Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering

BKG3721
Fuel & Combustion Lab
Experiment 8
Flame Stability & Flame Speed ! L"G Fuel
#ame
$atri% #o&
Group
"ro'ram
Se%tion
(ate
Sem& 11 ) Session 2*12+2*13
BKG37,1 - Fuel and Combustion Lab Sem ..)2*12+2*13
1.0 OBEJECTIVE
1.1 Study on the characteristics of flame stability
1.2 Determination of flame speed based on the cone method.
2.0 GENERAL DESCRIPTION
2.1 Unit Construction

Figure 1: Unit Construction for Flame Propagation & Stability Unit (odel! "# $2%
1. &ir Flo'meter (. )andheld *gniter
2. "as Flo'meter +. Panel
,. *gnition -utton 1$. *gnition .ransformer 'ith spar/ plug
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2
3
4
5
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7
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12
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BKG37,1 - Fuel and Combustion Lab Sem ..)2*12+2*13
0. &ir Control 1al2e 11. i3ing -loc/
4. "as Control 1al2e 12. Safety Foot S'itch
5. ain S'itch 1,. Stabili6er Cone
7. "lass .ubes 10. -urner .ubes
2.2 Equi!"nts
a% &ir Pump
Flo'! 4$ 8P
a3 Pressure! 0$ /Pa
b% &ir Flo'meter
Flo'rate! $ 9 04 8P
c% "as Flo'meter
Flo'rate! $ 9 15 8P (air%
d% -urner .ubes!
-urner 1! :D ; 12.4mm< *D ; +mm
-urner 2! :D ; 15.$mm< *D ; 12.4mm
-urner ,! :D ; 1+.$mm< *D ; 15.$mm
-urner 0! :D ; 24.$mm< *D ; 22.$mm

#.0 E$PERI%ENTAL PROCEDURE
#.1 G"n"r&' St&rt(u Proc")ur"
1. S'itch on the air blo'er. :pen the air control 2al2e and ensure air flo' is through to
burner bloc/.
2. Place foot on s'itch pad and open gas control 2al2e and ignite mi3ture on mi3ing tube<
using a gas lighter.
,. &ctual =uantities to gi2e good light > up 'ill be found by e3perience as they 2ary 'ith
different tubes and gases in use.
#.2 G"n"r&' S*ut()o+n Proc")ur"
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BKG37,1 - Fuel and Combustion Lab Sem ..)2*12+2*13
1. .o e3tinguish the flame< turn off the gas 2al2e and purge the system 'ith air for a fe'
seconds.
2. ?hen finished 'ith unit< isolate electrical and fuel supplies.
#.# ,'&!" St&-i'it. T"st
1. S'itch on po'er for the main unit.
2. S'itch on the air blo'er.
,. :pen the air 2al2e and allo' the air to flo' through the unit for a fe' minutes.
0. :pen the fuel gas 2al2e and ignite the gas mi3tures 'ith an igniter.
4. :btain a stable flame using a 22 mm inner diameter burner.
7. :bser2e the conditions of yello' tipping (@.%< lift off (8:% and light bac/ (8-%. Aecord the
corresponding air and fuel flo' rates for all , conditions. Please refer to the *nde3
section for more information on these , conditions.
5. Aepeat the e3periment by using different burner tube diameters (15mm & 12.4 mm%
#./ ,'&!" S"") T"st
1. Start9up the unit as described in #3periment Flame Stability .est.
2. :btain a stable flame using a 22 mm diameter burner.
,. Using a ruler< measure the height of the flame cone.
0. Aepeat the e3periment 'ith different burner diameters (15mm & 12.4 mm%.
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BKG37,1 - Fuel and Combustion Lab Sem ..)2*12+2*13
/.0 R"su'ts
,'&!" St&-i'it.
Burner Tube
Diameter
Fuel Flowrate
(L/s)
Air Flowrate
(L/s)
Fuel Air Ratio
mm
Heigt
(mm)
A!tual
"# L$ L% "# L$ L%
22



16



13



,'&!" S"")
Burner Tube
Diameter
Fuel Flowrate Fuel Flowrate
Flame
&o'e
Heigt
&lame
&o'e
Area
mm Heigt (mm) A!tual Heigt (mm) A!tual mm mm
2












0.0 An&'.sis 1 Discussions2
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BKG37,1 - Fuel and Combustion Lab Sem ..)2*12+2*13
1. Determine the airBfuel ratio and fuelBcross sectional area of the tube diameter for each
condition and s/etch the 2alues on a graph paper.
2. Discuss the result obtain from graph paper.
,. Comment on the methods to increase flame stability.
0. Determine the flame speed from the follo'ing e=uation!
Su ; 1fl B &F ; Uo<m 3 &tube B &F
*n 'hich!
Uo<m ; minimum flo' 2elocity in tube (cmBs%
Su ; flame speed
1fl ; 2olumetric flo' rate (cm
,
Bs%
&F ; surface area of cone (cm
2
%
&tube ; cross section area of tube (cm
2
%
&F ;C r l
?here<
r ; radius
l ; slant height
&ir Bfuel ratio ; (
air
(air flo' rate%B (
)uel
(fuel flo' rate%
0.0 S&3"t. %"&sur"s
Unit should be operated in a 'ell 2entilated area and sited 'ell a'ay from inflammable or heat
sensiti2e material.
Do not allo' the unit to run 'ith the gas control 2al2e open if no flame has been established.
During use of fittings< mi3ing tubes< etc.< 'ill become hot. .he use of a heat resistant glo2e is
recommended 'hen handling these items.
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BKG37,1 - Fuel and Combustion Lab Sem ..)2*12+2*13
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