! Classification of Coplanar Trusses ! The Method of Joints ! Zero-Force Members ! The Method of Sections ! Compound Trusses ! Complex Trusses ! Space Trusses Analysis of Statically Determinate Trusses 2 Common Types of Trusses gusset plate Roof Trusses top cord roof purlins knee brace bottom cord gusset plate span, 18 - 30 m, typical bay, 5-6 m typical 3 Howe truss 18 - 30 m Pratt truss 18 - 30 m Howe truss flat roof Warren truss flat roof saw-tooth truss skylight Fink truss > 30 m three-hinged arch hangar, gymnasium 4 Bridge Trusses top cord deck sway bracing top lateral bracing stringers portal end post portal bracing panel floor beam bottom cord 5 trough Pratt truss deck Pratt truss Warren truss parker truss (pratt truss with curved chord) Howe truss baltimore truss K truss 6 1. All members are connected at both ends by smooth frictionless pins. 2. All loads are applied at joints (member weight is negligible). Notes: Centroids of all joint members coincide at the joint. All members are straight. All load conditions satisfy Hookes law. Assumptions for Design 7 Classification of Coplanar Trusses Simple Trusses a b c d (new joint) new members A B C D P C D A B P P A B C 8 Compound Trusses simple truss simple truss Type 2 simple truss simple truss Type 1 secondary simple truss secondary simple truss secondary simple truss secondary simple truss main simple truss Type 3 9 Complex Trusses Determinacy b + r = 2j statically determinate b + r > 2j statically indeterminate In particular, the degree of indeterminacy is specified by the difference in the numbers (b + r) - 2j. 10 Stability b + r < 2j unstable b + r 2j unstable if truss support reactions are concurrent or parallel or if some of the components of the truss form a collapsible mechanism ! External Unstable Unstable-parallel reactions Unstable-concurrent reactions 11 A B C D E F O Internal Unstable 8 + 3 = 11 < 2(6) AD, BE, and CF are concurrent at point O 12 Example 3-1 Classify each of the trusses in the figure below as stable, unstable, statically determinate, or statically indeterminate. The trusses are subjected to arbitrary external loadings that are assumed to be known and can act anywhere on the trusses. 13 SOLUTION Externally stable, since the reactions are not concurrent or parallel. Since b = 19, r = 3, j = 11, then b + r = 2j or 22 = 22. Therefore, the truss is statically determinate. By inspection the truss is internally stable. Externally stable. Since b = 15, r = 4, j = 9, then b + r > 2j or 19 > 18. The truss is statically indeterminate to the first degree. By inspection the truss is internally stable. 14 Externally stable. Since b = 9, r = 3, j = 6, then b + r = 2j or 12 = 12. The truss is statically determinate. By inspection the truss is internally stable. Externally stable. Since b = 12, r = 3, j = 8, then b + r < 2j or 15 < 16. The truss is internally unstable. 15 2 m 2 m 500 N 45 o A B C The Method of Joints C y = 500 N F BA F BC 500 N B 45 o Joint B x y "F x = 0: + 500 - F BC sin45 o = 0 F BC = 707 N (C) "F y = 0: + - F BA + F BC cos45 o = 0 F BA = 500 N (T) A x = 500 N A y = 500 N 16 2 m 2 m 500 N 45 o A B C C y = 500 N A x = 500 N A y = 500 N F AC "F x = 0: + 500 - F AC = 0 F AC = 500 N (T) Joint A 500 N 500 N 500 N 17 Zero-Force Members D x D y E y C F CD F CB "F x = 0: F CB = 0 + "F y = 0: F CD = 0 + F AE F AB A # "F y = 0: F AB sin# = 0, F AB = 0 + "F x = 0: F AE + 0 = 0, F AE = 0 + 0 0 0 0 P A B C D E 18 Example 3-4 Using the method of joints, indicate all the members of the truss shown in the figure below that have zero force. P A B C D E F G H 19 P A B C D E F G H SOLUTION Joint D "F y = 0: + F DC sin# = 0, F DC = 0 "F x = 0: + F DE + 0 = 0, F DE = 0 0 F EC F EF P E F EF = 0 "F x = 0: + Joint E A x A x G x 0 0 0 x y D # F DC F DE 20 Joint H "F y = 0: + F HB = 0 A x A x G x Joint G "F y = 0: + F GA = 0 0 0 0 0 0 F HF F HA F HB x y H G G x F GF F GA P A B C D E F G H 21 2 kN 2 kN 2 kN A B C D E F 1 kN G H I J K 5@3m = 15 m 5 m Example 3-5 Determine all the member forces Identify zero-force members 22 2 kN 2 kN 2 kN A B C D E F 1 kN G H I J K 5@3m = 15 m 5 m SOLUTION r + b = 2j, 4 18 2(11) Determinate Stable + "M A = 0: 0 ) 12 ( 1 ) 9 ( 2 ) 6 ( 2 ) 3 ( 2 ) 5 ( % & & & & x K K x = 7.6 kN, "F x = 0: + , 0 6 . 7 % ' & x A A x = 7.6 kN, "F y = 0: + , 0 1 2 2 2 % & & & & y A A y = 7 kN, K y K x A y A x 0 Use method of joints 23 2 kN 2 kN 2 kN A B C D E F 1 kN G H I J K 5@3m = 15 m 5 m 0 7 kN 7.6 kN 7.6 kN F x y # 0 0 Joint F F FE
F FG
"F x = 0: + F FG = 0 "F y = 0: + 0 sin % # FE F F FE = 0 Use method of joint 24 2 kN 2 kN 2 kN A B C D E F 1 kN G H I J K 5@3m = 15 m 5 m 0 7 kN 7.6 kN 7.6 kN 0 0 "F x = 0: + -F ED = 0 "F y = 0: + 0 cos % # EG F F EG = 0 y E x # F ED 0 F EG
Joint E 25 2 kN 2 kN 2 kN A B C D E F 1 kN G H I J K 5@3m = 15 m 5 m 0 7 kN 7.6 kN 7.6 kN 0 0 "F x = 0: + F HG = 1.5 kN (T) "F y = 0: + 0 1 69 . 33 sin % & o DG F F DG = 1.803 kN (C) Joint G F HG
F DG
0 1 kN G x y 0 33.69 o o 69 . 33 ) 3 2 ( tan 1 % % & # # 0 69 . 33 cos 803 . 1 % ' & HG F 26 2 kN 2 kN 2 kN A B C D E F 1 kN G H I J K 5@3m = 15 m 5 m 0 7 kN 7.6 kN 7.6 kN 0 F HI
Joint H H x y 1.5 kN F HD "F y = 0: + F HD = 0 "F x = 0: + F HI = 1.5 kN (T) 0 5 . 1 % ' & HI F 0 0 0 27 33.69 o I 2 kN D E F 1 kN G H 3 m 3 m 3 m Use method of sections F HI F DC F DI 18.44 o + "M D = 0: 0 ) 3 ( 1 ) 2 ( % & HI F F HI = 1.5 kN (T) + "M F = 0: 0 ) 6 ( 2 ) 3 ( 1 ) 9 ( 69 . 33 sin % ' ' & DI F F DI = 3 kN (T) + "M I = 0: 0 ) 3 ( 2 ) 6 ( 1 ) 9 ( 44 . 18 sin % & & & DC F F DC = -4.25 kN (C) Check : 0 1 2 44 . 18 sin 69 . 33 sin % & & & DC DI F F O.K. "F y = 0: + 3 -4.25 28 C The Method of Sections E x D x D y a a 100 N A B G 2 m 45 o F GF F GC F BC + "M G % () 100(2) - F BC (2) = 0 F BC = 100 N (T) "F y = 0: + -100 + F GC sin45 o = 0 F GC = 141.42 N (T) + "M C % () 100(4) - F GF (2) = 0 F GF = 200 N (C) 100 N A B C D E F G 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m 29 2 kN 2 kN 2 kN A B C D E F 1 kN G H I J K 5@3m = 15 m 5 m Example 3-6 Determine member force CD, ID, and IH 30 33.69 o I 2 kN D E F 1 kN G H 3 m 3 m 3 m Use method of sections F HI F DC F DI 18.44 o + "M D = 0: 0 ) 3 ( 1 ) 2 ( % & HI F F HI = 1.5 kN (T) + "M F = 0: 0 ) 6 ( 2 ) 3 ( 1 ) 9 ( 69 . 33 sin % ' ' & DI F F DI = 3 kN (T) + "M I = 0: 0 ) 3 ( 2 ) 6 ( 1 ) 9 ( 44 . 18 sin % & & & DC F F DC = -4.25 kN (C) Check : 0 1 2 44 . 18 sin 69 . 33 sin % & & & DC DI F F O.K. "F y = 0: + 3 -4.25 SOLUTION +1.50E+00 -4.22E+00 3.00E+00 31 Example 3-7 Determine the force in members GF and GD of the truss shown in the figure below. State whether the members are in tension or compression. The reactions at the supports have been calculated. 6 kN 8 kN 2 kN A x = 0 A y = 9 kN E y = 7 kN A B C D E F G H 3 m 3 m 3 m 3 m 3 m 4.5 m 32 A x = 0 A y = 9 kN SOLUTION a a + "M D % () F FG sin26.6 o (3.6) + 7(3) = 0, F FG = -17.83 kN (C) + "M O % () - 7(3) + 2(6) + F DG sin56.3 o (6) = 0, F DG = 1.80 kN (C) 6 kN 8 kN 2 kN E y = 7 kN A B C D E F G H 3 m 3 m 3 m 3 m 3 m 4.5 m 2 kN E y = 7 kN D E F Section a-a 3 m F FG F DG F DC 3 m 26.6 o O 26.6 o 56.3 o 33 Example 3-8 Determine the force in members BC and MC of the K-truss shown in the figure below. State whether the members are in tension or compression. The reactions at the supports have been calculated. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P 6 kN 6 kN 8 kN 7 kN 13 kN 0 3 m 3 m 5 m 5 m 5 m 5 m 5 m 5 m 34 SOLUTION a a Section a-a A B L 6 kN 13 kN 5 m 6 m F LK F BM F LM F BC + "M L % () F BC (6) - 13(5) = 0, F BC = 10 kN (T) A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P 6 kN 6 kN 8 kN 7 kN 13 kN 0 3 m 3 m 5 m 5 m 5 m 5 m 5 m 5 m 35 b b F KL F KM F CM 10 kN + "M K % () -F CM cos31 o (6) - 10(6) - 8(5) + 7(20) = 0 F CM = 7.77 kN (T) 31 o A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P 6 kN 6 kN 8 kN 7 kN 13 kN 0 3 m 3 m 5 m 5 m 5 m 5 m 5 m 5 m C D E F G H I J K N O P 6 kN 8 kN 7 kN 3 m 3 m 5 m 5 m 5 m 5 m 36 Compound Trusses Procedure for Analysis Step 1. Identify the simple trusses Step 2. Obtain external loading Step 3. Solve for simple trusses separately 37 Example 3-9 Indicate how to analyze the compound truss shown in the figure below. The reactions at the supports have been calculated. A B 4 kN 2 kN 4 kN C D 4 m 2 m 2 m E y = 5 kN A y = 5 kN A y = 0 I H J K F E G 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m 38 SOLUTION a a C F HG F BC F JC 4 sin60 o m A B 4 kN A y = 5 kN I H J 2 m 2 m + "M C % () -5(4) + 4(2) + F HG (4sin60 o ) = 0 F HG = 3.46 kN (C) A B 4 kN 2 kN 4 kN C D 4 m 2 m 2 m E y = 5 kN A y = 5 kN A y = 0 I H J K F E G 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m 39 A B 4 kN 2 kN C A y = 5 kN I H J 2 m 2 m 4 sin60 o m 3.46 kN + "M A % () 3.46(4sin60 o ) + F CK sin60 o (4) - 4(2) - 2(4) = 0 F CK = 1.16 kN (T) F CK F CD 60 o "F x = 0: + -3.46 + 1.16cos60 o + F CD = 0 F CK = 2.88 kN (T) A B 4 kN 2 kN 4 kN C D 4 m 2 m 2 m E y = 5 kN A y = 5 kN A y = 0 I H J K F E G 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m 40 A B 4 kN 2 kN C A y = 5 kN I H J 2 m 2 m 4 sin60 o m 3.46 kN F CK = 1.16 2.88 kN 60 o Using the method of joints. Joint A : Determine F AB and F AI Joint H : Determine F HI and F HJ Joint I : Determine F IJ and F IB Joint B : Determine F BC and F BJ Joint J : Determine F JC A B 4 kN 2 kN 4 kN C D 4 m 2 m 2 m E y = 5 kN A y = 5 kN A y = 0 I H J K F E G 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m 41 Example 3-10 Indicate how to analyze the compound truss shown in the fugure below. The reactions at the supports have been calculated. A B C D E F G H 45 o 45 o 45 o 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m 2
m 15 kN 15 kN A y = 15 kN A x = 0 kN F y = 15 kN 4 m 42 SOLUTION a a + "M B % () -15(2) - F DG (2 sin45 o ) - F CE cos45 o (4) - F CE sin45 o (2) = 0 -----(1) "F y = 0: + 15 - 15 + F BH sin45 o - F CE sin45 o = 0 F BH = F CE -----(2) "F x = 0: + F CE F BH F DG A B C D 45 o 45 o 2 m 2 m 2
m 15 kN A y = 15 kN 4 m 45 o 2 sin 45 o m F BH cos45 o + F DG +
F CE cos45 o = 0 -----(3) From eq.(1)-(3): F BH = F CE = -13.38 kN (C) F DG = 18.92 kN (T) A B C D E F G H 45 o 45 o 45 o 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m 2
m 15 kN 15 kN A y = 15 kN A x = 0 kN F y = 15 kN 4 m 43 From eq.(1)-(3): F BH = F CE = -13.38 kN (C) F DG = 18.92 kN (T) Analysis of each connected simple truss can now be performed using the method of joints. Joint A : Determine F AB and F AD Joint D : Determine F DC and F DB Joint C : Determine F CB a a A B C D 45 o 45 o 2 m 2 m 2
m 15 kN A y = 15 kN 4 m 45 o A B C D E F G H 45 o 45 o 45 o 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m 2
m 15 kN 15 kN A y = 15 kN A x = 0 kN F y = 15 kN 4 m F CE F BH F DG 44 Example 3-11 Indicate how to analyze the symmetrical compound truss shown in the figure below. The reactions at the supports have been calculated. 5 kN 3 kN 3 kN A C E B F D G H 45 o 45 o A y = 4.62 kN A x = 0 kN F y = 4.62 kN 6 m 6 m 5 o 5 o 5 o 5 o 45 3 kN C E D H 1.5 kN 1.5 kN F EC F EC 1.5 kN 1.5 kN 3 kN E F G A F AE F AE 5 kN 3 kN 3 kN A C E B F D G H 45 o 45 o A y = 4.62 kN A x = 0 kN F y = 4.62 kN 6 m 6 m 5 o 5 o 5 o 5 o 46 1.5 kN 5 kN 45 o 45 o 4.62 kN 4.62 kN 1.5 kN 1.5 kN A B C 45 o 45 o 1.5 kN E "F y = 0: + 4.62 - 1.5sin45 o - F AE sin45 o = 0 F AE = 5.03 kN (C) "F x = 0: + 1.5cos45 o - 5.03cos45 o + F AB = 0 F AB = 2.50 kN (T) 45 o 4.62 kN A 1.5 kN 45 o F AE F AB 5 kN 3 kN 3 kN A C E B F D G H 45 o 45 o A y = 4.62 kN A x = 0 kN F y = 4.62 kN 6 m 6 m 5 o 5 o 5 o 5 o 47 1 1 Complex Trusses + = X x F EC + x f EC = 0 x
= F EC f EC r + b = 2j, 3 9 2(6) Determinate Stable F EC = F AD F AD f EC F i = F i + x f i P A B C D F E P A B C D F E P A B C D F E 48 Example 3-12 Determine the force in each member of the complex truss shown in the figure below. Assume joints B, F, and D are on the same horizontal line. State whether the members are in tension or compression. 45 o 45 o 20 kN A B C D E F 1 m 1 m 2.5 m 0.25 m 49 SOLUTION + = x F' BD + x f BD = 0 x
= F' BD f BD F i = F' i + x f i 45 o 45 o 20 kN A B C D E F 45 o 45 o A B C D E F 1 kN 45 o 45 o 20 kN A B C D E F 1 m 1 m 2.5 m 0.25 m 50 x 45 o 45 o 20 kN A B C D E F + 45 o 45 o A B C D E F 1 kN - 0 . 7 0 7 - 0 . 7 0 7 0 . 7 0 7 - 0 . 5 3 9 -0.3 - 0 . 5 3 9 1 -0.3 0 . 7 0 7 1 4 . 1 4 - 1 4 . 1 4 0 0 0 -18 2 1 . 5 4 -10 +10 10 0 ) 1 ( 10 0 % % ' & % ' x x xf F BD BD First determine reactions and next use the method of joint, start at join C, F, E, D, and B. 20 kN (20x2.25)/2.5 = 18 kN 18 kN 0 0 0 45 o 45 o 20 kN A B C D E F 1 m 1 m 2.5 m 0.25 m 7 . 0 7 7 . 0 7 - 2 1 . 2 1 7 . 0 7 - 5 . 3 9 -21 1 6 . 1 5 7 10 20 kN 18 kN 18 kN 1 m 1 m 2.5 m 0.25 m 51 Space Trusses P b + r < 3j unstable truss b + r = 3j statically determinate-check stability ! b + r 3j statically determinate-check stability Determinacy and Stability 52 x y z y z x y z x z x y x y z F y F z F z F x F x F z F y short link y x z roller z x y slotted roller constrained in a cylinder y z x ball-and -socket 53 x y z l F B A z F x F y F z x y 2 2 2 z y x l ' ' % ) ( l x F F x % ) ( l y F F y % ) ( l z F F z % 2 2 2 z y x F F F F ' ' % x, y, z, Force Components. Zero-Force Members "F z = 0 , F D = 0 F D F A = 0 F B F C = 0 A B B D x y z Case 2 Case 1 F D F A F B F C A B C D x y z "F z = 0 , F B = 0 "F y = 0 , F D = 0 54 Example 3-13 Determine the force in each member of the space truss shown in the figure below. The truss is supported by a ball-and-socket joint at A, a slotted roller joint at B, and a cable at C. 2.67 kN 1.22 m 1.22 m 2.44 m 2.44 m A B C D E x y z 55 SOLUTION C y B y B x A z A x A y The truss is statically determinate since b + r = 3j or 9 + 6 = 3(5) "M z % () C y = 0 kN "M x % () B y (2.44) - 2.67(2.44) = 0 B y = 2.67 kN "M y % () -2.67(1.22) + B x (2.44) = 0 B x = 1.34 kN "F x = 0: -A x + 1.34 = 0 A x = 1.34 kN "F z = 0: A z - 2.67 = 0 A z = 2.67 kN "F y = 0: A y - 2.67 = 0 A y = 2.67 kN 2.67 kN 1.22 m 2.44 m 2.44 m B C D E x y z 56 B y B x A z A x A y 2.67 kN 1.22 m 2.44 m 2.44 m B C D E x y z Joint D. "F Z = 0: F DC = 0 2.73 m 3 . 6 6
m "F Y = 0: F DE = 0 0 z x y 0 F DE F DC D Joint C. z x y 0 0 0 0 F CE C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 "F x = 0: F DA = 0 "F y = 0: F CE = 0 "F x = 0: F CB = 0 "F z = 0: F CA = 0 57 B y B x A z A x A y 2.67 kN 1.22 m 2.44 m 2.44 m B C D E x y z 2.73 m 3 . 6 6
m 0 2.67 kN 1.34 kN B z F BA F BE F BC x y Joint B. "F y = 0: - 2.67 + F BE (2.44/3.66) = 0 F BE = 4 kN (T) "F z = 0: F BA - 4(2.44/3.66) = 0 F BA = 2.67 kN (C) "F x = 0: 1.34 - F BC -4(1.22/3.66) = 0 F BC = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 58 B y B x A z A x A y 2.67 kN 1.22 m 2.44 m 2.44 m B C D E x y z 2.73 m 3 . 6 6
m 0 2.67 kN A z x y 2.67 kN 1.34 kN 2.67 kN F AC F AD F AE 45 o 2 1 "F y = 0: - F AE ( 5 2 ) + 2.67 = 0 F AE = 2.99 kN (C) "F z = 0: - 1.34 + F AD + 2.99( 5 1 ) = 0 F AD = 0, OK Joint A. "F z = 0: 2.67 - 2.67 - F AC sin45 o = 0 F AC = 0, OK 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ten-Decimal Tables of the Logarithms of Complex Numbers and for the Transformation from Cartesian to Polar Coordinates: Volume 33 in Mathematical Tables Series