Conditional: Types 0, 1, 2 &3

The Zero Conditional

We can make a zero conditional sentence with two present simple verbs (one in the 'if
clause' and one in the 'main clause'):
If + present simple, .... present simple.
his conditional is used when the result will alwa!s happen. "o, if water reaches #$$
de%rees, it alwa!s boils. It's a fact. I'm talkin% in %eneral, not about one particular
situation. he result of the 'if clause' is alwa!s the main clause.
he 'if' in this conditional can usuall! be replaced b! 'when' without chan%in% the
meanin%.
&or e'ample: If water reaches #$$ de%rees, it boils. (It is alwa!s true, there can't be a
different result sometimes). If I eat peanuts, I am sick. (his is true onl! for me, ma!be,
not for ever!one, but it's still true that I'm sick ever! time I eat peanuts)
(ere are some more e'amples:
If people eat too much, the! get fat.
If !ou touch a fire, !ou get burned.
)eople die if the! don't eat.
*ou get water if !ou mix h!dro%en and o'!%en.
"nakes bite if the! are scared
If babies are hun%r!, the! cry
The irst Conditional
he first conditional has the present simple after 'if', then the future simple in the other
clause:
if + present simple, ... will + infinitive
It's used to talk about thin%s which mi%ht happen in the future. +f course, we can't know
what will happen in the future, but this describes possible thin%s, which could easil!
come true.
If it rains, I !on't go to the park.
If I study toda!, I'll go to the part! toni%ht.
If I ha"e enou%h mone!, I'll buy some new shoes.
"he'll be late if the train is dela!ed.
"he'll miss the bus if she doesn't lea"e soon.
If I see her, I'll tell her.
The #econd Conditional
he second conditional uses the past simple after if, then 'would' and the infinitive:
if + past simple, ...would + infinitive
(We can use 'were' instead of 'was' with 'I' and 'he,she,it'. his is mostl! done in formal
writin%).
It has two uses.
&irst, we can use it to talk about thin%s in the future that are probabl! not %oin% to be
true. -a!be I'm ima%inin% some dream for e'ample.
If I !on the lotter!, I !ould buy a bi% house.(I probabl! won't win the lotter!)
If I met the .ueen of /n%land, I !ould say hello.
"he !ould tra"el all over the world if she !ere rich.
"he !ould pass the e'am if she ever studied.("he never studies, so this won't
happen)
"econd, we can use it to talk about somethin% in the present which is impossible,
because it's not true. Is that clear0 (ave a look at the e'amples:
If I had his number, I !ould call him. (I don't have his number now, so it's
impossible for me to call him).
If I !ere !ou, I !ouldn't go out with that man.
$o! is this di%%erent %rom the %irst conditional&
his kind of conditional sentence is different from the first conditional because this is a
lot more unlikel!.
&or e'ample (second conditional): If I had enou%h mone! I would bu! a house with
twent! bedrooms and a swimmin% pool (I'm probabl! not %oin% to have this much
mone!, it's 1ust a dream, not ver! real)
2ut (first conditional): If I have enou%h mone!, I'll bu! some new shoes (It's much more
likel! that'll have enou%h mone! to bu! some shoes)
The Third Conditional
We make the third conditional b! usin% the past perfect after 'if' and then 'would have'
and the past participle in the second part of the sentence:
if + past perfect, ...would + have + past participle
It talks about the past. It's used to describe a situation that didn't happen, and to ima%ine
the result of this situation.
If she had studied, she !ould ha"e passed the e'am (but, reall! we know she
didn't stud! and so she didn't pass)
If I hadn't eaten so much, I !ouldn't ha"e %elt sick (but I did eat a lot, and so I
did feel sick).
If we had ta'en a ta'i, we !ouldn't ha"e missed the plane
"he !ouldn't ha"e been tired if she had gone to bed earlier
"he !ould ha"e become a teacher if she had gone to universit!
(e !ould ha"e been on time for the interview if he had le%t the house at nine
()(*C+#(#:
,- .a'e /ero conditionals:
#. (I , wake up late , I , be late for work)
333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
4. (m! husband , cook , he , burn the food)
333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
5. (6ulie , not wear a hat , she , %et sunstroke)
333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
7. (children , not eat well , the! , not be health!)
333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
8. (!ou , mi' water and electricit! , !ou , %et a shock)
333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
9. (people , eat , too man! sweets , the! , %et fat)
333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
:. (!ou , smoke , !ou , %et !ellow fin%ers)
333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
;. (children , pla! outside , the! , not %et overwei%ht)
333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
<. (!ou , heat ice , it , melt)
333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
#$. (I , speak to 6ohn , he , %et anno!ed)
333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333333
0- 1ut the "erb into the correct %irst conditional %orm:
#. If I 333333333333333333 (%o) out toni%ht, I 333333333333333333 (%o) to the cinema.
4. If !ou 333333333333333333 (%et) back late, I 333333333333333333 (be) an%r!.
5. If we 333333333333333333 (not , see) each other tomorrow, we333333333333333333 (see)
each other ne't week.
7. If he 333333333333333333 (come), I 333333333333333333 (be) surprised.
8. If we 333333333333333333 (wait) here, we 333333333333333333 (be) late.
9. If we 333333333333333333 (%o) on holida! this summer, we 333333333333333333 (%o) to
"pain.
:. If the weather 333333333333333333 (not , improve), we333333333333333333 (not , have) a
picnic.
;. If I 333333333333333333 (not , %o) to bed earl!, I 333333333333333333 (be) tired tomorrow.
<. If we 333333333333333333 (eat) all this cake, we 333333333333333333(feel) sick.
#$. If !ou 333333333333333333 (not , want) to %o out, I 333333333333333333(cook) dinner at
home.
C- #econd Conditionals 2 put the "erb into the correct tense:
#. If I 33333333333333333 (be) !ou, I 33333333333333333 (%et) a new 1ob.
4. If he 33333333333333333 (be) !oun%er, he 33333333333333333 (travel) more.
5. If we 33333333333333333 (not , be) friends, I 33333333333333333 (be) an%r! with !ou.
7. If I 33333333333333333 (have) enou%h mone!, I 33333333333333333 (bu!) a bi% house.
8. If she 33333333333333333 (not , be) alwa!s so late, she 33333333333333333(be) promoted.
9. If we 33333333333333333 (win) the lotter!, we 33333333333333333 (travel) the world.
:. If !ou 33333333333333333 (have) a better 1ob, we 33333333333333333 (be) able to bu! a
new car
;. If I 33333333333333333 (speak) perfect /n%lish, I 33333333333333333 (have) a %ood 1ob.
<. If we 33333333333333333 (live) in -e'ico, I 33333333333333333 (speak) "panish.
#$. If she 33333333333333333 (pass) the e'am, she 33333333333333333 (be) able to enter
universit!.
1ut in the correct third conditional "erb %orm:
#. If !ou 33333333333333 (not , be) late, we 33333333333333 (not , miss) the bus.
4. If she 33333333333333 (stud!), she 33333333333333 (pass) the e'am.
5. If we 33333333333333 (arrive) earlier, we 33333333333333 (see) 6ohn.
7. If the! 33333333333333 (%o) to bed earl!, the! 33333333333333 (not , wake) up late.
8. If he 33333333333333 (become) a musician, he 33333333333333 (record) a =>.
9. If she 33333333333333 (%o) to art school, she 33333333333333 (become) a painter.
:. If I 33333333333333 (be) born in a different countr!, I 33333333333333 (learn) to speak a
different lan%ua%e.
;. If she 33333333333333 (%o) to universit!, she 33333333333333 (stud!) &rench.
<. If we 33333333333333 (not , %o) to the part!, we 33333333333333 (not , meet) them.
#$. If he 33333333333333 (take) the 1ob, he 33333333333333 (not , %o) travellin%.
3ouns
Nouns are words that name people, places, things, or ideas.
2efore !ou look at the list of nouns, I'd like to point out that each noun fits into more than one of
the cate%ories below.
&or e'ample, the word train is a common, concrete, countable, sin%ular noun. ?ot it0 ?ood@
3oun Type (xamples
Common 3ouns name people, places
or thin%s that are not specific.
man, mountain, state, ocean, country, building, cat,
airline
1roper 3ouns name specific people,
places, or thin%s.
Walt Disney, Mount Kilimanjaro, Minnesota, tlantic
!cean, ustralia, "mpire #tate $uilding, %luffy, #un
&ountry
,bstract 3ouns name nouns that !ou
can't perceive with !our five sense.
love, wealth, happiness, pride, fear, religion, belief,
history, communication
Concrete 3ouns name nouns that
!ou can perceive with !our five
senses.
house, ocean, 'ncle Mi(e, bird, photograph, banana,
eyes, light, sun, dog, suitcase, flowers
Countable 3ouns name nouns that
!ou can count.
bed, cat, movie, train, country, boo(, phone, match,
spea(er, cloc(, pen, David, violin
4ncountalbe 3ouns name nouns that
!ou can't count.
mil(, rice, snow, rain, water, food, music
Compound 3ouns are made up of
two or more words.
tablecloth, eyeglasses, New )or(, photograph,
daughter*in*law, pigtails, sunlight, snowfla(e
Collecti"e 3ouns refer to thin%s or
people as a unit.
bunch, audience, floc(, team, group, family, band,
village
#ingular 3ouns name one person,
place, thin%, or idea.
cat, soc(, ship, hero, mon(ey, baby, match
1lural 3ouns name more than one
person, place, thin%, or idea.
cats, soc(s, ships, heroes, mon(eys, babies, matches
1ossessi"e 3ouns show ownership. Mom's car, $eth's cat, the student's book
#ingular and 1lural 3ouns
Most nouns form the plural by adding -s or -es. Examples:
#ingular 1lural
boat boats
hat hats
house houses
river rivers
A noun ending in -y preceded by a consonant makes the plural with -ies. Examples:
#ingular 1lural
a cr! cries
a fl! flies
a napp! nappies
a popp! poppies
a cit! cities
a lad! ladies
a bab! babies
There are some irregular %ormations %or noun plurals- #ome o% the most common ones
are listed belo!-
(xamples o% irregular plurals
#ingular 1lural
woman women
man men
child children
tooth teeth
foot feet
person people
leaf leaves
half halves
knife knives
wife wives
life lives
loaf loaves
potato potatoes
#ome nouns ha"e the same %orm in the singular and the plural- Examples
"in%ular )lural
sheep sheep
fish fish
species species
#ome nouns ha"e a plural %orm but ta'e a singular "erb- Examples
news he news is on at 9.5$ p.m.
athletics Athletics is %ood for !oun% people.
linguistics Linguistics is the stud! of lan%ua%e.
darts Darts is a popular %ame in /n%land-
billiards Billiards is pla!ed all over the world.
Some nouns have a plural form and take a plural verb. Examples
trousers -! trousers are too ti%ht.
jeans (er jeans are black.
glasses hose glasses are his.
others include:
savings, thanks, steps, stair, customs, congratulations, tropics, wages,
spectacles, outskirts, goods, wits
3oun25ender
he AounB?ender tells us about the se' of the noun.
In ?rammarBAouns, there are 64* 5(37(*#-
1- .asculine gender:
C noun is said to be in the -asculine %ender if it refers to a male character or member of a
species.
-an, lion, hero, bo!, kin%, horse and actor are nouns of masculine %ender.
(xample:
D C bo! is pla!in% in the pla!B%round.
D (ero of the movie is not a native of this countr!.
In these sentences the words Ebo!F and EheroF are masculineB%ender nouns.
he ne't in the AounB?ender is feminine %ender.
2- eminine gender:
C noun is said to be in the feminine %ender if it refers to a female member of a species.
Woman, lioness, heroine, %irl, mare, niece, empress, cow and actress are few of the feminineB
%ender nouns that we use.
Example:
A girl is playing in the play-ground.
Heroine of the movie is not a native of this country.
In these sentences the words girl and heroine are feminine-gender nouns.
he next in the !oun-"ender is common gender.
3. ommon gender:
A noun is said to #e in $ommon gender if it refers to a mem#er of species which can #e a male or
a female.
$hild% student% friend% applicant% candidate% servant% mem#er%
parliamentarian and leader are few of the common-gender nouns.
Example:
A child is playing in the play-ground.
A &arliamentarian should have command over his language.
In these sentences the words% child and parliamentarian are nouns of common gender.
he next in the !oun-"ender is neuter gender.
!. "euter gender:
A noun is said to #e in the neuter gender if it refers to a mem#er of a species which is neither a
male nor a female.
!ormally nouns referring to lifeless o#'ects are in neuter nouns.
$hair% ta#le% tree% star% mountain% street% #oo(% car% school%
paper% pencil and computer are few of the neuter nouns which )e use regularly.
Example:
$omputer has #rought a#out drastic changes in our lives.
ree is cleansing the air.
*tars are not visi#le in the day-time.
+oo(s are our #est friends.
In these sentences the words% computer% tree% stars and #oo(s are the neuter-gender
nouns.
*ome special exceptions,
Masculine genders#####$eminine genders
2achelor "pinster
2achelor -aid
>o% 2itch
>rone 2ee
(orse -are
Aephew Aiece
6ew 6ewess
Wizard Witch
(eir (eiress
)oet )oetess
(unter (untress
)rince )rincess
Gion Gioness
2ull =ow
i%er i%ress
Cctor Cctress
Hncle Cunt
-onk Aun
?entleman Gad!
>uck >uchess
()(*C+#(#:
,- 8rite the plural noun o% the !ords belo!-
cat 33333333333333333333 lunch 33333333333333333333
fo' 33333333333333333333 child 33333333333333333333
class 33333333333333333333 ta' 33333333333333333333
house 33333333333333333333 bush 33333333333333333333
bo' 33333333333333333333 boot 33333333333333333333
movie 33333333333333333333 bunch 33333333333333333333
brush 33333333333333333333 sock 33333333333333333333
monke! 33333333333333333333 fan 33333333333333333333
B. Write the opposite gender noun on the blank.
#. father
4. sister
5. aunt
7. hen
8. priest
9. kin%
:. policewoman
;. prince
<. actor
#$. man
##. dressmaker
#4. niece
C- ,re these nouns countable or uncountable&
#. water 333333333333
4. fruit 333333333333
5. coconut 333333333333
7. bread 333333333333
8. >I> 333333333333
9. meat 333333333333
:. ball 333333333333
;. snack333333333333
<. %lasses333333333333
#$. pen 333333333333
##. milk333333333333
#4. chair333333333333
#5. %asoline333333333333
#7. table333333333333
#8. cream333333333333
#9. mone!333333333333
#:. oil 333333333333
#;. insect333333333333
#<. sofa333333333333
4$. !o%urt333333333333
4#. school333333333333
44. bus 333333333333
45. food 333333333333
47. chocolate 333333333333
48. ship 333333333333
7- Complete 9a: or 9an: & ;Countable 3ouns<
-. ............ uncle /. ............ hour
0. ............ #us
1. ............ dress
2. ............ oven
3. ............ #each
4. ............ teacher
5. ............ insect
6. ............ taxi
-7. ............um#rella
--. ............player
-/. ............eye
-0. ............castle
-1. ............artist
-2. ............river
-3. ............tent
-4. ............doctor
-5. ............exercise
-6. ............lady
/7. ............house
/-. ............envelope
//. ............taxi
/0. ............idea
/1. ............computer
/2. ............chair
Collocations ;8ords that go together<
C collocation is a combination of words that are commonl! used to%etherJ the simplest wa! of
describin% collocations is to sa! that the! K1ust sound ri%htL to native /n%lish speakers. +ther
combinations that ma! mean the same thin% would seem KunnaturalL. =ollocations include noun
phrases like Kstiff windL and Kweapons of mass destructionL, phrasal verbs such as Kto %et
to%etherL and other stock phrases such as Kthe rich and famousL
It is important to learn collocations, because the! are important for the naturalisation of oneLs
speech. 2esides, the! broaden oneLs scope for e'pression.
(ere is a list of collocations to help !ou %et started:
>o me a favour
>o the cookin%
>o the housework
>o the shoppin%
>o the washin% up
>o !our best
(ave a %ood time
(ave a bath
(ave a drink
(ave a haircut
(ave a holida!
(ave a problem
(ave a relationship
(ave lunch
(ave s!mpath!
2reak the law
2reak a le%
2reak a promise
2reak someone's heart
2reak the rules
ake a chance
ake a look
ake a rest
ake a seat
ake a ta'i
ake an e'am
ake notes
-ake a difference
-ake a mess
-ake a mistake
-ake a noise
-ake an effort
=atch the bus
=atch a cold
=atch someone's attention
=atch the flu
)a! attention
)a! b! credit card
)a! cash
Meep a promise
Meep a secret
Meep calm
Meep in touch
"ave ener%!
"ave mone!
"ave someone a seat
"ave someone's life
"ave somethin% to a disk
"ave time
?o bald