NAMA

: NYAYU AISYAH

KELAS

: 3 EGA

NIM

: 0611 4041 1509

No 18
An Illinois bituminous coal is burned in a boiler furnace with air at 78 oF, 92% humidity. The
barometric pressure is 29.40 in.Hg. the furnace gases leave at 553oF. The refuse is
discharged moisture-free, at 440oF. The refuse as analyzed contains 12.2% carbon as coke
and 16.1% moisture. The specific heat of dry refuse is 0.25.
The proximate analysis of coal is :
Fixed Carbon

50.34%

Volatile Matter

30.68

Moisture

9.61

Ash

9.37
100%

Heating Value of coal 11900 Btu per lb

The Ultimate analysis on moisture-free basis is :
Carbon

73.7%

Hydrogen

4.75

Oxygen

9.23

Nitrogen

1.58

Sulfur

0.55

Corrected Ash

10.19
100%

The flue-gas analysis is as follows:

CO2

12.2%

CO

0.2

O2

7.0

N2

80.6
100%

Calculate :

a) total material and energy balances for this process based on 100 lb of coal charged,
neglecting the combustion of sulfur.
b) Percentage excess air used in combustion, based on that required for complete
combustion of all coal charged
c) Dew point of the flue gas
d) Actual volumes in cubic feet at the given condition of temperature, humidity and
pressure of the flue-gases and air supply per 100 lb of coal charged
Answer :
B
O

Air

I
L

Coal

Flue Gas

CO2

12.2%

CO

0.2

O2

7.0

N2

80.6

Refuse

100%

a) Calculate the total material and energy balances for this process based on 100 lb of coal
charged.
Basis : 100 lb of coal charged
Carbon in coal = 73.7 lb
The refuse as analyzed contains :
- Ash

= 9.37%

- Carbon in coke

= 12.2%

Carbon in refuse

= 100%- 12.2%

Weight of refuse

= 100 / 87.8 x 9.37 lb

= 10.67 lb

Weight of coke

= 10.67 lb 9.37 lb

= 1.30 lb

Carbon in coke

= (100%-16.1%) x 1.30 lb

= 1.09 lb

Carbon in flue-gas

= Carbon in coal Carbon in refuse

= 73.7 lb 1.09 lb

% Carbon in flue-gas = 12.2% + 0.2%

Mol of dry air

= 87.8%

= 72.61 lb ~ 6.05 lbmol

= 12.4%

= 100 / 12.4 x 6.05 lbmol

= 48.8 lb mol
The weight of flue-gas :
Compound

mol of dry air

(lb-mol)

percentage
(%)

mol of each compound Molecular

(Lbmol)
Weight
Weight (lb)

CO2

48.8

0.122

5.95

44

261.80

CO

48.8

0.002

0.097

28

2.72

O2

48.8

0.07

3.42

32

109.44

N2

48.8

0.806

39.33

28

1101.24

Total

48.8

weight of air supplied :

Nitrogen Balance
N2 supply

= N2 in Flue Gas N2 in coal

= 1101.24 lb 1.58 lb
= 1099.7 lb ~ 39.3 lbmol

O2 supply

= 21 / 79 x 39.3

= 10.5 lbmol ~ 336 lb

air supply

= 100 / 79 x 393

= 49.8 lbmol

weight of air supplied

= weight of N2 + weight of O2
= 1099.7 lb + 336 lb = 1435.7 lb

RH = 92%
T

= 78oF

from FIG 20 the humidity (H) is 0.0307 lbmol H2O / lb mol dry gas
H2O = 0.0307 x 49.8 = 1.528 lb mol ~ 27.54 lb
H2O as the result of combustion process :
Weight of H2 = 4.75 lb, so the mol of H2 = 2.375 lbmol
H2 + O2
2.375

H2O
2.375

The mol of H2O = 2,375 lbmol so the weight of H2O = 42,75 lb

H2O in flue-gas = H2O (moisture) + H2O (the result of combustion) + H2O (from air)

1475.20

= 9.61 lb + 42.75 lb + 27.54 lb

= 79.90 lb ~ 4.43 lbmol

Composition of wet gas:

Compound

Mol of each
compound (lb mol)

Molecular
weight

weight (lb)

percentage
(%)

CO2

5,9536

44

261,9

16.8413

CO

0,0976

28

2,7

0.1736

O2

3,416

32

109,3

7.0285

N2

39,3328

28

1101,3

70.8186

H2O

4,43

18

79,9

5.078

Total

53,23

1555,1

100

Material Balance
INPUT
Component

OUTPUT
mass (lb)

Coal
Dry air
H2O in air
TOTAL

Component
100 Dry flue-gas

1435.7 Refuse
27.54 H2O in flue-gas
1563.3

TOTAL

ENERGY BALANCE
Reference Temperature: 78oF

mass (lb)
1475.2
10.67
79.90
1565.7

Basis: 100 lb coal charged

Input
a. HV of coal

= 100 lb x 11900 Btu

= 1,190,000 Btu

b. Enthalpy of coal
c. Enthalpy of dry air
d. Enthalpy of water vapor in the dry air
Heat of evaporation = 18,940 Btu per lb-mol at 78oF

=
=

Enthalpy = (1.528) (18,940)

= 28,940.32 Btu

Total Input

0 Btu
0 Btu

=1,218,940.32 Btu
Output

e. HV of refuse
Weight of carbon in refuse = 1.09 lb
HV = (1.09) (14,490)

15,794.1 Btu

965.64 Btu

f. Enthalpy of refuse :
Weight of refuse = 10.67 lb
Enthalpy

= (10.67) (0.25) (440-78)

g. Heat of formation of CO :
Mol of CO
= 0.0976 lbmol
Heating value

= (0.0976) (67636) (1.8)

- Enthalpy of flue-gas:
Compound
mol (lb-mol)

Cp

= 11,882.29 Btu
T (oF)

Q (Btu)

CO2

5.9535

10.05

475

28421

CO

00976

7.08

475

328.23

O2

3.160

7.28

475

11812.53

N2

39.328

7.04

475

131528.88

H2O

4.43

8.28

475

17423.19

TOTAL

18,9513.83

h. Enthalpy of water :
Mol H2O = 42.75 lb + 27.468 lb = 70.218 lb ~ 3.901 lbmol
EnthalpyH2O
i. the heat loss
Total

= (3.901) (8.28) (553-78)

= 15342.63 Btu
= 985441.83 Btu
= 1,218,940.32 Btu

ENERGY BALANCE
Input
Component

Output
Energy (Btu)

Component

Energy(Btu)

Enthalpy of air

0 Enthalpy of flue-gas

189513.83

Enthalpy of coal

0 Enthalphy of refuse

965.635

Enthalpy of water
vapor

Enthalpy of water in flue28,940.32 gas

15342.633

1190000 Heat of formation of CO

11882.29

HV of refuse

15,794.10

Heat loss

985441.83

HV Coal

Total

1218940.32 Total

b) Calculate the excess air used in combustion

Total C in coal charged

= 73.7 lb ~ 6.14 lbmol

H2 in coal charged

= 4.75 lb ~ 2.375 lbmol

Total O2 required

= 8.515 lbmol

Air theoritical required

= 8.515 / 0,21 = 40.547 lbmol

Air actually supplied

= 49.716 lbmol

%excess = 49.716 40.547/ 40.547 = 22.61%

c) determine the dew point
H

= mol H2O / mol dry gas

= 4.43 / 48.8 = 0.0907

From FIG 19, dew Point = 110oF

d) calculate the volume of flue-gass and the air supply
Volume of flue gas (29.40 in Hg. 553oF)
V = 48.8 x 359

x 1013 x 29.92
492

29.40

= 36709.03 ft3
Volume of air supply (29.40 in Hg. 78oF)

1218940.32

V = 49.8 x 359 x 538 x 29.92

492

29.40

= 19861.96 ft3
LAMPIRAN
Calculate the cp of each gas :
Where T0 = 78oF ~ 298,55 K and T1 = 553oF~ 562,44 K
Cp CO2 :
= 6,339 + 10,14 x 10-3 (298,55+562,44) + (-3,415 x 10-6) ( (298,55)2 + (298,55)(562,44) + (562,44)2)
2

= 6,339 + 4,3652 0,6527

= 10,05
Cp CO :
= 6,35 + 1,811 x 10-3 (298,55+562,44) + (-0,2675 x 10-6) ((298,55)2 + (298,55)(562,44) + (562,44)2)
2

= 6,35 + 0,7796 0,0511

= 7,08
Cp O2 :
= 6,11 + 3,167 x 10-3 (298,55+562,44) + (-1,005 x 10-6) ((298,55)2 + (298,55)(562,44) + (562,44)2)
2

= 6,11 + 1,3634 0,1921

= 7,28
Cp N2 :
= 6,457 + 1,389 x 10-3 (298,55+562,44) + (-0,069 x 10-6) ((298,55)2 + (298,55)(562,44) + (562,44)2)
2

= 6,457 + 0,5980 0,01319

= 7,04
Cp H2O :
= 7,136 + 2,640 x 10-3(298,55+562,44) + (0,0459 x 10-6) ((298,55)2 + (298,55)(562,44) + (562,44)2)
2
= 7,136 + 1,1365 0,008773

3
= 8,28

19. Batubara bituminus dibakar dalam sebuah tungku pemanas dengan udara 85 oF dan
dengan kelembaban 90%. Tekanan barometriknya adalah 29,20 in Hg. Gas dari tungku
pemanas keluar pada suhu 572oF. Residu meninggalkan tungku dengan keadaan bebas lengas

pada suhu 520oF dan ketika dianalisa mengandung 23,2% lengas, 12,3% zat terbang dan
41,4% karbon tertambat. Panas spesifik rata-rata dari residu adalah 0,23.
Analisa Proksimat batubara adalah :
Karbon tertambat
56,34%
Zat terbang
37,75
Lengas
2,97
Abu
2,94
100%
Analisa Ultimat parsil pada basis abu terkoreksi dan lengas bebas adalah :
Karbon
84,43%
Nitrogen
2,00
Sulfur
0,82
Nilai bakar tota, dari batubara adalah 14.139 Btu per lb. Uap kering jenuh pada tekanan
gauge 150 psi diproduksi pada rentang 780 lb per 100 lb batubara diisi. Air diberikan ke
pemanas pada 72oF. Analisa Orsat dari flue gas adalah :
CO2

12,0%

CO

1,2

O2

6,2

N2

80,6
100%

Hitung :
a) Kandungan hidrogen bersih pada batubara dari neraca oksigen, dimana pembakaran
sulfur diabaikan
b) Analisa ulimat lengkap dari batubara
c) Neraca massa lengkap dari proses, berdasarkan 100 lb batubara diisi
d) Neraca energi lengkap dari proses, berdasarkan 100 lb batubara diisi
e) Efisiensi termal dari tungku dan pemanas, berdasarkan nilai bakar total dan nilai
bakar bersih
f) Persen udara berlebih yang digunakan, berdasarkan pembakaran total.

19. Answer :
Udara

Boiler

Steam

Gas 5720C

Batubara

520 0F
Refuse:

22.3 % Moisture
12.3 % VCM
41.4 % FC = 41.4 % X 17.25 lb

= 5.07 lb

24 % Abu

= 2.94 lb

100 %

=12.25 lb

C VM = CBB - CFC
= 84.43 56.34
C VM = 28.09
C = 28.09/37.74 = 0.74
Neraca Karbon:
C Batubara = C refuse + C flue gas
C refuse = C FC + C VCM
= 5,07 + 0,74 = 5,81 lb
C Flue gas = C batubara C refuse
= 84,43-5,81 = 78,62 lb ~ 6,55 lbmol
lb dry gas = 100/13,2 x 6,55 lbmol = 49,62 lbmol
maka berat flue gas :
Komponen
CO2
CO
O2
N2
Total

Mol udara
kering (lbmol)
49,62
49,62
49,62
49,62

Komposisi
(%)
0,12
0,012
0,062
0,806

Menghitung udara disuplay:

Mol tiap
komponen
(lbmol)
5,95
0,5954
3,07644
39,99
49,61184

BM

Berat (lb)

44
28
32
28

261,8
16,6712
98,44608
1119,82
1496,11728

Udara yang disuplay =

x 39,92 lb mol

= 50,53 lb mol
O2

= 50,53 39,92 lb mol

= 10,61 lbmol x 32 = 339,571 lb

Oksigen balance
Oksigen pada fluegas
Total fluegas

= 49,92

O2 pada CO2 = 49,92 x 0,12

= 5,95 lb mol

O2 pada CO

O2 pada flue gas

= 49,92 x 0,062

= 3,07644 lb mol

= 9,323 lbmol x 32

= 298,33 lb

O2 total

= 0,2995 lb mol

O2 mengoksidasi H2 = O2 pada udara suplai = O2 fluegas

= 10,61 lb mol 9,323 lb mol
= 1,288 lb mol
H2 terbakar

= 2 x 1,288 lb mol

= 2576 lbmol
= 5,152 ib

H2O dari udara:

Analisa ultimate lengkap:

Mencari corrected ash :

2,94 - 3/8 0,82 = 2,63%
Maka Analisa ultimate lengkap :
Moisture

:2,97%

Carbon

:84,43%

N2

:2%

:0,82%

:5,15%

Corrected ash :2,63%

Combined H2O: 2%

Dari grafik halaman 120 di dapatkan pada RH 90% dan T = 85 F di dapatkan molal humidity
= 0,04 molair/ mol udara bebas
total H2O di udara

= 0,04 x 50,53 lbmol = 2,0212 lbmol =36,3816 lb

Total input batubara dengan basis 100 lb batubara

Total udara yang di suplay = 50,53 lbmol x 29

= 1465,4 lb

Total output
Abu dalam refuse

= 100 (22,3 + 12,3 + 41,4)

= 24%

Berat refuse

x 2,94 lb = 12,25 lb

H2O hasil pembakaran :

Berat H2 = 5,15 ,maka mol H2 = 2,575 lbmol
H2 + O2

H2O

2,575

2,575

Mol H2O = 2,575 lbmol maka berat H2O = 46,35 lb

H2O dalam flue gas

= H2O (batubara) + H2O (hasil pembentuka ) + H2O (dari udara)

= 4,97 lb + 46,35 lb + 36,3816 lb
= 87,7016 lb = 4,87231 lbmol

Komposisi gas basah :

Komponen

Mol tiap
komponen (lbmol)

CO2
CO
O2
N2

5,95
0,5954
3,07644
39,99

44
28
32
28

261,8
16,6712
98,44608
1119,82

16,523199
1,05218
6,21330
70,67612

H2O
Total

4,87231
54,4818415

18

87,7016
1584,43888

5,53518
100

Neraca massa

BM

Berat (lb)

Komposisi
(%)

Input
Coal
100 lb
Dry air
1465,41 lb
H2O dalam udara 36,3816 lb
Total
1601,17916 lb

Output
Flue gas
1496,12lb
Refuse
12,25 lb
Water flue gas
87,702 lb
Total
1596,072 lb

ENERGY BALANCE
Reference Temperature: 85oF
Basis: 100 lb coal charged
Input
a. HV of coal

= 100 lb x 14139Btu/lb

= 1,413,900 Btu

j. Enthalpy of coal
k. Enthalpy of dry air
l. Enthalpy of water vapor in the dry air
Heat of evaporation = 18,940 Btu per lb-mol at 85oF

=
=

Enthalpy = (2.0212)(18,940)

= 38,281.53 Btu

Total Input

0 Btu
0 Btu

=1,452,181.53 Btu
Output

m. HV of refuse
Weight of carbon in refuse = 5.81 lb
HV = (5.81) (14,490)

84,186.9 Btu

1,225.61 Btu

n. Enthalpy of refuse :
Weight of refuse = 12.25 lb
Enthalpy

= (12.25) (0.23) (520-85)

o. Heat of formation of CO :
Mol of CO
= 0.5954 lbmol
Heating value
-

= (0.5954) (67636) (1.8)

Enthalpy of flue-gas:
Compound
mol

= 72,486.85 Btu

cp

CO2

5,95

10

435

25882,5

CO

0,595

7,06

435

1827,3045

O2

3,076

7,25

435

9700,935

N2

39,99

7,03

435

122291,4195

H2O

4,872

8,26

435

17505,5832

TOTAL

177207,7422

p. Enthalpy of water :
Mol H2O = 4.5962 lbmol
EnthalpyH2O

= (4.596) (8.26) (435)

= 16,514.61 Btu

q. Heat Utilized Steam :

Dry saturated steam at 150 psig 164.7 psia
From steam table we get : hg = 1196.45 Btu/lb and hf = 338,75 Btu/lb
-

Enthaply of steam = m x hg
= (780 lb) (1196.45 Btu/lb)

= 933,231 Btu

Enthalpy of BFW = m x hf
= (780 lb) (338,75 Btu/lb)
= 264,225 Btu

- Enthalpy of feed water at 72oF

From steam table we get hf at 72oF = 40.09 Btu/lb
(40.09 Btu/lb) (789 lb)
Heat Utilized Steam

= 31,270.2 Btu
= enthalpy steam enthalpy feed water
= 933,231 Btu 31,270.2 Btu
= 901,960.8 Btu

r. heat loss
Total

= 198,595.297 Btu
= 1,452,181.53 Btu

ENERGY BALANCE
INPUT
Component
HV coal

OUTPUT
energy

Component

1413900 HV refuse

Energy
84186,9

Enthalpy sensible coal

0 Enthalpy refuse

1225,613

Enthalpy dry air

0 Heat of formation

72486,85

Enthalpy water vapor

38281,53 Enthalpy of flue gas

177211,46

Enthalpy of water

16514,61

Heat Utilized of steam

901960,8

Heat loss
1452181,5
3 TOTAL

TOTAL

198595,297
1452181,53

e. Thermal Efficiency of boiler-furnace

- Based on total heating value of coal
Thermal efficiency = heat utilized of steam / HV coal
= 901,960.8 Btu / 1,413,900 Btu
= 0.638 ~ 63.8%
- Based on net heating value of coal
Thermal efficiency = heat utilized of steam /(HV coal enthaply of water)
= 901,960.8 Btu /(1,413,900 Btu ((51.32) (1050))
= 0.663 ~ 66.3%

f. Percentage excess air used, based on the total combustible charged.

Component flue gas :
CO2

5.95

CO

0.5954 lbmol

O2

3.0764 lbmol

H2O

4.8723 lbmol
C

lbmol

O2

CO2

5.95 lbmol
C

O2

CO2

0.2975 lbmol
H2

5.95 lbmol

O2

0.5954 lbmol
H2O

2.436 lbmol

4.8723 lbmol

O2 required

5.95 lbmol + 0.2975 lbmol + 2.436 lbmol= 8.68375 lbmol

Air required

= 8.68375 lbmol / 0.21 = 41.3512 lbmol

Air supply

= 50.53 lbmol

Excess air

= (50.53 lbmol - 41.3512 lbmol ) / 41.3512 lbmol = 22.2%