&l &nd & 5eriod o. crisis .or m&ny o. the he&ling re1i1&lists. Some
/ere not &ble to contin)e. Among the best kno/n /ho s)ccess.)lly
contin)ed their ministries /ere 'ordon &nd Fred& !inds&y# /ho
.o)nded Christ For the N&tions in $&ll&s# Te3&sL Or&l Roberts# /ho
.o)nded Or&l Roberts -ni1ersity in T)ls&# Okl&hom&L T. !. &nd $&isy
Osborn# /ho contin)ed their m)lti.&ceted mission&ry e1&ngelism .rom
Osborn Fo)nd&tion Intern&tion&l in T)ls&# Okl&hom&L &nd *enneth
H&gin# /ho .o)nded Rhem& %ible Tr&ining Center in %roken Arro/#
Okl&hom&.
The He&ling Re1i1&l 5ro1ided &n im5ort&nt link bet/een the
Pentecost&l mo1ement &nd the Ch&rism&tic Rene/&l# /hich beg&n
&ro)nd BC<;. As the He&ling Re1i1&l /&ned# the Ch&rism&tic Rene/&l
emerged to &n e1en l&rger &nd more rece5ti1e &)dience. Se1er&l o.
those /ho h&d 5l&yed 5rominent roles in the He&ling Re1i1&l no/
bec&me instr)ment&l in the s)ccesses o. the Ch&rism&tic mo1ement.
B>;
T WE NT Y - S I X
2+ The 2atter Rain
Revival
lmost 5&r&llel /ith the 5ost/&r He&ling Re1i1&l# &nd in & sense
o1erl&55ing it# /&s &nother re1i1&l kno/n &s the !&tter R&in
Re1i1&l. It beg&n &mong st)dents &nd st&.. o. Sh&ron %ible
College in North %&ttle.ord# S&sk&tche/&n# C&n&d&# in Febr)&ry BC?D.
From there# it s5re&d r&5idly thro)gho)t North Americ& &nd &ro)nd the
/orld.
B
A
THE O!TPO!RING AT SHARON
#I#LE COLLEGE
The re1i1&l beg&n /hen te&chers .rom Sh&ron %ible College in North
%&ttle.ord# S&sk&tche/&n# 1isited re1i1&l ser1ices cond)cted by
"illi&m %r&nh&m in 4&nco)1er# %ritish Col)mbi&# in the .&ll o. BC?>.
:
$ee5ly im5ressed by %r&nh&m0s demonstr&tion o. the /ord o.
kno/ledge &nd by the mir&c)lo)s he&lings th&t they obser1ed# they &nd
the st)dents o. Sh&ron beg&n .&sting# 5r&ying &nd st)dying the
Scri5t)res /ith heightened e35ect&tion. On Febr)&ry B:# BC?D# they
e35erienced &n )n)s)&l demonstr&tion o. 'od0s 5resence &nd 5o/er.
rn H&/tin# & .&c)lty member &t the time# describes /h&t h&55ened in
the .ollo/ing &cco)nt.
Some st)dents /ere )nder the 5o/er o. 'od on the .loor#
others /ere kneeling in &dor&tion &nd /orshi5 be.ore the !ord.
The &nointing dee5ened )ntil the &/e o. 'od /&s )5on
e1eryone. The !ord s5oke to one o. the brethren. J'o &nd l&y
h&nds )5on & cert&in st)dent &nd 5r&y .or him.J "hile he /&s
B>B
in do)bt &nd contem5l&tion one o. the sisters /ho h&d been
)nder the 5o/er o. 'od /ent to the brother s&ying the s&me
/ords# &nd n&ming the identic&l st)dent he /&s to 5r&y .or. He
/ent in obedience &nd & re1el&tion /&s gi1en concerning the
st)dent0s li.e &nd .)t)re ministry. A.ter this & long 5ro5hecy
/&s gi1en /ith min)te det&ils concerning the gre&t thing 'od
/&s &bo)t to do. The 5&ttern .or the re1i1&l &nd m&ny det&ils
concerning it /ere gi1en.
=
The st)dents s5ent the ne3t d&y se&rching the Scri5t)res .or insight
&nd con.irm&tion o. the 5re1io)s d&y0s e1ents. On Febr)&ry B?E
It seemed th&t &ll he&1en broke loose )5on o)r so)ls# &nd
he&1en c&me do/n to greet )s. Soon & 1isible m&ni.est&tion o.
gi.ts /&s recei1ed /hen c&ndid&tes /ere 5r&yed o1er# &nd
m&ny &s & res)lt /ere he&led# &s gi.ts o. he&ling /ere
recei1ed.
?
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF SHARON
Histori&n Rich&rd Riss# /ho h&s st)died the !&tter R&in e3tensi1ely#
m&int&ins th&t the e1ents &t Sh&ron r&ised ho5e &nd interest 5&rtic)l&rly
bec&)se & gener&l de&rth o. m&ni.est&tions h&d 5er1&ded Pentecost&lism
bet/een BC=F &nd BC?>. The c)rio)s &nd the s5irit)&lly h)ngry .locked
to North %&ttle.ord .rom &cross Americ& &nd &ro)nd the /orld. The
'haron 'tar c&rried re5orts &nd &d1ertised c&m5 meetings &nd
con1entions. %e.ore long# Sh&ron .&c)lty members /ere res5onding to
in1it&tions to minister thro)gho)t North Americ&.
F
INCREASE AND OPPOSITION
The re1i1&l @)ickly g&rnered s)55ort. In J&n)&ry BC?C# Pentecost&l
5ioneer St&nley Frodsh&m 8BDD:+BC<C9 1isited %ethesd& (ission&ry
Tem5le in $etroit# (ichig&n# &t the in1it&tion o. its 5&stor# (yrtle $.
%e&ll 8BDC<+BC>C9. %e&ll h&d recently embr&ced the re1i1&l &nd /&nted
Frodsh&m to see the o)t5o)ring o. the S5irit th&t her congreg&tion /&s
e35eriencing. Frodsh&m# ord&ined /ith the Assemblies o. 'od &nd
editor o. the denomin&tion0s Pentecosta3 E8an4e30 /&s im5ressed by
/h&t he s&/ &nd bec&me & s)55orter o. the re1i1&l. A n)mber o. other
/ell+kno/n ministers &lso embr&ced the re1i1&l# incl)ding Reg !&yIell
o. 'l&d Tidings Tem5le in 4&nco)1er# %ritish Col)mbi&L I1&n &nd
(innie S5encer o. lim %ible Instit)te# !im&# Ne/ ,orkL 6ion
B>:
The Latter Rain Re8i8a3
1&ngelistic Fello/shi5 in Pro1idence# Rhode Isl&ndL !e/i Pethr)s o.
S/eden &nd m&ny others.
<
"ith em5h&sis on the l&ying on o. h&nds .or the im5&rt&tion o.
s5irit)&l gi.ts# the recognition o. &5ostles &nd 5ro5hets in the 5resent+
d&y ch)rch &nd the gi.t o. 5ro5hecy .or directing &nd commissioning
ministeri&l c&ndid&tes &nd 5ro5er ch)rch go1ernment# the re1i1&l dre/
o55osition. Altho)gh m&ny o. these 5r&ctices h&d been common &mong
e&rly Pentecost&ls# they /ere re7ected by most o. the Pentecost&l
denomin&tions.
>
As & res)lt o. the o55osition# & n)mber o. ministers le.t
their denomin&tions# incl)ding Frodsh&m. (ost o. these /orked &s
inde5endent ministers or 7oined loosely .ormed .ello/shi5s. Altho)gh
re7ected by Pentecost&l denomin&tions# these !&tter R&in belie1ers
contin)ed &nd# to & degree# in.l)enced &nd /ere &bsorbed into the
Ch&rism&tic Rene/&l o. the BC<;s &nd BC>;s.
D
B>=
T WE NT Y - S E V E N
2. The Charismatic
)ovement
he A5ril BC<; iss)e o. Time c&rried the story o. &n 5isco5&l
5riest in 4&n N)ys# C&li.orni&# /ho h&d &nno)nced to his
congreg&tion th&t he h&d been b&5tiIed in the Holy S5irit &nd
h&d s5oken in tong)es. $ennis %ennett 8BCB>+BCC:9# rector o. St.
(&rk0s 5isco5&l Ch)rch# h&d initi&lly recei1ed this e35erience /hile
5r&ying in his home in No1ember BCFC. Other ne/s &gencies# 5icking
)5 the story .rom Time0 g&1e it .)rther co1er&ge. Altho)gh others in the
historic ch)rches h&d e35erienced s5e&king in tong)es 5rior to this# the
e1ent )s)&lly m&rks the beginning o. the modern Ch&rism&tic Rene/&l.
T
DENNIS #ENNETT AND THE
PROTESTANT RENEWAL
Altho)gh %ennett h&d consider&ble s)55ort .rom /ithin his 5&rish# &
sm&ll gro)5 1ehemently deno)nced his Pentecost&l &cti1ity. He
resigned .rom St. (&rk0s )nder 5ress)re &nd /&s &ssigned to the
5&stor&te o. St. !)ke0s 5isco5&l Ch)rch in Se&ttle# "&shington.
Reg&rdless# the o)t5o)ring o. the Holy S5irit h&d beg)n# &nd by BC<=#
Christianity To7ay estim&ted th&t t/o tho)s&nd 5isco5&li&ns in
so)thern C&li.orni& /ere e35eriencing the ch&rism&tic 5henomenon o.
s5e&king in tong)es. Indeed# the Ch&rism&tic Rene/&l h&d beg)n.
In & sense# %ennett h&d been sent to the b&ckside o. the desert. St.
!)ke0s /&s on the brink o. e3tinction# h&1ing &lre&dy been sh)t do/n
t/ice. %)t &n &sto)nding thing h&55ened. St. !)ke0s not only ret)rned
.rom the de&d# b)t it &lso .lo)rished# becoming one o. the strongest
B>F
ch)rches in the North/est. It bec&me &n im5ort&nt center o.
Ch&rism&tic Rene/&l# not only .or 5isco5&li&ns# b)t &lso .or m&ny
other denomin&tions &s %ennett &nd the congreg&tion hosted &nd hel5ed
1isiting clergy &nd l&y5ersons .rom m&ny denomin&tions. As /ith most
Neo+Pentecost&ls 8&s the e&rly Ch&rism&tics /ere c&lled9# %ennett
5romoted s5e&king in tong)es &s the initi&l %ible e1idence o. S5irit
b&5tism.
!ike & 5r&irie .ire .&nned by the /ind# Pentecost s5re&d @)ickly#
5enetr&ting most o. the historic Protest&nt denomin&tions. Ch&rism&tic
5r&yer gro)5s s5r&ng )5 &cross the co)ntry. In these in.orm&l
g&therings# 5&rtici5&nts s&ng 5r&ises# 5r&yed s5ont&neo)sly &nd
)n&sh&medly s5oke &nd s&ng in tong)esL they enth)si&stic&lly
ministered to one &nother in the 1&rio)s gi.ts o. the Holy S5irit.
-nlike the Pentecost&ls si3ty ye&rs e&rlier# m&ny o. the
Ch&rism&tics .o)nd &cce5t&nce in their denomin&tions. In .&ct# the
le&ders o. the mo1ement s&/ the re1i1&l &s 'od0s /&y o. rene/ing the
e3isting denomin&tions. For this re&son# they enco)r&ged the 5eo5le to
rem&in /ithin their ch)rches &nd# .or the s&me re&son# they 5re.erred
the /ord rene/&l inste&d o. re1i1&l to describe /h&t /&s h&55ening.
THE CATHOLIC CHARISMATIC
MOEMENT
The gro)nd/ork .or the Ch&rism&tic mo1ement in the Rom&n C&tholic
Ch)rch h&d been .irmly l&id by the 4&tic&n II Co)ncil 8BC<:+BC<F9.
Po5e John 22III# in c&lling the Co)ncil# e35ressed his desire .or the
d&/ning o. & ne/ Pentecost# /hich he s&id Jis the ho5e o. o)r
ye&rning.J
B
He &lso directed the ch)rches to 5r&y th&t the Holy S5irit
/o)ld rene/ His /onders Jin this o)r d&y &s by & ne/ Pentecost.J
:
4&tic&n II0s c&re.)l &cce5t&nce o. those o)tside the Rom&n C&tholic
.old m&de 5ossible ne/ o55ort)nities .or inter&ction /ith Christi&ns o.
other 5ers)&sions. Inste&d o. )sing the h&rsh term heretic0 /hich h&d
been em5loyed .or cent)ries# it chose the 5hr&se se1arate7 :rethren in
re.erring to non+C&tholic Christi&ns. It &lso decl&red th&t Christi&ns o.
other denomin&tions J&re 7oined /ith )s in the Holy S5irit# .or to them
&lso He gi1es His gi.ts &nd gr&ces.J These /ere im5ort&nt st&tements#
since Christi&ns .rom non+C&tholic ch)rches /o)ld become
instr)ment&l in le&ding m&ny Rom&n C&tholics into the b&5tism in the
Holy S5irit.
=
O. e@)&l im5ort&nce /&s the &ttit)de t&ken by the Co)ncil
B><
The Charismatic .o8ement
concerning ch&rism&tic gi.ts. "hen the s)b7ect &rose .or disc)ssion#
C&rdin&l R)..ini e35ressed the tr&dition&l Rom&n C&tholic 1ie/ th&t
s)ch gi.ts tod&y J&re e3tremely r&re &nd &ltogether e3ce5tion&l.J
?
Contr&ri/ise# C&rdin&l S)enens 5ointed o)t th&t the ch&rism&tic
dimension# &ccording to St. P&)l# is necess&ry to the ch)rch. He /ent on
to s&y th&t these gi.ts &re Jno 5eri5her&l or &ccident&l 5henomenon in
the li.e o. the Ch)rchJL on the contr&ry# he s&id# they &re Jo. 1it&l
im5ort&nce .or the b)ilding )5 o. the mystic&l body.J
F
As & res)lt o.
C&rdin&l S)enens0 in.l)ence# the Co)ncil &do5ted &n o5en &nd rece5ti1e
5osition on the charismata0 decl&ring th&t these gi.ts Jsho)ld be
recogniIed &nd esteemed in the Ch)rch o. tod&y.J
<
"ith this .o)nd&tion
in 5l&ce# &s 4inson Syn&n 8BC=?+ 9# /rites# JIt /&s &lmost ine1it&ble
th&t Pentecosta3ism /o)ld bre&k o)t in the Rom&n C&tholic Ch)rch.J
>
It beg&n /ith & retre&t &ttended by &bo)t t/enty 5ro.essors &nd
gr&d)&te st)dents .rom $)@)esne -ni1ersity in Pittsb)rgh#
Pennsyl1&ni&# on the /eekend o. Febr)&ry B>+BC# BC<>. In 5re5&r&tion
.or the retre&t# the 5&rtici5&nts /ere &sked to re&d the %ook o. Acts &nd
$&1id "ilkerson0s The Cross an7 the '5itch:3a7e. "hen the gro)5
g&thered in the ch&5el on S&t)rd&y e1ening# they e35erienced & mighty
o)t5o)ring o. the Holy S5irit# &nd some beg&n s5e&king in tong)es.
Syn&n s&ysE
As these C&tholic seekers 5r&yed thro)gh to Pentecost# m&ny
things .&mili&r to cl&ssic&l Pentecost&ls beg&n to t&ke 5l&ce.
Some l&)ghed )ncontroll&bly Jin the S5irit#J /hile one yo)ng
m&n rolled &cross the .loor in ecst&sy. Sho)ting 5r&ises to the
!ord# /ee5ing &nd s5e&king in tong)es ch&r&cteriIed this
beginning o. the mo1ement in the C&tholic Ch)rch.
D
The .ire &t $)@)esne soon s5re&d to Notre $&me -ni1ersity# the
center o. Americ&n C&tholicism. (&ny o. its 5ro.essors &nd st)dents
recei1ed the b&5tism in the Holy S5irit &nd s5oke in tong)es. From
there the mo1ement s5re&d r&5idly /ith C&tholic Ch&rism&tic 5r&yer
gro)5s s5ringing )5 &cross the co)ntry. %y BC>;# & C&tholic
Ch&rism&tic con.erence &t Notre $&me &ttr&cted thirty tho)s&nd
C&tholic Ch&rism&tics. Priests# n)ns &nd l&y5eo5le together s&ng &nd
5r&yed in tong)es# 5ro5hesied &nd re7oiced in /h&t 'od /&s doing.
EC!MENISM AND SCHISMS
%ec&)se o. the ec)menic&l ch&r&cter o. the rene/&l# e3tensi1e cross+
5ollin&tion occ)rred. Con.erences /ere the order o. the d&y# &nd
B>>
con.erence 5&rtici5&nts norm&lly re5resented & he&lthy cross section o.
Christendom. C&tholic 5riest &nd schol&r Peter Hocken 8BC=:+ 9 h&s
re.erred to the mo1ement &s J&n ec)menic&l gi.t o. gr&ce 5o)red o)t on
&ll the ch)rches.J
C
The high+/&ter m&rk o. the rene/&l occ)rred in BC>> /hen .i.ty+
t/o tho)s&nd Pentecost&lHCh&rism&tics met in Arro/he&d St&di)m in
*&ns&s City. Tr)ly ec)menic&l# it /&s indeed & /ork o. the Holy S5irit.
H&l. o. the registr&nts /ere Rom&n C&tholic# /hile the other h&l.
consisted mostly o. !)ther&ns# Presbyteri&ns# 5isco5&li&ns#
denomin&tion&l Pentecost&ls# %&5tists# (ethodists &nd (essi&nic Je/s.
're&t re7oicing .illed the st&nds &s the m)ltit)de s&ng in tong)es &nd
d&nced be.ore the !ord.
B;
Altho)gh Ch&rism&tics /ere enco)r&ged to rem&in in their
ch)rches# m&ny e1ent)&lly .o)nd this )n&cce5t&ble. Some .elt they /ere
/ithering s5irit)&lly /hile others enco)ntered 1&rying degrees o.
re7ection /ithin their denomin&tions. "h&te1er the re&son# m&ny
Ch&rism&tics beg&n le&1ing their denomin&tion&l ch)rches. Some 7oined
the cl&ssic&l Pentecost&l denomin&tions# &nd others .ormed ne/#
inde5endent Ch&rism&tic ch)rches &nd .ello/shi5s.
THE ISS!E OF A!THORITY
This shi.ting o. loy&lties &nd the .orming o. ne/ ch)rches &nd
denomin&tions sim5ly highlights the tension th&t ine1it&bly occ)rs
bet/een the instit)tion&l ch)rch &nd ch&rism&tic ministry. The @)estion
is re&lly one o. &)thority. ()st the re1i1&l or rene/&l &l/&ys s)b7ect
itsel. to instit)tion&l &)thority# or is its e3istence# in .&ct# legitimiIed by
the 5resence o. the charismata/ In other /ords# m)st the ch&rism&tic
5erson or mo1ement yield to instit)tion&l &)thority# or sho)ld the
instit)tion concede to the charismata/
The &ns/er is not & sim5le yes or no. The ch&rism&tic gi.ts
themsel1es &re s)b7ect to testing &nd m)st .)nction in & conte3t o. lo1e
&nd h)mility. There h&1e been times# ho/e1er# /hen the instit)tion&l
ch)rch# thro)gh its resist&nce to re.orm &nd rene/&l# h&s &ct)&lly
incited & ne/ religio)s mo1ement. *)ng 5oints o)t# .or e3&m5le# JThe
dec&de long# indeed cent)ry long# 5redomin&tely )n&5ostolic beh&1ior
o. the bisho5s /&s & m&7or c&)se o. the !)ther&n Re.orm&tion.J
BB
The s&me c&n be s&id o. the eighteenth+cent)ry (ethodist Re1i1&l.
John "esley rem&ined o..ici&lly &tt&ched to the Anglic&n Ch)rch
thro)gho)t his li.e &nd ne1er intended to st&rt & ne/ denomin&tion.
B>D
The Charismatic .o8ement
Ho/e1er# ecclesi&stic&l resist&nce to the mo1ement he s5&/ned
5rom5ted him to by5&ss instit)tion&l &)thority &nd ord&in his o/n
ministers b&sed on their ch&rism&tic gi.ts &nd ob1io)s c&llings. This# o.
co)rse# l&id the .o)nd&tion .or the .orming o. & ne/ denomin&tion# &n
e1ent th&t occ)rred shortly &.ter his 5&ssing.
The s&me 5rinci5le is &lso tr)e o. the Pentecost&l mo1ement th&t
beg&n &t the t)rn o. t/entieth cent)ry. The ch)rch &t l&rge re.)sed to
recogniIe the legitim&cy o. the gi.ts o. the S5irit m&ni.est &mong e&rly
Pentecost&ls /ho h&d no intention o. st&rting ne/ denomin&tions. The
re7ection o. the Pentecost&l belie1ers by the tr&dition&l denomin&tions#
ho/e1er# necessit&ted the .orm&tion o. ne/ rel&tionshi5s &nd e1ent)&lly
led to the .orm&tion o. Pentecost&l denomin&tions. Tod&y# these r&nk
second in siIe# s)5erseded only by the Rom&n C&tholic Ch)rch.
The s&me scen&rio is tr)e o. e1ery Rene/&l mo1ement .rom the
(ont&nists to those o. the 5resent time. The s&me is &lso tr)e o. the
inde5endent Ch&rism&tics# /hich h&1e become the .&stest+gro/ing
religio)s gro)5 in North Americ&. No .e/er th&n three tho)s&nd o.
these inde5endent Ch&rism&tic denomin&tions h&1e &lre&dy been
.ormed /orld/ide# &nd their in.l)ence &nd im5&ct is intern&tion&l.
B>C
T WE NT Y - E I GHT
2/ The Thir" ,ave
he Ch&rism&tic mo1ement h&d its gre&test im5&ct in the more
liber&l Protest&nt denomin&tions &nd in Rom&n C&tholicism. In
&ddition to these# ho/e1er# in BCD=# C. Peter "&gner 8BC=;+ 9#
then 5ro.essor o. ch)rch gro/th &t F)ller Theologic&l Semin&ry School
o. "orld (issions# re.erred to & thir7 5a8e o. the Holy S5irit0s /ork
th&t /&s &lre&dy stirring in the e1&ngelic&l ch)rches. The first 5a8e0
"&gner s&id# h&d been the Pentecost&l Re1i1&l &t the t)rn o. the
cent)ryL the secon7 5a8e0 the more recent Ch&rism&tic Rene/&l# /hich
h&d been 5&rtic)l&rly in.l)enti&l in the more liber&l denomin&tions. This
thir7 5a8e0 "&gner st&ted# /o)ld h&1e & simil&r im5&ct on the more
conser1&ti1e e1&ngelic&ls.
B
T
&OHN WIM#ER AND THE
INEYARD
Along /ith "&gner# John "imber 8BC=?+BCC>9 emerged &s &
recogniIed s5okes5erson .or the Thir7 )a8e. "imber .o)nded the
Associ&tion o. 4iney&rd Ch)rches beginning /ith the 4iney&rd
Christi&n Fello/shi5 o. An&heim 8c&. BC>>9. He tr&1eled /idely in &
ministry o. te&ching &nd he&ling. His meetings /ere ch&r&cteriIed by
)n)s)&l m&ni.est&tions o. the Holy S5irit in m&ny /&ys simil&r to those
o. the e&rlier Pentecost&ls. Pro5hecy &nd s5e&king in tong)es
commonly occ)rred in these meetings# &nd 1&rio)s other
m&ni.est&tions# s)ch &s being s3ain in the '1irit0 sh&king &nd s/ooning
in & st&te simil&r to dr)nkenness &lso occ)rred. $&1id "hite# &
5sychi&trist &nd 5ro5onent o. the Third "&1e# describes the
5henomenon simil&r to dr)nkenness.
In meetings /here the Holy S5irit0s 5o/er is strongly m&ni.est#
BDB
some 5eo5le m&y seem & little dr)nk...They m&y describe &
he&1iness th&t is on them. Their s5eech m&y be slightly
sl)rred# their mo1ements )ncoordin&ted. They m&y need
s)55ort to /&lk. They sho/ little concern &bo)t /h&t &nyone
/ill think o. their condition &nd &re )s)&lly & little d&Ied. The
condition m&y end)re se1er&l ho)rs.
:
DOCTRINAL DISTINCTIES
"hile em5h&siIing signs# /onders# &nd s5irit)&l gi.ts# Thir7 )a8ers
o.ten 5re.er to rem&in identi.ied /ith their o/n denomin&tions. "hen
&sked i. he considered himsel. & Pentecost&l or Ch&rism&tic# "&gner
re5liedE
I see mysel. &s neither & ch&rism&tic nor & Pentecost&l. I
belong to !&ke A1en)e Congreg&tion&l Ch)rch. I0m &
Congreg&tion&list. Ho/e1er# o)r ch)rch is more &nd more
o5en to the s&me /&y th&t the Holy S5irit does /ork &mong
ch&rism&tics... "e like to think th&t /e &re doing it in &
Congreg&tion&l /&yL /e0re not doing it in & ch&rism&tic /&y.
%)t /e0re getting the s&me res)lts.
=
Third "&1ers &lso re7ect# &t le&st theologic&lly# & s)bse@)ent
e35erience o. S5irit b&5tism e1idenced by s5e&king in tong)es. They
5re.er# inste&d# to see S5irit b&5tism &s 5&rt o. the con1ersion+initi&tion
e35erience. In this &55ro&ch# e1ery con1ert h&s the 5otenti&l to rele&se
&ny o. the s5irit)&l gi.ts. The gen)ineness o. the e35erience# ho/e1er#
does not hinge on the m&ni.est&tion o. &ny 5&rtic)l&r gi.t.
Altho)gh &d1oc&ting loy&lty to denomin&tions# the Third "&1e is
s5&/ning its o/n inde5endent ch)rches &nd denomin&tions. These
incl)de "imber0s Associ&tion o. 4iney&rd Ch)rches# com5rising /ell
o1er three h)ndred ch)rches thro)gho)t North Americ&# &nd the
recently .ormed P&rtners in H&r1est net/ork o. ch)rches# /hich h&s
.ormed o)t o. the re1i1&l centered in Toronto &t the Toronto Air5ort
Christi&n Fello/shi5# .ormerly & 5&rt o. "imber0s Associ&tion o.
4iney&rd Ch)rches.
In s5ite o. the ob1io)s di..erences th&t e3ist &mong Pentecost&ls#
Ch&rism&tics &nd Third "&1ers# $&1id %&rrett# &)thor o. the m&ssi1e
)or37 Christian Encyc3o1e7ia0 sees the Third "&1e &s 5&rt o. one
gre&t s5irit)&l mo1ement th&t is s/ee5ing the e&rth. He s&ys th&t the
Pentecost&l mo1ement# /hich beg&n &t the t)rn o. the t/entieth cent)ry#
BD:
The Thir7 )a8e
the Ch&rism&tic Rene/&l# /hich beg&n &ro)nd BC<;# &nd the Third
"&1e &re Jone single# cohesi1e mo1ement into /hich & 1&st
5roli.er&tion o. &ll kinds o. indi1id)&ls &nd comm)nities h&1e been
dr&/n.J He contin)es# J"hether termed Pentecost&ls# Ch&rism&tics or
Third "&1ers# they sh&re & b&sic single e35erience.J He &dds# JTheir
contrib)tion to Christi&nity is & ne/ &/&reness o. s5irit)&l gi.ts &s &
ministry to the li.e o. the Ch)rch.J
?
BD=
T WE NT Y - NI NE
20 The #inal Deca"e of
the T$entieth Century
n (&rch BCC=# So)th A.ric&n e1&ngelist Rodney Ho/&rd+%ro/ne
&rri1ed &t C&r5enter0s Home Ch)rch in !&kel&nd# Florid& .or &
sched)led one+/eek meeting. The one+/eek meeting# ho/e1er#
bec&me & .o)rteen+/eek re1i1&l. P&stor *&rl Str&der decl&red it to be
the gre&test mo1e o. 'od he h&d e1er seenE JIt /&s like something .rom
the history books.J
B
S5irit)&l 5henomen& common in 5&st re1i1&ls s)ch
&s .&lling# /ee5ing &nd 7oyo)s l&)ghter occ)rred nightly# &ttr&cting
l&rge cro/ds. %y the .o)rth /eek o. the re1i1&l# so m&ny con1ersions
h&d occ)rred th&t & b&5tism&l ser1ice /&s held /ith .i.teen h)ndred
being b&5tiIed. %y the end o. the si3th /eek# c)m)l&ti1e &ttend&nce
h&d e3ceeded one h)ndred tho)s&nd# /ith m&ny 5&stors &nd ch)rch
le&ders &ttending &nd being 5ro.o)ndly &..ected.
I
A.ter .o)rteen /eeks Ho/&rd+%ro/ne closed the meetings# s&ying
th&t 'od h&d sho/n him th&t the re1i1&l in !&kel&nd /&s not to become
& mecc&# b)t th&t he /&s to c&rry the re1i1&l thro)gho)t Americ&. A.ter
holding simil&r meetings &t C&l1&ry C&thedr&l Intern&tion&l in Fort
"orth# Te3&s# Or&l Roberts -ni1ersity in T)ls&# Okl&hom& &nd Rhem&
%ible Instit)te in %roken Arro/# Okl&hom&# Ho/&rd+%ro/ne ret)rned
to C&r5enter0s Home Ch)rch in !&kel&nd# Florid& .or & series o.
meetings in J&n)&ry BCC?. One o. those &ttending these meetings /&s
R&ndy Cl&rk# 5&stor o. & 4iney&rd ch)rch in St. !o)is# (isso)ri# /ho
/&s seeking .or & ne/ le1el o. s5irit)&l 5o/er in his li.e. Cl&rk /&s
5ro.o)ndly im5&cted in these meetings by /h&t he s&/ &nd by /h&t he
e35erienced# incl)ding & b)rning sens&tion in his h&nds.
BDF
THE TORONTO #LESSING
Shortly &.ter &ttending the Ho/&rd+%ro/ne meetings in !&kel&nd#
Florid&# Cl&rk /ent to Toronto# Ont&rio# to minister &t the Air5ort
4iney&rd Christi&n Fello/shi5 5&stored by John &nd C&rol Arnott. It
/&s here th&t the re1i1&l th&t bec&me kno/n &s the Toronto <3essin4
er)5ted on Th)rsd&y e1ening# J&n)&ry :;# BCC?. Ch&r&cteriIed by holy
l&)ghter# .&lling# sh&king# di1ine he&lings &nd other )n)s)&l s5irit)&l
5henomen&# this re1i1&l soon c&5t)red the &ttention o. both the
Christi&n &nd sec)l&r medi&. $)ring the .irst ye&r o. the re1i1&l#
c)m)l&ti1e &ttend&nce e3ceeded t/o h)ndred tho)s&nd# /ith 5eo5le
&ttending .rom &lmost e1ery n&tion.
:
A sec)l&r m&g&Iine# Toronto Life0
billed the re1i1&l &s Toronto0s to5 to)rist &ttr&ction o. BCC?.
DIISION OER
MANIFESTATIONS
On $ecember F# BCCF# John "imber# .o)nder o. the Associ&tion o.
4iney&rd Ch)rches# in.ormed the Toronto ch)rch o. its o)ster .rom the
A4C. "imber &nd the A4C bo&rd centered their 5)blic comments on
/h&t they c&lled the Je3otic 5r&cticesJ in the re1i1&l ser1ices#
5&rtic)l&rly the &nim&listic so)nds th&t h&d occ)rred on occ&sion. This#
ho/e1er# /&s not the only iss)e. They &lso ob7ected to the Air5ort
ch)rch0s )se o. Jc&tchersJ d)ring the 5r&yer time# the )se o. lines on the
.loor to m&rk the 5l&ce .or those to st&nd /ho /&nted 5r&yer &nd the
c&lling o. indi1id)&ls to the .ront .or testimonies concerning 'od0s
blessing in their li.e.
=
In res5onse to the criticism concerning the
&nim&listic so)nds# John Arnott# senior 5&stor o. the Air5ort
Fello/shi5# s&id th&t this sort o. m&ni.est&tion h&55ens r&rely# 5erh&5s
to one 5erson in ten tho)s&nd. He insisted th&t neither he nor his st&..
h&d enco)r&ged s)ch m&ni.est&tions.
?
The se5&r&tion /&s ch&r&cteristic o. the con.lict th&t ine1it&bly
occ)rs &s the e35eriences &nd 5r&ctices o. & re1i1&l mo1ement s5ill
o1er the tr&dition&l 5&r&meters o. the instit)tion /ithin /hich it beg&n.
In s5ite o. the se5&r&tion the re1i1&l contin)ed# &nd by the .&ll o. BCC>
&ttend&nce h&d re&ched the t/o million m&rk# /ith 5&stors com5rising
.orty+.i1e tho)s&nd o. this n)mber.
F
The Toronto Re1i1&l h&s h&d & glob&l im5&ct. It h&s been
es5eci&lly /ell recei1ed in 're&t %rit&in /here it is estim&ted th&t o1er
se1en tho)s&nd ch)rches h&1e been im5&cted.
<
This n)mber incl)des
BD<
The >ina3 Deca7e of the T5entieth Cent2ry
not only inde5endent# ch&rism&tic ch)rches# b)t &lso m&ny Anglic&n
ch)rches# incl)ding !ondon0s Holy Trinity Ch)rch %rom5ton.
THE PENSACOLA REIAL
Another re1i1&l /ith n&tion&l &nd intern&tion&l im5lic&tions er)5ted in
Pens&col&# Florid&# &t the %ro/ns1ille Assembly o. 'od on F&ther0s
$&y# J)ne BD# BCCF. 1&ngelist Ste1e Hill 5re&ched th&t morning &nd
then g&1e &n in1it&tion .or those desiring 5r&yer. As Hill# /ho h&d
1isited re1i1&l centers in Argentin&# ngl&nd &nd Toronto# beg&n
5r&ying .or the &55ro3im&tely one tho)s&nd /ho res5onded to his
in1it&tion# )n)s)&l s5irit)&l m&ni.est&tions beg&n to occ)r. (&ny .ell to
the .loor. Among these /&s P&stor John *il5&trick /ho l&y on the .loor
.or three &nd one+h&l. ho)rs. He l&ter testi.ied th&t# /hile in th&t st&te#
he .elt &ll the stress dr&in o)t o. his body. JI co)ldn0t mo1e# b)t I .elt
/onder.)l#J he s&id.
>
Indeed# )n)s)&l s5irit)&l 5henomen& s)ch &s .&lling# trembling#
sh&king# l&)ghing &nd /ee5ing /ere common in this re1i1&l .rom th&t
d&y .or/&rd. *il5&trick# /ho con.esses to h&1ing been some/h&t
critic&l o. s)ch 5henomen&# s&ys th&t the Holy S5irit s&id to him# JJohn#
i. yo) re&lly /&nt re1i1&l# don0t tell (e ho/ to do it or /hen to do it.
,o)0ll h&1e to ste5 o)t o. the /&y.J
D
These m&ni.est&tions# &s h&s been the c&se in other re1i1&ls#
&ttr&cted m)ch &ttention# res)lting in & 5henomen&l in.l)3 o. 1isitors to
Pens&col& .rom &ll o1er the /orld. At its height# the re1i1&l &ttr&cted
1isitors .rom &ro)nd the /orld /ho /o)ld /&it in line .or ho)rs in &ll
kinds o. /e&ther in order to get & se&t &t &n e1ening re1i1&l ser1ice. The
re1i1&l &lso c&)ght the &ttention o. the sec)l&r ne/s medi& &nd /&s
co1ered by 1&rio)s loc&l &nd n&tion&l ne/s o)tlets# incl)ding the *e5
Yor9 Times0 the )ashin4ton Post0 P%S &nd CNN.
"here&s most cl&ssic&l Pentecost&ls m&int&ined reser1&tions &bo)t
the Toronto %lessing# the Pens&col& Re1i1&l 5ro1ided & model more
com5&tible /ith their ministry style &nd theology. And e1en tho)gh
5eo5le o. 1&rio)s ch)rches &nd denomin&tions /ere im5&cted by the
Pens&col& Re1i1&l# it /&s 5&rtic)l&rly s)ccess.)l in dr&/ing cl&ssic&l
Pentecost&ls into the .resh stre&m o. s5irit)&l rene/&l.
DIISION IN PENSACOLA
In J&n)&ry :;;;# (ich&el %ro/n /&s dismissed .rom his 5ost &s
BD>
5resident o. the %ro/ns1ille Re1i1&l School o. (inistry. %RS( h&d
been .o)nded to .)rther tr&in &nd e@)i5 those /ho h&d been Jto)chedJ
by 'od in the re1i1&l. "hen his dismiss&l /&s m&de 5)blic# & m&7ority
o. the .&c)lty &nd more then one+h&l. o. the st)dent body le.t %RS(
&nd 7oined %ro/n0s ne/ school &nd ministry kno/n &s the Fello/shi5
o. Intern&tion&l Re1i1&l &nd 1&ngelism# or F.I.R..
The c&)se o. the di1ision 5rob&bly centered &ro)nd iss)es o.
&)thority &nd control. It seems th&t %ro/ns1ille o..ici&ls /&nted %ro/n#
& messi&nic Je/# to obt&in credenti&ls .rom their denomin&tion# the
Assemblies o. 'od. According to %ro/ns1ille o..ici&ls# this re@)est
origin&ted .rom denomin&tion&l o..ici&ls &nd /&s m&de &s &n &ttem5t to
est&blish J&cco)nt&bilityJ in the %ible school. *il5&trick described the
.iring o. %ro/n &s being Jo1er irreconcil&ble di..erences on
im5lementing the 1ision o. %RS(.J
C
On the other h&nd# & .ormer %RS( .&c)lty member st&ted th&t the
di1ision did not occ)r bec&)se o. & l&ck o. &cco)nt&bility# b)t bec&)se
%ro/ns1ille o..ici&ls# incl)ding *il5&trick# /&nted to e3ercise more
&)thority in the school. According to this .ormer .&c)lty member it /&s
%ro/ns1ille o..ici&ls# not A' denomin&tion&l o..ici&ls# /ho insisted on
%ro/n &ligning himsel. /ith their denomin&tion. "hen %ro/n re.)sed
to do so# he /&s s)mm&rily dismissed.
B;
THE E## AND FLOW OF REIAL
The re1i1&l# &s re5resented by Toronto &nd Pens&col&# h&s 5e&ked &nd
/&ned. The cro/ds th&t once .locked to these t/o re1i1&l e5icenters &re
no/ m)ch sm&ller. Re1i1&l ser1ices th&t /ere once cond)cted se1er&l
nights 5er /eek h&1e been sc&led b&ck. Sensing the ch&nge# m&ny
5&stors &nd ch)rches th&t once considered themsel1es & 1it&l 5&rt o. this
re1i1&l mo1ement h&1e so)ght to Jmo1e onJ or h&1e ret)rned to their
5re+re1i1&l ro)tine.
For m&ny# the initi&l e3citement o. the m&ni.est&tions h&s s)bsided.
This is# 5erh&5s# the res)lt o. 5l&cing too m)ch em5h&ses on the
m&ni.est&tions. An e&rly Pentecost&l# John '. !&ke# tells o. the
conse@)ences o. e&rly Pentecost&ls 5l&cing too m)ch 1&l)e on the
5henomenon o. s5e&king in tong)es. He s&ys# JA.ter &/hile the tong)es
got dry. Someho/ the glory &nd the glo/ h&d gone o)t o. them. They
bec&me r&ttly &nd did not so)nd right.J
BB
According to !&ke# s5e&king
in tong)es /&s not the 5roblem# b)t the .&ct th&t m&ny h&d become
more &bsorbed in the 5henomen& o. 'od th&n /ith 'od Himsel..
BDD
Nonetheless# the /&1es .rom these &nd other re1i1&l mo1ements
contin)e to re1erber&te thro)gho)t the ch)rch &nd the /orld. "hile
some segments o. the re1i1&l /&ne# re5orts o. ne/er ch&rism&tic+ty5e
re1i1&ls contin)e to 5o)r in .rom e1ery corner o. the globe. According
to 4inson Syn&n# &s the t/enty+.irst cent)ry d&/ned# Jne/er 0AI)s&
Streets0 /ere 5o55ing )5 in m&ny n&tions th&t /ere s5&/ning m&ss
mo1ements o. the Holy S5irit &mong the m&sses.J
B:
It is estim&ted th&t
in Chin& &lone# there &re no/ more th&n .i.ty million Pentecost&l &nd
Ch&rism&tics.
Altho)gh both Toronto &nd Pens&col& /ill# no do)bt# contin)e to
5l&y signi.ic&nt roles in re1i1&lism# their im5ort&nt contrib)tion h&s
been to demonstr&te th&t biblic&l re1i1&lism# ch&r&cteriIed by signs#
/onders &nd s5irit)&l m&ni.est&tions# is still 1i&ble tod&y. They h&1e
sho/n th&t# in s5ite o. modern so5histic&tion# h)m&n he&rts still long
.or dyn&mic enco)nters /ith the li1ing 'od.
THE PRO#LEM OF MANIFESTATIONS
%y .&r# the gre&test criticism o. this re1i1&l centered &ro)nd the )n)s)&l
m&ni.est&tions th&t occ)rred. Altho)gh m&ny# incl)ding 5&stors &nd
ch)rch le&ders# testi.ied to h&1ing their li1es &nd ministries tr&ns.ormed
thro)gh intense# s5irit)&l enco)nters in these meetings#
B=
some
detr&ctors insisted th&t the m&ni.est&tions /ere demonic in origin.
B?
Others# tho)gh not /illing to c&ll them demonic# e35ressed concern th&t
they re5resented e3cessi1e# s)b7ecti1e e35ressions o. h)m&n n&t)re# i.e.#
the .lesh# &nd th&t )nchecked J.leshly Ie&lJ might le&d to .&n&ticism.
BF
There is no @)estion th&t e3cesses occ)rred in this re1i1&l&s is
the c&se in e1ery re1i1&l&nd th&t the Ne/ Test&ment &dmonition to
test &nd 5ro1e s5irit)&l m&ni.est&tions is in order. 8See B Corinthi&ns
B?E:CL B Thess&loni&ns FEBC+:BL B John ?EB.9 Rom&n C&tholic
theologi&n H&ns *)ng 5oints o)t# ho/e1er# th&t o)tbre&ks o. s5irit)&l
e3cess or enth2siasm &re & sign o. & crisis in the ch)rch. He m&int&ins
th&t the dem&nds o. the enth2siasts 8re1i1&lists9 th&t &re tr)ly rooted in
the 'os5el sho)ld be t&ken )5 &nd 5)t into 5r&ctice.
B<
'ordon Fee#
5ro.essor o. Ne/ Test&ment &t Regent College in 4&nco)1er# %ritish
Col)mbi&# &grees# s&ying th&t the .&)lt .or enth)si&stic e3tremes o.ten
lies /ith the ch)rch th&t no longer e35ects li.e in the S5irit in & dyn&mic
/&y.
B>
BDC
INSTIT!TIONAL TRENDS
"hen the dyn&mism &nd s5ont&neity o. & Ch&rism&tic re1i1&l /&nes#
there is norm&lly &n &ttem5t to re5l&ce the loss /ith more 5erm&nent
.orms o. ministry &nd /orshi5. This instit)tion&liIing 5rocess is &
sociologic&l 5henomenon th&t is ch&r&cteristic o. &ll religio)s
mo1ementsincl)ding re1i1&l mo1ements. (ost recently# this
instit)tion&l trend h&s t&ken t/o 5rinci5&l directionsE On the one h&nd#
there is the Con1ergence mo1ement# /hich seeks to merge the
charismata /ith the rit)&ls &nd ceremonies o. the older# tr&dition&l
ch)rches. On the other h&nd# there is the Ne/ A5ostolic Re.orm&tion#
/hich seeks to model its order &.ter the Ne/ Test&ment &nd 5romotes
the recognition o. 5resent+d&y &5ostles &nd 5ro5hets.
THE CONERGENCE MOEMENT
The Con1ergence mo1ement cl&ims th&t there &re three stre&ms o.
Christi&n tr&ditionE the ch&rism&tic# the e1&ngelic&l &nd the lit)rgic&l.
"hile the ch&rism&tic stre&m em5h&siIes the 5o/er o. the Holy S5irit#
the e1&ngelic&l stre&m em5h&siIes the im5ort&nce o. Scri5t)re# &nd the
lit)rgic&l stre&m em5h&siIes the &ncient ceremonies &nd rit)&ls o. the
Ch)rch. The Con1ergence mo1ement# there.ore# 5l&ces gre&t 1&l)e on
the historic&l instit)tions o. the ch)rch &nd seeks to merge the
charismata /ith tr&dition&l# high+ch)rch order &nd lit)rgy.
This trend h&s res)lted in the .orm&tion o. ne/ denomin&tions# the
l&rgest being the Ch&rism&tic 5isco5&l Ch)rches &nd The Comm)nion
o. 1&ngelic&l 5isco5&l Ch)rches. This em5h&sis on the im5ort&nce o.
tr&dition&l order &nd lit)rgies h&s &lso res)lted in & n)mber Pentecost&ls
&nd Ch&rism&tics 7oining the older# tr&dition&l ch)rches. One o. the
most striking e3&m5les is th&t o. P&stor Ch&rles %ell /ho led his
4iney&rd congreg&tion o. S&n Jose# C&li.orni& into the Antiochi&n
1&ngelic&l Orthodo3 (ission. %ell ch&nged his n&me to JF&ther
Ser&5him %ellJ &nd# &ccording to Syn&n# J5ro5hesying &nd s5e&king in
tong)es g&1e /&y to lit)rgic&l re&dings# lit c&ndles &nd kissed 5&intings
o. the 1irgin (&ry.J
BD
The @)estion rem&ins /hether s)ch &ttem5ts &t con1ergence c&n
&ct)&lly s)cceed. Is this &n &ttem5t to 5)t the ne/ /ine o. s5irit)&l
rene/&l into old /ineskins o. dogm& &nd tr&ditionK "ill the
charismata0 /hich &re dyn&mic &nd s5ont&neo)s# be @)enched /ithin
the .i3ed .orms o. tr&dition&l lit)rgies &nd orderK According to Old
Test&ment schol&r "&lter ichrodt# &ny h&rmonio)s coo5er&tion
BC;
bet/een .i3ed .orms o. /orshi5 8lit)rgy9 &nd s5ont&neo)s e35ressions
o. religio)s e35erience 8the charismataB Jis const&ntly being sh&ttered
by their inherent m)t)&l o55osition.J
BC
THE NEW APOSTOLIC CH!RCHES
The Ne/ A5ostolic Ch)rch mo1ement seeks to model its order &.ter the
Ne/ Test&ment &nd sees the J&5ostleJ &s the key go1erning .ig)re in
this model. %)t /ho &re the &5ostlesK According to C. Peter "&gner#
modern &5ostles &re the 5&stors o. the meg& ch)rches. He s&ys# JIt m&y
/ell be th&t 5&stors o. dyn&mic# gro/ing ch)rches o. o1er se1en
h)ndred to eight h)ndred /ill &l/&ys h&1e &n &ccom5&nying gi.t o. &n
&5ostle.J
:;
These &5ostles e3ercise & go1erning &)thority# not only o1er
their o/n congreg&tion# b)t o1er other congreg&tions &s /ell. "&gner
s&ys# in .&ct# th&t the most r&dic&l di..erence bet/een the Ne/
A5ostolic Ch)rches &nd tr&dition&l Christi&nity is Jthe &mo)nt o.
s5irit)&l &)thority deleg&ted by the Holy S5irit to indi1id)&ls.J
:B
"&gner belie1es th&t this mo1ement /ill res)lt in J& m&7or
tr&ns.orm&tion o. Christi&nity.J
::
The &ttem5t to im5lement & Ne/ Test&ment order /ith &
restor&tion o. &5ostolic ministry is not )ni@)e to the Ne/ A5ostolic
Ch)rch mo1ement o. the t/enty+.irst cent)ry. 4&rio)s re1i1&l
mo1ements thro)gho)t history h&1e t&ken & simil&r &55ro&ch. For
e3&m5le# Obbe Phili5s# & le&der in the si3teenth+cent)ry An&b&5tist
mo1ement tells ho/ John (&tthi7is Jintrod)ced them into the o..ice o.
&5ostle &nd sent them o)t in 5&irs &s tr)e &5ostles &nd emiss&ries o.
Christ.J
:=
The e&rliest Pentecost&ls c&lled their mo1ement The A1osto3ic
>aith0 &nd both P&rh&m &nd Seymo)r c&lled their 5)blic&tions The
A1osto3ic >aith. In &ddition# P&rh&m tells ho/ he /&s 5ro1identi&lly
&nointed &s &n J&5ostle o. )nityJ &nd decl&res his intention to honor
Je1ery tr)e &5ostle# 5&stor# te&cher &nd /orker.J
:?
$)ring the BC?;s+
BCF;s# the !&tter R&in mo1ement /&s ch&r&cteriIed by# &mong other
things# its recognition o. &5ostles &nd 5ro5hets. Syn&n s&ys# JAlmost
e1ery .e&t)re o. the 0Ne/ A5ostolic Ch)rch0 /hich "&gner describes
/&s gi1en to the body o. Christ by Pentecost&ls &nd Ch&rism&tics.J
:F
BCB
THE LINE OF ADANCE FOR THE
CH!RCH TODAY
In reg&rds to the @)est .or & Ne/ Test&ment model o. ch)rch order#
there is & gro/ing 1ol)me o. Ne/ Test&ment schol&rshi5 th&t denies
th&t &ny ch)rch order is l&id do/n in the Ne/ Test&ment. 'ordon Fee#
.or e3&m5le# s&ys th&t the Ne/ Test&ment is .)ll o. s)r5rises# Jb)t none
is so s)r5rising &s its gener&lly rel&3ed &ttit)de to/&rd ch)rch str)ct)res
&nd le&dershi5.J
:<
He &nd others 5oint o)t th&t# e3ce5ting Phili55i&ns
BEB#
:>
P&)l ne1er &ddresses himsel. to & le&der or gro)5 o. le&ders in
&ny o. his letters to the ch)rches.
:D
1en in Corinth /here there &re so
m&ny 5roblems# P&)l &55e&ls to the entire congreg&tion r&ther th&n to &
s5eci.ic le&der.
John "esley /ho# &s &n Anglic&n minister# /&s initi&lly committed
to the 5isco5&l .orm o. ch)rch go1ernment# re.ined his 1ie/s &nd
decl&red th&t Jneither Christ nor his &5ostles 5rescribed &ny .orm o.
ch)rch go1ernment.J
:C
In his cl&ssic /ork The Primiti8e Ch2rch0
Pro.essor %)rnett Streeter s&ysE
"h&te1er else is dis5)t&ble# there is# I s)bmit# one res)lt .rom
/hich there is no esc&5e. In the Primiti1e Ch)rch there /&s no
single system o. ch)rch order l&id do/n by the A5ostles.
$)ring the .irst h)ndred ye&rs o. Christi&nity# the Ch)rch /&s
&n org&nism &li1e &nd gro/ingch&nging its org&niI&tion to
meet ch&nging needs.
=;
History /o)ld in.orm )s th&t the key .or the ch)rch in the t/enty+
.irst cent)ry is not to be .o)nd in o)t/&rd .orm &nd str)ct)re. %oth the
Ne/ Test&ment &nd ch)rch history indic&te th&t the key .or the ch)rch
is to be .o)nd in &n inner &ttit)de o. .&ith in Christ &nd &n o5enness to
the /ind o. the S5irit th&t blo/s# not /here He m)st# b)t /here He
/ills. Commenting on the .&ct th&t e&rly Christi&nity /&s not tied to &
5&rtic)l&r o)t/&rd .orm .or its e35ression# Pro.essor Streeter s&ysE
It is 5ermissible to hint th&t the .irst Christi&ns &chie1ed /h&t
they did bec&)se the s5irit /ith /hich they /ere ins5ired /&s
one .&1or&ble to e35eriment. In this&nd 5erh&5s in some
other res5ectsit m&y be th&t the line o. &d1&nce .or the
Ch)rch o. tod&y is not to imit&te the .orms# b)t to rec&5t)re the
S5irit o. the Primiti1e Ch)rch.
=B
BC:
CONCLUSIONE Contending .or The F&ith
Conten"ing for the
#aith
he /&1es o. re1i1&l &nd rene/&l in the t/entieth cent)ry res)lted
in &n )n5recedented 5roli.er&tion o. ch&rism&tic gi.ts thro)gho)t
the ch)rch. The mo1ement no/ cl&ims &lmost si3 h)ndred
million &dherents /orld/ide &nd is gro/ing &t the r&te o. o1er nine
million 5er ye&r. It is .o)nd &mong nine tho)s&nd di..erent ethnic
gro)5s s5e&king eight tho)s&nd di..erent l&ng)&ges. Its )ni1ers&l im5&ct
is borne o)t by the .&ct th&t << 5ercent o. &ll Christi&ns in de1elo5ing
n&tions identi.y themsel1es &s Pentecost&lHCh&rism&tic.
B
T
The mo1ement0s &sto)nding moment)m is m&nd&ting th&t
denomin&tions# reg&rdless o. &ncestry# ree1&l)&te &ttit)des to/&rd
s5irit)&l gi.ts. Among Protest&nts# &ll b)t & .e/ dieh&rd .)nd&ment&lists
h&1e gi1en )5 the notion th&t ch&rism&tic gi.ts ce&sed &t some 5oint in
history# &nd no/ &dmit th&t s5irit)&l gi.ts m&y be e35ressed in &ny &ge
or 5eriod o. time.
:
In & simil&r 1ein# the Rom&n C&tholic Ch)rch h&s
gi1en )5 its st&nce th&t these gi.ts &re only .or & select# s&intly .e/# &nd
no/ decl&re th&t they m&y be .o)nd J&mong the .&ith.)l o. e1ery r&nk.J
=
ON THE FRINGE?
In s5ite o. these &d1&ncements# m&ny in the tr&dition&l ch)rches
contin)e to insist th&t Pentecost&ls &nd Ch&rism&tics &re# &t best# on the
.ringes o. orthodo3 Christi&nity. Ho/e1er# Henry 4&n $)sen in his
l&ndm&rk BCFD &rticle in Life m&g&Iine titled JThe Third Force#J
c&stig&tes the tr&dition&l ch)rches .or re.erring to these gro)5s as frin4e
sects. JOn the .ringe o. /h&tKJ he &sks. JPerh&5s on the .ringe o.
tr&dition&l ch)rches# b)t not necess&rily on the .ringe o. Christendom.J
4&n $)sen# then 5resident o. -nion Theologic&l Semin&ry# goes on to
BC=
s)ggest th&t Peter# P&)l &nd %&rn&b&s /o)ld 5rob&bly .eel more &t
home &t & Pentecost&l re1i1&l th&n in the .orm&liIed /orshi5 o. other
ch)rches# C&tholic or Protest&nt.
?
PRESERERS OF TR!TH
It is o.ten m&int&ined by those in the tr&dition&l ch)rches th&t it is their
instit)tions th&t h&1e 5reser1ed Christi&n tr)th thro)gh the cent)ries. Is
it 5ossible# ho/e1er# th&t the historic resist&nce to s5irit)&l rene/&l by
m&ny o. these ch)rches h&s o.ten res)lted in the de1elo5ment o. &
distorted .orm o. Christi&nity /ithin their r&nksK
F
Contr&ry to their
5ers5ecti1e# is it 5ossible th&t & 5)rer .orm o. Christi&n tr)th h&s o.ten
been 5reser1ed by m&ny o. the re1i1&l &nd rene/&l mo1ements o.
ch)rch history# /hich# in their res5ecti1e er&s# h&1e been o5en to the
rene/ing /ork o. the Holy S5irit in their midstK
I. this is tr)e# then# the millions o. Pentecost&ls &nd Ch&rism&tics
&ro)nd the /orld c&n cl&im & rich historic&l herit&ge in &ddition to &
so)nd biblic&l .o)nd&tion. Their historic&l co)nter5&rts incl)de the
re1i1&l mo1ements o. ch)rch history th&t consistently 5reser1ed
elements o. di1ine tr)th th&t /ere o.ten re7ected or neglected by the
instit)tion&l ch)rch. Co)r&geo)s men &nd /omen in e1ery gener&tion
h&1e ke5t &li1e the tr)th o. & 1it&l# li1ing# biblic&l .&ith em5o/ered by
the Holy S5irit. Th&t the t/entieth+cent)ry Pentecost&lHCh&rism&tic
mo1ement is m&instre&m Christi&nity is con.irmed# not only by the Ne/
Test&ment# b)t &lso by t/o tho)s&nd ye&rs o. ch&rism&tic Christi&nity.
BC?
NOTES
Introduction: Recovering the History of
Pentecostal/Charismatic Christianity
B. St&nley (. %)rgess &nd '&ry %. (c'ee# Dictionary of Pentecosta3
an7 Charismatic .o8ements 8'r&nd R&5ids# (IE 6onder1&n#
BCDD9# DBB.
:. Ibid.
=. Ibid.# DB;.
?. 4inson Syn&n# ed.# The Cent2ry of the Ho3y '1irit 8N&sh1ille# TNE
Thom&s Nelson# :;;B9# =>B.
F. These /ords occ)r in the s)btitle o. H&r1ey Co3# >ire >rom
Hea8en: The Rise of Pentecosta3 '1irit2a3ity an7 the Resha1in4 of
Re3i4ion in the T5entyfirst Cent2ry 8Re&ding# (AL Ne/ ,orkE
Addison+"esley# BCCF9.
<. JRo)ndt&ble#J Pentecosta3 E8an4e30 no. ?::; 8A)g. B=# BCCF9E D.
'eorge O. "ood# &n e3ec)ti1e 5resbyter o. the Assemblies o.
'od# &..irms the e&rly Pentecost&l restor&tionist &55ro&ch to
history. He s&ys# J"e /ere /illing to ski5# i. /e co)ld# BC
cent)ries o. Christi&n history &nd s&y# 0"hile /e th&nk 'od .or
/h&t /&s &ccom5lished by Him in history# o)r go&l is not to be in
the 5&ttern o. ch)rch tr&dition. "e sim5ly /&nt to go b&ck to the
%ook o. Acts &nd redisco1er /h&t the &rly Ch)rch h&d &nd
5ossess it so /e c&n be the instr)ment 'od )ses in o)r gener&tion.J0
>. P&)l Thig5en# JAncient Alt&rs# Pentecost&l Fire#J .inistries To7ay
8No1emberH$ecember BCC:9E ?=+FB.
Chater !: "he #ostolic Church
B. 'ordon Fee# The >irst E1ist3e to the Corinthians 8'r&nd R&5ids#
(IE erdm&ns# BCDD9# <;>.
:. H&ns 1on C&m5enh&)sen# Ecc3esiastica3 A2thority an7 '1irit2a3
Po5er in the Ch2rches of the >irst Three Cent2ries 8St&n.ord# CAE
BCF
St&n.ord -ni1ersity# BC<C9# FD.
=. H&ns *)ng# J"h&t Is the ssence o. A5ostolic S)ccessionK#J
A1osto3ic '2ccession: Rethin9in4 A <arrier To Unity0 ed. H&ns
*)ng 8Ne/ ,orkE P&)list Press# BC<D9# =F.
?. Ibid# =?.
F. R)dol5h %)ltm&nn# *e5 Testament Theo3o4y0 2 1ols. 8Ne/ ,orkE
Ch&rles Scribner# BC<F9# :EC>.
<. J&mes $. '. $)nn# ;es2s an7 the '1irit 8Phil&del5hi&# PAE
"estminster# BC>F9# :CB.
>. Ibid.# :DF.
D. John *no3# JThe (inistry in the Primiti1e Ch)rch#J The .inistry
in Historica3 Pers1ecti8e0 ed. Rich&rd H. Nieb)hr &nd $&niel $.
"illi&ms 8Ne/ ,orkE H&r5er &nd Ro/# BCF<9# B;.
C. H&ns *)ng# The Ch2rch 8'&rden City# N,E Im&ge %ooks# BC><9#
:?C.
B;. $)nn# ;es2s an7 the '1irit0 &2.
Chater $: "he #nte%Nicene Church
B. J)stin (&rtyr# Dia3o42e )ith Try1ho0 1ol. B o. The Ante*icene
Christian Li:rary0 ed. Re1. Ale3&nder Roberts &nd J&mes
$on&ldson 8dinb)rgh# ngl&ndE T Q T Cl&rk# BD>?9# :?;.
:. Ibid.# :?=.
=. J)stin (&rtyr# The 'econ7 A1o3o4y of ;2stin0 1ol. B o. The Ante
*icene Christian Li:rary0 BC;.
?. Iren&e)s# A4ainst Heresies0 1ol. B o. The Ante*icene Christian
Li:rary0 ?;C.
F. Ibid.# F=B.
<. Tert)lli&n# A Treatise on the 'o230 1ol. = o. The Ante*icene
Christian Li:rary0 BDC.
>. Ibid.# BDD.
D. Tert)lli&n# A1o3o4etic )or9s0 1ol. B; o. The >athers of the
Ch2rch0 tr&ns. "illi&m P. !e S&int 8!ondonE !ongm&ns Q 'reen#
BCF;9# B:B.
C. Tert)lli&n# A4ainst .arcion0 1ol. = o. The Ante*icene Christian
BC<
*otes
Li:rary0 ??>.
B;. Tert)lli&n# -n <a1tism0 1ol. = o. The Ante*icene Christian
Li:rary0 #%2.
BB. Origen# A4ainst Ce3s2s0 1ol. ? o. The Ante*icene Christian
Li:rary0 ?>=.
B:. Ibid.# <B?.
B=. Cecil (. Robeck# JOrigen0s Tre&tment o. the Ch&rism&t&#J
Charismatic E?1eriences in History 8Pe&body# (AE Hendrickson#
BCDF9# B:;.
B?. Origen# -ri4en De Princi1iis0 1ol. ? o. The Ante*icene Christian
Li:rary0 :F?.
BF. Origen# A4ainst Ce3s2s0 <B?.
B<. R)ssell J. $eSimone# tr&ns.# JNo1&ti&nE The Trinity#J The >athers
of the Ch2rch 8"&shington# $CE Consorti)m# BC>?9# ?.
B>. Ibid.
BD. Jerome# +332strio2s .en of the Ch2rch0 1ol. = o. *icene an7 Post
*icene >athers of the Christian Ch2rch0 :nd Series# eds. Phili5
Sch&.. &nd Henry "&ce 8'r&nd R&5ids# (IE erdm&ns# BC>D9# =>=.
BC. Cy5ri&n# Letters0 1ol. FB o. The >athers of the Ch2rch0 ed. Roy
Jose5h $e.&rr&i 8"&shington# $CE C&tholic -ni1. Americ&n Press#
BC<?9# B<B.
:;. Cy5ri&n# The E1ist3es of Cy1rian0 1ol. F o. The Ante*icene
Christian Li:rary0 :C;.
:B. Cy5ri&n does not seem to &d1oc&te & mech&nic&l b&5tism&l
regener&tion. He s&ys# JFor /&ter &lone is not &ble to cle&nse &/&y
sins &nd to s&ncti.y & m&n )nless he h&1e &lso the Holy S5irit.J
Cy5ri&n sees &)thentic b&5tism t&king 5l&ce in the conte3t o. .&ith
&nd 5ro5er ch)rch &)thority.
::. Cy5ri&n# The E1ist3es of Cy1rian0 =D>.
:=. Ibid.# =DD.
:?. (ich&el ". Holmes# ed.# The A1osto3ic >athers0 tr&ns. J. %.
!ight.oot &nd J. R. H&rmer 8'r&nd R&5ids# (IE %&ker# BCDC9# B;D.
:F. (orton T. *elsey# Ton42e '1ea9in4 8'&rden City# N,E
$o)bled&y# BC<?9# FF.
:<. )sebi)s# The History of the Ch2rch0 tr&ns. '. A. "illi&mson
BC>
8Ne/ ,orkE $orset Press# BC<F9# :D:+:D=. )sebi)s# /riting &t the
beginning o. the .o)rth cent)ry# notes th&t & cert&in bisho5# e1en
tho)gh he h&d been b&5tiIed# co)ld not h&1e recei1ed the Holy
S5irit bec&)se he h&d not recei1ed con.irm&tion# or the l&ying on o.
h&nds.
Chater &: "he 'ecline of (iritual )ifts and the *irst
Charismatic Rene+al
B. J&mes !. Ash Jr.# JThe $ecline o. cst&tic Pro5hecy in the &rly
Ch)rch#J Theo3o4ica3 't27ies => 8BC><9E ::>.
:. 'er&ld F. H&/thorne# Phi3i11ians0 1ol. ?= o. )or7 <i:3ica3
Commentary0 ed. $&1id A. H)bb&rd &nd 'len ". %&rker 8"&coE
T2E "ord %ooks# BCD=9# D.
=. Ign&ti)s# JTo the Smyrne&ns#J The A1osto3ic >athers0 ed. (ich&el
". Holmes 8'r&nd R&5ids# (IE %&ker# BCC:9# BDC.
?. Ign&ti)s# JTo the Tr&lli&ns#J The A1osto3ic >athers0 B<B.
F. Ash# JThe $ecline o. cst&tic Pro5hecy in the &rly Ch)rch#J :?C.
<. %)rnett Streeter# The Primiti8e Ch2rch 8Ne/ ,orkE (&c(ill&n#
BC:C9# B<C+>;.
>. Ash# JThe $ecline o. cst&tic Pro5hecy in the &rly Ch)rch#J ::D.
D. See Tert)lli&n# JOn F&sting#J 1ol. ? o. The Ante*icene Christian
Li:rary0 B;:. Tert)lli&n s&ys th&t the (ont&nists do not Jo1ert)rn
&ny r)le o. .&ith or ho5e.J See Ron&ld . Heine# The .ontanist
-rac3es an7 Testimonia 8(&con# 'AE (ercer -ni1ersity Press#
BCDC9# :>. Heine records the (ont&nist o55onent# 5i5h&ni)s# &s
s&ying th&t the (ont&nists J&cce5t &ll the Scri5t)res o. the Old &nd
Ne/ Test&ment# &nd like/ise s&y th&t there is & res)rrection o. the
de&d.J See &lso Phili5 Sch&..# Ante*icene Christianity0 1ol. : o.
History of the Christian Ch2rch 8BCB;L re5rint# 'r&nd R&5ids# (IE
erdm&ns# BCC?9# ?:BL &nd H&ns 1on C&m5enh&)sen# The
>ormation of the Christian <i:3e0 tr&ns. J. A. %&ker 8Phil&del5hi&#
PAE Fortress Press# BC>:9# :::.
C. John !&cy# The =enera3 De32sion of Christians To2chin4 the )ays
of =o7@s Re8ea3in4 Himse3f To an7 <y the Pro1hets 8B>B=# re5rintL
!ondonE R. %. Seely &nd ". %)rnside# BD=:9# :C=. See &lso ;ohn
)es3ey0 1ol. C o. The )or9s of ;ohn )es3ey0 B? 1ols. 8'r&nd
R&5ids# (IE 6onder1&n# n.d.#9# ?DF. "esley re.ers to (ont&n)s &s
BCD
*otes
Jnot only & good m&n# b)t one o. the best men then )5on the e&rth.J
B;. This is the con1iction o. F. C. *l&/iter# JThe Ne/ Pro5hecy in
&rly Christi&nityE The Origin# N&t)re# &nd $e1elo5ment o.
(ont&nism# A.$. B<F+:;;.J Ph.$. diss.# -ni1ersity o. Chic&go#
BC>F.
BB. See Sch&..# Ante*icene Christianity0 1ol. : o. History of the
Christian Ch2rch0 ?:?.
B:. See )sebi)s# The History of the Ch2rch0 :::. )sebi)s h&s
5reser1ed .r&gments o. the /ritings o. A5olloni)s /ho m&kes this
ch&rge &g&inst the (ont&nists. A5olloni)s# nonetheless# recogniIes
s5irit)&l gi.ts &nd decl&res th&t Jthe 5ro5hetic gi.t m)st rem&in in
the /hole Ch)rch )ntil the .in&l coming# e1en &s the &5ostle
insists.J This cle&rly demonstr&tes th&t the con.lict did not concern
the legitim&cy o. the gi.ts themsel1es b)t /&s# r&ther# & 5o/er
str)ggle concerning the loc)s o. &)thority in the Ch)rch.
B=. *ili&n (c$onnell &nd 'eorge (ont&g)e# Christian +nitiation an7
<a1tism in the Ho3y '1irit 8College1ille# (NE !it)rgic&l# BCCB9#
B;D.
B?. )sebi)s# The History of the Ch2rch0 :;<. See &lso Sch&..# Ante
*icene Christianity0 1ol. : o. History of the Christian Ch2rch0 ?:;.
Sch&.. s&ys th&t Iren&e)s /&s sent to Rome Jto intercede on their
Mthe (ont&nistsN beh&l..J This s&me 1ie/ is e35ressed by Robert
(. 'r&nt# A242st2s to Constantine 8Ne/ ,orkE H&r5er Q Ro/#
BC>;9# B=<L (c$onnell &nd (ont&g)e# Christian +nitiation an7
<a1tism in the Ho3y '1irit0 B;DL &nd $&1id "right# J(ont&nismE A
(o1ement o. S5irit)&l Rene/&lKJ Theo3o4ica3 Rene5a3
8No1ember BCD:9E :F.
BF. Iren&e)s# A4ainst Heresies0 1ol. B o. The Ante*icene Christian
Li:rary0 ?:C. Iren&e)s is re.erring s5eci.ic&lly to the 'os5el o.
John. Some denied its 1&lidity &nd the 1&lidity o. the 5ro5hetic gi.tL
5rob&bly in re&ction to the (ont&nists /ho deri1ed m)ch o. their
te&ching concerning the P&r&clete .rom this gos5el. This is the 1ie/
o. "&lter %&)er# -rtho7o?y an7 Heresy in Ear3iest Christianity0
eds. Robert A. *r&.t &nd 'erh&rd *rodel 8Phil&del5hi&# PAE
Fortress Press# BC>B9# B?BL ". H. C. Frend# The Rise of
Christianity 8Phil&del5hi&# PAE Fortress Press# BCD?9# :F?L &nd
Robert (. 'r&nt# A242st2s to Constantine 8Ne/ ,orkE H&r5er Q
Ro/# BC>;9# B=<.
B<. Tert)lli&n# A4ainst Pra?eas0 1ol. = o. The Ante*icene Christian
BCC
Li:rary0 FC>.
B>. (c$onnell &nd (ont&g)e# Christian +nitiation an7 the <a1tism in
the Ho3y '1irit0 B;D.
BD. Tert)lli&n# A4ainst Pra?eas0 FC>.
BC. Jerome# +332strio2s .en of the Ch2rch0 1ol. = o. *icene an7 Post
*icene >athers of the Christian Ch2rch0 =>=.
:;. Nehemi&h C)rn&ck# ed# 1ol. = o. The ;o2rna3 of the Re8. ;ohn
)es3ey A...0 D 1ols. 8!ondonE 5/orth# BC=D9# ?C;.
:B. Relying on the &cco)nts o. (ont&nism 5reser1ed by )sebi)s &nd
5i5h&ni)s# modern schol&rs h&1e o.ten &ttem5ted to identi.y
(ont&nism &s re5resenting &n intr)sion o. the mystery religio)s
c)lts o. Asi& (inor into second+cent)ry Christi&nity. This beg&n
/ith A)g)st)s Ne&nder# =enera3 History of the Christian Re3i4ion
an7 Ch2rch0 1ol. B o. ? 1ols# tr&ns. Jose5h Torrey 8%oston# (AE
Ho)ghton# (i..lin Q Co# BD>B9# FB=# /ho s&ys# J"e c&nnot be
s)r5rised to .ind the Phrygi&n tem5er&ment# /hich dis5l&yed itsel.
in the ecst&sies o. Cybele &nd %&&ch)s# e3hibiting itsel. once more
in the ecst&sies &nd somn&mb)lisms o. the (ont&nists.J See#
ho/e1er# "&lter %&)er# -rtho7o?y an7 Heresy in Ear3iest
Christianity0 eds. Robert A. *r&.t &nd 'erh&rd *rodel
8Phil&del5hi&# PAE Fortress Press# BC>B9# B?B. %&)er notes the
ob1io)s bi&sed re5orting o. both )sebi)s &nd 5i5h&ni)s &nd s&ys
th&t their &cco)nts &re Jh&rdly &nything more th&n &b)si1e s&tires.J
He insists th&t Jone sho)ld re7ect &s bi&sed &ll o. the 7)dgments
.o)nd in these /ords e1en i. they &re deli1ered in the cost)me o.
historic&l n&rr&ti1e.J
::. $&1id A)ne# Pro1hecy in Ear3y Christianity an7 the Ancient
.e7iterranean )or37 8'r&nd R&5ids# (IE erdm&ns# BCD=9# =B=.
:=. Phili5 Sch&.. &nd Henry "&ce# ed.# *icene an7 Post*icene
>athers of the Christian Ch2rch0 :nd Series 8'r&nd R&5ids# (IE
erdm&ns# BC>D9# :=B.
:?. *ili&n (c$onnell# The <a1tism in the Ho3y '1irit 8Notre $&me#
INE Ch&rism&tic Rene/&l Ser1ices# BC>:9# ??.
:F. This seems to h&1e been the norm&l 5&ttern in the ch)rches P&)l
est&blished# &ltho)gh J&mes seems to h&1e .)nctioned in & c&5&city
o. .irst &mong e@)&ls in the o1ersight o. the ch)rch in Jer)s&lem.
:<. %)ltm&nn# *e5 Testament Theo3o4y0 :E F:.
:;;
*otes
:>. See Cy5ri&n# Letters0 1ol. FB o. The >athers of the Ch2rch0 /ho in
his &ttem5t to th/&rt /ides5re&d schisms in the ch)rch m&kes
re5e&ted 5&r&llels o. the &)thority o. the bisho5 /ith th&t o. the Old
Test&ment 5riesthood. See &lso Peter Hinchli..# Cy1rian of
Cartha4e 8're&t %rit&inE 'eo..rey Ch&5m&n# BC>?9# B;=# /ho
5oints o)t Cy5ri&n0s &55lic&tion o. Old Test&ment te3ts to the
bisho50s o..ice &nd his tr&ns.erence o. 5&ss&ges re.erring to the Old
Test&ment !e1itic&l 5riesthood to the Christi&n ministry.
:D. Origen# A4ainst Ce3s2s0 <B?.
Chater ,: "he Imact of Constantine-s Conversion on
"he Charismatic Character of the Church
B. H&ns *)ng# Christianity: Essence0 History0 an7 >2t2re 8Ne/
,orkE Contin))m# BCC<9.
:. See )sebi)s# The History of the Ch2rch0 =C=+=C? .or & descri5tion
o. one o. these c&thedr&ls. See &lso J)sto 'onI&les# 1ol. B o. A
History of Christian Tho24ht0 = 1ols. 8N&sh1ille# TNE Abingdon#
BCD>9# :<B+:<F.
=. &rle . C&irns# Christianity Thro24h the Cent2ries 8'r&nd
R&5ids# (IE 6onder1&n# BCDB9# B:?.
?. Chrysostom# Homi3ies on >irst Corinthians0 1ol. B: o. *icene an7
Post*icene >athers of the Christian Ch2rch0 ::B.
F. Ibid.# B<D.
<. R)dol5h Sohm# -2t3ines of Ch2rch History0 8!ondonE (&c(ill&n#
BCB=9# ?>.
>. Th&t the e&rliest Christi&ns /ere not s&cr&ment&lists is borne o)t by
Iren&e)s# >ra4ments >rom the Lost )ritin4s of +renae2s0 1ol. B o.
The Ante*icene Christian Li:rary0 F>;. Iren&e)s tells o. cert&in
sl&1es o. recent Christi&n con1erts being &rrested &nd Jim&giningJ
comm)nion to be the J&ct)&lJ blood &nd body o. Christ testi.ied &s
s)ch be.ore the in@)isitors. The &)thorities then so)ght thro)gh
tort)re to .orce t/o m&rtyrs to con.ess it /&s so# b)t they re.)sed to
con.ess the mist&ken 1ie/ o. the sl&1es.
D. %&sil# -n the '1irit0 1ol. > o. *icene an7 Post*icene >athers of
the Christian Ch2rch0 ?D.
C. Ibid# ?C.
:;B
B;. A. J. 'ordon# The .inistry of Hea3in4 8H&rrisb)rg# PAE Christi&n
P)bl# BC<B9# <?.
Chater .: /onasticism: "he Rise of #nother
Charismatic /ovement
B. !eon Jose5h C&rdin&l S)enens# A *e5 Pentecost/ 8Ne/ ,orkE
Se&b)ry# BC>F9# =D.
:. Ath&n&si)s# Life of Antony0 1ol. ? o. *icene an7 Post*icene
>athers of the Christian Ch2rch0 :;;.
=. Ann Freem&ntle# A Treas2ry of Ear3y Christianity 8Ne/ ,orkE
Ne/ Americ&n !ibr&ry# BCF=9# =DC.
?. Jerome &nd 'enn&di)s# +332strio2s .en of the Ch2rch0 1ol. = o.
*icene an7 Post*icene >athers of the Christian Ch2rch0 =D>.
F. Ath&n&si)s# Life of Anthony0 :BD.
<. Ath&n&si)s# Letters of Athanasi2s0 1ol. ? o. *icene an7 Post
*icene >athers of the Christian Ch2rch0 F<;.
>. Jerome# The Life of 'aint Hi3arion0 1ol. < o. *icene an7 Post
*icene >athers of the Christian Ch2rch0 =;C.
D. Ibid# =B?.
C. A)g)stine# The City of =o70 1ol. : o. *icene an7 Post*icene
>athers of the Christian Ch2rch0 ?DF.
B;. Ambrose# -f the '1irit0 1ol. B; o. *icene an7 Post*icene >athers
of the Christian Ch2rch0 B=?.
BB. "illiston "&lker# A History of the Christian Ch2rch 8Ne/ ,orkE
Ch&rles Scribner# BC:;9# B>=.
B:. Jerome# The Life of 'aint Hi3arion0 =B=.
B=. C&irns# Christianity Thro24h the Cent2ries0 B?<.
B?. A)g)stine# The E1ist3e of 'aint ;ohn0 1ol. B: o. *icene an7 Post
*icene >athers of the Christian Ch2rch0 ?C>+?CD.
BF. A)g)stine# The City of =o70 ?DF.
B<. Ibid# ?DC.
B>. Fr&ncis S)lli1&n# Charism an7 Charismatic Rene5a3 8$)blin#
Scotl&ndE 'ill &nd (&c(ill&n# BCD:9# B?>L see &lso ddie nsley#
'o2n7s of )on7er 8Ne/ ,orkE P&)list Press# BC>>9.
:;:
*otes
BD. See Rich&rd Chene1i3 Trench# *otes on the .irac3es of -2r Lor7
8Ne/ ,orkE Re1ell# n.d.9# ??. Trench disc)sses A)g)stine0s 1&ried
1ie/s concerning the contin)&nce o. mir&cles in the ch)rch.
BC. S&int 'regory the 're&t# Dia3o42es0 1ol. =C o. The >athers of the
Ch2rch0 tr&ns. Odo John 6immerm&n 8Ne/ ,orkE F&thers o. the
Ch)rch# BCFC9# ><+>>.
:;. (ich&el "&lsh# ed.# <2t3er@s Li8es of the 'aints 8S&n Fr&ncisco#
CAE H&r5er# BCCB9# :B:.
:B. 'regory# Dia3o42es0 CD.
::. "&lsh# <2t3er@s Li8es of the 'aints0 :B:.
:=. 'regory# Dia3o42es0 =C.
:?. Ibid.# <C.
:F. Ibid.# ?D+?C.
Chater 0: 'eveloments 1ithin /onasticism and the
2cclesiastical Church
B. Ad&m Cl&rke# The *e5 Testament of -2r Lor7 an7 'a8ior ;es2s
Christ )ith a Commentary an7 Critica3 *otes 8Ne/ ,orkE Nelson
&nd Philli5s# n.d.9# >;F.
:. C&irns# Christianity Thro24h the Cent2ries0 BFF.
=. Sch&..# Ante*icene Christianity0 1ol. F o. History of the Christian
Ch2rch0 =B>.
?. S)enens# A *e5 Pentecost/0 =C.
F. Tony !&ne# Har1er@s Concise <oo9 of Christian >aith 8S&n
Fr&ncisco# CAE H&r5er Q Ro/# BCD?9# F<
<. Ibid.# <?.
>. For &n e3cellent disc)ssion o. this s)b7ect# see *en %l)e# A2thority
to Hea3 8$o/ners 'ro1e# I!E Inter4&rsity Press# BCD>9# :B+=B
D. R)th A. T)cker# >rom ;er2sa3em to +rian ;aya 8'r&nd R&5ids# (IE
6onder1&n# BCD=9# ?C.
C. Sch&..# Ante*icene Christianity0 1ol. F o. History of the Christian
Ch2rch0 BB=+BBF.
B;. %ede# <e7e@s Ecc3esiastica3 History of the En43ish *ation 8!ondonE
J.(. $ent Q Sons# BC<=9# F?.
:;=
BB. Ibid.# F?.
B:. See ch&5ter ># J(on&stic Rene/&l#J o. this 1ol)me.
B=. See H&ns *)ng# Christianity: Essence0 History0 an7 >2t2re 8Ne/
,orkE Contin))m# BCC<9# ??D. *)ng 5oints o)t th&t mystic&l
religion h&s its roots .rom the l&te 4ed&n 5eriod in Indi&.
Chater >E /onastic Rene+al
B. A)g)st)s Ne&nder# =enera3 History of the Christian Ch2rch0 1ol. ?
8%oston# (AE Crocker Q %re/ster# BDF=9# BF?.
:. Ibid# :F<.
=. Ibid.
?. Sch&..# Ante*icene Christianity0 1ol. F o. History of the Christian
Ch2rch0 =>B.
F. Ibid# =>:.
<. Ibid.
>. 'eorge %. C)tten# '1ea9in4 )ith Ton42es: Historica33y an7
Psycho3o4ica33y Consi7ere7 8Ne/ H&1en# CTE ,&le# BC:>9# ?B &nd
Sch&..# Ante*icene Christianity0 1ol. F o. History of the Christian
Ch2rch0 =>:.
D. Sch&..# Ante*icene Christianity0 1ol. F o. History of the Christian
Ch2rch0 =>:.
C. Fr&ncis C. !ehner# 'aint Dominic: <io4ra1hica3 Doc2ments
8"&shington $. CE Thomist Press# BC<?9# B<F+B<<.
B;. C)tten# '1ea9in4 )ith Ton42es: Historica33y an7 Psycho3o4ica33y
Consi7ere70 =C.
BB. S)lli1&n# Charism an7 Charismatic Rene5a3: A <i:3ica3 an7
Theo3o4ica3 't27y0 ?D.
B:. Herbert Th)rston &nd $on&ld Att/&ter# ed# 1ol. : o. <2t3er@s Li8es
of the 'aints 8Ne/ ,orkE P. J. *ennedy# BC<=9# :?.
B=. Pl&cid Herm&nn# ed# 't. >rancis of Assisi 8Chic&goE Her&ld Press#
n.d.9# FC+<; cited by John "imber# Po5er E8an4e3ism 8S&n
Fr&ncisco# CAE H&r5er &nd Ro/# BCD<9# B<<.
B?. J&cob)s de 4or&gine# The =o37en Le4en70 1ol. : 8Ne/ ,orkE
!ongm&ns# 'reen &nd Co# BC?B9# FC>.
:;?
*otes
BF. Th)rston# ed. <2t3er@s Li8es of the 'aints0 8o3. 20 !2.
B<. Ibid# ==.
B>. C)tten# '1ea9in4 )ith Ton42es: Historica33y an7 Psycho3o4ica33y
Consi7ere70 ?;.
BD. Ibid# ?F.
BC. Ibid# ??.
Chater 3: "he Cathari
B. )sebi)s# The History of the Ch2rch0 :D;.
:. Sch&..# Ante*icene Christianity0 1ol. F o. History of the Christian
Ch2rch0 ?<:+<=.
=. Ibid# ?<=.
?. Ne&nder# =enera3 History of the Christian Ch2rch0 1ol. ?# F>>.
F. Ne&nder# =enera3 History of the Christian Ch2rch0 1ol. =# FCF#
<;BL 1ol. ?# F>F.
<. Ibid.# FC;.
>. Clyde !. (&nschreck# JThe Occ)lt Tr&dition in the Re.orm&tion#J
'1irit2a3 >rontiers < Q ># nos. B Q ? 8A)t)mn BC>? Q "inter
BC>F9E B;?.
D. Ne&nder# =enera3 History of the Christian Ch2rch0 FCB.
C. Sch&..# Ante*icene Christianity0 1ol. F o. History of the Christian
Ch2rch0 ?><.
Chater 4: "he 1aldenses
B. See Ale3is ()ston# A Com13ete History of the )a37enses an7
Their Co3onies 8!ondonE %l&ckie Q Son# BD>F9L Sch&..# Ante
*icene Christianity0 1ol. F o. History of the Christian Ch2rch0 F;>.
:. !&rs G)&lben# A History of the Christian Ch2rch 8Ne/ ,orkE
Thom&s Nelson# BCFF9# BD:.
=. J. $. $o)gl&s# ed.# The *e5 +nternationa3 Dictionary of the
Christian Ch2rch 8'r&nd R&5ids# (IE 6onder1&n# BC>?9# B;:<.
?. (&nschreck# JThe Occ)lt Tr&dition in the Re.orm&tion#J B;:+B;?.
F. 'ordon# The .inistry of Hea3in40 <F.
:;F
<. Sch&..# Ante*icene Christianity0 1ol. F o. History of the Christian
Ch2rch0 F;=+F;?.
Chater !5: /artin 6uther and the Reformation
B. %engt Ho..m&n# L2ther an7 the .ystics 8(inne&5olis# (NE
A)gsb)rg# BC><9 BC;.
:. Ibid.# BF?.
=. (&rtin !)ther# The <a:y3on Ca1ti8ity of the Ch2rch0 1ol. =< o.
!)ther0s "orks# eds. Helm)t T. !ehm&n &nd J&rosl&1 Pelik&n
8Phil&del5hi&# PAE ()hlenberg# BCFD9# >>.
?. John S. Oyer# L2theran Reformers A4ainst the Ana:a1tists 8The
H&g)e# Netherl&ndsE (&rtin)s Ni7ho..# BC<?9# :=B.
F. Joh&nn (&thesi)s# L2thers Le:en in Pre7i4ten 8Pr&g)e# CIech
Re5)blicE her&)sgegeben 1on '. !oesche# BC;<9# =CCL G)oted by
John Horsch# JThe F&ith o. the S/iss %rethren# II.J .ennonite
E2arter3y Re8ie5 F# no. B 8BC=B9E B<.
<. Horsch# JThe F&ith o. the S/iss %rethren# II#J B<.
>. 'ordon# The .inistry of Hea3in40 &2.
D. Ibid.# C?.
C. Chan4e the )or37 'choo3 of Prayer 8St)dio City# N,E "orld
!iter&t)re Cr)s&de# BC><9# C+=F.
B;. Horsch# JThe F&ith o. the S/iss %rethren# II#J BF+B<.
BB. Oyer# L2theran Reformers A4ainst the Ana:a1tists0 :=?.
B:. %en7&min %. "&r.ield# Co2nterfeit .irac3es 8C&rlisle# PAE %&nner
o. Tr)th# BCD=9# :=+:?.
B=. !&rry Christenson# J!)ther&n Ch&rism&tics#J in %)rgess &nd
(c'ee# Dictionary of Pentecosta3 an7 Charismatic .o8ements0
F<F.
B?. This /riter h&s been &ttem5ting to loc&te the origin&l so)rce o. this
@)ot&tion# & 'erm&n /ork# thro)gh com5)teriIed inter+lo&n libr&ry
ser1ices /ith &ccess to o1er :#;;; libr&ries. The oldest re.erence to
this @)ot&tion th&t I h&1e .o)nd to d&te is in St&nley Frodsh&m#
)ith 'i4ns >o33o5in4 8S5ring.ield# (OE 'os5el P)blishing# BC:<9#
=:C. The e3&ct @)ot&tion &nd bibliogr&5hic d&t& gi1en by
Frodsh&m h&s been re5e&ted by lmer C. (iller# Pentecost
:;<
*otes
E?amine70 BCL C&rl %r)mb&ck# )hat .eaneth This/0 C:L &nd
(orton *elsey# Ton42e '1ea9in40 FB# /ho thinks it is J@)ite &
5l&)sible story.J
Chater !!: "he #na7atists
B. FritI %l&nke# <rothers in Christ 8Scottd&le# PAE Her&ld# BC<B9# :;.
:. Fr&nklin H. !ittell# The -ri4ins of 'ectarian Protestantism 8Ne/
,orkE %e&con# BC<?9# :.
=. This n&me /&s coined by 'eorge H. "illi&ms# /ho &)thored The
Ra7ica3 Reformation 8Phil&del5hi&# PAE "estminster# BC<:9.
?. Fr&nklin H. !ittell# JThe An&b&5tist Conce5t o. the Ch)rch#J The
Ana:a1tist ,ision0 ')y F. Hershberger# ed. 8Scottd&le# PAE Her&ld#
BCF>9# B:B.
F. !ittell# The -ri4ins of 'ectarian Protestantism0 BC.
<. Horsch# JThe F&ith o. the S/iss %rethren II#J BF. See &lso 'eorge
H. "illi&ms# The Ra7ica3 Reformation0 B?F.
>. P&)l Pe&chey &nd Shem Pe&chey# tr&ns.# JAns/er o. Some "ho
Are C&lled 8An&9%&5tists. "hy They $o Not Attend The
Ch)rches#J .ennonite E2arter3y Re1ie/ ?F# no. B 8BC>B9E B;.
D. Ibid.# BB.
C. Ch&rles Sh)m/&y# JA Critic&l History o. 'lossol&li&J 8Ph.$. $iss#
%oston -ni1ersity# BCBC9# ?D.
B;. Obe Phili5s# JA Con.ession#J in 'eorge H. "illi&ms# ed.# '1irit2a3
an7 Ana:a1tist )riters0 1ol. :F o. The Li:rary of Christian
C3assics 8!ondonE SC( Press# BCF>9# :B:.
BB. Ibid.# :B;.
B:. Ibid.
B=. Ibid.# :B=.
B?. Ibid.# ::B.
BF. Ibid.# :::.
B<. "illi&m *l&ssen &nd "&lter *l&ssen# ed. &nd tr&ns.# The )ritin4s
of Pi34ram .ar1ec9 8Scottd&le# PAE Her&ld# BC>D9# C<.
B>. Ibid.# <;+<B.
BD. Ibid.# F;.
:;>
BC. *enneth R. $&1is# JAn&b&5tism &s & Ch&rism&tic (o1ement#J
.ennonite E2arter3y Re8ie5 F=# no. = 8BC>C9E ::F.
:;. Oyer# L2theran Reformers A4ainst the Ana:a1tists0 D<.
:B. J. C. "enger# ed.# Com13ete )ritin4s of .enno 'imons 8Scottd&le#
PAE Her&ld# BC<F9# :><.
::. "illi&ms# ed.# '1irit2a3 an7 Ana:a1tist )riters0 :F.
:=. $&1is# JAn&b&5tism &s & Ch&rism&tic (o1ement#J ::B.
Chater !$: "he *rench Prohets
B. (ich&el P. H&milton# The Charismatic .o8ement 8'r&nd R&5ids#
(IE erdm&ns# BC>F9# >F.
:. John !&cy# A Cry >rom the Desert 8!ondonE n.5.# B>;D9# BF.
=. (orton *elsey# Ton42e '1ea9in4 8'&rden City# N,E $o)bled&y
BC<?9# F=.
?. H&milton# The Charismatic .o8ement0 >F.
F. !&cy# A Cry >rom the Desert0 B?.
<. C)tten# '1ea9in4 )ith Ton42es: Historica33y an7 Psycho3o4ica33y
Consi7ere70 FF.
>. John "esley# 1ol. B; o. The )or9s of ;ohn )es3ey0 B? 1ols.
8'r&nd R&5ids# (IE 6onder1&n# n.d.9# F<.
Chater !&: )eorge *o8 and the 9ua:ers
B. "illi&m. C. %r&ith/&ite# The <e4innin4s of E2a9erism 8!ondonE
n.5.# BCB:9# ?BCL Henry J. C&db)ry# E2a9erism an7 Ear3y
Christianity 8!ondonE n.5.# BCF>9L 'eorge Fo3# A ;o2rna3 or
Historica3 Acco2nt of the Life0 Tra8e3s0 '2fferin4s an7 Christian
E?1eriences in the )or9 of the .inistry of that Ancient0 Eminent
an7 >aithf23 'er8ant of ;es2s Christ0 'eorge Fo3# 1ol. B o. The
)or9s of =eor4e >o?0 D 1ols. 8B>;<E re5rint# ne/ ,orkE A(S
Press# BC>F9# B;F.
:. Robert %&rcl&y# An A1o3o4y for the Tr2e Christian Di8inity: <ein4
an E?13anation an7 ,in7ication of the Princi13es an7 Doctrines of
the Peo13e Ca33e7 E2a9ers 8B<>DL re5rint# Phil&del5hi&# PAE
Jose5h J&mes# B>DC9# =FC.
=. R).)s (. Jones# ed# =eor4e >o?H An A2to:io4ra1hy 8Phil&del5hi&#
:;D
*otes
PAE Ferris &nd !e&ch# BCBC9# D:.
?. Ibid# C;.
F. Henry J. C&db)ry# ed# =eor4e >o?@s <oo9 of .irac3es 8!ondonE
C&mbridge Press# BC?D9# B=>.
<. Ibid# B:F.
>. Jones# =eor4e >o?H An A2to:io4ra1hy0 BDF.
D. 'eorge Fo3# The =reat .ystery of the =reat )hore Unfo37e7H
An7 AntiChrists Iin47om0 1ol. = o. The )or9s of =eor4e >o?0 D
1ols. 8Ne/ ,orkE A(S Press# BC>F9# B=.
C. See "illi&m Se/ell# The History of the Rise0 +ncrease0 an7
Pro4ress of the Christian Peo13e Ca33e7 E2a9ers 8Phil&del5hi&#
PAE Friends %ook Store# B>>?9L lton Tr)eblood# A Peo13e Ca33e7
E2a9ers 8Ne/ ,orkE H&r5er &nd Ro/# BC<<9# B.
Chater !,: "he /oravian Revival
B. d/&rd !&ngton# History of the .ora8ian Ch2rch 8!ondonE
'eorge Allen Q -n/in# BCF<9# <=.
:. John 'reen.ield# )hen the '1irit Came 8(inne&5olis# (NE
%eth&ny# BC<>9# :F.
=. Ibid# :?.
?. Ibid# BB.
F. Ibid# B:.
<. Ibid# <;.
>. 'ordon# The .inistry of Hea3in40 <>+<D.
D. Ibid# <>.
C. St&nley (. %)rgess# J(edie1&l &nd (odern "estern Ch)rches#J
+nitia3 E8i7ence0 ed. '&ry %. (c'ee 8Pe&body# (AE Hendrickson#
BCCB9# =:.
B;. 'reen.ield# )hen the '1irit Came0 1".
Chater !.: "he /ethodist Revival
B. C)rn&ck# ed. The ;o2rna3 of the Re8. ;ohn )es3ey A...0 1ol. B#
?><.
:;C
:. Ibid# 1ol. :# B::+B:F.
=. See# .or e3&m5le# ;ohn )es3ey0 1ol. B o. The )or9s of ;ohn
)es3ey0 B? 1ols. 8'r&nd R&5ids# (IE 6onder1&n# n.d.9# BD># BDC#
:B;# :>B+:>=# ?;=.
?. See &lso Ste1e %e&rd# Th2n7erstr2c9: ;ohn )es3ey an7 the
Toronto <3essin4 8"ilmore# *,E Th)nderstr)ck Comm)nic&tions#
BCC<9.
F. C)rn&ck# ed.# The ;o2rna3 of the Re8. ;ohn )es3ey A.0 1ol. :#
BD?+BDF.
<. "esley# The )or9s of ;ohn )es3ey0 1ol. B# :>B+:>:.
>. Ibid.# 1ol. D# ?FD+?FC.
D. C)rn&ck# ed.# The ;o2rna3 of the Re8. ;ohn )es3ey A.0 1ol. =# :=<.
C. "esley# The )or9s of ;ohn )es3ey0 1ol. D# ?F>.
B;. Ibid.# ?<F.
BB. Ibid# 1ol. :# ?D=.
B:. C)tten# '1ea9in4 )ith Ton42es: Historica33y an7 Psycho3o4ica33y
Consi7ere70 >;.
B=. "esley# The )or9s of ;ohn )es3ey0 :B=
B?. "illi&m R. $&1ies# '1irit <a1tism an7 '1irit2a3 =ifts in Ear3y
.etho7ism 8J&ckson1ille# F!E Cross Fire (inistries# BC>?9# B:.
BF. 4inson Syn&n# The Ho3inessPentecosta3 .o8ement in the Unite7
'tates 8'r&nd R&5ids# (IE erdm&ns# BC>B9# B=.
B<. John Fletcher# 1ol. : o. The )or9s of the Re8. ;ohn >3etcher0 :
1ols. 8!ondonE Printed .or Thom&s Allm&n9# F=D.
B>. Ibid# FB=.
BD. Ibid# FFC.
BC. Abel Ste1ens# A Com1en7io2s History of American .etho7ism0
1ol. : 8o)t o. 5rint9# :>B+:>:.F
:;. See $on&ld $&yton# JFrom Christi&n Per.ection to the %&5tism o.
the Holy 'host#J As1ects of Pentecosta3Charismatic -ri4ins0
4inson Syn&n# ed. 8Pl&in.ield# NJE !ogos# BC>F9# =C+F?.
Chater !0: "he )reat #+a:ening (!;$0%!;.5)
B. $&1id S. !o1e7oy# Re3i4io2s Enth2siasm an7 the =reat A5a9enin4
:B;
*otes
8ngle/ood Cli..s# NJE Prentice H&ll# BC<C9# F.
:. Jon&th&n d/&rds# JA N&rr&ti1e o. S)r5rising Con1ersions#J
;onathan E75ar7s on Re8i8a3 8C&rlisle# PAE %&nner o. Tr)th#
BCD?9# B=.
=. Ibid.
?. Ibid# B?.
F. "illi&m S/eet# Re8i8a3ism in America 8Ne/ ,orkE Abingdon#
BC??9# =;.
<. Chan4e the )or37 'choo3 of Prayer0 $+=D.
>. 'eorge "hit.ield# =eor4e )hitfie37s ;o2rna3s 8!ondonE The
%&nner o. Tr)th Tr)st# BC<F9# ?:F.
D. !o1e7oy# Re3i4io2s Enth2siasm an7 the =reat A5a9enin40 =F.
C. Jon&th&n d/&rds# JRe1i1&l o. Religion in North&m5ton in B>?;+
B>?:#J ;onathan E75ar7s on Re8i8a3 8C&rlisle# PAE %&nner o.
Tr)th# BCD?9# BF;.
B;. Ibid.# BF?.
BB. d/&rds# JA N&rr&ti1e o. S)r5rising Con1ersions#J >B.
B:. Ibid# >B.
B=. !o1e7oy# Re3i4io2s Enth2siasm an7 the =reat A5a9enin40 %%.
B?. !&/rence !&Co)r# !ect)re on J(inistry o. 1&ngelism#J Or&l
Roberts -ni1ersity# F&ll BCDC.
Chater !;: "he (econd )reat #+a:ening (!355%!3,5)
B. "illi&m ". S/eet# Re3i4ion of the American >rontier 8Ne/ ,orkE
Coo5er S@)&re# BC<?9# FF.
:. Ch&rles A. Johnson# The >rontier Cam1 .eetin4 8$&ll&s# T2E
S.(.-# BCFF9# =F.
=. Ibid# <F.
?. Syn&n# Ho3inessPentecosta3 .o8ement0 :?.
F. Johnson# The >rontier Cam1 .eetin40 <?+<F.
<. Syn&n# Ho3inessPentecosta3 .o8ement0 :?.
>. Peter C&rt/right# An A2to:io4ra1hy0 ". P. Strickl&nd# ed. 8Ne/
,orkE H)nt &nd &ton# n.d.9# ?<.
:BB
D. Fr&nk '. %e&rdsley# A History of American Re8i8a3s 8Ne/ ,orkE
Americ&n Tr&ct Society# BC;?9# B;;.
Chater !3: 2d+ard Irving and the Catholic #ostolic
Church
B. C. 'ordon Str&ch&n# The Pentecosta3 Theo3o4y of E75ar7 +r8in4
8!ondonE $&rton# !ongm&nn Q Todd# BC>=9# FF.
:. Ibid# D:.
=. d/&rd Ir1ing# JF&cts Connected "ith Recent (&ni.est&tions o.
S5irit)&l 'i.ts#J Frasers .a4aFine 8J&n. BD=:9# cited by Str&ch&n#
The Pentecosta3 Theo3o4y of E75ar7 +r8in40 ##.
?. Robert Norton# (.$.# .emoirs of ;ames an7 =eor4e .acDona37
of Port =3as4o5 8n.5.E n.d.9# B;C+BB;# cited by Str&ch&n# The
Pentecosta3 Theo3o4y of E75ar7 +r8in40 <D.
F. Str&ch&n# The Pentecosta3 Theo3o4y of E75ar7 +r8in40 <C.
<. Ibid# <C.
>. Ibid# B=.
D. For & thoro)gh de.ense o. Ir1ing &nd his orthodo3y see $&1id ".
$orries# JNineteenth Cent)ry %ritish Christologic&l Contro1ersy#
Centering -5on d/&rd Ir1ing0s $octrine o. Christ0s H)m&n
N&t)re#J 8Ph.$. Thesis# -ni1ersity o. Aberdeen# Scotl&nd# BCDD9.
C. $&1id $orries# Jd/&rd Ir1ing &nd the St&nding Sign#J +nitia3
E8i7ence0 '&ry %. (c'ee# ed. 8Pe&body# (AE Hendrickson#
BCCB9# ?<.
B;. Ibid# ?C.
BB. Ibid# =<.
B:. Str&ch&n# The Pentecosta3 Theo3o4y of E75ar7 +r8in40 :B.
B=. !&rry Christenson# JPentecost&lism0s Forgotten Forer)nner#J
As1ects of Pentecosta36Charismatic -ri4ins 8Pl&in.ield# NJE !ogos#
BC>F9# :;.
B?. $orries# Jd/&rd Ir1ing &nd the St&nding Sign#J F=.
BF. Sir Thom&s rskine# The '21ernat2ra3 =ifts of the '1irit0 R. *elso
C&rter# ed. 8Phil&del5hi&# PAE "ords o. F&ith# BDD=9# B=.
:B:
*otes
Chater !4: "he Nineteenth%Century *orerunners of
the /odern Pentecostal/Charismatic /ovement
B. Ch&rles d/&rd "hite# JPhoebe P&lmer &nd the $e1elo5ment o.
Pentecost&l Pne)m&tology#J )es3eyan Theo3o4ica3 ;o2rna3
8S5ringHF&ll BCDD9E :;D.
:. Phoebe P&lmer# >o2r Years in the -37 )or37 8%oston# (AE Foster
Q P&lmer# BD<F9# B?F.
=. Ibid.
?. Ibid# B:;.
F. Ibid# B;=.
<. Ibid# BBB.
>. Ibid# B;>.
D. Ibid.
C. Ibid# B:>.
B;. Ibid# C<.
BB. Ch&rles '. Finney# An A2to:io4ra1hy 8Old T&55&n# NJE Re1ell#
BC;D9# :;.
B:. Ibid# =>.
B=. Ibid# B<B+B<:.
B?. 4. R&ymond dm&n# >inney Li8es -n 8(inne&5olis# (NE
%eth&ny# BC>B9# <D.
BF. Finney# An A2to:io4ra1hy0 FF.
B<. See P&)l '. Ch&55ell JThe $i1ine He&ling (o1ement in Americ&J
8Ph.$. $iss# $re/ -ni1.# BCD=9# C;+BF;.
B>. $&yton# JFrom Christi&n Per.ection to the %&5tism o. the Holy
'host#J ?F. See &lso Frederick $&le %r)ner# A Theo3o4y of the
Ho3y '1irit 8'r&nd R&5ids# (IE erdm&ns# BC>;9# ??+?F# =?;.
BD. A. J. 'ordon# The .inistry of the Ho3y '1irit 8Ne/ ,orkE Re1ell#
BDCF9# >:.
BC. A. J. 'ordon# The T5o>o37 Life 8%oston# (AE Ho/&rd '&rnett#
BDD?9# >F+><.
:;. 'ordon# The .inistry of Hea3in40 F=.
:B=
:B. Ibid# B;:+B;=.
::. See Ch&rles P&rh&m# The E8er3astin4 =os1e3 8%&3ter S5rings# *SE
A5ostolic F&ith# n.d.9# >?+>< .or & ch&5ter tided JThe Se&ling.J See
&lso 'ordon# The T5o>o37 Life0 <F+C<# /hich is & ch&5ter c&lled
JS&l1&tion &nd Se&ling.J See &lso 'ordon# The .inistry of the
Ho3y '1irit0 >>+D: /here he &g&in disc)sses the Jse&lingJ o. the
Holy S5irit.
:=. C&rl %r)mb&ck# Li9e a Ri8er 8S5ring.ield# (OE 'os5el P)blishing#
BC>>9# >C.
:?. "illi&m R. (oody# The Life of D. L. .oo7y 8Ne/ ,orkE Re1ell#
BC;;9# B?C.
:F. Ibid# B:>.
:<. 'ordon !inds&y# JThe S5e&king in Tong)es in Ch)rch History#J
,oice of Hea3in4 8A)g)st BC<?9E =
:>. R. A. Torrey# )hat The <i:3e Teaches 8n.5. Re1ell# BDCD+BC==9#
:>B.
:D. Ibid# :>=# :>F.
:C. Frodsh&m# )ith 'i4ns >o33o5in40 ===.
=;. %)rgess# Dictionary of Pentecosta3 an7 Charismatic .o8ements0
BCD.
=B. A. (. *ierg&n# Historica3 '9etches of the Re8i8a3 of Tr2e Ho3iness
an7 Loca3 Ch2rch Po3ity from 1(#"1&1# 8Fort Scott# *SE %o&rd
o. P)blic&tion o. the Ch)rch Ad1oc&te &nd 'ood "&y# BC>B9# =BL
cited by $on&ld ". $&yton# JChristi&n Per.ection to the %&5tism in
the Holy 'host#J F:.
=:. $&yton# JChristi&n Per.ection to the %&5tism in the Holy 'host#J
?>.
==. (el1in $ieter# J"esley&n+Holiness As5ects o. Pentecost&l
Origins#J As1ects of Pentecosta3Charismatic -ri4ins0 4inson
Syn&n# ed. 8Pl&in.ield# NJE !ogos# BC>F9# FD.
=?. Ibid# <>.
=F. Arth)r T. Pierson# >or5ar7 .o8ements of the Last Ha3f Cent2ry
8Ne/ ,orkE F)nk &nd "&gn&lls# BC;F9# ?;B.
=<. $ieter# J"esley&n+Holiness As5ects o. Pentecost&l Origins#J FD.
:B?
*otes
Chater $5: Charles *o8 Parham and <ethel <i7le
College
B. S&r&h P&rh&m# The Life of Char3es >. Parham 8%&3ter S5rings# *SE
A5ostolic F&ith %ible College# BC=;9# ?D.
:. Ch&rles F. P&rh&m# A ,oice Cryin4 in the )i37erness D<a?ter
'1rin4s0 I': A1osto3ic >aith0 n.7.B0 !2.
=. P&rh&m# The Life of Char3es >. Parham0 F:.
?. Ibid# F:.
F. Ibid# F=.
<. Ibid# F?.
>. C&rl %r)mb&ck# A 'o2n7 >rom Hea8en0 8S5ring.ield# (OE 'os5el
P)blishing# BC>>9# :;.
D. See A)g)stine# The E1ist3e of 'aint ;ohn0 ?C>+?CD /here he s&ys#
JIn the e&rliest times# the Holy 'host .ell )5on them th&t belie1edE
&nd they s5&ke /ith tong)es /hich they h&d not le&rned.J
A)g)stine then contin)es this disc)ssion &nd cle&rly demonstr&tes
his 1ie/ th&t in the .irst+cent)ry ch)rch the belie1er /&s e35ected
to s5e&k in tong)es )5on rece5tion o. the Holy S5iritE See &lso
Chrysostom# Homi3ies on >irst Corinthians0 B<D /here
Chrysostom# s5e&king o. the .irst+cent)ry ch)rch# s&ys# J"hoe1er
/&s b&5tiIed he str&ight/&y s5&ke /ith tong)es...And one
str&ight/&y s5&ke in Persi&n# &nother in Rom&n# &nother in Indi&n#
&nother in some other tong)eE &nd this m&de m&ni.est to them th&t
/ere /itho)t th&t it is the S5irit in the 1ery 5erson s5e&king.J
C. $orries# Jd/&rd Ir1ing &nd the St&nding Sign#J ?C.
B;. J. Ros/ell Flo/er# J%irth o. the Pentecost&l (o1ementJ
Pentecosta3 E8an4e3 8:< No1. BCF;9E =.
BB. ". F. C&rothers# JThe R&ce G)estion in the So)th#J The A1osto3ic
>aith 8$ec. BC;F9.
B:. %. F. !&/rence# The A1osto3ic >aith Restore7 D't. !o)isE 'os5el
P)blishing# BCB<9# <<.
B=. Robert (&5es Anderson# ,ision of the Disinherite7 8Ne/ ,orkE
O3.ord# BC>C9# B:=.
B?. P&)line P&rh&m# inter1ie/ /ith &)thor# (&y B?# BCCF.
BF. Robert& P&rh&m Hrom&s# inter1ie/ /ith &)thor# (&y B?# BCCF.
:BF
B<. P&)line P&rh&m# inter1ie/ /ith &)thor# A)g)st :=# BCDC.
Chater $!: 1illiam (eymour and the #=usa (treet
Revival
B. John '. !&ke# '1irit2a3 H2n4er6The =o7.en 8$&ll&s# T2E Christ
.or the N&tions# BCD;9# B=.
:. Fr&nk %&rtlem&n# AF2sa 'treet0 4inson Syn&n# ed. 8Pl&in.ield# NJE
!ogos# BCD;9# <;.
=. !&ke# '1irit2a3 H2n4er6The =o7.en0 B?.
?. %&rtlem&n# AF2sa 'treet0 FC+<;.
F. Syn&n# Ho3inessPentecosta3 .o8ement0 B;C.
<. rnest S. "illi&ms# J(emories o. AI)s& Street (ission#J
Pentecost&l 4ertic&l File# Holy S5irit Rese&rch Center Or&l Roberts
-ni1ersity# B.
>. Ibid.
D. %&rtlem&n# AF2sa 'treet0 F?.
Chater $$: Parham and the >ion City Revival
B. P&rh&m# The Life of Char3es >. Parham0 BF?BF<.
:. Ibid.# BFC.
=. Ch&55ell# JThe $i1ine He&ling (o1ement in Americ&#J =F<.
?. Ch&rles P&rh&m# JThe !&tter R&in#J The A1osto3ic >aith 8A)g.
BC<:9E:.
F. Ch&55ell# JThe $i1ine He&ling (o1ement in Americ&#J =FB.
<. See '&rdiner# JO)t o. 6ion...Into All the "orld#J <rea7 of Life
8Oct. BCDB+J)ne BCDF9.
>. Ch&55ell# JThe $i1ine He&ling (o1ement in Americ&#J =FF.
D. '&rdiner# JO)t o. 6ion...Into All the "orld#J <rea7 of Life 8Oct.
BCD:9E F.
C. '&rdiner# JO)t o. 6ion...Into All the "orld#J <rea7 of Life 8J)ly
BCD:9E >.
B;. '&rdiner# JO)t o. 6ion...Into All the "orld#J <rea7 of Life D;2ne0
J)ly# Oct.# No1. BCD=9.
:B<
*otes
BB. '&rdiner# JO)t o. 6ion...Into All the "orld#J <rea7 of Life 8Oct.
BCDB9E F.
B:. (&rie . %ro/n# JI Remember#J Pentecosta3 E8an4e3 8BF (&rch
BC<?9E :;.
B=. %r)mb&ck# A 'o2n7 >rom Hea8en0 >=.
B?. '&rdiner# JO)t o. 6ion...Into All the "orld#J <rea7 of Life 8Oct.
BCDB9E <.
BF. '&rdiner# JO)t o. 6ion...Into All the "orld#J <rea7 of Life 8No1.
BCDB9E B:.
B<. Ch&55ell# JThe $i1ine He&ling (o1ement in Americ&#J =F<+=F>.
B>. '&rdiner# JO)t o. 6ion... Into All the "orld#J <rea7 of Life 8Oct.
BCDB9E =.
BD. Ibid.
Chater $&: "he /essage (reads #round the 1orld
B. Frodsh&m# )ith 'i4ns >o33o5in40 B;>+B;D.
:. Ibid.# B;D.
=. %)rgess# Dictionary of Pentecosta3Charismatic .o8ements0 >F<.
?. Frodsh&m# )ith 'i4ns >o33o5in40 B>>+B>D.
F. 4inson Syn&n# +n the Latter Days 8Ann Arbor# (IE Ser1&nt# BCD?9#
<;.
<. Frodsh&m# )ith 'i4ns >o33o5in40 %1.
>. Ibid# >B+>:.
D. dith %l)mho.er# Pentecost in .y 'o230 8S5ring.ield# (OE 'os5el
P)blishing Ho)se# BCDC9# :??.
C. $o)gl&s '. Nelson# JA Se&rch .or Pentecost&l+Ch&rism&tic Roots#J
8Ph.$ $iss# -ni1ersity o. %irmingh&m# ngl&nd# BCDB9# Syno5sis.
Chater $,: *urther 'eveloments in Pentecostalism
B. $. ". (yl&nd# The Latter Rain Co8enant an7 Pentecosta3 Po5er
8Chic&goE 1&ngel P)blishing Ho)se# BCB;9.
:. C&rl %r)mb&ck# '277en3y...>rom Hea8en 8S5ring.ield# (OE
'os5el P)blishing# BC<:9# ==B.
:B>
Chater $.: "he Healing Revival
B. $&1id H&rrell Jr.# A33 Thin4s Are Possi:3e 8%loomington# INE
Indi&n& -ni1. Press# BC>F9# :D.
:. "&lter Holl&n/eger# The Pentecosta3s 8Pe&body# (AE
Hendrickson# BCDD9# =F?.
=. H&rrell# A33 Thin4s Are Possi:3e0 ?:.
?. Ibid# F>.
Chater $0: "he 6atter Rain Revival
B. Rich&rd Riss# JThe Ne/ Order o. the !&tter R&in# A !ook &t the
Re1i1&l (o1ement on Its ?;th Anni1ers&ry#J Assem:3ies of =o7
Herita4e 8F&ll BCD>9E B<.
:. Ibid# BF.
=. Ibid# B>.
?. Ibid.
F. Ibid.
<. Ibid.
>. See Fred T. Cor&m# Li9e As of >ire: A re1rint of the o37 AF2sa
'treet Pa1ers 8com5iled by &)thor# B<; S&lem Street# "ilmington#
(A ;BDD>9# <. Cor&m st&tes th&t the o..ici&l bo&rd o. t/el1e &t
AI)s& Street /o)ld l&y their h&nds on ne/ly &55ro1ed ministers
&nd 5r&y J&s did the &5ostles o. old. Peo5le /ere told /here to go
on the mission .ield thro)gh 1isions &nd 5ro5hecy &nd res)lts
.ollo/ed /here1er they /ent.J See &lso Rich&rd Riss# JThe Ne/
Order o. the !&tter R&in#J B<# /ho lists m&ny o. the simil&rities o.
the !&tter R&in mo1ement /ith the older Pentecost&l mo1ement
incl)ding the .&ct th&t both /ere kno/n &s the !&tter R&in
mo1ement. D. Riss# # JThe Ne/ Order o. the !&tter R&in#J B>.
Chater $;: "he Charismatic /ovement
B. d/&rd O0Connor# JRoots o. Ch&rism&tic Rene/&l in the C&tholic
Ch)rch#J As1ects of Pentecosta3Charismatic -ri4ins0 4inson
Syn&n# ed. 8Pl&in.ield# NJE !ogos# BC>F9# BD=.
:. Ibid.
:BD
*otes
=. Ibid# BDF.
?. S)lli1&n# Charism an7 Charismatic Rene5a3: A <i:3ica3 an7
Theo3o4ica3 't27y0 ?.
F. Ibid# B;.
<. S)enens# A *e5 Pentecost/0 ?;.
>. Syn&n# +n the Latter Days0 B;C
D. Ibid# BBB.
C. Peter Hocken# -ne Lor7 -ne '1irit -ne <o7y 8'&ithersb)rg# ($E
The "ord Among -s# BCD>9# D>.
B;. Syn&n# +n the Latter Days0 B:D+B:C.
BB. H&ns *)ng# J"h&t Is the ssence o. A5ostolic S)ccession#J
A1osto3ic '2ccession: Rethin9in4 a <arrier to Unity 8Ne/ ,orkE
P&)list# BC<D9# B:B.
Chater $3: "he "hird 1ave
B. See John "imber# Po5er E8an4e3ism 8S&n Fr&ncisco# CAE H&r5er
And Ro/# BCD<9# B::+B=F.
:. $&1id "hite# JRe1i1&l &nd the S5irit0s Po/er#J The Iin47om an7
the Po5er0 '&ry S. 'reig &nd *e1in N. S5ringer# ed. 84ent)r&#
CAE Reg&l# BCC=9# =BD.
=. "imber# Po5er E8an4e3ism0 B=?.
?. %)rgess# Dictionary of Pentecosta3 an7 Charismatic .o8ements0
DBD.
Chater $4: "he *inal 'ecade of the "+entieth Century
B. J)li& $)in# JPr&ise the !ord &nd P&ss the Ne/ "ine#J Charisma
:;# no. B 8A)g. BCC?9E :?.
:. $&in& $o)cet# J"h&t Is 'od $oing in TorontoKJ Charisma :;# no.
> 8Feb. BCCF9E :B.
=. Fred "right# inter1ie/ /ith &)thor# A)g. :<# BCC>.
?. For & de.ense o. this ty5e m&ni.est&tion &t the Toronto Air5ort
Ch)rch see John Arnott# The >ather@s <3essin4 8!&ke (&ry# F!E
Ch&rism& Ho)se M.ormerly Cre&tion Ho)seN# BCCF9# B<D+BD= /ho
s&ys this sort o. m&ni.est&tion# &ss)ming it is .rom 'od# m&y be
:BC
Jthe 5ro5hetic /ord&cted o)t.J
F. Fred "right# inter1ie/ /ith &)thor# October BCC>.
<. 'er&ld Co&tes# letter to &)thor# Se5t. BD# BCC<L Fred "right#
tele5hone inter1ie/ /ith &)thor# A)g)st :<# BCC>.
>. %ill Sherm&n JPens&col& Re1i1&l Re&ches T)ls&#J The T23sa
)or37 8(&y B># BCC>9.
D. John *il5&trick# >east of >ire 8Pens&col&# F!E John *il5&trick#
BCCF9# >>.
C. Ch&rism& Online Ne/s Ser1ice# J&n. ?# :;;:.
B;. Ste1e Alt# inter1ie/ /ith &)thor# (&rch :;;;.
BB. 'ordon !inds&y# ed.# The *e5 ;ohn =. La9e 'ermons 8$&ll&s# T2E
Christ For the N&tions# BCC>9# BC.
B:. 4inson Syn&n# JStre&ms o. Rene/&l &t the nd o. the Cent)ry#J
The Cent2ry of the Ho3y '1irit0 4inson Syn&n# ed. 8N&sh1ille# TNE
Thom&s Nelson9# =D;.
B=. For & schol&rly 5resent&tion o. the 5ositi1e &s5ects o. this re1i1&l
see (&rg&ret Polom&# JThe S5irit &nd the %rideE The 0Toronto
%lessing0 &nd Ch)rch Str)ct)re#J Society .or Pentecost&l St)dies#
(&rch BCC>.
B?. O)tright o55osition h&s come most not&bly .rom H&nk H&negr&&..#
/ho ob1io)sly 5ossesses & 5rono)nced bi&s &g&inst 5erson&l#
s5irit)&l e35eriences# &nd John (&cArth)r# /ho co)ld 5rob&bly be
described &s & cess&tionist. The most common criticism o. those
/ho do not h&1e & theologic&l bi&s &g&inst the re1i1&l seems to
center &ro)nd the legitim&te concern th&t the re1i1&l re5resents# or
m&y le&d to# )nbridled enth)si&sm /ith its 5ro5onents J&dri.t on &
se& o. s)b7ecti1ity.J For &n o1er1ie/ o. the o55osition see J&mes A
%e1erly# JToronto0s (i3ed %lessing#J &nd $o)cet# J"h&t Is 'od
$oing in TorontoKJ For & .&ir &nd ob7ecti1e criti@)e o. H&negr&&..s
book titled Co2nterfeit Re8i8a30 see J&mes A. %e1erly# B 8Toronto#
C&n&d&E 1&ngelic&l Rese&rch (inistries# BCC>9.
BF. $o)cet# J"h&t Is 'od $oing in TorontoKJ :?+:FL JIn the N&me o.
'od#J A%C S5eci&l Hosted by Peter Jennings# A5ril ># BCCF.
B<. H&ns *)ng# The Ch2rch 8'&rden City# N,E $o)bled&y# BC<D9#
:<;+<B
B>. 'ordon Fee# =os1e3 an7 '1irit: +ss2es in *e5 Testament
::;
*otes
Hermene2tics 8Pe&body# (AE Hendrickson# BCCB9# CD
BD. Syn&n# JStre&ms o. Rene/&l &t the nd o. the Cent)ry#J =><.
BC. "&lter ichrodt# 1ol. B o. Theo3o4y of the -37 Testament0 2 1ols.
8Phil&del5hi&# PAE "estminister# BC<>9# B;B.
:;. C. Peter "&gner# JA5ostolic Re.orm&tion#J Arise .a4aFine :# no.
F 8S)mmer :;;;9E BF
:B. C. Peter "&gner# The *e5 A1osto3ic Ch2rches 84ent)r&# CAE
Reg&l# BCDD9# BC.
::. Ibid.# :F.
:=. Phili5s# JA Con.ession#J :BF.
:?. P&rh&m# A ,oice Cryin4 in the )i37erness0 <B.
:F. Syn&n# JStre&ms o. Rene/&l &t the nd o. the Cent)ry#J =>D.
:<. 'ordon $. Fee# =os1e3 an7 '1irit: +ss2es in *e5 Testament
Hermene2tics 8Pe&body# (AE Hendrickson# BCCB9# B:;.
:>. See Adol5h H&rn&ck# The Constit2tion an7 the La5 of the Ch2rch
in the >irst T5o Cent2ries 8Ne/ ,orkE '. P. P)tn&m# BCB;9# F>+FD
&nd John *no3# JThe (inistry in the Primiti1e Ch)rch#J B;# /ho
s)ggest th&t these le&ders &re singled o)t in this m&nner bec&)se
they &re l&rgely res5onsible .or r&ising &nd sending the gi.t
mentioned in ?EB<+BD.
:D. See Fee# =os1e3 an7 '1irit: +ss2es in *e5 Testament
Hermene2tics0 B=BL J&mes $. '. $)nn# ;es2s an7 the '1irit
8Phil&del5hi&# PAE "estminister# BC>F9# :CBL *)ng# 'tr2ct2res of
the Ch2rch0 :=<L &nd John *no3# JThe (inistry in the Primiti1e
Ch)rch#J B+:<.
:C. *enneth J. Collins# JJohn "esley0s Conce5t o. the (inisteri&l
O..ice#J )es3ey an Theo3o4ica3 ;o2rna3 8S5ring+F&ll# BCDD9# BB<.
=;. Streeter# The Primiti8e Ch2rch0 :<>+:<D.
=B. Ibid# :<D.
Conclusion: Contending for the *aith
B. See $&1id %&rrett# JThe "orld/ide Holy S5irit Rene/&l#J The
Cent2ry of the Ho3y '1irit0 4inson Syn&n# ed. 8N&sh1ille# TNE
Thom&s Nelson. :;;B9# =DB+?B?# &nd %)rgess# Dictionary of
Pentecosta3 an7 Charismatic .o8ements0 DB;+DBB.
::B
:. See '&ry S. 'reig &nd *e1in S5ringer# ed.# The Iin47om an7 the
Po5er 84ent)r&# CAE Reg&l# BCC=9 .or & 5ositi1e e1&ngelic&l#
Protest&nt 1ie/ o. the ch&rism&t&.
=. S)enens# A *e5 Pentecost/0 ?;.
?. Henry P. 4&n $)sen# JThe Third Force in Christendom#J Life0 1ol.
:?# no. := 8J)ne C# BCFD9E BB=+B:?.
F. See "&lter %odine# JPo/er (inistry in the 5istles#J in 'reig &nd
S5ringer# ed.# The Iin47om an7 the Po5er0 :;? /here this .ormer
5ro.essor &t $&ll&s Theologic&l Semin&ry s)ggests th&t something
is dee5ly /rong /ith & system o. theology th&t consistently denies
the rene/ing /ork o. the Holy S5irit in the ch)rch.
:::
#I#LIOGRAPHY
#OO"S
Anderson# Robert (. ,ision of the Disinherite7. Ne/ ,orkE O3.ord#
BC>C.
Arnott# John. The >ather@s <3essin4. !&ke (&ry# F!E Ch&rism& Ho)se
8.ormerly Cre&tion Ho)se9# BCCF.
%&rtlem&n# Fr&nk. AF2sa 'treet. 4inson Syn&n# ed. Pl&in.ield# NJE
!ogos# BCD;.
%e&rdsley# Fr&nk '. A History of American Re8i8a3s. Ne/ ,orkE
Americ&n Tr&ct Society# BC;?.
%ede. <e7e@s Ecc3esiastica3 History of the En43ish *ation. !ondonE
J.(. $ent Q Sons# BC<=.
%l)mho.er# dith. Pentecost in .y 'o23. S5ring.ield# (OE 'os5el
P)blishing# BCDC.
%r)mb&ck# C&rl. A 'o2n7 from Hea8en. S5ring.ield# (OE 'os5el
P)blishing# BC>>.
JJJJJJJJJ. '277en3y...>rom Hea8en. S5ring.ieldE 'os5el P)blishing#
BC<:.
%r)ner# Frederick $&le. A Theo3o4y of the Ho3y '1irit. 'r&nd R&5ids#
(IE erdm&ns# BC>;.
%)rgess# St&nley (. J(edie1&l &nd (odern "estern Ch)rches.J +nitia3
E8i7ence0 ed. '&ry %. (c'ee. Pe&body# (AE Hendrickson#
BCCB.
%)rgess# St&nley (. &nd '&ry %. (c'ee# ed. Dictionary of Pentecosta3
an7 Charismatic .o8ements. 'r&nd R&5ids# (IE 6onder1&n#
BCDD.
%r)mb&ck# C&rl. Li9e a Ri8er. S5ring.ield# (OE 'os5el P)blishing#
BC>>.
C&db)ry# Henry J# ed. =eor4e >o?@s <oo9 of .irac3es. !ondonE
C&mbridge Press# BC?D.
C&irns# &rle . Christianity Thro24h the Cent2ries. 'r&nd R&5ids#
(OE 6onder1&n# BCDB.
::=
Chan4e the )or37 'choo3 of Prayer .an2a3. St)dio City# N,E "orld
!iter&t)re Cr)s&de# BC><.
Cl&rke# Ad&m. The *e5 Testament of -2r Lor7 an7 'a8ior ;es2s
Christ 5ith a Commentary an7 Critica3 *otes. Ne/ ,orkE
Nelson &nd Philli5s# n.d.
Co3# H&r1ey. >ire >rom Hea8en: The Rise of Pentecosta3 '1irit2a3ity
an7 the Resha1in4 of Re3i4ion in the T5entyfirst Cent2ry.
Ne/ ,orkE Addison+"esley# BCCF.
C)rn&ck# Nehemi&h# ed. The ;o2rna3 of the Re8. ;ohn )es3ey A... D
1ols. !ondonE 5/orth# BC=D.
C)tten# 'eorge %. '1ea9in4 )ith Ton42es: Historica33y an7
Psycho3o4ica33y Consi7ere7. Ne/ H&1en# CTE ,&le# BC:>.
$&1is# *enneth R. JAna:a1tism as a Charismatic .o8ement.@C The
(ennonite G)&rterly Re1ie/. J)ly BC>C.
$&1ies# "illi&m R. '1irit <a1tism an7 '1irit2a3 =ifts in Ear3y
.etho7ism. J&ckson1ille# F!E Cross Fire (inistries# BC>?.
$&yton# $on&ld. JFrom Christi&n Per.ection to the %&5tism o. the Holy
'host.J As1ects of Pentecosta3Charismatic -ri4ins0 ed.
4inson Syn&n# ed. Pl&in.ield# NJE !ogos# BC>F.
$e 4or&gine# J&cob)s. The =o37en Le4en7. 2 1ols. Ne/ ,orkE
!ongm&ns# 'reen &nd Co# BC?B.
$ieter# (el1in. The Ho3iness Re8i8a3 of the *ineteenth Cent2ry.
(et)chenE Sc&recro/# BCD;.
PPPPPPP. J"esley&n+Holiness As5ects o. Pentecost&l Origins.J As1ects
of Pentecosta3Charismatic -ri4ins. 4inson Syn&n# ed.
Pl&in.ield# NJE !ogos# BC>F.
$o)gl&s# J. $# ed. The *e5 +nternationa3 Dictionary of the Christian
Ch2rch. 'r&nd R&5ids# (IE 6onder1&n# BC>?.
$orries# $&1id ". Jd/&rd Ir1ing &nd the St&nding Sign.J +nitia3
E8i7ence. '&ry %. (c'ee# ed. Pe&body# (AE Hendrickson#
BCCB.
$)nn# J&mes $.'. ;es2s an7 the '1irit. Phil&del5hi&# PAE "estminister#
BC>F.
PPPPPPP. J(inistry &nd the (inistryE The Ch&rism&tic Rene/&l0s
Ch&llenge to Tr&dition&l cclesiology.J Charismatic
E?1eriences in History. Cecil (. Robeck Jr.# ed. Pe&body#
(AE Hendrickson# BCDF.
::?
<i:3io4ra1hy
dm&n# 4 R&ymond. >inney Li8es -n. (inne&5olis# (NE %eth&ny#
BC>B.
d/&rds# Jon&th&n. ;onathan E75ar7s on Re8i8a3. C&rlisle# PAE
%&nner o. Tr)th# BCD?.
)sebi)s. The History of the Christian Ch2rch. Tr&ns. '.A.
"illi&mson. Ne/ ,orkE $orset# BC<F.
Fee# 'ordon. The >irst E1ist3e to the Corinthians. 'r&nd R&5ids# (IE
erdm&ns# BCDD.
JJJJJJJ. =os1e3 an7 '1irit: +ss2es in *e5 Testament Hermene2tics.
Pe&body# (AE Hendrickson# BCCB.
Fletcher# John. The )or9s of the Re8. ;ohn >3etcher. 2 1ols. !ondonE
Printed .or Thom&s Allm&n# BD=?.
Freem&ntle# Ann. A Treas2ry of Ear3y Christianity. Ne/ ,orkE Ne/
Americ&n !ibr&ry# BCF=.
Frodsh&m# St&nley H. )ith 'i4ns >o33o5in4. S5ring.ield# (OE 'os5el
P)blishing# BC:D.
'entry# $&le. Re8i8a3 in the .ornin4. Fort "orth# T2E $&le 'entry
(inistries# BCC<.
'ordon# A. J. The .inistry of Hea3in4. H&rrisb)rg# PAE Christi&n P)bl.#
BC<B.
JJJJJJ. The .inistry of the Ho3y '1irit. Ne/ ,orkE Re1ell# BDCF.
JJJJJJ. The T5o>o37 Life. %oston# (AE Ho/&rd '&rnett# BDD?.
'reen.ield# John. )hen the '1irit Came. (inne&5olis# (NE %eth&ny#
BC<>.
'reig# '&ry S. &nd *e1in N. S5ringer# eds. The Iin47om an7 the
Po5er. 4ent)r&# CAE Reg&l# BCC=.
H&milton# (ich&el P. The Charismatic .o8ement. 'r&nd R&5ids# (IE
erdm&ns# BC>F.
H&rrell# $&1id Jr. A33 Thin4s Are Possi:3e. %loomington# INE Indi&n&
-ni1. Press# BC>F.
Hocken# Peter. -ne Lor7 -ne '1irit -ne <o7y. '&ithersb)rg# ($E The
"ord Among -s# BCD>.
Ho..m&n# %engt. L2ther an7 the .ystics. (inne&5olis# (NE A)gsb)rg#
BC><.
Holl&n/eger# "&lter. The Pentecosta3s. Pe&body# (AE Hendrickson#
BCDD.
::F
Holmes# (ich&el "# ed. The A1osto3ic >athers. Tr&ns. J.%. !ight.oot
&nd J.R. H&rmer. 'r&nd R&5ids# (IE %&ker# BCDC.
Herm&nn# Pl&cid# d# 't. >rancis of Assissi. Chic&goE Her&ld Press# n.d.
Johnson# Ch&rles A. The >rontier Cam1 meetin4. $&ll&s# T2E S.(.-#
BCFF.
Jones# R).)s (# d. =eor4e >o?H An A2to:io4ra1hy. Phil&del5hi&# PAE
Ferris &nd !e&ch# BCBC.
*elsey# (orton T. Ton42e '1ea9in4. '&rden City# N,E $o)bled&y#
BC<?.
*ierg&n# A.(. Historica3 '9etches of the Re8i8a3 of Tr2e Ho3iness an7
Loca3 Ch2rch Po3ity from 1(#"1&1#. Fort Scott# *SE %o&rd
o. P)blic&tion o. the Ch)rch Ad1oc&te &nd 'ood "&y# BC>B.
*il5&trick# John. >east of >ire. Pens&col&# F!E John *il5&trick# BCCF.
*l&ssen# "illi&m &nd "&lter *l&ssen# eds. &nd tr&ns. The )ritin4s of
Pi34ram .ar1ec9. Scottd&le# PAE Her&ld# BC>D.
*no3# John. JThe (inistry in the Primiti1e Ch)rch.J The .inistry in
Historica3 Pers1ecti8e. eds. Rich&rd H. Nieb)hr &nd $&niel $.
"illi&ms# eds. Ne/ ,orkE H&r5er &nd Ro/# BCF<.
*)ng# H&ns. Christianity: Essence0 History0 an7 >2t2re. Ne/ ,orkE
Contin))m# BCC<.
JJJJJJJ. The Ch2rch. Notre $&me# INE -ni1. o. Notre $&me# BC<D.
JJJJJJJ. J"h&t Is the ssence o. A5ostolic S)ccession.J A1osto3ic
'2ccession: Rethin9in4 a <arrier to Unity. Ne/ ,orkE P&)list#
BC<D.
!&cy# John. A Cry >rom the Desert. !ondonE n.5# B>;D.
JJJJJJJ. The =enera3 De32sion of Christians To2chin4 the )ays of
=o7@s Re8ea3in4 Himse3f to an7 <y the Pro1hets. !ondonE
R.%. Seely &nd ". %)rnside# B>=:.
!&ke# John '. '1irit2a3 H2n4er6The =o7.en. $&ll&s# T2E Christ .or
the N&tions# BCD;.
!&ngton# d/&rd. History of the .ora8ian Ch2rch. !ondonE 'eorge
Allen Q -n/in# BCF<.
!ehm&n# Helm)t T. &nd J&rosl&1 Pelik&n# eds. L2ther@s )or9s. FF 4ols.
Phil&del5hi&# PAE ()hlenberg# BCFD.
!ehner# Fr&ncis C. 'aint Dominic: <io4ra1hica3 Doc2ments.
"&shington# $CE Thomist Press# BC<?.
::<
<i:3io4ra1hy
!ittell# Fr&nklin H. The -ri4ins of 'ectarian Protestantism. Ne/ ,orkE
%e&con# BC<?.
!o1e7oy# $&1id S. Re3i4io2s Enth2siasm an7 the =reat A5a9enin4.
ngle/ood Cli..s# NJE Prentice H&ll# BC<C.
(c$onnell# *ili&n. The <a1tism in the Ho3y '1irit. Notre $&me# INE
Ch&rism&tic Rene/&l Ser1ices# BC>:.
(c$onnell# *illi&n &nd 'eorge (ont&g)e. Christian +nitiation an7
<a1tism in the Ho3y '1irit. College1ille# (NE !it)rgic&l# BCCB.
(oody# "illi&m R. The Life of D. L. .oo7y. Ne/ ,orkE Re1ell# BC;;.
()ston# Ale3is. A Com13ete History of the )a37enses an7 Their
Co3onies. !ondonE %l&ckie Q Son# BD>F.
Ne&nder# A)g)st)s. =enera3 History of the Christian Ch2rch. ? 1ols.
%oston# (AE Crocker Q %re/ster# BDF=.
O0Connor# d/&rd. JRoots o. Ch&rism&tic Rene/&l in the C&tholic
Ch)rch.J As1ects of Pentecosta3Charismatic -ri4ins. 4inson
Syn&n# ed. Pl&in.ield# NTE !ogos# BC>F.
Oyer# John S. L2theran Reformers A4ainst the Ana:a1tists. The H&g)e#
CIech Re5)blicE (&rtin)s Ni7ho..# BC<?.
P&lmer# Phoebe. >o2r Years in the -37 )or37. %oston# (AE Foster Q
P&lmer# BD<F.
P&rh&m# Ch&rles. The E8er3astin4 =os1e3. %&3ter S5rings# *SE
A5ostolic F&ith# n.d.
JJJJJJ. A ,oice Cryin4 in the )i37erness. %&3ter S5rings# *SE
A5ostolic F&ith# n.d.
P&rh&m# S&r&h. The Life of Char3es >. Parham. %&3ter S5rings# *SE
A5ostolic F&ith %ible College# BC=;.
Pierson# Arth)r T. >or5ar7 .o8ements of the Last Ha3f Cent2ry. Ne/
,orkE F)nk &nd "&gn&lls# BC;F.
G)&lben# !&rs. A History of the Christian Ch2rch. Ne/ ,orkE Thom&s
Nelson# BCFF.
Robeck# Cecil (. JOrigen0s Tre&tment o. the Ch&rism&t&.J Charismatic
E?1eriences in History. d. Cecil (. Robeck. Pe&body# (AE
Hendrickson# BCDF.
Roberts# Re1. Ale3&nder &nd J&mes $on&ldson. The Ante*icene
Christian Li:rary. B; 1ols. dinb)rgh# ngl&ndE T Q T
Cl & r k # BD>?.
::>
Sch&..# Phili5. History of the Christian Ch2rch. D 1ols. 'r&nd R&5ids#
(IE erdm&ns# BCB;.
Sch&..# Phili5 &nd Henry "&ce# eds. *icene an7 Post*icene >athers
of the Christian Ch2rch. Bst Series. B? 1ols. 'r&nd R&5ids#
(IE erdm&ns# BC>C.
JJJJJJ. *icene an7 Post*icene >athers of the Christian Ch2rch. :nd
Series. B? 1ols. 'r&nd R&5idsE erdm&ns# BC>C.
Scho55# !)d/ig# Roy J. $e..err&ri# %ern&rd (. Peebles &nd Hermigild
$ressier# eds. The >athers of the Ch2rch. DD 1ols.
"&shington# $CE C&tholic -ni1. Press# BCC=.
Sohm# R)dol5h. -2t3ines of Ch2rch History. !ondonE (&c(ill&n#
BCB=.
Ste1ens# Abel. The History of the Re3i4io2s .o8ement of the
Ei4hteenth Cent2ry Ca33e7 .etho7ism. = 1ols. Ne/ ,orkE The
(ethodist %ook Concern# n.d.
Str&ch&n# C. 'ordon. The Pentecosta3 Theo3o4y of E75ar7 +r8in4.
!ondonE $&rton# !ongm&nn Q Todd# BC>=.
Streeter# %)rnett Hillm&n. The Primiti8e Ch2rch. Ne/ ,orkE
(&c(ill&n# BC:C.
S)enens# !eon Jose5h C&rdin&l. A *e5 Pentecost/ Ne/ ,orkE Se&b)ry#
BC>F.
S)lli1&n# Fr&ncis A. Charisms an7 Charismatic Rene5a3. $)blin#
Scotl&ndE 'ill &nd (&cmill&n# BCD:.
S/eet# "illi&m. Re8i8a3ism in America. Ne/ ,orkE Abingdon# BC??.
Syn&n# 4inson. The Ho3inessPentecosta3 .o8ement in the Unite7
'tates. 'r&nd R&5ids# (IE erdm&ns# BC>B.
JJJJJJ. +n the Latter Days. Ann Arbor# (IE Ser1&nt# BCD?.
JJJJJJ. The Cent2ry of the Ho3y '1irit. N&sh1ille# TNE Thom&s
Nelson# :;;B.
Th)rston# Herbert &nd $on&ld Att/&ter# eds. <2t3er@s Li8es of the
'aints ? 1ols. Ne/ ,orkE P.J. *ennedy# BC<=.
Torrey# R. A. )hat the <i:3e Teaches0 n.5.E Re1ell# BDCD+BC==.
Trench# Rich&rd Chene1i3. *otes on the .irac3es of -2r Lor7. Ne/
,orkE Re1ell# n.d.
T)cker# R)th A. >rom ;er2sa3em to +rian ;aya. 'r&nd R&5ids# (IE
6onder1&n# BCD=.
::D
<i:3io4ra1hy
4&n %r&)ght# Thielm&n J# d. The <3oo7y Theater or .artyrs .irror
of the Defense3ess Christians. Tr&ns. Jose5h F. Sohm.
Scottd&le# PAE Her&ld# BCF;.
4on C&m5enh&)sen# H&ns. Ecc3esiastica3 A2thority an7 '1irit2a3
Po5er in the Ch2rches of the >irst Three Cent2ries. St&n.ord#
CAE St&n.ord -ni1. BC<C.
"&lker# "illiston. A History of the Christian Ch2rch. Ne/ ,orkE
Ch&rles Scribner# BC:;.
"&lsh# (ich&el# ed.# <2t3er@s Li8es of the 'aints. S&n Fr&ncisco# CAE
H&r5er# BCCB.
"&r.ield# %en7&min %. Co2nterfeit .irac3es. C&rlisle# PAE %&nner o.
Tr)th# BCD=.
"enger# J. C# ed. The Com13ete )ritin4s of .enno 'imons. Scottd&le#
PAE Her&ld# BC<F.
"esley# John. The )or9s of ;ohn )es3ey. B? 1ols. 'r&nd R&5ids# (IE
6onder1&n# n.d.
"hit.ield# 'eorge. =eor4e )hitfie37@s ;o2rna3s. !ondonE The %&nner
o. Tr)th Tr)st# BC<F.
"illi&ms# 'eorge H. The Ra7ica3 Reformation. Phil&del5hi&# PAE
"estminster# BC<:.
JJJJJJJ# ed. '1irit2a3 an7 Ana:a1tist )riters 1ol. :F o. The Li:rary
of Christian C3assics 8Phil&del5hi&# PAE "estminister# BCF>9.
"imber# John. Po5er E8an4e3ism. S&n Fr&ncisco# CAE H&r5er &nd
Ro/# BCD<.
PERIODICALS
%ro/n# (&rie . JI Remember.J Pentecosta3 E8an4e30 BF (&rch BC<?E
:;.
Conniry# Ch&rles J. Sr.# JIdenti.ying A5ostolic Christi&nityE A Synthesis
o. 4ie/PointsJ ;ET' =>H: 8J)ne BCC?9E :?<+:<B.
$&1is# *enneth R. JAn&b&5tism As & Ch&rism&tic (o1ement.J
.ennonite E2arter3y Re8ie5 F=# no. = 8BC>C9E :BC+=?.
$o)cet# $&in&. J"h&t Is 'od $oing in TorontoKJ Charisma 8Febr)&ry
BCCF9E :;+:<.
Flo/er# J. Ros/ell. J%irth o. the Pentecost&l (o1ement.J Pentecosta3
E8an4e3 8:< No1. BCF;9E =.
Ford# (&rci&. JToronto Ch)rch O)sted From 4iney&rd.J Charisma
8Febr)&ry BCC<9E B:+B=.
::C
'&rdiner# 'ordon P. JO)t o. 6ion. . . Into All the "orld.J <rea7 of Life
8Oct. BCDB+Oct. BCD<9.
'r&dy# J. !ee. JCl&ssic&l Pentecost&ls "&ry o. the Toronto %lessing.J
Charisma 8No1ember BCCF9E ?B+?:.
')ggisberg# H&ns R. d. JJ&cob ")rben o. %iel# & Tho)ght.)l
Admonisher Ag&inst !)d/ig H&tIer &nd the An&b&5tists.J
.ennonite E2arter3y Re8ie5 ?<# no. = 8BC>:9E :=C+FF.
Horsch# John. JThe F&ith o. the S/iss %rethren.J .ennonite E2arter3y
Re8ie5 F# no. B 8BC=B9E >+:>.
JJJJJJ. JAn In@)iry Into the Tr)th o. Acc)s&tions o. F&n&ticism &nd
Crime Ag&inst the &rly S/iss %rethren II.J .ennonite
E2arter3y Re8ie5 D# no. B 8BC=?9E >=+DC.
!inds&y# 'ordon. JThe S5e&king in Tong)es in Ch)rch History.J ,oice
of Hea3in4 8J)ly BC<?9E =#BF.
Pe&chy# P&)l &nd Shem Pe&chy# tr&ns. JAns/er o. Some "ho Are
C&lled 8An&9%&5tists "hy They $o Not Attend the Ch)rches.J
.ennonite E2arter3y Re1ie/ ?F# no. B 8BC>B9E F+=:.
Riss# Rich&rd. JThe Ne/ Order o. the !&tter R&in# A !ook & t the
Re1i1&l (o1ement on Its ?;th Anni1ers&ry.J Assem:3ies of
=o7 Herita4e 8F&ll BCD>9E BF+BC.
4&n $)sen# Henry P. JThird Force in Christendom.J Life 8C J)ne BCFD9E
BB=+B:?.
Thig5en# P&)l. JAncient Alt&rs# Pentecost&l Fire.J .inistries To7ay
8No1.H$ec. BCC:9E ?=+FB.
"hite# Ch&rles d/&rd. JPhoebe P&lmer &nd the $e1elo5ment o.
Pentecost&l Pne)m&tology.J "esley&n Theo3o4ica3 ;o2rna3
8S5ringHF&ll BCDD9E BCD+:B:.
OTHER
Ch&55ell# P&)l '. JThe $i1ine He&ling (o1ement in Americ&.J Ph.$.
$iss# $re/ -ni1.# BCD=.
$orries# $&1id ". JNineteenth+Cent)ry %ritish Christologic&l
Contro1ersy Centering -5on d/&rd Ir1ing0s $octrine o.
Christ0s H)m&n N&t)re.J Ph.$. $iss# -ni1. o. Aberdeen# BCDD.
JIn the N&me o. 'od.J A%C S5eci&l Hosted by Peter Jennings. A5ril >#
BCCF.
!&Co)r# !&/rence. !ect)re on J(inistry o. 1&ngelism.J Or&l Roberts
-ni1ersity# F&ll BCDC.
:=;
<i:3io4ra1hy
Nelson# $o)gl&s '. JA Se&rch .or Pentecost&l+Ch&rism&tic Roots.J
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2000 Years of Charismatic Christianity - Hyatt

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2000 Years of Charismatic Christianity - Hyatt

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I highly recommend this book.

THE GIFT OF THE HOLY SPIRIT

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