Continuous Beams

Sagging Moment Region`

Hogging Moment Region
Continuous Composite Beam System
Continuous Composite Beam
Advantages
greater load capacity due to redistribution
of moments
greater stiffness and therefore reduce
deflection and vibration.

Disadvantages
increase complexity in design
susceptible to buckling in the negative
moment region over internal supports.
Two forms of buckling may occur: (i) local
buckling of the web and/or bottom flange (ii)
lateral torsional buckling.
3
Optimum Span/Depth Ratio of Composite
Beam
Simply Supported Beam:
L/D = 18 to 22
Continuous Beam
L/D = 25 to 28
L = Span Length
D= Overall depth, including the concrete or
composite slab
4
Introduction
Continuous beams may be more economical than simply
supported beams.
However, special phenomena may occur which must be
taken into account in design, such as:
local buckling of compressed plate elements
lateral-torsional buckling
cracking of concrete due to tensile stresses
These all occur in the hogging moment regions.
In the sagging moment regions, design checks are similar
to those of simply supported beams.
f
t
f
b
f
h
s
tension
compression
P.N.A.
Hogging Moment Resistance depends on the
reinforcements within the effective width
Effective Width of the Concrete Flange (1)
The effective width of the concrete flange depends on the distance between the
zero-moment points, approximated by L
e
.
L
1
L
2
L
3
1 1
0.85
e
L L =
( )
2 1 2
0.25
e
L L L = +
3 2
0.7
e
L L =
4 3
2
e
L L =
b
e1
or b
e2
=L
e
/8 <actual width

L
e
=length between points of
zero moment
2 e 1 e o eff
b b b b + + =
7
Effective Width of the Concrete Flange (2)
L
1
L
2
L
3
1 1
0.85
e
L L =
( )
2 1 2
0.25
e
L L L = +
3 2
0.7
e
L L =
4 3
2
e
L L =
At mid-span or an internal support:
2
0
1
eff ei
i
b b b
=
= +

/ 8
ei e i
b L b =
At an end support:
2
0
1
eff i ei
i
b b b
=
= +

( )
0.55 0.025 / 1.0
i e ei
L b = +
Defining
b
0
: distance between the centers of the outstand shear connectors
8
Hogging Moment Resistance effective width
For internal beam, the effective width of concrete slab in the negative (hogging)
bending region is given by L
e
=0.5L and corresponds to an effective width of
L/8, where L is the clear span (rather than L/4 for the positive (sagging) moment
in a simply supported beam). This means that the bar reinforcement is
concentrated in a relatively narrow width over the internal supports.
b
eff
=L/8
For hogging moment
b
eff
=0.7L/4
For sagging moment
L
1
L
2
L
3
1 1
0.85
e
L L =
( )
2 1 2
0.25
e
L L L = +
3 2
0.7
e
L L =
4 3
2
e
L L =
if
b
o
=0, and
L=L
1
=L
2
Example : Effective width of edge beam
A continuous beam of uniform section consists of two spans and a cantilever, as
shown in the figure below. Calculate the effective width for the mid-span regions
AB and CD, for the support regions BC and DE.
A
B C E
N
N
0.3

2.0

Section N-N

6 m 8 m 2 m
D
0.15

Units: m
10
For segment AB,
0.85 6 5.1 m
e
L = =
1
/ 8 0.638 m> 0.3 m
e e
b L = =
0.3

2.0

Section N-N

1
0.3 m
e
b =
2
/ 8 0.638 m< 2 m
e e
b L = =
0.15 0.638 0.3 1.088 m
eff
b = + + =
0.15

Example : Effective width of edge beam
11
2
0
1
eff ei
i
b b b
=
= +

Example 6.1
Perform similar calculation for the rest of the locations,
AB BC CD DE
L
e
5.1 3.5 5.6 4
L
e
/8 0.638 0.438 0.7 0.5
b
0
0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
b
e1
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3

1
- - - -
b
e2
0.638 0.438 0.7 0.5

2
- - - -
b
eff
1.088 0.888 1.15 0.95
All units: m
12
Classification of Composite Cross-Section
EN 1993-1-1 clause 5.5.2: Classification should be according to the less
favorable class of elements in compression.

A steel component restrained by attaching it to a reinforced concrete element may
be placed in a more favorable class.

Simply supported composite beams (sagging moment) are almost always in Class
1 or 2, because:
1. the depth of web in compression (if any) is small
2. the connection to the concrete slab prevents local buckling of the steel
flange.

13
1) Composite sections without concrete encasement

Compression outstand flange unrestrained from buckling
follow EN 1993-1-1 Table 5.2

Web follow EN 1993-1-1 Table 5.2
c
t
c
t
Classification of Cross-Section under
hogging moment (1)
14
Cross-section classification (5)
Classification boundaries for webs in pure bending and uniform
compression (EC3)
Class Pure bending Uniform compression
1 72 33
2 83 38
3 124 42
y
f
2
N/mm 235
=
rolled
welded
d / t
t
t
rolled
welded
d / t
Class Web subject to bending
Web subject to
compression
Web subject to bending
and compression
Stress distribution
(compression
positive)
1 d/t 72 d/t 33 when >0,5: d/t
396/(131)
when <0,5: d/t 36/
2 d/t 83 d/t 38 when >0,5: d/t
456/(131)
when <0,5: d/t 41,5/
Stress distribution
(compression
positive)
3 d/t 124 d/t 42 when >-1:
d/t42/(0,67+0,33)
when -1:
d/t 62.(1).
Classification for web (negative bending)

+
+
2) Composite sections with concrete encasement
b
c
b

b
c
b

0.8 1.0
c
b
b

Web encased in concrete can be assumed to be Class 1 or Class 2 provided:
the concrete that encases the steel section should be reinforced,
mechanically connected to the steel section, and capable of preventing
buckling of the web and of any part of the compression flange towards the
web (clause 5.5.3(2) of BS EN 1994-1-1).
Classification of encased beam under
hogging moment (2)
17
Classification of outstand flanges in uniform compression
Class Type Web uncased Web encased
(EC3) (EC4)
1 Rolled 9 10
Welded 9 9
2 Rolled 10 15
Welded 10 14
3 Rolled 14 21
Welded 14 20
y
f
2
N/mm 235
=
c
t
c
t
rolled
welded
c / t
Classification of encased beam under
hogging moment (3)
Cross-section classification
Class of the section is defined as class of the element with
the less favourable behaviour
(e.g.: class 1 web and class 2 flange = class 2 section)
b
eff
h
c
h
p
t
w
d
20t
w
20t
w
Exception: if compression flange
is at least class 2 and
web is class 3, then the section
can be considered class 2:
with the same cross-section, if the
web is encased
with an effective web, if the web is
not encased
2) The minimum area of reinforcement for Class 1 and 2 sections:
Additional requirements on Class 1 and 2 sections if the reinforcement is in
tension:
1) Ductility requirement on steel reinforcement ductility class B and C
steels
s s c
A A
235
y
ctm
s c
sk
f
f
k
f
=
A
c
=effective area of the concrete flange
f
y
=nominal yield strength of the structural steel, MPa
f
ctm
=mean tensile strength of the concrete (EN 1992-1-1, Table 3.1 for normal
weight concrete or 11.3.1 for lightweight concrete, see next slide)
f
sk
=characteristic yield strength of the reinforcement
k
c
=coefficient accounting for the stress distribution prior to concrete cracking
: =1 for Class 2 and 1.1 for Class 1 (more reinforcing steels for Class 1)
Classification of encased beam under
hogging moment (4)
20
Mechanical properties of concrete
f
ck
(MPa)

25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
f
ctm
(MPa)

2.6 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.1 5.2 4.4
E
cm
(GPa) 31 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
Extract from Table 3.1 in EN 1992-1-1 (for normal weight concrete)
For light weight concrete, the f
ctm
and E
cm
values for a given grade are reduced
by the following coefficient:
( )
0.4 0.6 / 2200
lctm ctm
f f = +
refers to the density of lightweight concrete in kg/m
3
( )
2
/ 2200
lctm ctm
E E =
21
Classification of Cross-Section (8)
( )
0
1
0.3
1 / 2
c
c
k
h z
= +
+
h
c
N.A.

z
0
h
c
: thickness of the concrete flange, excluding ribs and haunches.
z
0
: distance between the centroids of the uncracked concrete flange and
the uncracked composite section, calculated using n
0
for short term
loading
0
/
a cm
n E E =
E
a
: modulus of elasticity for structural steel
22
Plastic cross-section resistance
Basic assumptions:
full connection between steel and concrete
steel & reinforcement are full yielded
resistance of concrete in tension is zero

Moment Resistance
b
eff

Maximum Tensile force in reinforcement




s sk s s
f A F = /
/
a a y a
F A f =

s
=1.15

a
=1.0
R
w
= dtf
y

d
t
F
s

F
a

Maximum Compressive force on steel section




24
Moment Resistance at
Hogging Moment region
Two main cases for which formulae are
developed
case 1: plastic neutral axis is in the flange of the
steel section
case 2: plastic neutral axis is in the web of the
steel section

25
Plastic cross-section resistance
Case 1: F
a
> F
s
R
w
plastic neutral axis is in the steel flange
s sk s s
f A F = /
/
a a y a
F A f =
and
M
pl,Rd
= 0.5F
a
h
a
+ F
s
h
s
- (F
a
- F
s
)
2
/(4b
f
f
y
)
f
t
f
b
f
h
s
tension
compression
P.N.A.
h
s

PNA from top of steel beam
R
w
=F
a
2b
f
t
f
f
y
F
a

Moment about top of the steel flange
2
a s
f
y f
F F
z
f b

=
(F
a
-F
s
)0.5Z
f
h
s
=position of rebars
from the beam flange
Simplified Moment
M
pl,Rd
0.5F
a
h
a
+ F
s
h
s

Plastic cross-section resistance
Case 2: F
a
> F
s
<R
w
plastic neutral axis is in the web of the steel section
f
sk
/

s
F
s
P.N.A.
f /

y a
f /

y a
b
eff
tension
h
c
h
p
h
a
F
a
F
a
t
w
z
w
h /2
a
. .
(0.5 ) 0.5
pl Rd apl Rd s a s s w
M M F h h F z

= + +
2
s
w
w y
F
z
t f
=
s sk s s
/ f A F =
and
PNA from centriod of steel beam
/
a a y a
F A f =
Moment about the center of the steel beam
2
. .
(0.5 ) 0.25 / ( )
pl Rd apl Rd s a s s w y
M M F h h F t f

= + +
Analysis of Continuous Beam
In BS EN 1994-1-1, the design of continuous composite
beams may be based on two approaches to determine
the design bending moments in negative (hogging) and
positive (sagging) bending:
Clause 5.4.4 states that linear elastic analysis may be
used for composite beams with all section
classifications using maximum permitted moment
redistributions
Clause 5.4.5 states that rigid plastic analysis may be
used for Class 1 sections
28
Methods of Analysis
Simplified table of moment coefficients (BS5950:Part 1: 3-1)
Elastic analysis uncracked section
Elastic analysis cracked section
Plastic hinge analysis (class 1 section only)
29
Simplified table of moment coefficients
(BS5950 Part 1: 3-1 Table 2.)
* *
*
*
*
*
This method accounts for pattern loading, cracking of concrete and yielding of steel.
30
Examples (BS5950 Part 1: 3-1 Table 2)
0.79wl
2
/8
0.50wl
2
/8
2 spans Non reinforced plastic section
0.52wl
2
/8
0.67wl
2
/8
0.80wl
2
/8
3 spans Reinforced compact section
31
Some restrictions are placed on this method:
uniform section with equal flanges and without
haunches.
Steel beam should be the same in each span.
The loading should be uniformly distributed.
Unfactored imposed load should not exceed 2.5
times the unfactored dead load.
No span should be less than 75% of the longest.
End span should not exceed 115% of the length of
the adjacent span.
There should not be any cantilevers.
Restrictions on the use of Simplified
moment coefficients
32
Elastic Analysis of Continuous Beam
The elastic analysis method depends on whether the
composite cross-section is considered to be uncracked,
or cracked in negative bending.
For uncracked analysis, the stiffness of the beam is
treated as being constant along its length.
For cracked analysis, the stiffness of the beam is
reduced in the negative (hogging) moment region and
hence lower percentage redistributions of moment are
permitted in comparison to the uncracked case.
33
Cracked and un-cracked analysis
(b) Crack section
EI
g

EI
n
EI
g

EI
g

Uncracked analysis:
use EI
g
through out

Cracked analysis:
Use EI
n
near the support
and EI
g
outside the 15%
length of the support
34
Analysis of Continuous
Composite Beam
Distribution of bending moment
35
Elastic Analysis
Uncracked Section
(positive moment)



n is the ratio of the elastic moduli of steel to concrete taking
into account the creep of the concrete (may assume n =13)
r is the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the steel section
relative to the concrete section , A
a
/(b
eff
h
c
).
I
ay
is the second moment of area of the steel section








ay
3
c eff
2
a p c a
g
I
n 12
h b
) nr 1 ( 4
) h h 2 h ( A
I + +
+
+ +
=
36
A
r
= area of reinforcement
h
r
= distance of reinforcement from the top of concrete slab

Cracked Section, Negative Moment
2
( 2( ))
4( )
a r a p c r
n ay
a r
A A h h h h
I I
A A
+ +
= +
+
37








h
r

h
a

h
c

h
p

Elastic analysis moment redistributions
Analysis Method
for Composite
Section
Section Class to SS EN 1993-1-1
1 2 3 4
Un-cracked Section 40% 30% 20% 10%
Cracked Section 25% 15% 10% 0%
Maximum moment redistributions for elastic global analysis of
continuous composite beams (per cent of the initial value of the bending
moment to be reduced)
Resistance against combined
bending and shear
Interaction diagram
V
Sd
C B
A
V
pl.Rd
V
pl.Rd
0,5
M
f.Rd
_
M
Rd
_
M
V.Rd
_

Low shear
moment capacity
not reduced
Low bending
shear capacity not reduced
High bending and shear
interaction formula
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =

2
.
. . .
1
2
1 ) (
Rd pl
Sd
Rd f Rd Rd f Rd v
V
V
M M M M
Moment capacity of flanges only

Problems for continuous beam design

High shear
Lateral-torsional buckling at hogging moment region
Shear connection design
Loss of serviceability due to concrete cracking
Lateral-torsional buckling
The theory of lateral-torsional buckling of continuous
beams over supports is rather complex.

In reality, lateral-torsional buckling is affected by:
beam distortion / lateral deflection of compressed flange
torsional rigidity of section

In design, two types of simplified approach may be
followed:
simplified calculation of lateral-torsional buckling resistance
according to analogy to steel beams (EC3 approach)
application of certain detailing rules that prevent lateral-torsional
buckling
Lateral-torsional buckling
EC3 approach

=
Rd LT Rd b
M M
.

=
cr
pl
LT
M
M
EC3
LT buckling
curves
In this approach, the elastic critical moment is determined
using the so-called inverted U-frame model.
The use of this model is subject to certain conditions.
This model is not discussed here in detail
No lateral-torsional buckling if the lateral-torsional buckling slenderness ratio <0.4,
0.4
LT

Lateral Torsional Buckling at Hogging
Moment Region
4 . 0
LT
<
0,4.
No reduction in capacity due to lateral torsional buckling
43
Prevention of lateral-torsional buckling by bracing
Member Steel grade
S235
Steel grade
S275
Steel grade
S355
Steel grade S420
or S460
IPE/UB 600 550 400 270
HE/UC 800 700 650 500
Maximum depth h (mm) of uncased steel member to avoid
lateral-torsional buckling checks (EC 4 Table 6.1 )
Lateral torsional buckling can also be
prevented by limiting the depth of the steel
member at the hogging moment region
Shear connection design
Basic rules
Connectors should be ductile
Plastic design of shear connection is possible even if global analysis
is elastic, provided that the end cross-sections of the critical length to
be designed are at least Class 2
In hogging moment regions, use of full shear connection is
recommended
In sagging moment regions, partial shear connection may be applied

Shear Connections in Negative Moment
Regions
P
Rd
=design capacity of a shear connector in negative moment
regions considering concrete cracking
Total no. of shear connectors =N
p
+N
n
needed between the point of
maximum moment and each adjacent support
N
n
= F
s
/P
Rd



=tension resistance
of reinforcement
s sk
s
s
A f
F

=
46
0.85
1
min ;
1.5 1.15
eff c ck
s sk
p n a y
Rd
b h f
A f
N N A f
P
(
| |
+ = +
( |
\ .

0.85
1
min ;
1.5
eff c ck
p a y
Rd
b h f
N A f
P
(
| |
=
( |
\ .

1
1.15
s sk
n
Rd
A f
N
P
=
F
a
F
c
F
s
47
Deflection
Deflection is affected by
Pattern loading
Cracking of concrete
Yielding of rebars

But yielding of rebars and cracking of concrete have less influence on
deflections in services than they do on analyses for ultimate limit states.

Simplified method is developed for uniform beam in which deflection is
estimated based on uniformly distributed load that the hogging end
moments M
1
and M
2
reduce the md-span moment deflection from
o
to

c


48
Serviceability deflection

c
=
o
{1-0.6(M
1
+M
2
)/M
o
}

o
=Deflection of a simply supported beam
M
o
=maximum sagging moment in the
beam when it is simply supported
Deflection of a continuous beam (simplified)
M
1
and M
2
are moments after
redistribution for pattern loads, etc.
49
Influence of Pattern loading
To account for pattern
loading as shown in the
figure, reduce the
uncracked moments at
the internal supports by
40%
M
1
and M
2
are moments
after redistribution for
pattern loads, etc.
50
Serviceability
Cracking of concrete

In continuous beams, concrete cracking is mainly due to
tensile stresses in the hogging moment regions

This cracking is prevented by limiting bar spacing or bar
diameters in the reinforcement
Serviceability
Cracking of concrete
Limiting bar spacing (for high bond bars only) to avoid
cracking over supports
stress in reinforcement

s
, N/mm
2
maximum bar spacing
for w
k
=0,4 mm
maximum bar spacing
for w
k
=0,3 mm
maximum bar spacing
for w
k
=0,2 mm
160
200
240
280
320
360
300
300
250
250
150
100
300
250
200
150
100
50
200
150
100
50

this stress is calculated

considering tension stiffening
s s s
+ =
0
s st
ctm
s
f

=
4 . 0
with...
unless using a more precise method:
s s s
+ =
0

so
=tensile stress in the reinforcement

0.4
ctm
s
st s
f

=
f
ctm
is the mean tensile strength of concrete;

s
is the reinforcement ratio expressed as
st
= A
s
/ A
ct

A
ct
is the area of concrete flange in tension within the effective width
A
s
is the total area of reinforcement within the area A
ct

st
is the ratio
a a
I A
AI
where A and I are the area and second moment of area of the composite section
neglecting concrete in tension and any sheeting, and A
a
and I
a
are the same
properties for the bare steel section.
Conclusions
Continuous beams offer advantages over simply supported
beams, but special phenomena need particular attention
during design in the hogging moment regions
In the case of both elastic and plastic design, cross-section
classification and resistance calculation are key issues
Lateral-torsional buckling at the hogging moment regions
must be prevented by appropriate detailing or by direct
check
In shear connection design, hogging moment regions
require full shear connection
In the hogging moment regions, the serviceability limit state
of cracking of concrete may be relevant
Example


Homework 7:
Continuous Composite Beams