Verbals Exercises

Exercises
Section VIII. THE NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB (VERBALS)

The Participle
Preparatory activities.
Review the following topics:
1. Give the dei!iti"! " the #$rtici%&e. '"((e!t "! its d")*&e ch$r$cter.
+. N$(e ver*$& $!d !"(i!$& ch$r$cteristics " the #$rtici%&e.
,. '"((e!t "! the Te!se-As%ect $!d V"ice c"rre&$ti"!s " the #$rtici%&e I $!d the )se " its "r(s.
-. N$(e )!cti"!s " the #$rtici%&e I $!d II i! the se!te!ce. Give ex$(%&es.
.. S%e$/ $*")t the 0$1s " tr$!s&$ti!2 the %$rtici%&e i!t" R)ssi$!.
3. '"((e!t "! the str)ct)re $!d )se " the O*4ective #$rtici%i$& '"!str)cti"!.
5. '"((e!t "! the str)ct)re $!d )se " the S)*4ective #$rtici%i$& '"!str)cti"!.
6. '"((e!t "! the str)ct)re $!d )se " A*s"&)te #$rtici%i$& '"!str)cti"!s
7. '"((e!t "! the str)ct)re $!d )se " A*s"&)te '"!str)cti"!s 0ith")t $ %$rtici%i$&.
EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Insert the appropriate form of Participle I.
1. 8ere/9 0h" h$d s&e%t the s&ee% " the de$d9 :::: !"!e "r t0" !i2hts9 0"/e :::: " Nedd$. (t" h$ve9 t"
thi!/) +. The street 0$s )&& " %e"%&e9 :::: $!d :::: h"(e. (t" &$)2h9 t" 2") ,. The 21%s1 s(i&ed9 :::: his teeth9
(t" sh"0) -. ;hi&e :::: (1 directi"!s9 he 2&$!ced $t (e !"0 $!d the!9 s)s%ici")s&19 r"( )!der his r"st-0hite
e1e-&$shes. (t" "*e1) .. :::: the(9 he r$ised his c"ee c)%. (t" 0$tch) 3. The &etter c"!t$i!ed ver1 &itt&e ($tter9
:::: i! h$ste< *)t the (e$!i!2 0$s *)&/1 e!")2h. (t" 0rite) 5. He 0e!t )%st$irs $2$i!9 :::: %$st the d""r9 $!d9
:::: his r""(9 s0itched "! the &i2ht. (t" ti%t"e9 t" e!ter) 6. The (issi"!$r19 :::: d$i&1 "%%"rt)!ities " &""/i!2 $t
this se$sc$%e "r thirt1 1e$rs "r s"9 %$1s !" heed t" it9 :::: i! tri((i!2 $ h)2e red 2er$!i)( *)sh. (t" h$ve9 t"
$*s"r*) 7. :::: (1 *$c/ "! hi( I st$rted d"0! the ste%s. (t" t)r!) 1=. At th$t ("(e!t he 0$s %&)!2ed i! the de%th
" $! e$s1-ch$ir9 :::: t" *1 Mr. ;$!der0""d. (t" t$&/) 11. There 0$s "!&1 "!e c$!d&e :::: "! the r")2h *"$rd
t$*&e. (t" &ic/er) 1+. B"&d0""d9 :::: her c"(%$r$tive&1 is"&$ted9 c$(e )% t" her side. (t" see) 1,. O! the s)&tr1
%&$t"r( " Gr$!d 'e!tr$& he "%e!ed the *)&/1 Ti(es9 :::: the v$&ise "! his eet. (t" set) 1-. >")!2 Her!d"! h$d
d"!e %re%$r$t"r1 0"r/ $t I&&i!"is '"&&e2e "r $ 1e$r *)t9 !"t :::: t" the c"&&e2e %r"%er9 h$d ret)r!ed h"(e9 (t"
$d(it) 1.. :::: his h$!ds $!d :::: $ t"0e& "ver his $ce9 he "&&"0ed her d"0! the st$irs " the h)shed h")se. (t"
0$sh9 t" %$ss) 13. Fr$!/ :::: the ste% "! the 2r$ve&9 t)r!ed sh$r%&1 r")!d. (t" he$r) 15. She h$d !"t *r")2ht hi(
("!e1 "r %"siti"!9 :::: !" ("re th$! the d$)2hter " $ ;"rt&e1 d"ct"r. (t" *e) 16. A*r$h$( 0$s *$c/ $t the e!d "
three 0ee/s9 :::: $! extr$ ei2ht1 (i&es. (t" ride) 17. The! s0it&1 :::: !either t" &et !"r ri2ht9 she ret)r!ed t"?
Adri$!. (t" &""/) +=. A!d :::: this i! her "ici$& $!d i(%ers"!$& t"!e " v"ice9 the ch$(*er($id the! 2ri!!ed9
0i!/ed $!d v$!ished9 (t" s$1) +1. :::: The c$(%$i2! %r"2ressed )!eve!t)&&19 r"( d$1 t" d$19 !" L"!2er ::::
i! !e0s *r"$dc$sts. (t" (e!ti"!) ++. :::: th$t !" "!e e&se 0$s c"(i!29 Mr. Li!c"&! r"se. (t" see) +,. ::::
di!!er9 @$(es &i2hted the sec"!d " his t0" d$i&1 ci2$rs9 $!d t""/ )% the e$r%h"!es " the 0ire&ess. (t" i!ish)
Exercise 2. State the form an the f!nction of Participle I. "ranslate into R!ssian.
1. H$vi!2 tr$versed seve! h)!dred (i&es he 0$s !"0 tr$ve&&i!2 t"0$rd the *"rder " the A!ited St$tes. +.
There 0$s $ ti!1 s(i&e %&$1i!2 $*")t the c"r!ers " his (")th. ,. He h$d $ *e$)ti)& "&d h")se i! B)ee! A!!e
Street9 $!d *ei!2 $ ($! " t$ste he h$d )r!ished it $d(ir$*&1. -. 8"!$ '$r&"tt$ c"vered her $ce 0ith her h$!d9 $s i
s0""!i!2. .. T)r!i!2 i! $!2er9 she 2$ve @"h! $ sh"ve9 s%i&&i!2 his te$. 3. T" M$22ie9 the !e0 %r"tective 2e!t&e!ess
" her s"! 0$s s0eet9 $!d $&s" ver1 ri2hte!i!2. 5. @)d2i!2 hi( *1 his i2)re $!d his ("ve(e!ts9 he 0$s sti&& 1")!2.
6. #&$ci!2 his dri!/ )%"! the ($!te&%iece the ex-c"!vict st""d "r $ ("(e!t "*servi!2 the 1")!2 ($! ")t " the
c"r!er " his e1e. 7. Bei!2 ver1 tired 0ith his 0$&/ h"0ever9 he s""! e&& $s&ee% $!d "r2"t his tr")*&es. 1=. He
r$ised his e1es9 &""/ed $t her $s th")2h %eeri!2 "ver the t"% " s%ect$c&es. 11. There 0ere ")r 2ir&s sitti!2 "! the
0""de! *e!ches " the $2e!c1Cs r"!t r""(. 1+. H$vi!2 sh$/e! h$!ds 0ith the(9 he *r")2ht his "0! h$!ds t"2ether
0ith $ sh$r% s&$%. 1,. M$!)e& 0e!t i!9 c$rr1i!2 his s)itc$se. 1-. ;hi&e %"!deri!2 this %r"*&e(9 I s$t i! the d"r(it"r1
0i!d"0-se$t. 1.. I $( 2"i!2 t" R"(e9 h$vi!2 rie!ds there. 13. There 0$s s)!&i2ht c"(i!2 i!9 thr")2h the sh)tters.
15. A*r$h$( $%%e$red $t !""! the !ext d$19 *ri!2i!2 0ith hi( t0" h)!dred d"&&$rs i! c$sh. 16. M)ch " the
$ter!""! I &""/ed ")t " the 0i!d"09 $s th")2h thi!/i!29 *)t !"t re$&&1 thi!/i!2. 17. He 0$s th")2ht)& "r $
("(e!t 0hi&e &e$!i!2 %eri&")s&1 c&"se t" the ire. +=. 'eci&i$ h$d he$rd ver1 &itt&e *ei!2 $*s"r*ed i! her "0! re-
&ecti"!s. +1. H$vi!2 *re$/$sted9 ")t I 0e!t. ++. He &""/ed $t his $ther &iste!i!2 0ith $ /i!d " %$i!)& des%er$ti"!.
+,. She recr"ssed her &e2s c"("rt$*&19 $s th")2h %re%$ri!2 "r $ &"!2 sessi"! "! the s"$. +-. Never h$vi!2
e!c")r$2ed rie!ds t" dr"% i! s%"!t$!e")s&19 she 0$s $&("st t"t$&&1 $&"!e. +.. A c"&d 0i!d s0e%t the %$ve(e!t9
*e$ri!2 $ scr$% " si&ver %$%er r"( $ ch"c"&$te *"x $cr"ss the &$(%-&i2ht.
Exercise #. "ranslate into English$ !sing Participle I where possi%le.
1. DEFGHIJ KLFLMNOPPG9 PEQ RLRKNO SLPLTFLSSE JULVOFO J WERXJG. +. YEZTQ J XFORR9 GHIKLF[SI\O
R]NERIFO TL^GNSEME9 XKE EKRGKRKJGLK. ,. WOK[ GFU_OFOR[9 MFQTQ SO TLKLZ9 IMNOàIV J ROTG. -. YbQJ NGHXG I
_GPOMG9 POF[HIX RKOF ]IROK[ ]IR[PE EK\G9 GLVOJcLPG SO dOF[SIZ YERKEX. .. eRFUcOJ MEFER KEJONIaO9 Q
JUcLF Ib XEPSOKU9 HKE_U JRKNLKIK[ LME. 3. eJITLJ SLbSOXEPEME HLFEJLXO9 Q IbJISIFRQ I JLNSGFRQ J RJE`
XEPSOKG. 5. fGT[KL ERKENE^SU9 ]LNLVETQ GFI\G. 6. DNILVOJ J WERXJG9 PU9 ]NL^TL JRLME9 RTOFI JLaI J
XOPLNG VNOSLSIQ (t" &e$ve s"(ethi!2 i! the &et &)22$2e r""(). 7. DNEÎJ PSEME FLK J gSMFII9 ES VENEcE MEJE-
NIK ]E-OSMFIZRXI. 1=. hIKOQ iKG XSIMG9 Q JRKNLKIF SLRXEF[XE ISKLNLRSUV JUNO^LSIZ (t" c"(e $cr"ss). 11.
DNEHIKOJ XSIMG9 POF[HIX JLNSGF LL J _I_FIEKLXG. 1+. DNEJLTQ FLKE J TLNLJSL9 _EF[SEZ REJLNcLSSE
]E]NOJIFRQ (t" *e )&&1 rec"vered). 1,. jKGTLSKU9 HIKOàIL OSMFIZRXIL XSIMI J ENIMISOFL9 FLMXE EJFOTLJO`K
QbUXEP. 1-. eJITLJ RJEIV TNGbLZ9 ]NIcLTcIV ]NEJETIK[ LME9 ES ]ETEcLF X SIP. 1.. kOXESU9
RGaLRKJEJOJcIL J gPLNIXL J 17 JLXL9 ]EbJEFQFI ]EXG]OK[ I ]NETOJOK[ SLMNEJ. 13. YUZTQ Ib TEPO9 lFIbO
SO]NOJIFOR[ J MENETEX m.9 XEKENUZ FLÔF SO _LNLMG NLXI nMOZE. 15. dE_NOJcIR[ TE NLXI nMOZE9 ESO
]ERKGHOFO J TJLN[ SL_EF[cEZ KOJLNSU (%)*&ic h")se). 16. oLSaISO9 EKXNUJcOQ LZ TJLN[9 _UFO VEbQZXEZ
KOJLNSU. 17. pL_LSEX qIbU bO]FOXOF9 KOX XOX GRKOF ]ERFL TEFMEME ]GKI. +=. DEFEÎJ NL_LSXO SO XNEJOK[9 ESO
]ETEcFO X EXSG9 JUVETIJcLPG SO NLXG (t" "ver&""/ the river).
Exercise &. State the f!nction of Participle II. "ranslate into R!ssian.
1. Stirred *1 the *e$)t1 " the t0i&i2ht9 he str"&&ed $0$1 r"( the h"te&. +. A&& the c")!tr1 !e$r hi( 0$s
*r"/e! $!d 0""ded. ,. F"r $ ("(e!t the tri" st""d $s i t)r!ed t" st"!e. -. Thr")2h the d$r/ h$&&9 2)$rded *1 $ &$r2e
*&$c/ st"ve I "&&"0ed her i!t" the s$&""!. .. I &et t" (1se&9 I sh")&d i!$&&i*&1 h$ve &et this ch$!ce s&i%. 3. He
s%"/e 0he! s%"/e! t"9 %"&ite&1 $!d 0ith")t ()ch re&ev$!ce. 5. He c$st )%"! her "!e ("re &""/9 $!d 0$s 2"!e. 6.
Miss Br"dric/9 th")2h !"t %ers"!$&&1 0e&& /!"0! i! the c")!t19 h$d *ee! s%"/e! 0e&& " *1 $&& (e!. 7. #re%$red9
the! "r $!1 c"!ser)e!ces9 I "r(ed $ %r"4ect. 1=. Th)s $*s"r*ed9 he 0")&d sit "r h")rs de1i!2 i!terr)%ti"!. 11.
As directed9 I t""/ the &e$d9 $&("st h$%%i&1. 1+. He &""/ed $t her "r $ ("(e!t $s th")2h $($sed $t her rie!d&i!ess.
1,. F$!c1 $ ($rried 0"($! d""(ed t" &ive "! r"( d$1 t" d$1 0ith")t "!e si!2&e r)$rre& 0ith her h)s*$!d. 1-. He
*"0ed &"0 0he! %rese!ted t" 8i!!1. 1.. 8is%&e$sed $!d )!cert$i! Br$!de 2$sed r"( his s"! t" the S%$!ish
2$rde!er.
Exercise '. "ranslate into English$ !sing Participle II where possi%le.
1. tO FIRKL _GPOMI _UFE SLRXEF[XE RKNEX9 SO]IROSSUV XONOSTOcEP. +. uRFI PLSQ R]NERQK9 Q RXO^G
]NOJTG (t" te&& the tr)th). ,. Y JObL _UFE SLRXEF[XE GJQTcIV NEb. -. v SL F`_F` RPEKNLK[ SO ]ERO^LSSUV J
XFLKXG ÎJEKSUV (t" c$2e). .. wSIMO _GTLK bTLR[9 ]EXO LL SL R]NERQK (t" $s/ "r). 3. WG^ LL _UF EKRKOJSUP
]EFXEJSIXEP. 5. xEKQ ES _UF EHLS[ GTIJFLS9 ES SL RXObOF SI RFEJO. 6. YEK SEJUL GHL_SIXI9 ]NIRFOSSUL TFQ
SOcLZ cXEFU. 7. nRKOJFLSSUZ ETIS J KLPSEKL9 NL_LSEX bO]FOXOF. 1=. jKGTLSKU ]IROFI REHISLSIL E RIRKLPL
E_NObEJOSIQ J gSMFII9 XOX ESO E]IROSO dIXXLSREP. 11. jEFS\L RLFE9 I TLNLJ[Q XObOFIR[ KLPSUPI9 XOX _GTKE
JURLHLSSUPI (t" c)t) Ib HLNSEME PNOPENO.
Exercise (. Point o!t the )%*ective an the S!%*ective Participial Constr!ction. "ranslate into R!ssian.
1. I! the (idd$1 r)iet " the *)sh she he$rd $ s($&& *ird si!2i!2. +. The t$xi c")&d *e see! 0$iti!2 ")tside.
,. His $ce c&")ded 0he! he he$rd his !$(e s%"/e!. -. She h$d the dr$0i!2-r""( redec"r$ted. .. A&& the 0hi&e she
e&t her he$rt *e$ti!2 0ith $ v$2)e e$r. 3. The d$r/!ess ")!d hi( "cc)%ied 0ith these th")2hts. The d$r/!ess
")!d Mr. $!d Mrs. #&$(%ish /!"c/i!2 $t his d""r. 5. S"(e0here $ &"!2 0$1 " $ te&e%h"!e *e&& r$!2 $!d $ v"ice
c")&d *e he$rd s%e$/i!2. 6. F"r their Ne0 >e$rCs Eve %$rt1 she h$d $&& the )r!it)re ("ved ")t " the %$r&")r $!d
sitti!2-r""(. 7. Get 1")r thi!2s %$c/ed. 1=. Te(%&e he$rd the 0"($! )(*&i!2 $t the 0$&&. 11. The t0" (e! 0ere
he$rd desce!di!2. 1+. T0" d$1s &$ter she he$rd s&ei2h *e&&s c"(i!2 )% the drive. 1,. The1 0$!ted the '"((ittee
c"!ve!ed "ver the 0ee/-e!d. 1-. She h$d her *ed ("ved t" the c"r!er " the %"rch. 1.. M$r1 c")&d ee& E&is$*eth
revie0i!2 their h"%es $!d dre$(s9 their re&$ti"!shi% $s sisters. 13. She $verted her e1es e$ch ti(e she ")!d herse&
*ei!2 st$red $t. 15. The !"ise i! the e!tr$!ce h$&& c"!ti!)ed9 $!d ("re vehic&es c")&d *e he$rd $rrivi!2 $t the d""r.
16. She he$rd the ()sici$!s t)!i!2 )% i! the *$c/ %$r&")r.
Exercise +. "ranslate into English$ !sing the )%*ective or the S!%*ective Participial Constr!ction.
1. fUFO KIVOQ FLKSQQ SEH[. WU RITLFI J ROTG I SO_F`TOFI9 XOX FGSO PLTFLSSE ]ETSIPOLKRQ Ib-bO
TLNLJ[LJ. +. WU GRFUcOFI9 HKE XKE-KE ]ELK JTOFI. ,. Y TLKRKJL Q HORKE RFUcOF9 XOX PEQ POK[ ]LFO iKG ]LRS`.
-. WU GJITLFI9 HKE ]E TENE^XL ROTO ITLK RUS SOcLME RERLTO. .. WU SL JITLFI LME G^L PSEME FLK9 SE HORKE
RFUcOFI9 XOX LME IPQ G]EPISOFER[ J TEPL LME NETIKLFLZ. WU SL NOb RFUcOFI9 XOX LME POK[ MEJENIFO E SLP I
LME NO_EKL. 3. DEFHORO R]GRKQ dÊS RKEQF ]LNLT XOFIKXEZ ROTO (2$rde! 2$te). nS SOcLF LL bO]LNKE` I
JUSG^TLS _UF ]LNL]NUMSGK[ HLNLb bO_EN. 5. jFUcSE _UFE9 XOX ES _URKNE JRKOF. 6. DETVETQ X \LNXJI9 ES
GJITLF9 HKE SONET G^L NORVETIFRQ (t" c"(e ")t). 7. v JITLF9 XOX JU ROTIFIR[ SO ]ONEVET (t" c"(e "! *"$rd).
1=. YITSE _UFE9 XOX ]E ]LNLGFXG ]ET_LMOFI (t" r)! )% the $&&e1) F`TI.
The Gerund
1. Give the dei!iti"! " the Ger)!d. '"((e!t "! its d")*&e ch$r$cter.
+. N$(e ver*$& $!d !"(i!$& ch$r$cteristics " the Ger)!d.
,. '"((e!t "! the Te!se-As%ect $!d V"ice c"rre&$ti"!s " the Ger)!d.
-. N$(e s1!t$ctic$& )!cti"!s " the Ger)!d i! the se!te!ce. Give ex$(%&es.
.. N$(e the c$ses " )si!2 Active Ger)!d 0ith the %$ssive (e$!i!2 .
3. '"((e!t "! the )se " the Ger)!d 0ith %re%"siti"!s.
5. S%e$/ $*")t the 0$1s " tr$!s&$ti!2 the Ger)!d i!t" R)ssi$!.
6. '"((e!t "! the str)ct)re $!d )se " Ger)!di$& N"(i!$& '"!str)cti"!s.
7. St$te the diere!ces *et0ee! the Ger)!d $!d ver*$& !")!.
1=. St$te the diere!ces *et0ee! the Ger)!d $!d the #$rtici%&e I.
EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Insert the appropriate form of the ger!n.
1. St$r/ s$t d"0! 0ith")t :::: (t" s%e$/) +. He did !"t 2" 0ith")t :::: *1 A(1. (t" c"!2r$t)&$te) ,. Ater
:::: ("re c&"se&1 th$! )s)$& $!d :::: his h$ir9 he t""/ the *)s )%t"0!. (t" sh$ve9 t" *r)sh) -. At S")th Sr)$re9 "!
:::: th$t Mich$e& $!d F&e)r 0ere ")t9 he did !"t dress "r di!!er9 *)t 0e!t t" the !)rser1. (t" disc"ver) .. I h$d t"
s")!d $s i I did!Ct (i!d ::::9 $s th")2h I h$d !" te(%er " (1 "0!. (t" i!s)&t) 3. She /e%t "! ::::9 her v"ice &"0
$!d c"!tr"&&ed. (t" t$&/) 5. I! the ("r!i!2 &i2ht9 she 0$s $sh$(ed " herse& "r :::: s" :::: the !i2ht *e"re. (t"
e&$te) 6. The h")se 0$!ted :::: (t" d" )%) 7. Eve! $ cri(i!$& ()st *e t"&d the !$t)re " his cri(e *e"re :::: (t"
c"!vict) 1=. She sh"0ed !"!e " the )s)$& e(i!i!e %&e$s)re $t :::: h$rd t" )!derst$!d9 i!scr)t$*&e9 (1steri")s.
(t" *e) 11. I sti&& re%r"$ched (1se& "r !"t :::: "%e! 0ith 8")2&$s Os*$&dist"! r"( the st$rt9 0he! he h$d i!vited
(e t" d" s". (t" *e) 1+. N" 0"($! &""/s her *est $ter :::: )% $&& !i2ht. (t" sit) 1,. His &e2s 0ere s"(e0h$t sti
r"( !"t :::: "r :::: "r d$1s. (t" hi/e9 t" c&i(*) 1-. IC( tired " :::: &i/e $ si&&1 $t &$(*. (t" tre$t) 1.. I /!"0
ever1"!e 0h"Cs 0"rth :::: (t" /!"0) 13. Ater :::: this9 he c)rsed hi(se& "r !"t :::: the "%%"site9 s" th$t he
(i2ht h$ve )sed the ex%ected 2)est $s $ &ever t" 2et rid " Mish$. (t" s$19 t" s$1) 15. There is vivid h$%%i!ess i!
(ere&1 :::: $&ive. (t" *e) 16. ?>")r tie !eeds ::::9? Mrs. Si(%s"! s$id. (t" str$i2hte!) 17. The $tte(%t is $t &e$st
0"rth :::: (t" ($/e) +=. Mr. 're$/&e the! c$!ed T"((1 Tr$dd&es "r :::: i! te$rs9 i!ste$d " cheers9 "! $cc")!t
" Mr. Me&&Cs de%$rt)re. (t" disc"ver) +1. He $%"&"2ised t" H""/er "r :::: s" &$te. (t" *e d"0!) ++. O!e c")&d !"t
0$&/ "r drive $*")t #hi&$de&%hi$ 0ith")t :::: $!d :::: 0ith the 2e!er$& te!de!c1 t"0$rd $ ("re c)&tiv$ted $!d
se&ective s"ci$& &ie. (t" see9 t" i(%ress) +,. I 4)st c")&d!Ct st$!d :::: $0$1 r"( 1") $!1 &"!2er. (t" *e) +-. I
re(e(*er :::: hi( 0ith her $!d M$r!er 2"i!2 $0$1 r"( ch)rch. (t" see) +.. ;he! I t"&d hi( th$t I (e$!t t" &ive
i! #$ris "r $ 0hi&e9 $!d h$d t$/e! $! $%$rt(e!t9 he re%r"$ched (e *itter&1 "r !"t :::: hi( /!"0. (t" &et) +3. He
h$d $ &$t s(""th $ce 0ith he$v1-&idded 2ree! e1es th$t 2$ve the i(%ressi"! " :::: $t $ s&$!t. (t" set) +5. His
&$test cr$se 0$s t" disc"ver her $2e9 0hich he c)rsed hi(se& "r !"t :::: 0he! he h$d her %$ss%"rt i! his h$!ds.
(t" "*serve) +6. Let (e te&& 1") 0h"se h")se 1")Cve c"(e i!t" 0ith")t :::: "r :::: (t" $s/9 t" 0$!t) +7. IC( tired
" :::: t" 1"). (t" t$&/) ,=. The1 s""! disc"vered th$t the 2$te 0$s. sec)re&1 &"c/ed. The1 &""/ed $t "!e $!"ther i!
$ (ixed $shi"!9 $ tri&e dis$%%"i!ted $t ::::9 *)t sti&& tri)(%h$!t $t :::: the %&$ce. (t" h"&d )%9 t" i!d)

Exercise 2. Point o!t the ,er!nial Constr!ction an comment on the wa- the nominal element is expresse.
"ranslate into R!ssian.
1. >") ()st exc)se (1 *ei!2 s" *re$th&ess9 IC( !"t re$&&1 *re$th&ess9 itCs 4)st the excite(e!t. +. These
h$%%1 eve!ts "cc)rred 0ith")t $!1 rec"((e!d$ti"! h$vi!2 *ee! ($de *1 R$i!*"r")2h9 $!d i!deed 0ith")t his
h$vi!2 *ee! "ici$&&1 i!"r(ed. ,. The ($id s$id s"(ethi!2 $*")t the A(eric$! &$d1Cs h$vi!2 c"(e *$c/ t"
R"d!i/. -. It 0$s e$s1 t" i($2i!e '$ve sitti!2 si&e!t. .. She 0$s i!terr)%ted *1 her $therCs v"ice $!d *1 her $therCs
h$t *ei!2 he$vi&1 &)!2 r"( his h$!d $!d stri/i!2 her $ce. 3. He *r")2ht i! $ %"rt($!te$) 0ith hi(9 0hich he
d")*ted its *ei!2 0"rth 0hi&e t" )!%$c/. 5. Besides9 thereCs !" d$!2er " it h$%%e!i!2 $2$i!. 6. ?ItCs !" 2""d 1")
st$1i!29? @$c/ B)rt"! s$id. 7. @$c/ &$)2hed. Their *ei!2 *"thered $()sed hi(. 1=. He 0$s 0$/e!ed *1 s"(e"!e
/!"c/i!2 $t the d""r. 11. There is s"(ethi!2 s" i!ex%ressi*&1 $*s)rd t" (e i! the ide$ " '$dd1 *ei!2 ($rried. 1+. I
0$s !"t s)r%rised *1 '$dd1Cs *ei!2 i! &"0 s%irits. 1,. >") /!e0 1")!2 #1&e 0e&& did!Ct 1")y I c$!Ct 2et "ver $ thi!2
&i/e th$t h$%%e!i!2 t" hi(. 1-. She &$)2hed $t the th")2ht " her h)s*$!d $!d @"h!!1 &""/i!2 $ter the h")se. 1..
He e&t $&("st $ 2&""(1 s$tis$cti"! $t the th")2ht " $&& these dis$sters h$%%e!i!2 $t "!ce.
Exercise #. "ranslate into English !sing the ger!n where possi%le.
1. eJITLJ XONIXOKGNU9 JRL NORRPLQFIR[. +. YU SIHLME SL IPLLKL ]NEKIJ KEME9 HKE_U Q EKXNUF EXSEy
,. YNOH ]NIXObOF _EF[SEPG _NERIK[ XGNIK[. -. WOF[HIX SL EKNI\OF9 HKE ]EKLNQF XSIMG9 JbQKG` J _I_FIEKLXL.
.. zbJISIKL9 HKE Q bORKOJIF JOR ^TOK[. 3. dLKQP TERKOJFQFE GTEJEF[RKJIL IMNOK[ J ROTG. 5. lKG XSIMG RKEIK
]EHIKOK[. 6. hIKOQ iKEK NORRXOb9 PU SL PEMFI SL RPLQK[RQ. 7. v ]NLT]EHIKO` RTLFOK[ iKG NO_EKG RLMETSQ. 1=.
v SOTL`R[9 HKE SIHLME SL ]EPLcOLK PSL ]EZKI SO XES\LNK. 11. DNL]ETOJOKLF[ JEbNOÔF ]NEKIJ KEME9 HKE_U
RKGTLSKU ]EF[bEJOFIR[ RFEJONLP9 ]LNLJETQ iKEK KLXRK. 1+. DNL]ETOJOKLF[ SORKOIJOF9 HKE_U SEJUL
JUNO^LSIQ bO]IRUJOFIR[. 1,. DNL]ETOJOKLF[ SORKOIJOF9 HKE_U RKGTLSKU bO]IRUJOFI SEJUL JUNO^LSIQ. 1-.
v GRKOFO EKKEME9 HKE RE PSEZ E_NOaO`KRQ XOX R NL_LSXEP. 1.. v SL JEbNOÔ` ]NEKIJ KEME9 HKE_U ]EPEH[ JOP9
SE Q JEbNOÔ` ]NEKIJ KEME9 HKE_U PSL PLcOFI9 XEMTO Q bOSQK. 13. WU RFUcOFI9 HKE JOcO RLRKNO GLVOFO J
gSMFI`. 15. WSL SL VEHLKRQ (t" ee& &i/e) MGFQK[. 16. fUFE SLJEbPE^SE TERKOK[ _IFLK9 I PSL ]NIcFER[
EKXObOK[RQ EK PURFI ]ERFGcOK[ bSOPLSIKEME ]IOSIRKO. 17. v SL ETE_NQ` KEME9 HKE JU ]NE]GRXOLKL FLX\II.
+=. DEVE^L SO KE9 HKE _GTLK TE^T[. +1. YU PE^LKL NORRHIKUJOK[ SO KE9 HKE Q TERKOSG JOP iKG XSIMG. ++.
dLXOS SL REMFORIFRQ9 HKE_U RE_NOSIL EKFEÎFI. +,. WOK[ MENQHE _FOMETONIFO TEXKENO bO KE9 HKE ES R]OR LL
NL_LSXO. +-. tL G]GRKIKL RFGHOQ ]ERPEKNLK[ iKG JURKOJXG. +.. YRL _UFI GTIJFLSU9 HKE iKEK KNGTSUZ JE]NER
_UF KOX _URKNE NObNLcLS. +3. WU GJLNLSU9 HKE ]IR[PE _GTLK ]EFGHLSE JEJNLPQ. +5. WU GJLNLSU9 HKE
]IR[PE _UFE ]EFGHLSE JEJNLPQ. +6. v MEN^GR[ KLP9 HKE _UFO J RERKEQSII ]EPEH[ JOP. +7. WSL RKUTSE9 HKE Q
RTLFOFO KOX PSEME EcI_EX J ]ERFLTSLZ TIXKEJXL. ,=. mEP SIXEMTO SL G]GRXOF RFGHOQ G_LÔK[ Ib cXEFU I ]E-
IMNOK[ R KEJONIaOPI. ,1. nS _UF GJLNLS9 HKE RGPLLK RXNUK[ EK KLKI DEFFI RJEI ]NEXObU. ,+. mEP EKNI\OF9
HKE VETIF XG]OK[RQ9 SE KLKQ DEFFI GbSOFO E_ iKEP. ,,. nSO _UFO SLTEJEF[SO KLP9 HKE mEP E_POSGF LL. ,-.
mEP _UF LTISRKJLSSUP RUSEP LL ]EXEZSEZ RLRKNU< ESO EHLS[ F`_IFO POF[HIXO I Ib_LMOFO SOXObUJOK[ LME.
,.. nTSOXE SO iKEK NOb ESO NLcIFO SOXObOK[ mEPO bO KE9 HKE ES VETIF XG]OK[RQ _Lb NObNLcLSIQ. ,3. tOTE
_UFE ]E_LFIK[ bO_EN9 I KLKQ DEFFI JLFLFO mEPG _LFIK[ LME J RG__EKG. ,5. WOF[HIXG SL GFU_OFOR[ PURF[
NO_EKOK[ J KOXEL HGTLRSEL GKNE9 I ES ]NERIF KLK` DEFFI ]NERKIK[ LME bO KE9 HKE ES LL ERFGcOFRQ. ,6. mEPG
SL GTOFER[ bORKOJIK[ dÎPO NO_EKOK[ JPLRKE RL_Q{ ]NIcFO KLKQ DEFFI I bO]NLKIFO dÎPG _LFIK[ bO_EN. ,7.
nS ERPEKNLF RJEI REXNEJIaO9 SE IV _UFE SLPSEME9 I LPG ]NIcFER[ EKXObOK[RQ EK PURFI GMEJENIK[
POF[HIXEJ ]EPEH[ LPG _LFIK[ bO_EN. -=. tE JRXENL LPG ]NIcFO J MEFEJG _FLRKQaOQ PURF[9 I ES ]NISQFRQ bO
NO_EKG (t" set t" 0"r/) R KOXIP JITEP9 XOX _GTKE ES SIHLME SL IPLF ]NEKIJ KEME (t" (i!d)9 HKE_U _LFIK[ bO_EN
J iKE REFSLHSEL GKNE.
Exercise &. State the f!nction of the ger!n an ,er!nial Constr!ctions. "ranslate into English.
1. N"*"d1 c$! 2" "! &ivi!2 0ith")t s"(e *e&ie. +. She did !"t &i/e *ei!2 %&)!2ed *$c/ i!t" $ s&$ve st$te. ,.
He 2reeted (e !"isi&19 *)t I c)t hi( sh"rt *1 2ivi!2 hi( the te&e2r$(. -. ?She c$!!"t s&ee% 0ith")t seei!2 $!d
s%e$/i!2 t" 1") "!ce ("re9? I s$id. ?She d"es !"t &i/e the th")2ht " &e$vi!2 1").? .. ;ith")t %)tti!2 $!1thi!2 i!t"
0"rds9 the1 *$de e$ch "ther $re0e&&. 3. I re(e(*er &$)2hi!2 $&")d9 $!d the &$)2h *ei!2 c$rried *1 the 0i!d $0$1
r"( (e. 5. There c$(e the s")!d " the d""r c&"si!2 the! *ei!2 &"c/ed. 6. A%"! $0$/e!i!2 she dressed r)ic/&1
$!d &et the h")se. 7. He e&t *etter "r h$vi!2 0ritte! the &etter. 1=. ?ItCs !" 2""d 1") h$ti!2 it9? s$id Mr. B)!ti!29
*ec"(i!2 did$ctic. 11. 8" 1") (i!d 2ivi!2 (e 1")r !$(e $!d te&e%h"!e !)(*er9 %&e$sey 1+. #eter "!&1 re%&ied *1
st$ri!2 $t the %$%er /!ie $!d sh$/i!2 his he$d s&"0&19 $!d t0isti!2 his &"!2 &e2s i!t" /!"ts )!der the des/. 1,. Mr.
8"rrit %"sitive&1 tre(*&ed i! $ddressi!2 the 2re$t ($!. 1-. A!"rt)!$te&1 this r)it)& si&e!ce 0$s r)i!ed *1 the
s")!d " $ d""r *ei!2 *$!2ed. 1.. At !i2ht I 0")&d i($2i!e hi( 2"i!2 )% (1 st$irs9 /!"c/i!2 $t (1 d""r9 s&ee%i!2
i! (1 *ed. 13. ;e&&9 itCs !" )se (1 te&&i!2 1") $ &ie. 15. Lie see(ed 0"rth i2hti!2 "r. 16. #etr$ s$t thr")2h her
irst &ess"! 0ith")t s$1i!2 $ 0"rd $!d 0ith")t %$1i!2 ()ch $tte!ti"! t" the &ect)re $!d the ex$(%&es "! the
*&$c/*"$rd. 17. She see(ed $ &itt&e se&-c"!sci")s !"0 $!d she $v"ided (eeti!2 his e1es. +=. O!&1 the "ther d$1
the1 h$d *ee! t$&/i!2 $*")t s"(ethi!2 h$%%e!i!29 $!d !"0 it h$d h$%%e!ed t" hi(. +1. I 0$s t"r! *et0ee! the e$r
" h)rti!2 $ !ice 0"($!Cs ee&i!2s $!d the e$r " *ei!2 i! the 0$1. ++. She c)rsed herse& "r !"t h$vi!2 th")2ht t"
*ri!2 $ visiti!2 c$rd. +,. It is $0)&&1 h$rd 0"r/ d"i!2 !"thi!2. +-. He 0$s $!2r1 0ith (e "r *ri!2i!2 the !e0s. +..
He 0e!t "! t$&/i!2 t" (1 0ie. +3. She 0$s &iste!i!2 h$rd $&& the ti(e "r $!1 s")!d " @$! desce!di!2 the st$irs. +5.
Ater 0$shi!2 his he$v1 st"!e c)% $!d ti! %&$te9 he stretched hi(se& 0e$ri&1 "! the *ed. +6. She e!4"1ed 2ivi!2
%$rties. +7. He c")&d st$!d *ehi!d the d""r $!d t$/e $ ch$!ce $t s)r%risi!2 @"se%h. ,=. I 0ish ICd !ever t"&d 1") the
tr)th9 *)t itCs !" )se de!1i!2 it. ,1. He (e$!t t" *e2i! his i!vesti2$ti"! *1 seei!2 the ch)rch. ,+. B)t ")tside it /e%t
"! r$i!i!2. ,,. I *e2$! *1 ex%&$i!i!2 the sit)$ti"! i! the N"rth. ,-. Bei!2 $&"!e i! 1")r "0! c")!tr1 is 0"rse th$!
*ei!2 $&"!e $!10here e&se. ,.. She tried9 *1 st$ri!2 i!t" the 2&$ss9 t" see 0h$t the ex%ressi"! 0$s "! the ($!Cs $ce.
Exercise '. Insert the correct preposition %efore the ger!n where re.!ire.
1. ?I h$ted the ide$ :::: 1")r 2"i!29? he s$id si(%&1. +. She s$id{ ?Exc)se (e :::: c"(i!2 i! ::::
/!"c/i!2.? ,.The "thers i!sisted :::: $cc"(%$!1i!2 the(. -. I $( tired :::: *ei!2 "&d $!d 0ise. .. ;eC&& &""/
"r0$rd :::: seei!2 1"). 3. ;h1 0ere 1") s" $!xi")s t" %reve!t $!1*"d1 :::: &e$vi!2 the h")sey 5. IC( $r$id I
sh$!Ct s)cceed :::: *ei!2 $s s1(%$thetic $s 1") h$ve the ri2ht t" ex%ect. 6. I 0$s $r$id :::: 9 s$1i!2 the 0r"!2
thi!2. 7. L""/ here9 it ($1 s")!d )!!19 *)t IC( terriic$&&1 2r$te)& t" 1") :::: s$1i!2 it. 1=. B"th 0i!d"0s !eeded
:::: c&e$!i!2. 11. ICve %$id ver1 he$vi&1 :::: *ei!2 $ r"($!tic 2ir&. 1+. She c")&d !"t *e$r :::: &1i!2. 1,. I
s)%%"se !"thi!2 is 2$i!ed :::: de&$1i!2. 1-. The1 0ere i! the h$*it :::: c"(i!2 )% t" L"!d"! "r the se$s"!. 1..
;e 0")&d!Ct (i!d :::: *ei!2 %""r $2$i!. 13. I did!Ct $t $&& &i/e the ide$ :::: 2"i!2 t" the st$ti"! i! the &)22$2e
c$rt. 15. He &""/ed $t (e "r $ &"!2 ti(e :::: $!s0eri!2. 16. I 1") 0"!Ct te&& (e 0h$tCs 0r"!29 0h$tCs the )se ::::
(1 *ei!2 herey 17. I th")2ht 1") h$d 4)st *ee! *&$(i!2 (e :::: *ei!2 !e)tr$&.
Exercise (. Insert not / participle or witho!t / ger!n.
1. 8r. ;$&&$ce i&&ed $ %i%e r"( the *"0& "! his des/9 the! %)t it d"0! :::: it. (t" &i2ht) +. :::: 0h$t he
0$!ted9 he &""/ed s&"0&1 $*")t the r""(. (t" i!d) ,. @"h! dre0 $ *re$th $!d &e$!ed $2$i!st the *irch "r $ ("(e!t
:::: $!1thi!2. (t" s$1) -. I 0"!Ct 2" $*r"$d :::: 1"). (t" see) ..:::: 0h$t t" re%&19 I re($i!ed si&e!t. (t" /!"0) 3.
O! the street he 0")&d &""/ direct&1 $t rie!ds :::: the(. (t" see) 5. O!&1 the!9 :::: 0h$t )rther t" s$19 h$d he
*ec"(e si&e!t. (t" /!"0) 6. ;e 0$&/ed :::: "r $ sh"rt 0hi&e. (t" s%e$/) 7. ;")&d she h$ve 2"!e $0$1 :::: 1")
i she &"ved 1")y (t" see) 1=. The! she s$0 Lis$ $!d t)r!ed $0$19 :::: t" t$&/ 0ith her. She 0e!t h$sti&1 t" cr"ss
the r"$d :::: $!d 0$s $&("st r)! "ver *1 $ *)s. (t" 0$!t9 t" &""/) 11. :::: t" &e$ve hi( i! the c&)*9 I "ered t"
t$/e hi( h"(e t" (1 0ie9 "r t" 2" 0ith hi( t" his "0! h")se9 deserted !"0. (t" &i/e) 1+. He ret)r!ed the s$&)tes "
sever$& %riv$tes :::: the(. (t" see) 1,. He st"%%ed9 :::: h"0 t" c"!ti!)e $!d st""d shiti!2 r"( "!e ""t t" the
"ther. (t" /!"0) 1-. Miss '$se(e!t st""d "r $ ("(e!t9 :::: 0hether t" *e %&e$sed "r !"t $t this )!"resee!
$(i&i$rit1. (t" /!"0) 1.. He s$t d"0!9 :::: his ($c/i!t"sh. (t" t$/e ") 13. :::: the driver r)de&1 shr)22ed his
sh")&ders. (t" t)r! $r")!d) 15.:::: $!1 s$&e t" t$/e %&$ce I t"&d Ev$! I 0$!ted $ ch$t 0ith hi( $!d t""/ hi(
d"0!st$irs. (t" 0ish) 16. The1 s$t there :::: "r sever$& (i!)tes. (t" t$&/) 17. :::: hi( 2re$t&19 she c")&d !"t *e
4e$&")s i! $ dist)r*i!2 0$1. (t" &"ve)
Exercise +. "ranslate into English$ !sing the ger!n where possi%le.
B$sed "! $! e%is"de r"( The #ic/0ic/ #$%ers *1 'h. 8ic/e!s
1. DERFL bOJKNOXO PIRKLN eENTF[ RXObOF9 E_NOaOQR[ X RJEIP MERKQP{ |YU SIHLME SL IPLLKL ]NEKIJ
KEME9 HKE_U ]EXOKOK[RQ SO XES[XOVy DEMETO ]NLXNORSOQ9 I JNLPLSI G SOR VJOKIK}. +. YRL EVEKSE REMFORIFIR[9
I TOPU RKOFI ]NERIK[ PIRKLNO eISXFQ ]NIRELTISIK[RQ X SIP. nSI _UFI GJLNLSU9 HKE ES JLFIXEFL]SUZ
R]ENKRPLS9 KOX XOX ES SIXEMTO SL G]GRXOF RFGHOQ ]EVJORKOK[RQ RJEIP IRXGRRKJEP. ,. tE PIRKLN eISXF[
RXObOF9 HKE ES TOJSE SL ]NOXKIXEJOFRQ (t" *e ")t " %r$ctice){ LPG SL GFU_OFOR[ PURF[ ]EXObOK[ J ]NIRGKRKJII
TOP9 HKE ES SL GPLLK XOKOK[RQ SO XES[XOV. -. dOPU RKOFI SORKOIJOK[9 HKE_U ES ]EcLF R SIPI I ]EXObOF IP
RJEL IRXGRRKJE. .. fUFE _LR]EFLbSE MEJENIK[9 HKE G SLME SLK XES[XEJ{ LPG KEKHOR ^L ]NLTFEÎFI SLRXEF[XE
]ON. 3. DERFL iKEME PIRKLN eISXF[ SL PEM SL ]EZKI SO XOKEX. 5. wEMTO ESI ]ETEcFI X EbLNG9 PIRKLN fE_
jEZLN SOTLF XES[XI I RKOF E]IRUJOK[ XNGMI (t" ($/e circ&es) SO F[TG9 SL ERKOSOJFIJOQR[ SI SO PISGKG9 HKE_U
]LNLJLRKI TUVOSIL. 6. fLTSUZ PIRKLN eISXF[ ]ERKEQF SLRXEF[XE PISGK R XES[XOPI J NGXOV I9 SL bSOQ9 XOX IV
SOTLK[9 RKOF ]NIJISHIJOK[ IV ERKNUPI XES\OPI SObOT (0ith the %"i!ts *ehi!d). 7. tOXESL\9 XES[XI _UFI
SOTLKU. DNL^TL HLP ]ETSQK[RQ SO SEMI9 PIRKLN eISXF[ ]E]NERIF jiPO ]EPEH[ LPG. 1=. nS SOHOF R KEME9 HKE
bOPLKIF9 HKE EHLS[ RXEF[bXE{ ES SL PEM TO^L RKEQK[ SO F[TG9 LRFI XKE-SI_GT[ SL ]ETTLNÎJOF LME. 11. YTNGM
PIRKLN DIXJIX9 SL bSOQ9 HKE LME PEFETEZ TNGM SL PE^LK RKEQK[ SO F[TG _Lb ]ERKENESSLZ ]EPEaI ()!$ssisted)9
]EbJOF jiPO R TNGMEME _LNLMO EbLNO. 1+. jiP RPEM JUNJOK[RQ Ib NGX PIRKLNO eISXFQ (t" dise!2$2e "!ese& r"(
s"(e*"d1Cs 2r$s%)9 KEF[XE EKKEFXSGJ LME EK RL_Q. 1,. tLRHORKSUZ PIRKLN eISXF[ G]OF I RITLF SO F[TG9 TO^L
SL TLFOQ ]E]UKXI ]ETSQK[RQ. 1-. WIRKLN DIXJIX _UF JEbPGaLS KLP9 HKE LME TNGM MEJENIF JRLP9 HKE ES
VENEcIZ R]ENKRPLS. 1,. nS JUNObIF RJEL SLMETEJOSIL KLP9 HKE SObJOF PIRKLNO eISXFQ VJORKGSEP I
E_POSaIXEP (h)(*)2).
Exercise 0. Point o!t the ger!n$ the participle$ an the Preicative Constr!ctions$ an state their f!nction.
"ranslate into R!ssian.
1. She th")2ht " her $ther sitti!2 "! the ver$!d$9 $ %$&(-&e$ i! his h$!d9 0$tchi!2 the Ne2r" ("0 the
&$0!. +. She 0$s 0"/e! ")t " her evered d"se *1 H$rr1 sh$/i!2 her9 h"&di!2 her $r(. ,. O! tr1i!2 the d""r " the
2ir&Cs r""(9 she ")!d it sti&& &"c/ed. -. I 0")&d!Ct s$1 s)ch $ thi!2 0ith")t *ei!2 s)re. .. ?>") $re 1")!2 1et9 1")
c")&d 2" *$c/ t" the cities $!d *etter 1")rse& 0ith")t &iti!2 ("re th$! $! e1e&id9? he s$id. She did!Ct ("ve &e$!i!2
&i2ht&1 $2$i!st the 0$&&9 her $r(s "&ded. 3. L1i!2 *$c/ "! the c)shi"!ed se$t9 the 0$r( $ir &1i!2 $t his $ce9 Fe&ix
c"!te(%&$ted 0ith de&i2ht his $v")rite c")!tr1-side. 5. >") ()st 2" $!d &ie d"0!. ItCs !" 2""d ($/i!2 1")rse& i&&.
6. The "&d ($! 0$&/ed $0$19 $!d '"0%er0""d he$rd his ste%s d1i!2 d"0! the ce(e!t-%$ved h$&&. He st""d $!d
&iste!ed9 his e$rs *ei!2 2reeted "cc$si"!$&&1 *1 $ dist$!t c")2h9 $ $i!t scr$%i!2 " s"(e "!eCs eet9 "r the ir"!
scr$tch " $ /e1 i! $ &"c/. 7. I! the he$rt " the "rests 2re$t trees 2re0 $&("st $ h)!dred 1$rds hi2h9 their &"0est
&i(*s s%r")ti!2 ")t t0" h)!dred eet r"( the 2r")!d. Thr")2h the de!sest %"rti"!s $ ($! 0")&d &"se $! h")r i!
("vi!2 $ e0 h)!dred ste%s. 1=. ICve 2"t 1")r dr$0i!2 r$(ed $!d h)!2 $*"ve (1 *)re$)9 $!d ver1 4"&&1 it &""/s.
11. He t""/ the T$1&"r r"$d9 i!cre$si!2 s%eed. He dr$!/ $2$i! r"( the 4$r 0ith")t s&"0i!2 d"0!. 1+. Seei!2 (e he
st""d irres"&)te9 his e1es d$r/ $!d (")r!)&. 1,. The ide$ " $!1*"d1 0$sti!2 his ti(e 0$s "*!"xi")s t" hi(. 1-.
She &iste!ed t" the t$%%i!2 "r $ 0hi&e *e"re she i!$&&1 2"t )%9 2r)(*&i!2 "r *ei!2 dist)r*ed 0he! she e&t s"
c"("rt$*&e i! *ed. 1.. As i s)(("!ed r"( $ &"!2 dist$!ce9 Sir L$0re!ce reixed his ("!"c&e. 13. ;he!
i((ersed i! $ *""/9 she 0$s9 $s her h)s*$!d h$d %)t it9 its s&$ve. 15. Mech$!ic$&&1 he 0e!t t" the te&e%h"!e. He
")!d the !)(*er 0ith diic)&t19 his e1es *ei!2 (ist1. 16. He st"%%ed $!2ri&19 $s i &""/i!2 "r 0"rds. 17. Bei!2
1")r h)s*$!d is "!&1 $9 4"* "r 0hich "!e ($! 0i&& d" $s 0e&& $s $!"ther. Bei!2 (1 0ie is s"(ethi!2 r)ite
diere!t. +=. F"r six 1e$rs !"0 she h$d 0$tched these s&$ve 2$!2s *ei!2 %)shed $&"!2 the r"$d. +1. Fr"(
s"(e0here t"0$rd the re$r the1 c")&d he$r $ di!!er t$*&e *ei!2 set9 $!d $ 0"($!Cs v"ice si!2i!2 "*vi")s&1 t" $
s($&& chi&d. ++. The! c$(e the &")d ri!2i!2 " $ *e&&9 (i!2&ed 0ith the !"ise " ire-$r(s9 $!d the se!s$ti"! " *ei!2
c$rried "ver )!eve! 2r")!d. +,. I disti!ct&1 rec$&&ed he$ri!2 s"(e"!e ("vi!2 $*")t i! the &")!2e "! e!teri!2 $ter
(1 ("r!i!2 0$&/ 0ith ~itt1. +-. Firi!2 the ($chi!e 2)! h$d %$rti$&&1 de$e!ed hi(. +.. A&th")2h the1 &"ved e$ch
"ther9 their (i!ds 0ere &i/e t0" c")!tries $t 0$r9 0ith the te&e2r$%h 0ire d"0! $!d the r$i&s t"r! )%. +3. Nessie
idd&ed 0ith her te$s%""!9 dr"%%ed it9 the! *&)shed sh$(e)&&1 $s th")2h disc"vered i! $ 0ic/ed $ct. +5. I 2"t i!t"
the di!2h19 $!d ")!d ;i&&i$( $!d 'hrist"%her sitti!2 i! it9 st$ri!2 *$d-te(%ered&1 $t "!e $!"ther. +6. IC&& h$ve 1")
0$tched $s &"!2 $s 1") st$1 i! Le0es. +7. The ($! re($i!ed st$!di!29 0ith his h$!ds i! his %"c/ets. ,=. #&e$se9 d"
($/e $! e"rt $t e!tert$i!i!2 her. ,1. Bei!2 $ d"ct"r he /!"0s th$t he 0"!Ct &ive ()ch &"!2er $!d heCs $r$id "
d1i!2< 0hich9 *ei!2 $ d"ct"r9 he ")2ht !"t t" *e. ,+. Ater %r"&"!2i!2 his visit *1 ever1 c"!ceiv$*&e exc)se i! his
%"0er9 he s)(("!ed c")r$2e9 $!d "ered her his h$!d $!d his he$rt. Bei!2 i! !" 0$1 disi!c&i!ed t" hi(9 $!d her
)!c&e ($/i!2 !" "*4ecti"! t" the ($tch9 she c"!se!ted t" sh$re his $te. ,,. There 0$s !" 2etti!2 $ 0"rd ("re ")t
" hi( "! the ($tter " the M""!st"!e. ,-. The1 h$d th")2ht the r)esti"! sett&ed. ,.. N"0 thereCs 4)st "!e thi!2 I
ee& I ")2ht t" s$19 Mrs. At0""d9 $!d 1") ()st!Ct (i!d (1 s$1i!2 it. ,3. ')rsi!2 hi(se& "r !"t h$vi!2 &e$r!ed t"
drive $ c$r9 he 0"/e )% T"!i $!d s0e%t hi( d"0! t" the 2$r$2e. ,5. I c")&d ee& the se!se " disr)iet 2r"0i!2
r$%id&1. ItCs terri*&1 dis$%%"i!ti!2. ,6. ;$rde! &""/ed "ver $t hi(9 $&("st st$rt&ed9 0ith")t ("vi!29 $ &""/ " $ct)$&
re$& h)rt c"(i!2 "! his $ce. ,7. 8$&e 0$s !e$r 4)(%i!2 0ith %ride $!d s$tis$cti"!. -=. His e1es "! the 0i!d"09 he
r$! "! ti%t"e $cr"ss the *$re s%$ce *et0ee! the c"%%ice $!d the 0$&&. -1. O! desce!di!29 I ")!d #$)&i!e se$ted $t
the *re$/$st t$*&e. -+. B)t it 0$s &"ve&1 0$&/i!2 i! the 0""ds. -,. His ""tste%s c")&d *e he$rd desce!di!2 the
st$irs $t $ r)!. --. She 0$s $!2r1 0ith herse& "r &etti!2 her v"ice *ec"(e h"$rse.
Exercise 1. "ranslate into English$ !sing the ger!n or the participle where possi%le.
(A) B$sed "! 8$vid '"%%erie&d *1 'h. 8ic/e!s.
1. WIRR fLKRI SL PEMFO ]NERKIK[ ]FLPQSSIXG KEME9 HKE ES ^LSIFRQ SO JERXEJEZ XGXFL ($ 0$x d"&&)9 XOX
ESO SObUJOFO PIRRIR wE]]LNIF[T. +. oLSIJcIR[9 PIRKLN wE]]LNIF[T SIXEMTO _EF[cL SL JRKNLHOFRQ RE
RJELZ KLKGcXEZ. ,. nTSO^TU JLHLNEP PIRRIR wE]]LNIF[T RITLFO G XOPISO9 TGPOQ E RL_L I E RJELP
]EXEZSEP PG^L. -. DETEZTQ X EXSG9 ESO GJITLFO9 HKE ]E TENE^XL ROTO ($&"!2 the 2$rde! %$th) ITLK SLbSOXEPOQ
TOPO. .. kOVETQaLL REFS\L EbONQFE RJEIPI FGHOPI (t" 2&"0 "! s"(e*"d1) SLbSOXEPXG9 XEKENOQ SO]NOJFQFOR[
X TJLNQP TEPO. 3. DNI_FIbIJcIR[ X TEPG9 SLbSOXEPXO9 SL ]EbJESIJ9 ]ETEcFO X EXSG I RKOFO MFQTLK[ J SLME9
]NIÔJ SER X RKLXFG ($2$i!st the 2&$ss). 5. eJITLJ iKE9 PIRRIR wE]]LNIF[T ]ESQFO9 HKE iKE PIRR fLKRI{
KEF[XE ESO PEMFO JLRKI RL_Q ]ETE_SUP E_NObEP. 6. WIRR fLKRI SOHOFO NObMEJEN R KEME9 HKE R]NERIFO9 ]EHLPG
GROT[_O SObUJOLKRQ |NOHI} (R""/er1). 7. nSO GTIJIFOR[ KEPG9 HKE GROT[_O SObUJOLKRQ |NOHI}9 KOX XOX SI
ETSEME MNOHO J ROTG SL _UFE. 1=. WIRR fLKRI ]NILVOFO R SOPLNLSILP GRUSEJIK[ NL_LSXO< ESO SOTLQFOR[9 HKE
iKE _GTLK TLJEHXO. 11. ebSOJ9 HKE G PIRRIR wE]]LNIF[T NETIFRQ POF[HIX (t" 2ive *irth t" $ *"1)9 ESO
SLPLTFLSSE GLVOFO. 1+. pOSSLL TLKRKJE dOJIT ]NEJLF RE RJELZ POKGcXEZ I DLMEKKI. Y bIPSIL RGPLNXI (i! the
0i!ter t0i&i2ht) PIRRIR wE]]LNIF[T EHLS[ F`_IFO IMNOK[ I KOS\LJOK[ RE RJEIP POFLS[XIP RUSEP. 1,. nT-
SO^TU JLHLNEP DLMEKKI RITLFO R dOJITEP J MERKISEZ. eRFUcOJ MEFER POKLNI9 dOJIT ]E_LÔF JRKNLKIK[ LL.
1-. YbQJ POF[HIXO SO NGXI9 PIRRIR wE]]LNIF[T ]E_FOMETONIFO T^LSKF[PLSO9 XEKENUZ ]NIcLF R SL`9 bO KE9
HKE ES ]NEJETIF LL TE TEPG. 1.. DLMEKKI SL ETE_NQFO KEME9 HKE PIRRIR wE]]LNIF[T KOX HORKE GVETIK Ib
TEPG ]E JLHLNOP. 13. nSO E_JISQFO PIRRIR wE]]LNIF[T J KEP9 HKE ESO bO_UJOLK RJELME POFLS[XEME RUSO
NOTI SEJEME bSOXEPEME. 15. jFEJO JLNSEZ RFGÔSXI SL ]EPLcOFI PIRRIR wE]]LNIF[T ]EHKI XO^TUZ JLHLN
JRKNLHOK[RQ R PIRKLNEP WLNTRKESEP. 16. WIRRIR wE]]LNIF[T SL JEbNOÔFO ]NEKIJ KEME9 HKE_U dOJIT
]ELVOF R DLMEKKI J vNPGK. 17. WOF[HIX GLVOF KGTO9 SL bSOQ9 HKE LME POKGcXO RE_INOLKRQ JUZKI bOPG^. +=.
xiP JRKNLKIF IV J vNPGKL9 I ESI EK]NOJIFIR[ J ]GK[< xiP SLR dOJITO SO R]ISL. +1. tO _LNLMG RKEQFO RKONOQ
HLNSOQ _ONÔ< GXObUJOQ SO SLL9 xiP RXObOF9 HKE iKE IV TEP. ++. dOJIT _UF TEJEFLS9 HKE DLMEKKI JbQFO LME J
vNPGK< LPG EHLS[ SNOJIFOR[ PURF[9 HKE ES _GTLK ÎK[ J RKONEZ _ON^L9 VETIJcLZ PSEME NOb J PENL (t" *e i!
the "%e! se$). +,. WOF[HIXG ]ESNOJIFOR[ TJLN[9 JUNLbOSSOQ J ETSEP _EXG _ONÎ. +-. wEMTO bO^MFI RJLHI9 J
XEPSOKL RKOFE EHLS[ G`KSE. +.. DNLETEFLJ (t" "verc"(e) RJE` bORKLSHIJERK[9 POFLS[XOQ lPIFI RLFO NQTEP R
dOJITEP. +3. dOJIT RFUcOF9 XOX bOJUJOLK J PENL JLKLN9 I TGPOF E KEP9 XOX ]NIQKSE J KOXG` ]EMETG RITLK[ J
KL]FEZ9 G`KSEZ XEPSOKL. +5. GFQQ R POFLS[XEZ lPIFI ]E _LNLMG PENQ ()%"! the *e$ch)9 dOJIT HORKE
NORRXObUJOF LZ E RJELZ POKGcXL. +6. tL bSOQ9 HKE PIRRIR wE]]LNIF[T JUcFO bOPG^9 dOJIT JEbJNOaOFRQ
TEPEZ ]EFSUZ NOTERKSUV EÎTOSIZ. +7. nS _UF EHLS[ GTIJFLS9 HKE PIRRIR wE]]LNIF[T SL JUcFO
JRKNLKIK[ LME. ,=. YEZTQ J XEPSOKG9 POF[HIX GJITLF9 HKE ]ETFL LME POKGcXI RITIK PIRKLN WLNTRKES. ,1.
nRKOJcIR[ ETIS J RJELZ XEPSOKXL9 dOJIT NObNObIFRQ RFLbOPI. ,+. WIRRIR wE]]LNIF[T Ib_LMOFO FORXOK[
dOJITO J ]NIRGKRKJII PGÔ9 E_JISQJcLME LL J KEP9 HKE ESO _OFGLK NL_LSXO. ,,. WIRKLN WLNTRKES SL _UF J
RERKEQSII ]ESQK[ RJE` ^LSG9 KOX XOX iKE _UF HLNRKJUZ I ^LRKEXIZ HLFEJLX. ,-. nS _UF GJLNLS9 HKE RGPLLK
IbPLSIK[ LL VONOXKLN I RTLFOK[ LL KOXEZ ^L HLNRKJEZ9 XOX ES ROP. ,.. WIRKLN WLNTRKES _UF HNLbJUHOZSE
SLTEJEFLS KLP9 HKE DLMEKKI SObUJOLK LME ^LSG PIRRIR wE]]LNIF[T. ,3. uPG ]NIcFER[ EKXObOK[RQ EK PURFI
GJEFIK[ DLMEKKI9 KOX XOX PIRRIR wE]]LNIF[T _UFO X SLZ EHLS[ ]NIJQbOSO. ,5. WIRRIR wE]]LNIF[T
ÔFEJOFOR[ SO KE9 HKE PIRR WLNTRKES JLTLK VEbQZRKJE9 SL REJLKGQR[ R SLZ. ,6. WIRKLN WLNTRKES SORKOIJOF
SO KEP9 HKE_U LME ^LSO TOJOFO GNEXI dOJITG J LME ]NIRGKRKJII. ,7. WOF[HIXG SIXEMTO SL GTOJOFER[ EKJLKIK[
VENEcE GNEXI J ]NIRGKRKJII EKHIPO. -=. WIRKLN WLNTRKES RKONOFRQ bORKOJIK[ dOJITO VENEcE GHIK[RQ KLP9
HKE SOXObUJOF LME. -1. fLRLTGQ R PIRR fLKRI9 PIRKLN WLNTRKES EKNI\OF9 HKE R dOJITEP ]FEVE E_NOaOFIR[.
(Y) B$sed "! V$!it1 F$ir *1 ;. Th$c/er$1.
1. fLXXI9 MERKIJcOQ SLXEKENEL JNLPQ G RJELZ ]ETNGMI9 ]ELVOFO9 SOXESL\9 J IPLSIL RiNO DIKKO wNEGFI9
]NLTFEÎJcLME LZ PLRKE MGJLNSOSKXI. +. DEFGHIJ ]IR[PE9 IbJLaOJcLL (t" $!!")!ce) E ]NILbTL fLXXI9 RiN
DIKK ]ELVOF J MENET9 HKE_U JRKNLKIK[ LL. ,. DE TENEML J MENET R fLXXI SL RFGHIFER[ SIHLME ISKLNLRSEME9
SIHLME bORFGÎJOàLME G]EPISOSIQ. -. DNELVOJ _EF[cG` ]FEaOT[9 XONLKO ERKOSEJIFOR[ G _EF[cEME
PNOHSEME TEPO. .. dJLN[ EKXNUF RKONIX9 ETLKUZ J MNQbSUZ R`NKGX. tL bSOQ9 XKE iKE9 fLXXI JLFLFO LPG JbQK[
LL JLaI. 3. wEMTO fLXXI R]NERIFO9 MTL RiN DIKK9 RKONIX NORRPLQFRQ I RXObOF9 HKE ES I LRK[ RiN DIKK wNEGFI.
5. YEZTQ J RKEFEJG`9 fLXXI R F`_E]UKRKJEP EMFQSGFOR[ JEXNGM. lKE _UFO _EF[cOQ PNOHSOQ XEPSOKO R
EXSOPI SO GFI\G (t" "ver&""/ the street). 6. DEXNUKUL XENIHSLJEZ _GPOMEZ ]ENKNLKU I XONKISU9 bORGSGKUZ
]ET _GLK XEJLN9 RTJISGKUL J GMEF RKGF[Q (t" %)t $&& i! $ he$% i! $ c"r!er) - JRL iKE MEJENIFE E KEP9 HKE RLP[Q
wNEGFI SL ÎJLK bTLR[. 7. jiN DIKK SOHOF R KEME9 HKE JUNObIF SOTL^TG9 HKE fLXXI G^L ]EE_LTOFO. 1=. nS _UF
EHLS[ TEJEFLS9 HKE fLXXI EKXObOFOR[ ]NISQK[ GHORKIL J LME RXGTSEZ KNO]LbL. 11. pObMEJONIJOQ R fLXXI9 RiN
DIKK SL TLFOF SI POFLZcLZ ]E]UKXI (t" ($/e $! $tte(%t $t) IR]NOJIK[ ]LNJEL J]LHOKFLSIL9 XEKENEL ES
]NEIbJLF SO SLL. 1+. uL ]NIRGKRKJIL SL ]EPLcOFE LPG JRKG]IK[ J ]NLNLXOSIQ (t" st$rt $! $r2)(e!t) R PIRRIR
mISXLN ]E ]EJETG XOXEME-KE ]NE]OJcLME ONKISMO. 1,. jiN DIKK SORKOIJOF SO KEP9 HKE_U ONKISM _UF LPG
SLPLTFLSSE JEbJNOaLS. 1-. DNIXObOJ fLXXI _UK[ MEKEJEZ J . HOREJ GKNO9 RiN DIKK ]E^LFOF LZ R]EXEZSEZ
SEHI. 1.. tO NORRJLKL ESI KNESGFIR[ J ]GK[. wEMTO ESI LVOFI J TIFIÔSRL (t" drive i! the c"$ch)9 fLXXI
SLRXEF[XE NOb RFUcOFO9 XOX G]EPISOFER[ IPQ RiNO DIKKO wNEGFI. jXENE ESI TELVOFI TE JENEK wENEFLJRXEME
wNEGFI (B)ee!Cs 'r$0&e1)9 I fLXXI GJITLFO TFISSG` OFFL`9 JLTGaG` X TEPG. nSO bOPLKIFO \LNXEJ[9
JEbJUcOJcG`RQ SOT RKONUPI JQbOPI ]ONXO9 I XNORSUZ TEP9 ]EXNUKUZ ]FàEP9 RE RJLNXOJcIPI SO REFS\L
EXSOPI. 16. WIRKLN xETRES9 JRKNLKIJcIZ _ONESO G JENEK ]ONXO9 NORRXObOF LPG E_E JRLP9 HKE RFGHIFER[ J
IPLSII J LME EKRGKRKJIL. 17. jiN DIKK _UF EHLS[ TEJEFLS9 HKE LME RKONEME ONLSTOKENO EK]NOJIFI J NO_EKSUZ
TEP. +=. eJITLJ9 HKE TJO POFLS[XIV POF[HIXO RE_INO`K VJENERK J ]ONXL9 RiN DIKK JLFLF PIRKLNG xETRESG
SOXObOK[ IV. +1. jFGcOQ NObMEJEN RiNO DIKKO R PIRKLNEP xETRESEP9 fLXXI _UFO GTIJFLSO9 HKE _ONESLK
MEJENIK9 XOX SLMNOPEKSUZ HLFEJLX. ++. tEH[`9 XEMTO fLXXI ]IROFO ]IR[PE lPIFII9 ESO GRFUcOFO RKGX J
TJLN[9 +,. Y XEPSOKG JEcLF RiN DIKK. jVJOKIJ RJLHG9 ES ]NIXObOF TLJGcXL SLPLTFLSSE FEÎK[RQ R]OK[. +-.
jiN DIKK KNL_EJOF (t" i!sist)9 HKE_U JRL RJLHI MORIFIR[ SL ]EbTSLL ETISSOT\OKI HOREJ. +.. hGJRKJGQ9 HKE R]E-
NIK[ R SIP _LR]EFLbSE9 fLXXI SL ]NEIbSLRFO SI RFEJO. +3. nHLS[ RXENE fLXXI GTOFER[ bOJELJOK[
NOR]EFE^LSIL RiNO DIKKO (t" 0i! s"(e*"d1Cs $v")r). +5. wEMTO _ONESLK RTLFOF LZ ]NLTFE^LSIL9 ESO ]ESQFO9
HKE REJLNcIFO EcI_XG9 JUZTQ bOPG^ bO pETESO. nSO ÔFLFO9 HKE G]GRKIFO RFGHOZ RTLFOK[RQ FLTI wNEGFI.
The Infinitive
1. Give the dei!iti"! " the I!i!itive. '"((e!t "! its d")*&e ch$r$cter.
+. N$(e ver*$& $!d !"(i!$& ch$r$cteristics " the I!i!itive.
,. '"((e!t "! the Te!se-As%ect $!d V"ice c"rre&$ti"!s " the I!i!itive.
-. N$(e s1!t$ctic$& )!cti"!s " the I!i!itive i! the se!te!ce. Give ex$(%&es.
.. '"((e!t "! the )se " the *$re I!i!itive (the I!i!itive 0ith")t t").
3. N$(e the c$se " )se " the #erect I!i!itive.
5. '"((e!t "! the str)ct)re $!d )se " the O*4ective-0ith-the I!i!itive '"!str)cti"!.
6. '"((e!t "! the str)ct)re $!d )se " the O*4ective-0ith-the I!i!itive '"!str)cti"!.
7. '"((e!t "! the str)ct)re $!d )se " the S)*4ective-0ith-the I!i!itive '"!str)cti"!.
1=. '"((e!t "! the str)ct)re $!d )se " the "r-t"-I!i!itive '"!str)cti"! '"!str)cti"!.
11. St$te the diere!ces i! the )se " the I!i!itive $!d the Ger)!d.
EXERCISES
Exercise 1. Insert the appropriate form of the infinitive.
1. B)t there 0$s !"thi!2 !"0 :::: "r. (t" 0$it) +. She %)t "! the c$%e9 $!d t)r!ed r")!d :::: (t" $d(ire) ,.
He $%%e$red :::: . (t" &iste!) -. He $%%e$red :::: %&e!t1 " ("!e19 0hich 0$s s$id :::: i! the '$&i"r!i$! 2"&d
ie&ds. (t" h$ve9 t" 2$i!) .. ;he! I see(ed :::: $ &"!2 0hi&e9 the M$ster " S$&e( H")se )!scre0ed his &)te i!t"
the three %ieces9 %)t the( )% $s *e"re9 $!d t""/ (e $0$1. (t" d"se) 3. Ever1 e$t)re see(ed :::: si!ce he s$0 her
&$st. (t" sh$r%e!) 5. This e&&"0 see(ed :::: $ $(")s ex%&"rer "r s"(ethi!2 " th$t s"rt. (t" *e) 6. The h")se
$%%e$red :::: rece!t&1. (t" re%$ir) 7. N"*"d1 see(ed :::: his e!tr19 *)t there he cert$i!&1 0$s. (t" %erceive) 1=.
#$)&$ 0")&d *e the irst c"!ce!tr$ti"! c$(% :::: *1 A(eric$! tr""%s. (t" &i*er$te) 11. ;i&&")2h*1 0$s !"t the
($! :::: the &ess"!s " his %redecess"r. (t" "ver&""/) 1+. A t0e&ve 1e$r "&d 2ir&9 #$tie!ce B$r&"09 0$s the irst
:::: his $tte!ti"! "r :::: *1 hi(. (t" $ttr$ct9 t" $ttr$ct) 1,. O!e (i2ht 2)ess Mr. Ge"r2e :::: $ tr""%er "!ce )%"!
$ ti(e9 (t" *e) 1-. I s)%%"se Mr. @e&&e*1 h$d *ee! ("re t$&/$tive $!d &ive&1 "!ce< *)t he see(ed :::: &"!2 *e"re I
/!e0 hi(. (t" exh$)st). 1.. 8$ve see(ed :::: Ste%h$!ie9 0$iti!2 "r her t" ($/e the irst ("ve. (t" 0$tch) 13. F"r
the &$st e0 d$1s she see(ed :::: t" !"*"d1 *)t str$!2e (e!. (t" t$&/) 15. I &$c/ the 0i&&-%"0er :::: $!1thi!2 0ith
(1 &ie9 (1 %"siti"! *1 h$rd 0"r/. (t" d"9 t" *etter) 16. ThereCs !" ti(e :::: (t" &"se) 17. A!d9 i! $ ver1 &itt&e
0hi&e9 the M)rdst"!e $!d Gri!*1 &ie *ec$(e s" str$!2e t" (e th$t I h$rd&1 *e&ieved i! it9 0hi&e (1 %rese!t &ie
2re0 s" $(i&i$r9 th$t I see(ed :::: it $ &"!2 ti(e. (t" &e$d) +=. R"2er 0$s $ 1")!2ish '"!serv$tive (e(*er 0h"
0$s *e2i!!i!2 :::: $*")t. (t" t$&/) +1. He is s$id :::: $ s($&& "rt)!e. (t" %)t $0$1) ++. Th$t @"&1"! see(s :::: i!
151=9 s"! " @"&1"! $!d M$r1. (t" *e *"r!)
Exercise 2. Insert the particle 2to3 %efore the infinitive where re.!ire. "ranslate into R!ssian.
1. 8" 1") thi!/ I %&$! :::: s%e!d the rest " (1 &ie i! the s$(e sit)$ti"!y I 0")&d r$ther :::: die +. She
c")&d !"t he&% *)t :::: ee& $ &itt&e ch"/ed "r *re$th. ,. ;h1 !"t :::: c"(e d"0! t" (1 %&$cey -. He 2$ve $ r)ic/
2ri! th$t ($de his &e$! t0isted $ce :::: &""/ ("re &e$! $!d t0isted th$! ever. .. Ever si!ce I c$(e i!t" this si&&1
h")se I h$ve *ee! ($de :::: &""/ &i/e $ ""&. 3. He did !"thi!2 r"( ("r!i!2 ti&& !i2ht *)t :::: 0$!der $t r$!d"(.
5. IC( the c""/9 $!d I 0"!Ct h$ve $!1"!e :::: c"(e i!tereri!2 i! (1 /itche!. 6. A*e &et the h$((er :::: dr"% ")t
" his h$!ds $!d :::: $&& "! the ste%. 7. >")Cd *etter :::: t$/e (e *$c/ t" Ox"rd. 1=. The1 ")2ht :::: h$ve
$s/ed (1 $dvice. The1 ")2ht :::: h$ve. 11. The %""r *"1 0$s $*s"&)te&1 *r"/e! )%. It ($de (1 he$rt :::: *&eed.
I c")&d!Ct &et hi( :::: 2" 0ith")t $ 0"rd " c"("rt. 1+. ICve 2"t !"thi!2 :::: d" *)t :::: t$&/9 t$&/. 1,. I
0")&d:::: die s""!er th$! :::: $s/ hi( "r $!"ther %e!!1. 1-. >")r ("therCs 2"!e t" s"(e rie!ds the1 d"
!"thi!2 *)t :::: %&$1 *rid2e. 1.. I /!"09 thereCs !"*"d1 i! the 0"r&d I 0")&d r$ther :::: 0"r/ 0ith "r :::: h$ve
2re$ter res%ect "r. 13. '"!r$d h$d !ever /!"0! her :::: t$&/ s" ()ch. 15. B)t E&ride /!e0 Mrs. @eth0$1 :::: *e
her e!e(19 $!d :::: h$te her. 16. The! 0h1 !"t :::: tr1 :::: s$ve 1")rse&y 17. She "%e!ed the ir"! 2$te0$1 $!d
*$de (e :::: e!ter. +=.>")Cd *etter :::: 2et s"(e s&ee%. +1. E!2&ish 0"(e! i! ")r st$ti"! h$ve d)ties9 *)t 0e9
str$!2ers i! $ str$!2e &$!d9 h$ve !"thi!2 :::: d" *)t :::: e!4"1 ")rse&ves. ++. I 0$!t :::: &""/ $t hi( $!d he$r
hi( :::: t$&/. +,. The /e1 " the d""r *e&"0 0$s !"0 he$rd i! the &"c/9 $!d the d""r 0$s he$rd :::: "%e! $!d
c&"se. +-. She e&t herse& :::: *e t$&& $!d s&i( $!d resh. +.. I e&t (1 *&""d :::: reese. +3. A!d i 1") s$1 1")
2$ve (e !" e!c")r$2e(e!t I c$!!"t *)t :::: c"!tr$dict 1"). +5. ;he! she re$ched the r"!t ste%s9 she he$rd the
t$xi :::: drive $0$1. She t)r!ed $r")!d $!d 0$tched the red t$i&-&i2ht :::: dis$%%e$r i! the d$r/!ess. +6. T"((1
re$&&1 d"es !"thi!2 *)t :::: %r"%"se t" (e. +7. I th")2ht th$t I h$d *etter :::: tr1 :::: s%e$/ "%e!&1 (1se&. ,=.
Arth)r c")&d !"t *)t :::: 2&$!ce $t 8$!ie& 8"1ce i! the e!s)i!2 si&e!ce. ,1. ;h1 !"t :::: 0rite t" hery ,+. At irst
I tried :::: exc)se (1se&9 "r the %rese!t9 "! the 2e!er$& 2r")!d " h$vi!2 "cc)%$ti"! :::: $tte!d t"9 0hich I ()st
!"t :::: !e2&ect. I the! s$id th$t I h$d ()ch :::: &e$r! (1se& *e"re I c")&d :::: te$ch "thers. F"r these re$s"!s9 I
th")2ht it *est :::: *e $s )se)& $s I c")&d9 $!d :::: re!der 0h$t /i!d services I c")&d t" th"se $*")t (e{ $!d ::::
tr1 :::: &et th$t circ&e " d)t1 2r$d)$&&1 :::: ex%$!d itse&.
Exercise #. "ranslate into English$ !sing the to4infinitive or the %are infinitive.
1. v HGJRKJEJOF9 HKE LME NORRXOb ]NOJTIJ. +. v ]EHGJRKJEJOF9 HKE XKE-KE KNESGF PLSQ bO ]FLHE. ,. |YU
JUMFQTIKL GKEPFLSSUP9 JU _U FGHcL ]EcFI TEPEZ}. |tLK9 Q _U ]NLT]EHLF bOXESHIK[ NO_EKG}. -. DEHLPG
_U SL ]EMEJENIK[ R TLXOSEPy .. uPG SIHLME SL ERKOJOFER[ TLFOK[9 XOX ]NIbSOK[ RJE` JISG (t" $d(it "!eCs
$)&t). 3. nSO KEF[XE I TLFOLK9 HKE JENHIK. 5. v SL PEMG SL REMFORIK[RQ R JOPI9 5. dÊS JLRLFE GFU_OFRQ9
lSTN` KE^L SL PEM SL GFU_SGK[RQ. 6. tOTLJOZKL XES[XI9 I TOJOZKL XOKOK[RQ JPLRKL. 7. hKE ^9 ES
]NLXNORSUZ ^LSIV (($tch). DEHLPG SL JUZKI bO SLMEy 1=. v KNI TSQ bOSIPOFRQ KEF[XE KLP9 HKE SORFO^TOFRQ
HKLSILP XOXEME-SI_GT[ NEPOSO. 11. |mU E]QK[ bORSLc[9 TENEMEZy MEJENIK PSL POPO. mU _U FGHcL cLF
SOJLNV}. 1+. v SIXEMTO SL JITLF (t" /!"0)9 HKE_U KU RXObOF SL]NOJTG. 1,. v SL PEM SL GTIJIK[RQ RKNOSSEPG
RKLHLSI` (ch$i!) E_RKEQKLF[RKJ.
Exercise &. State the f!nction of the infinitive. "ranslate into R!ssian.
1. A ($! ()st h$ve s"(ethi!2 *i22er th$! hi(se& t" *e&ieve i!. +. It 0$s i(%"ssi*&e !"t t" i!vite the
B)t&ers "r *"th $ter!""! $!d eve!i!2. ,. The he$t $!d d)st 0ere e!")2h t" str$!2&e 1"). -. T" c)t $ &"!2 st"r1
sh"rt9 the i!$!t th$tCs 4)st 2"!e ")t " the r""( is !"t 1")r s"!. .. The !ext thi!2 t" *e d"!e is t" ("ve $0$1 r"(
this h")se. 3. A&& the dee% ($ter!it1 i! her $0"/e9 !ever t" s&ee% $2$i!. 5. He %$)sed $s i t" i!d $ 0$1 t" %hr$se
his !ext th")2hts. 6. N"*"d1 $s/ed 1") t" c"(e ")t here. I did!Ct $s/ 1") t" st$1. I t"&d 1") t" 2" 0hi&e it 0$s
d$1&i2ht. 7. It 0$s t"" h"t t" 2" ")t i!t" the t"0!. 1=. The %r"s%ective *)1er is s"(e"!e 0h"9 is !"t9 t" %)t it (i&d&19
$ s)%%"rter " e($&e e($!ci%$ti"!. T" c"!se!t t" this s$&e 0")&d *e t" c"!se!t t" ch$!2e the ch$r$cter " the
!e0s%$%er $&t"2ether. 11. He h$d *ee! "!e " the irst t" *ec"(e i!terested i! the deve&"%(e!t " the street-c$r
s1ste(. 1+. The &""r " the "rest 0$s s"t t" 0$&/ "!. 1,. He 0$s $ ($! t" $ttr$ct i((edi$te s1(%$th1. 1-. He
/!e0 he ()st s$1 $!1thi!2 $t $&& i! "rder t" est$*&ish c"(()!ic$ti"! 0ith her. 1.. Ater $&&9 1")Cre 1")!2 e!")2h
t" *e (1 s"!. 13. T" *e2i! 0ith9 he did !"t &i/e the 0$1 his edit"r h$d s%"/e! t" hi( th$t ("r!i!2. 15. T" ($/e the
re$& decisi"!s9 "!eCs 2"t t" h$ve the re$& %"0er. 16. T" /!"0 $&& is t" "r2ive $&&. 17. Other %e"%&e9 (e! %$rtic)&$r&19
")!d it diic)&t t" $ce '"0%er0""dCs 2&$sed st$re. +=. It ()st *e $0)& t" h$ve $ *ri&&i$!t )t)re *ehi!d 1"). +1.
She ($/es $ 2est)re $s i t" t")ch hi(. ++. I!deed9 she h$d !"0here t" 2". +,. T" s%e$/ r$!/&19 I $( !"t i! $v")r
" &"!2 e!2$2e(e!ts. +-. He ")!d the s/1 s" %$&&id $s t" *e $&("st i!visi*&e. +.. He dr"%%ed *$c/9 s" $s t" &et (e
2et "! $ &eve& 0ith hi(. +3. ;he! he (et S$vi!$ $t the st$ti"!9 she c$(e t" hi( 0ith $ 4"1")s ex%ressi"! "
$!tici%$ti"! t" i!d his tr")*&ed si&e!ce. +5. R)*i! did !"t9 i! $!1 c$se9 i!d it e$s1 t" *e $s direct $s R"2er. +6. Tr)e
i!si!cerit1 is h$rd t" i!d. +7. She &e$!ed "r0$rd 0ith /i!d&ed e1es $s i t" i(%ress the 0"rd "! the i!s%ect"r. ,=.
SheCs $ s%"i&ed chi&d !"t t" *e tr)sted. ,1. It is $2$i!st $&& ethic$& c"!ce%ts " (edic$& scie!ce t" %r"!")!ce $ de$th
verdict t" $ 2r$ve&1 i&& %ers"!. ,+. His $2e 0$s diic)&t t" 2)ess. ,,. The1 0ere the &$st t" c"(e. ,-. I $0"/e $ &itt&e
$ter s)!rise t" i!d Ev$! 2"!e. ,.. Tr)th t" te&&9 he 0$!ted t" s$1 $ 2re$t de$&. ,3. Her &$r2e e1es 0ere " $ *&)e s"
%$&e $s t" *e $&("st 0hite. ,5. Her irst %r"ceedi!2 0$s t" )!&"c/ $ t$&& %ress9 *ri!2 ")t sever$& *"tt&es9 $!d %")r
s"(e " the c"!te!ts " e$ch i!t" (1 (")th. ,6. T" &ie is !"t (1 c)st"(. T"" ()ch c"(%&ic$ti"! $!d disc"("rt.
,7. I h$d ($!1 0e$r1 h")rs sti&& t" 0$it thr")2h. T" 0hi&e $0$1 the ti(e9 I &""/ed $t (1 &etters. -=. T" *e2i! 0ith9
Mrs. A!ders"! is $ %&e$s$!ter %ers"! t" &ive 0ith th$! Mrs. 8)d2e"!. -1. ;ith $!"ther &""/ r")!d $t the )r!it)re9
$s i t" 2$)2e his sisterCs ex$ct %"siti"!9 S"$(es 0e!t ")t t"0$rds #icc$di&&1. -+. Three "r ")r %&$!s s)22ested
the(se&ves9 "!&1 t" *e r)&ed ")t *1 their se&-evide!t $*s)rdit1. -,. B)t the he$t " the $ter!""! 0$s9 t" s$1 the
&e$st9 "%%ressive.
Exercise '. "ranslate into English$ !sing the infinitive.
1. fUFE ]NIQKSE MGFQK[ J FLRG J KOXEZ ÔNXIZ TLS[. +. DE ]NOJTL MEJENQ9 Q HIKOF iKG XSIMG J ]LNLJETL.
,. nS TERKOKEHSE VENEcE bSOLK OSMFIZRXIZ QbUX9 HKE_U ]LNLJLRKI iKG RKOK[`. -. DLNJEL9 HKE SOTE RTLFOK[9 -
iKE JU]IROK[ SEJUL RFEJO Ib KLXRKO. .. fLR]EFLbSE ]NEKIJENLHIK[ JOP< JU EHLS[ G]NQPU9 HKE_U SL RXObOK[
_EF[cL. 3. tIXEMTO SL ]EbTSE ]NIbSOK[ RJE` EcI_XG. 5. nSO GLVOFO SO dOF[SIZ YERKEX I _EF[cL SL
JLNSGFOR[ J RJEZ NETSEZ MENET. 6. WQMXE JUNOÔQR[9 ES SL RXObOF JOP JRLZ ]NOJTU. 7. v HGJRKJG` RL_Q
RFIcXEP ]FEVE9 HKE_U ]ELVOK[ R JOPI bO MENET. 1=. wENEHL MEJENQ9 IV JISO ERKOFOR[ SLTEXObOSSEZ. 11. nS
]LNJUZ ]NLNJOF PEFHOSIL. 1+. nS GcLF Ib FO_ENOKENII ]ERFLTSIP. 1,. e SLL LRK[ NL_LSEX9 E XEKENEP LZ
SOTE bO_EKIK[RQ. 1-. WSL SOTE JOP XEL-HKE RXObOK[. 1.. YEK XSIMO9 XEKENG` VENEcE ]EHIKOK[ J ]ELbTL. 13.
WSL SOTE E PSEMEP ]EMEJENIK[ R JOPI. 15. e PLSQ LRK[ TNGb[Q9 XEKENUL PEMGK PSL ]EPEH[. 16. e PLSQ SL
_UFE JNLPLSI ]NEHIKOK[ iKG RKOK[`. 17. nS SL KOXEZ HLFEJLX9 HKE_U bO_UK[ E RJELP E_LaOSII. +=. v bSOF9
HKE SLF[bQ KLNQK[ JNLPLSI. +1. YEK RKOK[Q9 XEKENG` JU TEF^SU ]NEHIKOK[. ++. e PLSQ LRK[ VENEcOQ SEJERK[9
XEKENG` Q TEF^LS JOP NORRXObOK[.+,. DEJLN[KL PSL9 Q IPL` ]NOJE iKE MEJENIK[{ Q TENEME bO]FOKIF bO iKE
]NOJE. +-. nSO KEKHOR ]EHGJRKJEJOFO9 HKE ES IPLLK REE_aIK[ LZ HKE-KE. +.. dOTIP RL_L RFEJE ]NIbSOJOK[RQ
JE JRLP TNGM TNGMG. +3. v RXObOF9 HKE PSL SG^SE MEKEJIK[ GNEXI9 I GcLF SOJLNV. +5. DLNJUP9 XKE JRKNLKIF
gSSG TEPO9 _UF RUS.
Exercise (. Point o!t the )%*ective4with4the4Infinitive an the S!%*ective Infinitive Constr!ctions. "ranslate into
R!ssian.
1. Never "!ce h$d she *ee! see! t" cr1. +. It 0$s the irst ti(e he h$d ever see! her 0ee%. ,. He did!Ct (e$!
this t" *e $ &"!2 (eeti!2. -. There 0$s $ r)(")r th$t $t &$st the1 0ere &i/e&1 t" *e ($rried. .. ;ith")t re("!str$!ce
she s)ered (e t" h$ve (1 "0! 0$1. 3. Irvi!2 %r"ved t" *e $ &"!29 s$&&"0-$ced *)t&er ch$%9 s"&e(! $s $!
)!dert$/er. 5. Mr. ;"rthi!2 is s)re t" *e *$c/ s""!. 6. I c$(e t" 2et s"(e"!e t" te&& (e the tr)th. 7. IC&& h$ve Berth$
*ri!2 1") *re$/$st. 1=. A!"rt)!$te&19 $t this ("(e!t he ch$!ces t" c$tch si2ht " @)dithCs $ce. 11. I h$ve !ever
/!"0! Hect"r R"se *eh$ve &i/e this. 1+. His ?"ice? t)r!ed ")t t" *e i! "!e " the *$c/ streets c&"se *1 O&1(%i$.
1,. '"!r$d %)&&ed ")t $ ch$ir $!d ($de her sit d"0!. 1-. He &""/ed $t his 0$tch9 r$!2 the *e&&9 $!d "rdered the
vehic&e t" *e *r")2ht r")!d i((edi$te&1. 1.. #$)& e&t his he$rt &it $s $t $ 2re$t vict"r1. 13. #e"%&e t""/ $! "$th9 $
%&ed2e9 0he! the1 0ere ($rried9 $!d th$t 0$s s)%%"sed t" h"&d the( t"2ether. 15. >") ($/e (e thi!/ " s%ri!2
&"0ers. 16. At thirtee! he *e2$! t" re$d *""/s th$t 0ere s$id t" *e evi&. 17. She 0$tched hi( 2" )% the street $!d
e!ter $ d""r. +=.He $%%e$red t" *e $! ide$& h"(e ($!. +1.>")!2 (e! " this c&$ss !ever d" $!1thi!2 "r the(se&ves
th$t the1 c$! 2et "ther %e"%&e t" d" "r the(. ++. He s$id he 0")&d!Ct s)er $ 0"rd t" *e )ttered t" hi( i! his )!c&eCs
dis%$r$2e(e!t. +,. She d"es!Ct see( t" 0$!t t" d" $!1thi!2 I s)22est. +-. 'eci&1 $!d G0e!d"&e! $re %erect&1
cert$i! t" *e extre(e&1 2re$t rie!ds. +.. He he$rd the t"0! c&"c/ stri/e t0e&ve. +3. Ne$r&1 $ 1e$r $2"9 I ch$!ced t"
te&& hi( ")r &e2e!d " the !)!. +5. H$rriet9 %$&e $!d tre(*&i!29 s)ered her t" 2" "! )!i!terr)%ted. +6. ?>") 0i&& !"t
$&&"0 this *$se !e0s%$%er s&$!der t" sh"rte! 1")r st$1 here9 Mr. ;i!/&ey? s$id Mrs. #"tt9 s(i&i!2 thr")2h the tr$ces
" her te$rs. +7. He t)r!ed ")t t" h$ve !" ee&i!2 0h$ts"ever "r his !e%he0. ,=. I d"!Ct &i/e hi( t" *e s" &"!2 $&"!e.
,1. Fr"( the extre(e resh!ess $!d %)rit1 " her c"(%&exi"! I esti($ted her $2e t" *e sixtee!9 "r &ess %er h$%s. ,+.
This $%%e$red t" $()se the %"&ice($!. I c$!Ct *e$r $!1 "!e t" *e ver1 !e$r (e *)t 1"). At $!1 ("(e!t he 0$s
ex%ecti!2 Eri/ t" %)&& $ 2)! $!d r"* hi(. ,.. He decided t" 0rite her $!d $s/ "r $! ex%&$!$ti"!9 $s 0e&& $s h$ve her
(eet hi(. ,3. >") c$! e$si&1 2et i! thr")2h $ 0i!d"0 i the d""r h$%%e!s t" *e &"c/ed. ,5. >") $re s)re t" *e there
t"-("rr"0 !i2ht9 $re!Ct 1")9 #r"ess"r E!2e&ie&dy ,6. He 0$s s$id t" *e "!e " the ("st %r"(isi!2 " !)c&e$r
%h1sicists. ,7. ;h1 c$!Ct he 2et $ v$&et t" st$1 0ith hi( &"!2er th$! $ e0 ("!thCsy -=. The %e$s$!ts did !"t see( t"
see her. -1. He the! "rdered her h"rse t" *e %)t i!t" the 2i2. -+. Mrs. Merride0 i!st$!t&1 %er(itted herse& t" *e
t$/e! *1 the $r(9 $!d &ed i!t" the 2$rde!.
Exercise +. "ranslate into English$ !sing the )%*ective4with4the4Infinitive Constr!ction where possi%le.
1. v SL EÎTOF9 HKE JU GLTLKL KOX RXENE. +. v SL JUSEcG9 XEMTO R TLK[PI ]FEVE E_NOaO`KRQ. ,. nSO
]EHGJRKJEJOFO9 HKE XKE-KE XERSGFRQ LL ]FLHO9 -. nSO ]EHGJRKJEJOFO9 HKE LME RFEJO SLIRXNLSSI. .. nS
]E]NERIF ]ETOK[ POcISG. 3. v JRLMTO RHIKOF IV RJEIPI TNGb[QPI. 5. fI_FIEKLXON[ NObNLcIF ]LNL]IROK[
NGXE]IR[. 6. nKL\ VEKLF9 HKE_U LME RUS RKOF JNOHEP. 7. v SL F`_F`9 XEMTO NL_LSEX ERKOLKRQ ETIS. 1=. v
RFUcOF9 XOX TLXOS SLRXEF[XE NOb G]EPQSGF JOcL IPQ. SO RE_NOSII. 11. YHLNO SO RE_NOSII Q RFUcOFO9 XOX
JOcL IPQ G]EPQSGFI SLRXEF[XE NOb. 1+.v SIXEMTO SL RFUcOF9 XOX ESO MEJENIK ]E-OSMFIZRXI. 1,.v
RFUcOF9 HKE ESO MEJENIK ]E-OSMFIZRXI EHLS[ VENEcE. 1-.v JITLF9 XOX ESO JEcFO J HIKOF[SUZ bOF9 JbQFO
XSIMI I ]NISQFOR[ bO NO_EKG (t" set t" 0"r/). 1.. v JITLF9 HKE ESO SL ]ESQFO ]NOJIFO9 I E_QRSIF LME LaL NOb.
13. dE_LZKLR[9 HKE_U ES E_NOKIFRQ X JNOHG (t" c"!s)&t $ d"ct"r).15. dE^T[ bORKOJIF IV JLNSGK[RQ TEPEZ. 16. v
bORKOJIF LME RSQK[ ]OF[KE I JU]IK[ HOcXG HO`. 17. nS NOR]ENQTIFRQ9 HKE_U KLFLMNOPPG ]ERFOFI SL-
PLTFLSSE. +=. DNL]ETOJOKLF[ RXObOF9 HKE_U RKGTLSKU JU]IROFI RFEJO Ib KLXRKO.
(B) B$sed "! $! e%is"de r"( 8$vid '"%%erie&d *1 'h. 8ic/e!s.
1. DLMEKKI bSOFO9 HKE PIRKLN WLNTRKES HLNRKJUZ I ^LRKEXIZ HLFEJLX9 I SL VEKLFO9 HKE_U PIRRIR
wE]]LNIF[T JUVETIFO bO SLME bOPG^. +. WIRKLN WLNTRKES bORKOJIF ^LSG ]EJISEJOK[RQ LPG JE JRLP. ,.
dOJIT HGJRKJEJOF9 HKE. NGXO LME POKGcXI TNEÎK. DLMEKKI SL PEMFO JUSERIK[9 HKE_U R dOJITEP ]FEVE
E_NOaOFIR[. WIRKLN WLNTRKES I LME RLRKNO RHIKOFI dOJITO FLSIJUP I G]NQPUP POF[HIXEP. 3. WIRKLN
WLNTRKEI ]NIXObOF9 HKE_U dOJITO bO]LNFI J LME XEPSOKL. 5. dOJIT ]NERSGFRQ9 GRFUcOJ9 HKE XKE-KE cL]EKEP
bEJLK LME. 6. DLMEKKI RFUcOFO9 HKE PIRKLN WLNTRKES RE_INOLKRQ EKTOK[ dOJITO J cXEFG. 7. WIRKLN
WLNTRKES SL VEKLF9 HKE_U dOJIT ÎF TEPO9 I TE_IFRQ KEME9 HKE PIRRIR wE]]LNIF[T EKTOFO LME J cXEFG. 1=.
DLMEKKI JITLFO9 HKE PIRRIR wE]]LNIF[T SLRHORKSO9 SE SL PEMFO SIHLME RTLFOK[9 HKE_U ]EPEH[ LZ. 11.
WIRKLN WLNTRKES VEKLF9 HKE_U DLMEKKI EKXObOFI EK PLRKO (t" dis(iss)9 SE PIRRIR wE]]LNIF[T SL PEMFO
TE]GRKIK[9 HKE_U LL JLNSOQ RFGÔSXO GcFO EK SLL. 1+. WIRR fLKRI GJITLFO9 HKE J ROT JEcLF MNQbSUZ
E_ENJOSSUZ POF[HIX. 1,. WIRR fLKRI HGJRKJEJOFO9 HKE dOJIT MEJENIK ]NOJTG (HKE NORRXOb dOJITO ]NOJTIJ).
Exercise 0. "ranslate into English !sing the S!%*ective Infinitive Constr!ction.
1. zbJLRKSE9 HKE NIPFQSL ]ERKNEIFI SO fNIKOSRXIV ERKNEJOV VENEcIL TENEMI I PSEME XNL]ERKLZ. +.
DEFOMO`K9 HKE ]EiPO |fLEJGF[} _UFO SO]IROSO J VIII JLXL. ,. YOF[KLN jXEKK RHIKOLKRQ REbTOKLFLP
IRKENIHLRXEME NEPOSO. -. jEE_aO`K9 HKE iXR]LTI\IQ TERKIMFO PLRKO SObSOHLSIQ. .. uTJO FI LME SObSOHOK
MFOJSUP IS^LSLNEP9 JLT[ ES XESHIF ISRKIKGK JRLME TJO METO KEPG SObOT. 3. nS9 ]E-JITIPEPG9 VENEcE bSOLK
OSMFIZRXIZ QbUX< SOJLNSEL9 ES IbGHOF LME J TLKRKJLy 5. v RFGHOZSE bSO` SEPLN LME KLFLESO. 6. nS EXObOFRQ
VENEcIP R]ENKRPLSEP. 7. GP9 XObOFER[9 JRL ]NI_FIÔFRQ. 1=. v RFGHOZSE ]NEVETIF PIPE JEXbOFO9 XEMTO J
qLSISMNOT ]NILVOFI ONKIRKU LXR]INEJRXEME PLPENIOF[SEME KLOKNO (Sh$/es%e$re Me("ri$& The$tre). 11.
DLJI\G bORKOJIFI ]EJKENIK[ ONI`. 1+. nS9 XO^LKRQ9 ]IcLK SEJG` RKOK[`< XO^LKRQ9 ES NO_EKOLK SOT SLZ G^L
TJL SLTLFI. 1,. uME RKOK[Q9 SLREPSLSSE9 _GTLK SO]LHOKOSO. 1-. v RFGHOZSE JRKNLKIF LME J WERXJL. 1..
n_QbOKLF[SE ]NEHIKOZKL iKG XSIMG< ESO JOP9 SLREPSLSSE9 ]ESNOJIKRQ. 13. EJENQK9 HKE iKE bTOSIL _UFE
]ERKNELSE J VII JLXL.
Exercise 1. "ranslate into English$ !sing the )%*ective4with4the4Infinitive or the S!%*ective Infinitive
Constr!ction.
1. WU VEKIP RHORK[Q JRLP SONETOP. WU VEKIP9 HKE_U XO^TUZ HLFEJLX _UF RJE_ETLS. +. e SOR J ]EFXG
Q RHIKOFRQ ETSIP Ib FGHcIV RKNLFXEJ. ,. zbJISI PLSQ9 PEZ OSMLF9 SE KJEL ]OKLKIHLRXEL ]IR[PE NORRPLcIFE
PLSQ. -. LNPOS RFUcOF9 XOX VFE]SGFO TJLN[ J RLSQV (%"rch)9 I GJITLF9 HKE XKE-KE E]QK[ ]EMFQTLF X SLPG J
EXEcXE (thr")2h the 0i!d"0 i!t" his r""(). .. kONQ RIQFO SO JERKEXL9 I bEFEKUL NQTU E_FOXEJ9 XObOFER[9
EÎTOFI REFS\O. 3. |tL EÎTOFO Q9 HKE_U KU _UFO KOXOQ bFOQ (s%ite)&)}9 - RXObOFO ESO. 5. nVEKO (the sh""ti!2)
EXObOFOR[ VG^L9 HLP ES EÎTOF. 6. v VEHG _UK[ ONKIRKXEZ9 Q VEHG RFOJU9 GR]LVEJ9 RJE_ETU9 O JU VEKIKL9
HKE_U Q ]NETEFÔFO ÎK[ J iKEP MENETL9 ]NETEFÔFO iKG ]GRKG` (d)&&) _LR]EFLbSG` ÎbS[9 XEKENOQ RKOFO
TFQ PLSQ SLJUSERIPEZ. 7. gFLXROSTN JLFLF ]ETOK[ HOZ J XO_ISLK. 1=. wOX KEF[XE RFGHOFER[ SOP _UK[ ETSIP9
PU GROÎJOFIR[ J G`KSUZ GMEFEX I SOHISOFI NORRG^TOK[9 bO_UJOQ JRL SO RJLKL. 11. uPG _UFE EXEFE
KNIT\OKI ]QKI FLK9 I PU bO KE ]EHIKOFI LME RKONIXEP. 1+. wIKI _UFO ]NLXNORSLL9 HLP ES JEE_NOÔF LL. 1,.
wIKI ^TOFO9 HKE ES ]NIMFORIK LL SO JOF[R (t" $s/ s"(e*"d1 "r $ 0$&ts)9 SE ES SL ]NIMFORIF9 I ESO GTIJFLSSE
JbMFQSGFO SO SLME. 1-. YLHLNEP ESI ]EcFI SO PEF (%ier)9 HKE_U ]ERPEKNLK[9 XOX ]NITLK ]ONEVET. 1.. DIR[PO
Ib TEPG ]NIVETIFI KIVIL9 TE_NUL9 I9 XObOFER[9 JRL G^L _UFE ]NEaLSE I bO_UKE.
Exercise 15. "ranslate into English$ !sing the infinitive or Infinitive Constr!ctions where possi%le. 67ase on
8ncle "om9s Ca%in %- :. E. 7eecher4Stowe.;
1. wEMTO dÊNT^ _LÔF EK RJELME VEbQISO I ]NE_INOFRQ J wOSOTG9 ES RFGHOZSE JRKNLKIF PIRKLNO
YIF[RESO9 JFOTLF[\O O_NIXI9 MTL ES NOS[cL NO_EKOF9 I NORRXObOF LPG JR` IRKENI` RJELZ ÎbSI. +.
EJENIFI9 HKE ]EXEZSUZ EKL\ dÊNTÔ _UF _EMOKUZ bSOKSUZ T^LSKF[PLS. ,. wObOFER[9 ES F`_IF RJEIV
TLKLZ9 SE ES _UF RFIcXEP FLMXEPURFLSSUP HLFEJLXEP9 HKE_U ]ETGPOK[ E_ IV _GTGaLP9 I ]ERFL LME RPLNKI
JRL LME TLKI _UFI ]NETOSU9 HKE_U G]FOKIK[ LME TEFMI. -. dÊNT^ RFUcOF9 XOX XNIHOFO I ]FOXOFO LME POK[9
XEMTO LME _NOFI EK SLL. .. dÊNT^ I LME RKONcOQ RLRKNO _UFI RFGHOZSE XG]FLSU ETSIP I KLP ^L NO_E-
JFOTLF[\LP9 I ]LNJEL JNLPQ NL_LSEX SL HGJRKJEJOF RL_Q ETISEXIP. 3. tE ES HORKE JITLF9 XOX VEbQIS _[LK LME
RLRKNG9 I EK iKEME POF[HIX ^LRKEXE RKNOTOF (I iKE bORKOJFQFE POF[HIXO ^LRKEXE RKNOTOK[). 5. nS SL PEM SL
]FOXOK[9 XEMTO RFUcOF RKESU I NUTOSIQ SLRHORKSEZ TLJGcXI. 6. YRXENL VEbQIS ]NIXObOF EKJLbKI RLRKNG
dÊNTÔ J tEJUZ nNFLOS I ]NETOK[ LL KOP SO NUSXL. 7. WOF[HIX ERKOFRQ ETIS< SL _UFE SIXEME9 XKE PEM _U
]EbO_EKIK[RQ E SLP9 XKE PEM _U RXObOK[ LPG FORXEJEL RFEJE. 1=. wEMTO dÊNT^ JUNER9 LME ]ERFOFI NO_EKOK[
SO O_NIXG PIRKLNO YIF[RESO9 XEKENUZ EXObOFRQ EHLS[ TE_NUP HLFEJLXEP I VENEcE E_NOaOFRQ RE RJEIPI
NO_EHIPI. 11. dÊNT^ IbE_NLF EHLS[ \LSSG` POcISG9 XEKENOQ9 XOX _UFE IbJLRKSE9 ]NISERIFO LME VEbQISG
_EF[cG` ]NI_UF[. 1+. YRXENL dÊNT^ JRKNLKIF lFIbG I ^LSIFRQ SO SLZ. nSO _UFO EHLS[ XNORIJOQ I
TE_NOQ9 I dÊNT^ RHIKOF RL_Q ROPUP RHORKFIJUP HLFEJLXEP SO bLPFL. 1,. tE RHORK[L LME _UFE
SLTEFMEJLHSE (t" *e " sh"rt d)r$ti"!){ LME VEbQIS _UF SL KOXEZ HLFEJLX9 XEKENUZ PEM _U TE]GRKIK[9 HKE_U
LME SLMN _UF RHORKFIJ. 1-. dÊNTÔ bORKOJIFI GZKI R O_NIXI9 _NERIK[ NO_EKG9 XEKENG` ES KOX F`_IF9 I
JLNSGK[RQ X VEbQISG. 1.. hKE_U GSIbIK[ dÊNTÔ LaL _EF[cL9 VEbQIS ]NIXObOF LPG _NERIK[ lFIbG I
^LSIK[RQ SO TNGMEZ ^LSaISL. lKEME dÊNT^ G^L JUSLRKI SL PEM9 I ES NLcIF _LÔK[ J wOSOTG.
Exercise 11. State the f!nction of the for4to4Infinitive Constr!ction. "ranslate into R!ssian.
1. There 0$s !" h"(e "r hi( t" 2" t". +. He 0$ited "r (e t" sit d"0!. ,. It see(ed $&("st $ sh$(e "r
$!1"!e t" *e $s %rett1 $s she 0$s t"!i2ht. -. A!d it is !"t "r 1") t" ($/e ter(s. It is "r 1") t" $cce%t the(.
..ThereCs !"thi!2 "r )s t" d" *)t $()se ")rse&ves. 3.B)t the %$i! i! @$(esC he$d $sserted itse& t"" cr)e&&1 "r hi(
t" thi!/ " $!1thi!2 e&se "r the ("(e!t. 5. He c"rdi$&&1 exte!ded "!e "rei!2er "r Eri/ t" sh$/e. 6. S"(e tr")*&e
0ith the $)th"rities h$d ($de it !ecess$r1 "r hi( t" *e ()ch $*r"$d. 7. There 0ere %&e!t1 " %$%ers "r hi( t"
re$d9 *)t he &et the( $&"!e. 1=. Si!ce 1"). $re s" $!xi")s "r (e t" disti!2)ish (1se&9 I h$ve c"!c&)ded t" d" s".
11. It is i(%"ssi*&e "r (e t" 0rite $*")t th$t ti(e i! det$i& I c$!Ct *e$r t". 1+. He "%e!ed the d""r " his r""( "r
her t" 2" ")t. 1,. B)tt"!0""d street9 0here he s%e!t the irst te! 1e$rs " his &ie9 0$s $ &"ve&1 %&$ce "r $ *"1 t"
&ive. 1-. She &"!2ed "r !i2ht t" c"(e t" *ri!2 s&ee% t" her. 1.. It 0$s re$&&1 0$r( "r M$19 $!d sti&& &i2ht e!")2h
"r hi( t" see his c"0s i! the (e$d"0 *e1"!d the river. 13. The ide$ is "r )s t" 2ive $ s%eci$& c"!cert $t the
Festiv$& H$&&. 15. M1 h")se is $&0$1s re$d1 "r $!1"!e t" c"(e i!t". 16. M1 de$r9 this is!Ct the ti(e "r )s t"
r)$rre&. 17. Eri/ s$0 th$t she 0$s i(%$tie!t "r hi( t" *e 2"!e. +=. He 0$ited "r Bert t" s$1 s"(ethi!2.
Exercise 12. "ranslate into English$ !sing the for4to4Infinitive Constr!ction where possi%le.
(A) 1. DLNJEL9 HKE PU TEF^SU RTLFOK[ iKE bOXObOK[ _IFLKU. +. YE]NER _UF RFIcXEP SLEÎTOSSUP9
HKE_U Q PEM SO SLME EKJLKIK[. ,. v ]ETHLNXSGFO iKI ]NLTFE^LSIQ9 HKE_U JU ]NEOSOFIbINEJOFI IV. -. nS
]E]NERIF ]NISLRKI _GPOMG I ]LNE. .. lKEK KLXRK TERKOKEHSE FLMXIZ9 HKE_U JU PEMFI ]NEHIKOK[ LME _Lb
RFEJONQ. 3. WSL EHLS[ VEHLKRQ9 HKE_U JU ]ERKG]IFI J GSIJLNRIKLK. 5. uPG SIHLME SL ERKOJOFER[ TLFOK[9 XOX
SLPLTFLSSE JULVOK[ J WERXJG. 6. jTLFOK[ iKE TEF^LS _UF ES. 7. fUFE _U SLNObGPSE9 LRFI _U ES RLZHOR
GLVOF Ib qLSISMNOTO. 1=. jOPEL FGHcLL9 HKE JU PE^LKL RTLFOK[9 iKE ]ELVOK[ J ROSOKENIZ.
(B) B$sed "! $! e%is"de r"( 8$vid '"%%erie&d *1 'h. 8ic/e!s.
1. wO^TUZ JLHLN PIRKLN DLMEKKI RKOJIF RJLHG SO ]ETEXESSIX9 HKE_U POFLS[XOQ lPIFI bSOFO9 HKE ES
LL ^TLK. +. wEMTO PIRKLN DLMEKKI SOcLF lPIFI9 ES NLcIF9 HKE ROPEL FGHcLL9 HKE ESI PEMGK RTLFOK[9 iKE
GLVOK[ J gJRKNOFI`. ,. dOJIT XG]IF ]EJONLSSG` XSIMG (c""/er1 *""/)9 HKE_U dENO ]EF[bEJOFOR[ L`. -. dENO
IR]EF[bEJOFO ]EJONLSSG` XSIMG9 HKE_U dÎ] RKEQF SO SLZ. .. dENO RXObOFO9 HKE ]LNJEL9 HKE ESO TEF^SO
RTLFOK[9 iKE TOK[ dÎ]G VENEcIZ GÎS. 3. dENO ]ESIPOFO9 HKE dOJITG SLE_VETIPE ]ELVOK[ R PIRR fLKRI J
wLSKLN_LNI9 I RXObOFO9 HKE LZ _GTLK TO^L ]EFLbSE (*e!eici$&) ]E_UK[ ETSEZ. 5. WIRKLN WIXE_LN ]E]NERIF
mNiTF[RO ]EPEH[ LPG9 KOX XOX NObE_FOHLSIL (ex%"s)re) eNII I]O _UFE RFIcXEP KNGTSUP TLFEP9 HKE_U ES
PEM R SIP R]NOJIK[RQ ETIS (t" c"%e 0ith). 6. WIRR fLKRI I dOJIT RLFI bOJKNOXOK[9 R SLKLN]LSILP EÎTOQ9
XEMTO ]NITLK PIRKLN WIXE_LN. 7. WIRKLN WIXE_LN ]E]NERIF9 HKE_U ]NISLRFI _GPOMI I XESKENRXIL XSIMI
($cc")!t-*""/s) eNII I]O. 1=. eNII I]G SIHLME SL ERKOJOFER[ TLFOK[9 XOX REbSOK[RQ JE JRLV RJEIV
]NLRKG]FLSIQV. 11. dIX R SLKLN]LSILP EÎTOF9 XEMTO dOJIT JLNSLKRQ Ib-bO MNOSI\U. 1+. WIRR fLKRI EHLS[
VEKLFER[ (t" *e $!xi")s)9 HKE_U dOJIT ^LSIFRQ SO gMSLR9 SE ESO SIXEMTO LPG E_ iKEP SL MEJENIFO.
Exercise 1#. State the f!nction of the infinitive an Infinitive Constr!ctions. "ranslate into R!ssian.
1. It 0$s the! $! e$s1 ($tter "r (e t" 2" t" #$)&Cs r""( $!d ($/e $! $%%r"%ri$te si2!$& t" ~itt19 $!d she
t)r!ed *$c/9 )% the street t" dis$%%e$r r")!d the c"r!er i!t" 'h)rch Sr)$re. +. She ($de $ c)ri")s9 )(*&i!2 2est)re
t"0$rds (e9 $s i t" c"!ve1 $ s"rt " $ecti"!. ,. It 0$s ch$r(i!2 t" see hi( %&$1 0ith the t0" chi&dre!. -. T" te&&
1") the tr)th9 Mr. B)t&er9 I did !"t 0$!t Ai&ee! t" &e$ve 1")r h"(e $t $&&. .. I h$%%e! t" /!"0 th$t he 0$s s)%%"sed
t" c"(e t" the 0eddi!2. 3. Gertr)de 2$ve $ &"!2 s"t exh$&$ti"!. It ($de the 1")!2 ($! s(i&e $t her $2$i!< $!d this
s(i&e ($de her *&)sh $ &itt&e. T" t$/e re)2e r"( *&)shi!2 she $s/ed hi( i9 $ter his &"!2 0$&/9 he 0$s !"t h)!2r1
$!d thirst1. 5. A s)dde! r$tt&e "! his ri2ht h$!d c$)sed hi( t" st$rt r"( his reverie $!d t)r! i! th$t directi"!. 6.
>")r sh"rtest 0$1 0i&& *e t" "&&"0 the *")&ev$rd9 $!d cr"ss the %$r/9 *)t it is t"" &$te $!d t"" d$r/ "r $ 0"($! t"
2" thr")2h the %$r/ $&"!e. 7. I! s%ite " herse& the c"&")r &ed r"( her chee/s i!st$!t&19 "!&1 t" c"(e *$c/ i! $
h"t9 dei$!t 0$ve. 1=. The1 h$rd&1 ex%ect hi( t" rec"ver c"!sci")s!ess< it 0$s $ terri*&e /!"c/. B)t i he d"es9 heCs
s)re t" 0$!t t" see 1")9 eve! i he c$!Ct s%e$/. 11. S"(e " the r)(")rs 0e /!e0 t" *e !"!se!se9 *)t !"t $&&. 1+.
Add1 $!d E&&ie &""/ *e$)ti)& e!")2h t" %&e$se the ("st $stidi")s ($!. 1,. It 0$s s"(ethi!2 t" *e sit ti!2 &i/e this
i! the r"!t " $ *"x i! "!e " the *i22est the$tres i! L"!d"!. 1-. A!10$19 4)st t" *e2i! 0ith9 d"!Ct 1") thi!/ 1")
(i2ht tre$t (e $s $ ("r$& er)$&y 1.. He 0$s s$id t" *e *e$ri!2 R"2er !" ($&ice9 t" *e s%e$/i!2 " hi( 0ith
dis%$ssi"!. 13. #$)& 0$ited "r H$rriet t" s$1 s"(ethi!2 $*")t the *$r9 *)t she did!Ct eve! see( t" !"tice it. 15.
Id&e!ess is $ 2re$t si!9 $!d I cert$i!&1 d"!Ct &i/e $!1 " (1 rie!ds t" *e id&e "r s&)22ish. 16. The "!&1 0$1 t" 2)$rd
his )t)re $!d ret$i! his i!$!ci$& rie!ds 0$s t" st$!d tri$& $s r)ic/&1 $s %"ssi*&e $!d tr)st the( t" $ssist hi( t" his
eet i! the )t)re. 17. T" /ee% his $tte!ti"! e!2$2ed9 she t$&/ed 0ith hi( $*")t his 0$rdr"*e. +=. T" $cce%t t""
($!1 $v")rs r"( R$("!$ 0$s d$!2er")s. He (i2ht h$ve t" %$1 0ith his reed"(. T" *e r$!/ 0ith 1")9 he did!Ct
%$1. Th$tCs the tr)th. ++. There 0$s $ s$!d1 &itt&e 2$rde! $!d $ st"!e 0$&& hi2h e!")2h t" /ee% the chi&dre! s$e *)t
!"t t"" hi2h "r her t" &e$! )%"! $!d %ierce the dist$!ce 0ith her 2$se. +,. The de&$1 did!Ct see( t" $ect hi(. +-.
He $%%e$red t" *e $ ($! " c"!sider$*&e 0e$&th9 $!d 0$s re%)ted t" *e $ *$che&"r. +.. The thi!2 t" d" is t" 2$i!
ti(e. +3. N"0 I d"!Ct ch""se her t" *e 2r$te)& t" hi(9 "r t" *e 2r$te)& t" $!1*"d1 *)t (e. +5. Mr. ;e&&er &et the
r""(9 $!d i((edi$te&1 $ter0$rds 0$s he$rd t" sh)t the street d""r. +6. He t)r!ed ")t t" *e the ("st eicie!t c&er/
th$t the h")se " ;$ter($! $!d '". h$d ever /!"0!. +7. It 0$s !"t c)st"($r1 "r her $ther t" 0$!t t" see her i! his
"ice. ,=. O)r i!$& decisi"! is t" h$ve $ c"!ere!ce t"("rr"0 $ter!""!9 *e"re 0hich e$ch "!e is t" thi!/ the
($tter "ver.
Exercise 1&. <emorise the following expressions an !se them in examples of -o!r own.
1. He is h$rd t" %&e$se. (uPG KNGTSE GMETIK[.) +. He is diic)&t t" de$& 0ith. (j SIP KNGTSE IPLK[ TLFE.) ,.
The *""/ is diic)&t t" tr$!s&$te. (lKG XSIMG KNGTSE ]LNLJLRKI.) -. She is %&e$s$!t (*e$)ti)&9 %rett1) t" &""/ $t.
(nSO VENEcLS[XOQ9 G SLL ]NIJFLXOKLF[SOQ JSLcSERK[.) .. I h$ve s"(ethi!2 t" te&& 1"). (WSL SOTE JOP XEL-HKE
RXObOK[.) 3. There is !"thi!2 t" *e 2$i!ed *1 it. (lKIP SIHLME SL TERKIMSLc[.) 5. There is !"thi!2 t" *e d"!e.
(tIHLME SL ]ETLFOLc[.) 6. There $re ($!1 thi!2s t" *e d"!e. (tOTE PSEMEL RTLFOK[.) 7. The h")se is t" &et. (dEP
RTOLKRQ J SOLP.) 1=. ;h" is t" *&$(ey (wKE JISEJOKy) 11. Be s)re t" c"(e. (tL]NLPLSSE ]NIVETIKL.) 1+. There
is !"thi!2 &et "r hi( t" d" *)t 0$it. (uTISRKJLSSEL9 HKE LPG ERKOLKRQ9 iKE ^TOK[.)
Exercise 1'. "ranslate into English$ !sing the infinitive.
1. jKIVI KNGTSE ]LNLJETIK[. +. tIHLME SL ]ETLFOLc[9 ]NITLKRQ ITKI ]LcXEP. ,. v GLbÔ` bOJKNO9 O
PSEMEL LaL SOTE RTLFOK[. -. wEPG ]IROK[ ]NEKEXEFy .. dEXFOT SOHSLKRQ NEJSE J ]QK[< SL]NLPLSSE ]NIVETIKL
JEJNLPQ. 3. e^L ]EbTSE ]ERUFOK[ ]IR[PE. uTISRKJLSSEL9 HKE SOP ERKOLKRQ TLFOK[9 iKE ]ERFOK[ KLFLMNOPPG.
5. tL GVETIKL. WSL SOTE JOP XEL-HKE RXObOK[. 6. pEPOS LN\LSO |wKE JISEJOKy} SO]IROS J 16-3 METG. 7.
DLNLRKOS[KL R]ENIK[9 iKIP SIHLME SL TERKIMSLc[. 1=. tLXEKENUP F`TQP KNGTSE GMETIK[. 11. nS EHLS[
GPSUZ HLFEJLX9 SE R SIP KNGTSE IPLK[ TLFE. 1+. lKO OXKNIRO EHLS[ XNORIJO.
Exercise 1(. "ranslate into English$ !sing the infinitive or Infinitive Constr!ctions where possi%le.
(A) B$sed "! $! e%is"de r"( The O&d ')ri"sit1 Sh"% *1 'h. 8ic/e!s.
1. WOFLS[XOQ tLFF I LL TLTGcXO _UFI EHLS[ ETISEXI (t" &e$d $ s"&it$r1 &ie)< G SIV SL _UFE SIXEME9 XKE
PEM _U E SIV ]EbO_EKIK[RQ. +. EJENIFI9 HKE RKONIX _UF XEMTO-KE _EMOK. ,. DNLT]EFOMOFI9 HKE ES ]NEIMNOF
JRL RJEL RERKEQSIL J XONKU (t" &"se "!eCs "rt)!e i! 2$(*&i!2). -. wEMTO TLT tLFF NObENIFRQ9 ES NLcIF GZKI R
TLJEHXEZ Ib TEPO. nSI GLVOFI Ib qESTESO R KLP9 HKE_U SIXEMTO KGTO _EF[cL SL JEbJNOaOK[RQ. .. nSI TEFME
VETIFI Ib TLNLJSI J TLNLJS` I9 SOXESL\9 RFGHOZSE ]NIcFI J _EF[cEZ ]NEPUcFLSSUZ MENET. 3. tORKG]IF
JLHLN9 O ESI JRL LaL _NETIFI ]E MENETG ($&& $*")t the t"0!). wObOFER[9 ESI _NETIFI G^L \LFG` JLHSERK[. 5.
nMSI J TEPOV I POMObISOV9 XObOFER[9 SORPLVOFIR[ (t" ("c/) SOT SIPI9 I EK iKEME ESI HGJRKJEJOFI (iKE bORKO-
JFQFE IV HGJRKJEJOK[) RL_Q LaL _EFLL ETISEXIPI. 6. nSI ÔFLFI9 HKE ]NIcFI J iKEK MENET9 MTL ESI SIXEME
SL bSOFI I MTL SL _UFE SIXEME9 XKE PEM _U IP ]EPEH[. 7. eJITLJ KLPSUZ ]ETLbT (d""r-0$1)9 ESI NLcIFI
]NEJLRKI KOP SEH[< ESI bSOFI9 HKE LTJO FI SOZTGK FGHcLL G_LÎaL. 1=. Y iKEK PEPLSK ESI GJITLFI9 HKE
XOXEZ-KE HLFEJLX JUcLF Ib TEPO. 11. nS _UF ]LNJUP9 XKE E_NOKIF SO SIV JSIPOSIL J iKEP _EF[cEP
]NEPUcFLSSEP MENETL. 1+. nS ROP _UF EHLS[ _LTLS9 SE G tLFF I LL TLTO _UF KOXEZ SLRHORKSUZ I GRKOFUZ
JIT (ESI JUMFQTLFI KOXIPI SLRHORKSUPI I GRKOFUPI)9 HKE ES SL PEM TE]GRKIK[9 HKE_U ESI ]NEJLFI SEH[ SO
GFI\L. 1,. |DEMETO KOXOQ ]FEVOQ9 HKE NL_LSEX SL PE^LK ERKOJOK[RQ SO GFI\L (]EMETO RFIcXEP ]FEVOQ9 HKE_U
NL_LSEX ERKOJOFRQ SO GFI\L)}9 RXObOF ES. 1-. nS SL RKOF ^TOK[9 ]EXO ESI EKJLKQK LPG9 I JbQF tLFF SO NGXI.
1.. tLFF SL JEbNOÔFO{ ESO HGJRKJEJOFO9 HKE ES TE_NUZ HLFEJLX9 I ESO _UFO RFIcXEP GKEPFLSO9 HKE_U ITKI
TOF[cL. 13. tLbSOXEPL\ ]NIJLF IV SO O_NIXG9 MTL ES NO_EKOF. nS ]E]NOJIF (t" $rr$!2e) XGHG KL]FEZ bEFU9
XEKENOQ FLÔFO J GMFG9 HKE_U ESI PEMFI ]NEJLRKI SO SLZ SEH[. 15. eKNEP tLFF I RKONIX GcFI R O_NIXI.
nSI SL ]NEcFI I SLRXEF[XIV cOMEJ9 XEMTO GRFUcOFI9 HKE XKE-KE _LÎK bO SIPI. 16.tLFF ]EHGJRKJEJOFO9 HKE
XKE-KE KNESGF LL bO NGXG. 17. zV SEJUZ TNGM EXObOFRQ EHLS[ JLFIXETGcSUP HLFEJLXEP{ ES EKTOF IP JRL
TLS[MI9 XEKENUL G SLME _UFI.
(Y) B$sed "! $! e%is"de r"( V$!it1 F$ir *1 ;. Th$c/er$1.
1. fUFE IbJLRKSE9 HKE PIRKLN nR_ENS E_QbOS (t" "0e) RJEIP _EMOKRKJEP PIRKLNG jLTFI. +. WIRKLN
nR_ENS VEKLF9 HKE_U LME RUS ^LSIFRQ SO lPIFII9 EKL\ XEKENEZ _UF EHLS[ _EMOK. ,. wEMTO PIRKLN jLTFI
NObENIFRQ9 PIRKLN nR_ENS ]NIXObOF9 HKE_U LME IPQ SIXEMTO SL G]EPISOFER[ J LME TEPL. -. nS ÔFLF9 HKE
NObNLcOF RUSG GVOÎJOK[ bO lPIFILZ9 I ]NIXObOF LPG bO_UK[ LL. .. nS SL PEM TE]GRKIK[9 HKE_U LME RUS
^LSIFRQ SO TLJGcXL9 G XEKENEZ SL _UFE SI RJQbLZ (c"!!ecti"!s)9 SI RERKEQSIQ9 3. nR_ENSU RFGHOZSE
]EbSOXEPIFIR[ R _EMOKEZ SORFLTSI\LZ9 I EKL\ NLcIF9 HKE _UFE _U VENEcE9 LRFI _U dÊNT^ ^LSIFRQ SO
SLZ. 5. uME TEHLNI TLFOFI JRL9 HKE PEMFI9 HKE_U bORKOJIK[ dÊNTÔ bO_UK[ lPIFI`. 6. nSI KEF[XE I TLFOFI9
HKE ]NLJEbSERIFI PIRR pETG JON\ TE SL_LR (t" %r$ise s"(e*"d1 t" the s/ies). 7. j GKNO TE SEHI dÊNT^
RFUcOF9 XOX ESI MEJENIFI E TERKEISRKJOV I KOFOSKOV (%erecti"!s $!d $cc"(%&ish(e!ts) PIRR pETU. 1=. nSI
GMEJONIJOFI _NOKO ^LSIK[RQ SO SLZ. |mU9 SLREPSLSSE9 _GTLc[ RHORKFIJ R SLZ}9SL NOb MEJENIFI ESI. 11.
WIRR pETO RHIKOFO dÊNTÔ EHLS[ PIFUP PEFETUP HLFEJLXEP9 I LZ EHLS[ VEKLFER[ (t" *e $!xi")s)9 HKE_U
ES ^LSIFRQ SO SLZ. 1+. nTSO^TU RFGHIFER[ KOX9 HKE pETO ]LFO F`_IPG` ]LRLSXG lPIFII. 1,. nSO ^TOFO9
HKE dÊNT^ ]E]NERIK LL ]EJKENIK[ ]LRS`9 I RITLFO9 ]LNLFIRKUJOQ RKNOSI\U SEK (()sic). 1-. YTNGM pETO
GJITLFO9 HKE SO E_FE^XL9 SEK SO]IROSE IPQ lPIFII. 1.. nSO SL bSOFO9 HKE iKE _UFE IPQ9 XEKENEL SLF[bQ
_UFE ]NEIbSERIK[ J TEPL nR_ENSEJ9 I ]E]NERIFO TLJGcLX NORRXObOK[ LZ JRL9 HKE ESI bSOFI E_ lPIFII. 13.
|qGHcL SL G]EPISOZKL LL IPLSI bOXNIHOFI IR]GMOSSUL TLJI\U. uL EKL\ E]EbENIF RL_Q I JR` RJE`
RLP[`}. 15. wEMTO dÊNT^ GRFUcOF9 HKE LME RLRKNU ]FEVE EKbUJO`KRQ E_ lPIFII (t" s%e$/ i&& " s"(e*"d1)9
ES ]NIcLF J SLMETEJOSIL I RXObOF9 HKE ESO ROPOQ TE_NOQ I XNORIJOQ TLJGcXO JE JRLZ gSMFII. 16. nS SL
bOPLKIF9 HKE PIRKLN nR_ENS JEcLF J XEPSOKG. 17. jKONIX _UF EHLS[ SLTEJEFLS KLP9 HKE dÊNT^ ERFGcOFRQ
LME ]NIXObOSIQ. +=. kO E_LTEP ES PSEME ]IF I R SLKLN]LSILP ^TOF9 XEMTO TOPU GZTGK Ib XEPSOKU. +1.
dÊNT^ EKXNUF TOPOP TJLN[ I9 JLNSGJcIR[ X RKEFG9 RXObOF9 HKE LME RLRKNU ]LNJUL bOMEJENIFI E_ lPIFII.
++. WIRKLN nR_"NS ]NIXObOF RUSG ]ENJOK[ R lPIFILZ (t" *re$/ 0ith s"(e*"d1 $&t"2ether). |WIRR JON\
JEK TLJGcXO9 SO XEKENEZ KL_L RFLTGLK ^LSIK[RQ}9 RXObOF ES. +,. |YERLP[ KURQH J MET iKE RFIcXEP
_EF[cOQ RGPPO9 HKE_U KU PEM EKXObOK[RQ EK SLL}9 ]NETEFÔF RKONIX. +-. |v FGHcL ERKOSGR[ VEFERKQXEP SO
JR` ÎbS[9 HLP ^LS`R[ SO PIRR JON\}9 EKJLKIF dÊNT^. +.. jKONIX ]NIcLF J QNERK[ I bOXNIHOF9 HKE
FIcIK RUSO SORFLTRKJO (t" disi!herit). nS _UF GJLNLS9 HKE9 bSOQ iKE9 dÊNT^ LTJO FI ERFGcOLKRQ LME.
Exercise 1+. State the f!nction of the ver%als an Preicative Constr!ctions. "ranslate into R!ssian.
1. He $!d the %"et $re !"0 i! the "ice9 0ith hi( tr1i!2 t" ($/e the %"et 2" t" *ed9 $!d the %"et re)si!2. +.
O!ce "r t0ice "!&1 he &""/ed r")!d t" see her sitti!2 &i/e s"(ethi!2 de$d9 s" 0hite $!d ("ti"!&ess. ,. The ($! i!
the ""t*$&& 4erse1 ("ved *$c/ t" the side " the r"$d9 &e$vi!2 r""( "r the *ic1c&es t" %$ss. -. He %$ssed *1 0ith
st)died i!diere!ce9 his $ce $verted9 e1es ixed str$i2ht $he$d9 $s th")2h t" $v"id seei!2 hi(. .. 8e$e!ed *1 the
!"ise " the tr$ic9 s%&$shed 0ith ()d r"( the 2ri!di!2 0hee&s9 he sti&& /e%t "! %&"ddi!2 $&"!2 the 2)tters. 3.
Arth)r h$d ($!$2ed t" 2et his 0$1. It h$d *ee! e$s1 t" c"$x M$r2$ret i!t" i!viti!2 the( t" st$1 0ith )s "r $ 0ee/.
It h$d !"t *ee! s" e$s1 "r #e!e&"%e t" $cce%t. 5. Re*ecc$ st""d sere!e9 0ith her &i%s %$rted9 the $i!t *reese
*&"0i!2 her h$ir *$c/ r"( her 0ide *r"0s. A! i!!er 2&"0 see(ed t" (er2e 0ith the s)!&i2ht *&$!d&1 *r)shi!2 her
chee/s. 6. She &"ved receivi!2 $t "r($& %$rties. Her %&e$s)re $t *ei!2 s)rr")!ded *1 these c&"se rie!ds ($de her
e1es s%$r/&e. 7. It h$rd&1 d"es ()ch 2""d t" h$ve $ c"(%&ex (i!d 0ith")t $ct)$&&1 *ei!2 $ %hi&"s"%her. 1=. Her irst
se$s"! %$ssed 0ith")t the %erect s)it"r %rese!ti!2 hi(se&9 $!d the sec"!d $&s"< *)t she 0$s 1")!2 $!d c")&d $"rd
t" 0$it. Mrs. G$rsti! t"&d her rie!ds th$t she th")2ht it $ %it1 "r $ 2ir& t" ($rr1 ti&& she 0$s t0e!t1-"!e. 11. T"(9
0i%i!2 his e1es 0ith his s&eeve9 *e2$! t" *&)**er ")t s"(ethi!2 $*")t $ res"&)ti"! t" esc$%e r"( h$rd )s$2e $!d
&$c/ " s1(%$th1 $t h"(e *1 r"$(i!2 $*r"$d i!t" the 2re$t 0"r&d9 !ever t" ret)r!. 1+. Re$di!2 th$t $rtic&e h$d !"t
c$)sed Mr. B)!ti!2 t" st"% dri!/i!2 te$ $ter di!!er. 1,. She 0$s thi!/i!2 " R"2er c"(i!2 t" her9 ($rr1i!2 her. 1-.
H$0/i!s $t "!ce 2"es *ris/&1 t" the t$*&e $!d t$/es the ch$ir !e$rest the s"$9 'hrist1 h$vi!2 &et the i!/st$!d there.
1.. ;$iti!2 "r his t)r!9 he st$red ")t $t the v$2)e r"0s " $ces $!d ")!d his th")2hts 0$!deri!2. 13. ;e
h$%%e!ed the! t" cr"ss the street9 $!d the tr$ic %reve!ted )s r"( s%e$/i!2. 15. It (i2ht *e e$sier t" *e ")t " 0"r/
0ith")t h$vi!2 $ 0ie $!d $ chi&d. 16. HeCs 2"t se!se e!")2h t" /!"0 th$t thereCs !"thi!2 t" *e 2$i!ed *1 ($/i!2 $
sc$!d$&. 17. I h$ve the h"!")r " /!"0i!2 ("re disti!2)ished (e!9 (1 %""r chi&d9 th$! 1") $re &i/e&1 t" see i! $
&ieti(e. +=. ~$te s$t i! $*s"&)te dis($19 0$iti!2 "r the "ther 0"($! t" rec"ver herse&. +1. O&d T"dd dis&i/ed his
($rried s"!s c$&&i!2 )!&ess t"&d t" c"(e. ++. The s")!d " the te&e%h"!e ri!2i!2 see(ed t" h$ve 0"/e! ever1 !erve
i! (1 *"d1. +,. N" chi&d " his th")2ht 9" r)!!i!2 t" hi( t" h$ve $ sh"e tied "r $ *)tt"! $ste!ed. +-. It ()st *e
ver1 %e$ce)&9 T"( th")2ht9 t" &ie $!d s&)(*er $!d dre$( "r ever $!d ever9 0ith the 0i!d 0his%eri!2 thr")2h the
trees $!d c$ressi!2 the 2r$ss $!d the &"0ers " the 2r$ve9 $!d !"thi!2 t" *"ther $!d 2rieve $*")t9 ever $!1 ("re. +..
He h$d st"%%ed t" &""/ i! $t $ %ict)re sh"%. +3. He st"%%ed s%e$/i!2. He 2&$!ced )% t" see the ch$ir($! 0$tchi!2
hi(. +5. He $r"se ver1 c$)ti")s&19 $s i e$ri!2 t" i!d ever1 *"!e *r"/e!. +6. A!d9 $ter th$t d$!ce9 she st"&e $0$1
h"(e h$vi!2 !" he$rt t" see hi( d$!ce 0ith his 0$ter-!1(%h. +7. E!ders t)r!ed $!d st$red )&& $t Miss e&i!/$9
tr1i!29 0ith the dee% i!te!sit1 " his 2&$!ce9 t" 2et her t" &""/ $t hi(9 s(i&e $t hi(. ,=. I 0$&/ed )% t" the 0""d9 *)t
it 0$s t"" 0et "r (e t" 2" i!side< s" I 0e!t d"0! t" the 2$te9 h"%i!2 t" see $ h)($! s")&9 s"(e"!e r)ite "rdi!$r1
$!d cheer)&. ,1. I 0$s $r$id " h)rti!2 Mr. Mic$0*erCs ee&i!2s9 "r9 $t $&& eve!ts9 Mrs. Mic$0*erCs9 she *ei!2 ver1
se!sitive. ,+. B)t I d"!Ct &i/e t" thi!/ " 1") 2"i!2 i!t" d$!2er. ,,. Miss F"&2ers re$di&1 c"!essed t" h$vi!2 t$/e!
the chi&d9 0h"( she c&$i(ed t" h$ve ")!d %&$1i!2 i! E&1si$! #$r/9 t" her $r(. ,-. It 0$s c)st"($r1 "r Ai&ee!t"
drive $&"!e $&("st ever1 $ter!""! $ s%irited %$ir " *$1s9 "r t" ride $ (")!t. ,.. The Ge!er$& &iste!ed th$t eve!i!2
t" the @$%$!ese $rti&&er1 *"(*$rdi!2 the ie&d. It see(ed i(%"ssi*&e t" ($i!t$i! $!1 s"rt " "rder. ,3. I &it $ ci2$rette
$!d 0$tched the red e!d (irr"red i! the 0$ter. ,5. ;he! #$)& e!tered te!t$tive&19 $ter /!"c/i!2 $!d 2etti!2 !"
re%&19 he ")!d her &1i!2 i! her "&d dressi!2-2"0!9 her e1es $verted9 her $ce &)shed $!d exh$)sted. ,6. A!c&e Tit)s
%r"(%t&1 ($r/s his $%%r"v$& " her $cti"! *1 risi!2 r"( the s"$9 $!d %&$ci!2 $ ch$ir "r her t" sit d"0! )%"!. ,7.
She h$d s"(ethi!2 t" s$1 t" hi(9 *)t she /e%t it *$c/ "r e$r " irrit$t i!2 hi(. -=. B)t *ei!2 i! &"ve9 $!d rece!t&1
e!2$2ed9 She&t"! h$d $ ri2ht t" *e i(()!e r"( disc"!te!t " $!1 /i!d. -1. Eri/ s$0 their e1es (eet "r $ ("(e!t9
$!d F$*er($cher $&&"0ed the si&e!ce t" 2r"0 0ith *r)t$& re&e!t&ess!ess. -+. Next ("r!i!29 (eeti!2 (e i! the h$&&9
she t"&d (e th$t she 0$s t"" tired t" 2" ")t 0ith the 2)!s. It 0$s the irst ti(e I h$d /!"0! her e!er2ies &$2. She
0$s sti&& e!")2h herse& t" 2ive (e i!str)cti"!s. -,. He &$1 i! *ed9 dressed9 0ith the &i2ht *)r!i!29 )!ti& he he$rd the
c&"c/ stri/e three. The! he &et the h")se9 %)tti!2 his 0$tch $!d his t"*$cc" %")ch i!t" his %"c/et. --. Eri/ 0$!ted
the( t" &i/e e$ch "ther *ec$)se he c$red "r the( *"th9 *)t he s)dde!&1 dre$ded the th")2ht " their *ec"(i!2
rie!d&1 *ec$)se he h$d $ c"!victi"! th$t the1 c")&d "r( $ rie!dshi% 0hich 0")&d h$ve !" re$& !eed " hi(. He
i!terr)%ted t" ($/e M$r1 t$&/ sh"%. -.. The t"!2)e " F&e)rCs d"2 &ic/i!2 his d$**&ed h$!d i!terr)%ted this
s"(e0h$t %hi&"s"%hic re&ecti"!. A!i($&s 0ere t"" h)($! !"0$d$1s9 $&0$1s 0$!ti!2 t" h$ve !"tice t$/e! "
the(.
Exercise 10. "ranslate into English$ !sing ver%als where possi%le.
1. v NOT9 HKE ]ERFGcOFRQ JOcLME REJLKO. +. v NOT9 HKE JU ]ERFGcOFIR[ PELME REJLKO. ,. WSL ÔF[9 HKE
Q SL JITLFO iKG ][LRG. -. WSL ÔF[9 HKE JU SL JITLFI iKG ][LRG. .. v TEJEFLS9 HKE ]ERKG]IF J GSIJLNRIKLK. 3.
v TEJEFLS9 HKE PEQ RLRKNO ]ERKG]IFO J GSIJLNRIKLK. 5. WSL ÔF[9 HKE Q SL bORKOFO LL TEPO. 6. WSL ÔF[9 HKE
JU SL bORKOFI LL TEPO. 7. nS _UF RHORKFIJ9 HKE ]EFGHIF ]GKLJXG J ROSOKENIZ. 1=. nS _UF EMENHLS9 HKE SL
TERKOF _IFLK SO XES\LNK. 11. v HGJRKJEJOF J RL_L ^LFOSIL JU_NERIK[ JRL Ib MEFEJU. 1+. hKE ES RE_INOLKRQ
TLFOK[9 ]E-]NL^SLPG SL QRSE. 1,. DNL^TL JRLME9 Q GPEFQF LL SL TLFOK[ SIHLME ]ER]LcSE. nRKOJIK[ TEP I
PGÔ _UFE EHLS[ RLN[LbSUP cOMEP. 1-.ES G^L RE_INOFRQ EKJLNSGK[RQ9 XEMTO GJITLF9 HKE ESO RPEKNLFO SO
SLME JbMFQTEP9 ]EFSUP INESIHSEZ ÔFERKI. 1.. mU SL TEF^LS TO^L TGPOK[ E_ iKEP. EJENIK[ E RPLNKI X
SLRHORK[`. 13. WE^LK _UK[9 LME _LbPEFJSUZ ]NIRKOF[SUZ JbMFQT bORKOJIF LL SONGcIK[ PEFHOSIL. 15. nS
VEKLF9 HKE_U ESI JRL KNEL ]NEMGFQFIR[ ]E GFI\L. 16. d^LZS JR]FLRSGFO NGXOPI{ |n9 TO v ]NERKE E_EÔ`
XOKOK[RQ JLNVEP}. 17. WIRRIR jPIK ]EPLTFIFO ]LNLT KLP9 XOX ]E\LFEJOK[ TEH[. +=. uL PG^ EKJLKIF9 SL
]ETSIPOQ MFOb EK MObLKU. +1.ESO ]NETEFÔFO KJLNTIK[ RL_L{ |lKE SL]NOJTO. lKE SL]NOJTO}. ++. e SLME _UFO
]NIJUHXO _EF[cL RFGcOK[9 HLP MEJENIK[. +,. tLK RPURFO TLNÔK[ LME bTLR[. +-. nS IbJISIFRQ bO
_LR]EXEZRKJE I RXObOF9 HKE Q LTISRKJLSSUZ9 XEME ES bSOLK J gSMFII. +.. v ]NIJUX X KEPG9 HKE G PLSQ JRLMTO
LRK[ SOFIHSUL TLS[MI. +3. nSO SL VEKLFO _LR]EXEIK[ RJELME VEbQISO9 bJESQ J ]ONOTSG` TJLN[. +5.
|zbJISIKL}9 - RXObOFO PIRR nFIJLN RSEJO. |YU SL JEbNOÔLKL9 HKE_U Q ]NEcFO bTLR[}y +6. nSO ]NEcFO
PIPE SLME9 TLFOQ JIT9 HKE RPEKNIK ]LNLT RE_EZ. +7. dÎP SOTLF cFQ]G I JUcLF9 VFE]SGJ TJLN[`. ,=.
n_LNSGJcIR[9 ES GRKOJIFRQ SO PLSQ9 SE Q ]ESQF9 HKE ES PLSQ SL JITLF. ,1. n_UHSE9 ]NEJETIJ ]O\ILSKO TE
TJLNI9 TEXKEN cLF E_NOKSE X RJELPG RKEFG. ,+. jTLNÎJOQ RFLbU9 KOX XOX ESO bSOFO9 HKE ES IV KLN]LK[ SL
PE^LK9 ESO ]NERIFO PGÔ _UK[ _FOMENObGPSUP. ,,. dJLN[ RFGHOZSE EXObOFOR[ ]NIEKXNUKEZ9 I Q RFUcOFO9
XOX ESO NObMEJONIJOFO R XLP-KE J XENITENL. ,-. nSO PEMFO HGJRKJEJOK[9 XOX RIF[SE G SLL TNEÔK XEFLSI. ,..
nS LVOF PLTFLSSE9 SORFO^TOQR[ KIcISEZ JLHLNO. ,3. DNEVETQ PIPE mLOKNO wEPLTII9 Q RFGHOZSE JbMFQSGF
JJLNV I GJITLF E_FOXO9 ERJLaLSSUL bOVETQaIP REFS\LP. ,5. v bOPLKIF9 HKE SO RKLSL JIRQK SLRXEF[XE
XONKIS9 XEKENUV Q SIXEMTO SL JITLF NOS[cL. ,6. v GRFUcOF9 XOX LME MEFER TNEÔF EK MSLJO. ,7. nSO GRLFOR[ J
XNLRFE I RITLFO9 SO_F`TOQ bO SIP. -=. v JITLFO9 XOX ESO G_LÔFO J KEP SO]NOJFLSII ]NIPLNSE HLKJLNK[ HORO
KEPG SObOT.
ASSIGNMENTS FOR SEF!"ONTRO
Choose the correct variant. Chec= -o!r answers in the =e-s.
1. He see(ed ::::: $&& the rie!d&i!ess he h$d sh"0! $t ")r %revi")s (eeti!2.
$) t" &""se *) t" *e &"st c) t" h$ve &"st d) t" h$ve *ee! &""si!2
+. I ret)r!ed t" (1 r""( "!e $ter!""! ::::: Rex 0$iti!2 "r (e.
$) i!di!2 *) t" i!d c) h$vi!2 ")!d d) t" h$ve ")!d
,. The1 0e!t "9 ::::::: )s t" $ce the sit)$ti"!.
$) &ivi!2 *) h$vi!2 &et c) t" *e &e$vi!2 d) t" &e$ve
-. I did!t (i!d ::::::: $*")t the( $ *it.
$) t" *e thi!/i!2 *) t" thi!/ c) thi!/i!2 d) h$vi!2 th")2ht
.. The! he c"!desce!ded ::::::: hi(se&.
$) ex%&$i!i!2 *) *ei!2 ex%&$i!ed c) t" h$ve ex%&$i!ed d) t" ex%&$i!
3. I re(e(*er :::::: "r $ drive *1 $ /i!d &$d1 0h" 0$!ted t" sh"0 (e r")!d.
$) *ei!2 t$/e! *) t$/i!2 c) t" h$ve t$/e! d) t" *e t$/e!
5. He *e2$! ::::::: the dr$)2ht " $ !e0 %&$! th$t $ter!""!9 4)st t" see h"0 it &""/s.
$) 0riti!2 *) *ei!2 0ritte! c) t" 0rite d) t" *e 0riti!2
6. E& 0$s sti&& !"t s)re 0h1 he h$d c$&&ed )%9 *)t he e&t *etter "r :::::: s".
$) *ei!2 d"!e *) h$vi!2 d"!e c) h$vi!2 *ee! d"!e d) d"i!2
7. The ($! " &etters is $cc)st"(ed ::: 0riti!2.
$) " *) i! c) $*")t d) t"
1=. S"(e %e"%&e 0ere !ice ::: t)r!i!2 (e d"0!.
$) i! *) $*")t c) " d) t"
11. She 0$s r)ic/ ::: i!di!2 ")t thi!2s.
$) i! *) " c) $t d) $*")t
1+. Fr"( the $2e " ")r9 I h$d *ee! )sed t" :::::: 0ith ide$s.
$) &ivi!2 *) *ei!2 &ived c) h$vi!2 &ived d) &ive
1,. 8id he ever $s/ 1") ::::: "r t$&/ $*")t ($rr1i!2y
$) t" e!2$2e *) e!2$2i!2 c) *ei!2 e!2$2ed d) t" *e e!2$2ed
1-. I( s"rr1 ::::: 1") s)ch distress.
$) t" c$)se *) t" h$ve c$)sed c) t" *e c$)si!2 d) t" *e c$)sed
1.. O c")rse9 I s$id9 dis$%%"i!ted $t:::::: s)ch $ tri&i!2 c"((issi"!.
$) 2ivi!2 *) h$vi!2 2ive! c) *ei!2 2ive!
13. He c")&d!t rec"&&ect ever :::::: the ($! *e"re i! his &ie
$) h$vi!2 see! *) seei!2 c) *ei!2 see! d) h$vi!2 *ee! see!
15. S" I 2"t ")t (1 N"r"&/ s)it9 0hich $&re$d1 h$d the $%%e$r$!ce " ::::: $0$1 "r $ &"!2 ti(e.
$) h$vi!2 %)t *) h$vi!2 *ee! %)t c) %)tti!2 d) *ei!2 %)t
16. ::::: d"0! t" this %&$ce "r $ visit9 he ")!d hi(se& rer)ested *1 his h"st t" 2" $!d te&& his )!c&e *edti(e
st"ries.
$) h$vi!2 *ee! i!vited *) h$vi!2 i!vited c) *ei!2 i!vited d) i!viti!2
17. ::::: the d""r 0ith "!&1 the &i2htest s&$(9 the1 0e!t ")t t"2ether.
$) h$vi!2 c&"sed *) *ei!2 c&"sed c) c&"si!2
+=. I ")!d the r""( 0ith $ S%$rt$! si(%&icit1.
$) )r!ishi!2 *) t" h$ve )r!ished c) t" *e )r!ished d) )r!ished
T NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB (VERBALS)
The Infinitive
Ex 493 Comment on the forms of the Infinitives.
1. When I go on holiday, I ask Mum to look after my houseplants. 2. In the morning Mr. Dulton was
nowhere to be seen. 3. He seemed to be reading my mind. . !ou ha"e your own life to #onsider. $. %he
agent must ha"e misunderstood the #hief. &. He was witty and #le"er and he made me laugh. '. (ut what
kind of rules might be re)uired* +. %hey seem to ha"e been fighting all their li"es. ,. %he manus#ript
appears to ha"e been written in -reek. 1.. %his is a date still to be agreed. 11. (rian #an still be wat#hing
the western. 12. %hey belie"ed the soldierto ha"e taken unoffi#ial lea"e. 13. Don/t you understand that all
the personal sentiments ought to ha"e been put aside* 1. 0t times, lightning de#isions had to be made.
1$. It was "ital for her presen#e to be felt in 1ew !ork from time to time.
Ex 494 Give all the possible forms of the following Infinitives
%o do, to study, to li"e, to sit, to lie, to raise, to set, to sell, to lea"e, to go, to inform, to like, to write, to run,
to make.
Ex 49! Comment on the cases of the Split Infinitive Translate the sentences into Russian
1.1 think the time has #ome for you to totally de#ide your future. 2. In 1,,2 Ma2im de#ided to legally
#hange his name. 3. %hen Dad yelled at e"erybody to 3ust shut up. . %hat was too horrible to e"en think
about. $.1 want to tenderly hold you, my dear #hild4 &. 5he fell into a #hair, #lapped one hand o"er her
mouth on#e more, to again stifle the s#ream of pain and outrage rising in her throat. '. When you are in
Italy, remember to always add the area #ode to the number you want to #all. +. 6b"iously she/d said what
he wanted to hear7 it appeared to both e2#ite and rela2 him. ,. When you tra"el by the train, don/t push
and sho"e with might and main4 8et those who wish to first alight, then pass on )ui#kly left and right. 1..
%he dete#ti"es needed spe#ial e)uipment to thoroughly and a##urately in"estigate the mystery. 11. 9a#k
was the first person to e"er show me any affe#tion in my life. 12. %he mayors met in order to fully e2plore
and dis#uss the problems of managing large #ities. 13. Most #ompanies will ha"e to se"erely limit their
dumping of pollutants. 1. %hey say they would like to e"entually e2pand the business. 1$. My ad"i#e to
you is to initially re#ei"e a thorough e2amination a good therapist. 1&. %o fully appre#iate the splendour of
Mi#helangelo/s 5istine :hapel, you need to "isit the ;ati#an.
Ex 49". Use to before the Infinitives where possible
1. We did e"erything we #ould ... make him ... 3oin us. 2. !ou #an/t... make me ... do what I don/t want ....
3. 0re you sure you #an ... afford ... waste another year* . !ou need ... take more #are of yourself. $. It
would be "ery foolish ... let the #hild ... ha"e his way. &. 8et the ne2t student... #ome in now. '. We/d
rather ... take a train than ... fly. +. Why not... go with us* 8et/s ... ha"e fun4 ,. !ou/d better ... stay in bed
not... make your #old ... get worse. 1..1 need a #ar ... get to my #ountry<house. 11. We heard the
postman ... #ome up to the front door and then we saw him ... sli p a thi#k en"elope into the bo2. 12. He
#an/t but... admire her beauty and talent. 13. !ou ought... ha"e told me all this before. 1. We got them ...
rebuild the house. 1$. He was seen ... enter the house through the ba#k door. 1&. = What made you ...
terrori>e me* = I was made ... do it. 1'. Will you be able ... let your son ... de#ide his future*
Ex 49# Answer the questions
1. What are you learning to do, and why do you do it* 2. What #an/t students afford to do* 3. If someone
works hard, why does he do it* . What do students aim to do* $. What is a )ui#k<tempered person
in#lined to do* &. What are troublemakers apt to do* '. If workers are dissatisfied, what #an they threaten
to do* +. What do absent<minded people tend to do* ,. What do you ha"e to get ready to do on a
Monday morning* 1.. What do stubborn people refuse to do* 11. What are generous people willing to
do* 12. When the man proposes, what does a woman agree to do* 13. When two people get engaged,
what ha"e they resol"ed to do* 1. When people get married, what do they promise to do* 1$. What are
you planning to do in future*
Ex 49$ Complete the sentences by using suitable Infinitives.
1.1 learned ... when I was around si2 or se"en. 2. We/"e de#ided... a new washing<ma#hine. 3. Hugh
promised not... late for his own wedding. . My boyfriend and I would lo"e ... ;eni#e. $. !ou seem ... in a
good mood tonight. &. ?eli#ia appeared ... asleep, but she wasn/t. '. %he Martins #an/t afford ... a house.
+. %ry ... to #lass on time e"ery day. ,.1 #an/t wait... my family again4 It/s been a long time. 1.. 5he is "ery
sorry. 5he didn/t mean ... you. 11. My friend offered ... me a little money. 12. @rik is only fi"e, but he
intends ... a do#tor when he grows up. 13. What time do you e2pe#t... the Hague* 1.1 forgot... some
#heese when I went to the gro#ery store. 1$. %hey are planning ... to the :anaries after they get married.
Ex 499 Rea an translate the sentences !ay attention to the Split Infinitives.
1. 0t the time, it seemed wiser for me to simply disappear, )ui#kly and )uietly. 2.1 pla#ed the tray in the
middle of the kit#hen table and began to methodi#ally #hop an egg. 3. 5he wondered how to effe#ti"ely
e2plain this to the kids without resorting to a pa#k of lies. . %he offer #ame from out of the blue and she
did not want to e"en dis#uss it. $. It was hard to truly estimate how ri#h she was. &. Henry had known
@mma for almost forty years, long enough to fully understand her. '. %hey had #ome to bitterly a##ept the
fa#t. +. 1elly paused, un#ertain of how to #orre#tly e2plain her beha"iour. ,. %he boy li#ked the pen#il and
began to #arefully print Mrs. Daniel/s address. 1.. He did not appear to physi#ally fa"our either of his
parents. 11. 5he had ne"er #eased to se#retly worship her elder brother. 12. Melanie began to sele#ti"ely
ti#k off the goods, she #ould readily dispose of in her store. 13. 5he had to hear it from 9ulia/s own mouth
to truly belie"e it. 1. 5omething of his good humour seemed to mysteriously transfer itself to e"erybody
in the room. 1$. 5he had to o##asionally negle#t on some of her #hores to make time for reading.
Ex !%% Use the verbs in brac"ets in the require form
1.1 like Agi"eB presents to friends, but e"en more I like Agi"eB gifts. 2. 5he is so lu#ky Aha"eB su#h a good
family, AseeB all lo"e and #are sin#e #hildhood. 3. %he di#tionary seems AbelongB to my great<grandfather.
It appears ApublishB ages ago. . %he young man seemed AstudyB Marion, and she ga"e him a #old stare.
$. %he key to the grandfather #lo#k was belie"ed AloseB some twenty years before. &. 6ne more window
remained AwashB. '. %he #hild is so pale4 5he ought Aha"eB a #hange of food and air. +. Well, sir, I want
AtakeB my words ba#k. I/m sorry A#allB you names. ,. %he #ase was urgent. %he man had Aoperate onB. 1..
He was sorry Anot noti#eB the fa2 on the se#retary/s table. 11. (ut what kind of rules might Are)uireB* 12.
%he rules Alea"eB to the -o"ernment to de#ide. 13. @"erybody is going Agi"eB a rise. 1. Carenthood,
someone on#e said, is the only 2<hour<a<day 3ob for whi#h you Anot payB o"ertime. 1$. %he #ountry is
#onsidered AmakeB enormous progress this year. 1&. @nglish people don/t like AtellB what to do.
Ex!%& Translate into #nglish
1.DEFDGHIJF KLIMHFDIGN JFD OF JPEPL. 2. Q DEFDGHIJF, EGR SPOT EFDGR KLIMHFUFVG OF KLPSNPLW. 3.
Q DEFDGHIJF, EGR SPOT KLIMHFDIHI OF ORJWX DKPYGFYHN J Z[FGILIYROZ. . \RE] LFDDYF^FGN JFS
KRDHP_OIP ORJRDGI. $. \RE], EGR`W SOP LFDDYF^FHI aG] IDGRLIV. &. Q LF_F, EGR SOP LFDDYF^FHI R`
aGRS. '. bR`PLG OP DRÌLFPGDT R`JIOTGN JFD. +. cO OP KLP_KRHFMFH, EGR PMR R`JIOTG. ,. dOP eFHN,
EGR T KLIEIOTV JFS DGRHNYR fHRKRG. 1.. dOP eFHN, EGR KR`PDKRYRIHF JFD. 11. gPGI HV`TG
JW_]SWJFGN LFÔWP IDGRLII. 12. gPGI R`ReFVG, YRM_F IS LFDDYF^WJFVG DGLFUOWP IDGRLII. 13.
cO, YFePGDT, ÔFPG JDPf J MRLR_P. 1. hP_, YFePGDT, EIGFPG EGR<GR DSPUORP. cO JDP JLPST
]HW`FPGDT. 1$. cO, YF ePGDT, JWKRHOTPG aG] LF`RG] ]eP SORMR HPG.
Ex !%' Comment on the form an function of the Infinitives Translate the sentences into Russian
1. %o read books means to enlarge one/s hori>ons. 2. He read a lot to broaden his mind. 3. %o part from
friends is to die a little. . %o win friends and influen#e people, one must employ guile and fraud, some
politi#ians belie"e. $. 0 friend is someone spe#ial to laugh with, to reminis#e with, to dream with, to shape
with, to bit#h with ... &. He had no idea whom he was to meet. '. What he really wanted was to be alone,
entirely alone. +. 5he #ould not afford to pani#, not under any #ir#umstan#es. ,. = !ou always make me
feel better. = Do I* 1.. 5he didn/t lo"e Willy enough to marry him. 11. -radually, she #ame to understand
how wrong she had been. 12. %o begin my story I must go ba#k in time, to 1,,.. 13. He was far too bright
a boy to be de#ei"ed. He would probe and probe. 1. %o tell the truth, a #igar gi"es me a #han#e to rela2
and to meditate. 1$. Ma2im flew to 1ew !ork only to dis#o"er that his daughter was on the :oast. 1&.
5he began to reali>e that her husband was a diffi#ult man, not easy to know, or li"e with, and se#reti"e.
1'. In -ree#e people often shake their heads from side to side to say Z!esZ. With us it means Z1oZ. 1+.
%hey need nobody to prote#t them. 1,. %o re#o"er #ompletely, he must begin to work, but it mustn/t be
hard work. 2.. It makes e"erybody so happy to see you again4 21. It takes a long time to be#ome a
personality. 22. It gi"es me great #omfort to think of you. Ex !%3. A. Rea an translate the sentences
$efine the function of the Infiniti"es
1. %o make the world better has always been his aim 2. %o lie or not to lie = that/s the dilemma. 3. It/s
unusual to see you at home in the middle of the day. . %o go out alone in the middle of the night is risky.
$. %o fulfil all your wishes is all I want. &. It is awful to be so stubborn.
'. It/s unwise to refuse.
%. Complete the following sentences
1. ... that is the )uestion. 2. ... is to belie"e. 3. ... is my aim in life. . ... would be madness. $. It makes me
feel good ... . &. It would ne"er do .... '. It was unnatural....+. It annoyed them .... ,. ... is e"erybody/s wish.
Ex !%4 A. Rea an translate the sentences $efine the function of Infinitives
1. %o agree to this offer is to lose self<respe#t. 2. -old and lo"e affairs are hard to hide. 3. 0 witty limeri#k
is "ery diffi#ult to write. . %hat sort of thing is easy to do. $. My friends are "ery interesting to talk to. &.
%his musi#al instrument is easy to learn. '. My main #hore in the house is to "a#uum and dust the rooms.
+. %he only sensible thing to do when you are atta#ked is, as 1apoleon on#e said, to #ounter<atta#k. ,.
5ome girls are #atty and diffi#ult to li"e with. 1.. (ad habits are easy to a#)uire and hard to break. 11.
%his is something that is hard to des#ribe. 12. 5he was not going to be easy to deal with. 13. 6ffi#e affairs
are easy to begin and diffi#ult to finish. 1. %he toilets were few and hard to find.
1. %he idea was ... . 2. What I want is ... . 3. %he main point is .... . %o tra"el means ... . $. %he only thing
to do was ... . &. %o tell a white lie is ... . '. %o li"e is ... . +. %o be up to date means .... ,. My telephone
number is ... . 1.. %his girl is .... 11. %he se#ret of life is ... . 12. Money is .... 13. %his #ode is ... .
Ex !%!. Rea an translate the sentences
1. Miss Honey remo"ed her spe#ta#les and began to polish the lenses with a pie#e of tissue. 2.1 told my
parents they ought to take some "itamins. 3. Her heart began to pound in a most unreasonable and
unfamiliar way. . %ele"ision started to resemble radio. 6ne station pro"ides news another soft ro#k7 a
third is all<sports. $. 5he #ould 9 longer bear to keep the se#ret of her past from him &. :atherine took out
"arious items from the refrigerator and started to make a sele#tion of small tea sandwi#hes '. %he boy
broke off, unable to "oi#e his fears about his parents. &. 5he needed to find him, immediately. ,. 0s time
passed she began to fun#tion like her old self. 1.. bFula started to e2tend her family business.
Ex !%" Translate into #nglish
1. iG] jFLYPLRJDY]V L]EY] REPON ]_RÒR _PLeFGN I KRHN^RJFGNDT PV = OFDGRTkPP ]_RJRHNDGJIP.
2. jR_FGN J RGDGFJY] Ato )uitB ÔFEIG KLRIMLFGN IML]. 3. hLVY J GRS, EGR`W ÔFGN, YFY KRHN^RJFGNDT
aGIS YHVERS. . iGI _FOOWP GL]_OR LF^_R`WGN. $. lF aGIS DGRHRS KLITGOR LF`RGFGN. &. mVÌGN
ÔFEIG ePLGJRJFGN. '. dRT ^F_FEF = ]EIGN JFD. &. nWO]e_PO KLIÔFGNDT, EGR JW KLFJW. ,. oRM_F GW
OFEOPUN _]SFGN R `]_]kPS, DWORY* 1.. iG] SFUIO] REPON HPMYR ]DGFORJIGN. 11. pF OPP KLITGOR
DSRGLPGN, I REPON HPMYR ISPGN D OPX _PHR. 12. qS] DHP_RJFHR ]DG]KIGN. 13. nFS DHP_]PG DPDGN OF
_IPG]. 1. iGIS rIsLFS GL]_OR KRJPLIGN. 1$. [HRJF aGRX KPDOI HPMYR ^FKRSOIGN. 1&. tFDGR dFLIV
`WHR GL]_OR YROGLRHILRJFGN. 1'. \RLRUPMR ]KLFJHTVkPMR, YFY JW, GL]_OR OFXGI. 1+. jLIEIO] If
RGYF^F HPMYR ]MF_FGN.
Ex !%#. A. Rea an translate the sentences $efine the function of the Infinitives
1. 0 good edu#ation should, among other things, train you to think for yourself. 2. He is rather unbearable
at times7 he wants to ha"e e"erything his own way. 3. He failed to appear before a Milan magistrate to
answer a##usations of a ta2 fraud. . 5he used to en3oy the "illage life. $. My parents ha"e taught me to
see the best in people. &. 5he pretended not to #are for that man. '. %hey plan to marry ne2t week.
'. Complete the following sentences
l.%he students would like.... 2. Many people don/t want.... 3. %he friends agreed ne"er.... . 1e"er forget...
$. %he s#out pretended .... &. %he hunters were dead lu#ky .... '. We intended ....
+. (e #areful.... ,. Will you tea#h me ... *
Ex !%$ A. Rea an translate the sentences $efine the function of ( Infinitives
1. (iologi#ally, there is only one )uality whi#h distinguishes us from animalsu the ability to laugh. 2. 0n
a#ti"e life gi"es man the opportunity to reali>e "alues in #reati"e work. 3. %here is a time to fish and a
time to dry nets. . %here are no more #opies of this book to be had. $. %;<"iewers now ha"e the #hoi#e
and freedom to sele#t from "arious programmes and en3oy them when it suits them best. &. %he best way
to see vome is either on foot or on a bus. '. %his is a popular pla#e to see and be seen. +. !ou gi"e me
reason to li"e, my dear. ,. He who has a why to li"e #an bear with almost any how. 1.. %he vole2
#ompany were the first to de"elop the idea of a modern wat#h. 11. Don/t worry about %ra#ey4 5he/s got
weith to prote#t her. 12.1 ha"e absolutely nothing to do this weekend. %hough there is business to attend
to in Manhattan. 13. He has a talent to make the best of any bad situation. 1.1 think there is something
spe#ial in you ... a will to endure, to su##eed no matter what. 1$. 5he immediately made a desperate
effort to still her ner"es. 1&. Internet gi"es e"eryone the power to #ontribute. %he power to share
information and ideas. %he power to mo"e your business forward.
1.1 ha"e hitting news .... 2. %hese are the rules ... . 3. 5he/ll always say something ... . . %he situation
lea"es mu#h .... $. %hey had nothing ... at the :ustoms. &. %here was nothing ... all day, and no one ... . '.
We/"e always admired the old man/s will ... . +. %he shops before 2,3
:hristmas are full of things .... ,.1 had a "ital date ... 1.. %he guests ha"e left, and now I ha"e a pile of
dishes ...
Ex !%9 Complete the sentences with the phrases from the right column.
1. %here are always #hoi#es 2. !ou gi"e me reason 3. %hey ha"e the power . 1ow there/s an easier way
). Whene"er e#onomi# hardship breaks #hildren are the first &. In @gypt you/"e got plenty of geologi#al
wonders '. @"erybody has the right +. 0 food mi2er is a "ery useful gadget ,. In those days I had a baby
1.. %here are four ways 11. Mr. willingworth is the right man 12. 5he had no desire 13. (ill says he needs
a wife 1. 5he has always had the ability
1$. %his was a wonderful #han#e 1&. %his fashion maga>ine shows you 1'. I went ba#k to work with this
thought
a. to suffer. b. to mar"el at. #. to dream his little dream. d. to ha"e in the kit#hen, e. to "eto any pro3e#t. f.
to mi2 with others. g. to do the talking, h. to make. i. to #hew on. 3. to gi"e your #hild a world of knowledge,
k. to do this sum. 1. to amuse e"erybody, m.to take #are of him. n. to talk about it. o. to look after, p. to
li"e, ). the most su##essful
ways to dress.
Ex !&% Rea an translate the te*t. Comment on the Infinitives
I ()nt A (ife
A Feminist Classic from the Early '70s
B* +,-* 5yfers
I belong to that #lassifi#ation of people known as wi"es<I am 0 Wife. 0nd, not altogether in#identally, I am
a mother. 1ot too long ago a male friend of mine appeared on the s#ene fresh from a re#ent di"or#e. He
had one #hild, who is, of #ourse, with his e2<wife. He is ob"iously looking for another wife. 0s I thought
about him while I was ironing one e"ening, it suddenly o##urred to me that I, too, would like to ha"e a
wife. Why do I want a wife* I would like to go ba#k to s#hool. 0nd I want a wife who will work and send
me to s#hool. 0nd while I am going to s#hool, I want a wife to take #are of the #hildren. I want a wife to
make sure my #hildren eat properly and are kept #lean. I want a wife who will wash the #hildren/s #lothes
and keep them mended, who arranges for their s#hooling, takes them to the park, the >oo, et #etera. I
want a wife who takes #are of the #hildren when they are si#k, a wife who arranges to be around when
the #hildren need spe#ial #are, be#ause, of #ourse, I #annot miss #lasses at s#hool. 1eedless to say, my
wife must arrange to lose time at work and not lose the 3ob. It may mean a small #ut in my wife/s in#ome
from time to time, but I guess I #an tolerate that.
I want a wife to take #are of my physi#al needs. I want a wife who will keep my house #lean. 0 wife who
will pi#k up after me. I want a wife who will keep my #lothes #lean, ironed, mended, repla#ed when need
be. I want a wife who is a goo #ook. I want a wife to plan the menus, dothe ne#essary shopping, prepare
the meals, ser"e them pleasantly, and then do the #leaning up while I do my studying. I want a wife who
will #are of me when I am si#k and sympathi>e with my pain and loss of time from s#hool.
I want a wife who will not bother me with rambling #omplaints about a wife/s duties. (ut I want a wife who
will listen to me when I feel the need to e2plain a rather diffi#ult point I ha"e #ome a#ross in my #ourse of
studies. 0nd I want a wife who will type my papers for me when I ha"e written them.
0nd I want a wife who knows that sometimes I need a night out by myself. (ut I want a wife who
understands that my se2ual needs may entail more than stri#t adheren#e to monogamy. I must, after all,
be able to relate to people as fully as possible.
If I happen to find another person more suitable as a wife than the wife I already ha"e, I want the liberty to
repla#e my present wife with another one. 1aturally, as I e2pe#t a fresh, new life, my wife will ha"e to take
the #hildren and be solely responsible for them so that I am left free.
When I am through with s#hool and ha"e a 3ob, I want my wife to )uit working and remain at home so that
my wife #an more fully and #ompletely take #are of a wife/s duties.
My -od, who wouln+t want a wife*
Ex !&& Rea the poem an learn it Comment on the Infinitives
(h)t I. Thi. Life/
What is this life if, full of #are, We ha"e no time to stand and stare* 1o time to stand beneath the boughs
0nd stare as long as sheep or #ows7 1o time to see, when woods we pass, Where s)uirrels hide their
nuts in grass7 1o time to see, in broad daylight, 5treams full of stars, like skies at night7 1o time to turn at
(eauty/s glan#e, 0nd wat#h her feet, how they #an dan#e7 1o time to wait till her mouth #an @nri#h that
smile her eyes began* 0 poor life is this if, full of #are, We ha"e no time to stand and stare.
,. -. $avies
Ex !&' Translate into #nglish
1. nRG KLRMLFSSF, YRGRL]V O]eOR ]GJPL_IGN. 2. iGR YOIMF, YRGRL]V O]eOR KLREIGFGN. 3. x OPMR
KRGLTDF VkFT ORJRDGN, YRGRL]V RO LFDDYFePG JFS. . jRJPLN GP, JFS OPEPMR `RTGNDT. $. dOP R
DGRHN SORMRS O]eOR KR_]SFGN. &. pPHN^T GPLTGN JLPST. p]eOR KLIOTGN LPUPOIP. '. qDGN OPDYRHNYR
sFYDRJ, OF YRGRLWP OPR`fR_ISR RGJPGIGN DPXEFD eP. +. iGR = KHFGNP, YRGRLRP HV`]V ePOkIO]
D_PHFPG YLFDIJRX. ,. gaJI_ OP GRG EPHRJPY, YRGRLWX SRePG RDEFDGHIJIGN ePOkIO]. 1.. x OFD
_RHMFT eIÔN, YRGRLRX O]eOR OFDHFe_FGNDT.
11. gFJFX KRIkPS SPDGR, M_P SW SRMHI `W KPLPY]DIGN. 12. x OPMR GLI DWOF, YRGRLWf O]eOR
JWLFDGIGN. 13. cO KPLJWX ]MF_FH If OFSPLPOIT. 1. jREPS] aGR T JDPM_F JDP ]ÔFV KRDHP_OIS* 1$.
cO OP GRG EPHRJPY, YRGRLWX SRePG JFD KR_JPDGI. 1&. yS KLP_DGRTH _RHMIX K]GN. 1'. x OIf OP `WHR
ePHFOIT DKRLIGN. 1+. zSPHIT E]JDGJRJFHF KRGLPÒRDGN JWDYF^FGNDT. 1,. cOF D_PHFHF RGEFTOO]V
KRKWGY] RDJR`R_IGNDT. 2.. = hW `]_PUN JWDG]KFGN DHP_]VkIS* = pPG, T `]_] JWDG]KFGN
KRDHP_OIS.
Ex !&3. A. Rea an translate the sentences Comment on the form function of the Infinitives
1. %o get daily updated news,to be in the know 3ust slip through the net and you are on the Internet. 2.
0unt 8ouise whirled around to greet me. 3. We didn/t tell him the whole truth not to dis#ourage him. .1
ran ba#k to my room to #olle#t my belongings. $. %ony/s father died of pneumonia when he was nine. His
mother, a seamstress, struggled to raise three #hildren on her own. &. {nable to make su#h a de#ision
alone I asked my brother for help. '. %he #lo#k bu>>es to tell you when to get up. +. Most Islanders ha"e
at least two 3obs to earn enough to #ope with the sky<high pri#es. ,. !ou don/t ha"e to be a genius to
understand it. 1.. When in Caris we went to a wonderful restaurant to en3oy an open<air meal. 11. %o
o"er#ome the problems that fa#e ea#h one of us = and no life is problem<free = it is #ru#ial to ha"e a
plan to li"e by. 12. He opened his mouth to say something, but then #hanged his mind. 13. %hey had
#ome to attend the party. 1. 5o sensational was the news that the entire #lass 3umped out of their seats
to ha"e a really good look. 1$. He remained silent for a few moments to allow
her to #ompose herself. 1&. If the state borrows hea"ily to rebuild the e#onomy, the :entral (ank will
keep monetary poli#y tight. 1'.1 popped into the sna#k bar to buy a soda.
%. Complete the following sentences.
1. %his #ar is designed ... . 2. %he mayor #ut the ribbon ... 3. It took all her strength .... . %he young man
works hard .... $. !ou don/t ha"e to be a genius ... &. 5he has only to say ZyesZ ... . '. weep your mouth
shut.... +. 5he spoke more slowly ... . ,. 5he sipped her tea ... .
Ex !&4 Complete the sentences using to or for.
I.5he opened the file ... look for the ne#essary information. 2. 5he s#anned the te2t... the needed data. 3.
%he family went to Caris ... a short "isit. . %he Carkers went to (ath... "isit the distant relati"es. $. @"ery
e"ening she takes long walks ... rela2. &. It/s good to take long walks ... rela2ation. '. I/m going to
{ni"ersity ... a good edu#ation. +. I/m going to {ni"ersity ... get knowledge. ,. My kids aren/t going to
s#hool 3ust... ha"e fun. 1.. :harlie has done it 3ust... fun. 11.1 went to the store ... some bread and
#heese. 12. Mum has gone to the store ... get some milk. 13.1 turned on the radio ... listen to the news.
1.1 listened to the radio ... news about the weather. 1$. In this #ountry we wear fur #oats in the winter ...
keep us warm. 1&.1 ha"e put on this sheepskin #oat... warmth. 1'.1 had a long stroll ... boom my
appetite.
Ex. 515. A. Rea an translate the sentences. $efine the function of the Infinitives.
1. %he day is too hot for us to be out on the bea#h. 2. %he #igarettes are e2pensi"e enough to be good. 3.
%he tea is too sweet to be refreshing. . 5he is #le"er enough to be at the top of the #lass. $. %he wine is
too harsh to be tasty. &. %he dress is #ut well enough to be elegant. '. %he oranges are too tired to buy
them. +. %he weather is frosty enough to be en3oyable. ,. %he #olours are too loud to be good. 1.. Wilfred
was far too bewildered e"en to speak. 11. 8ife is too short to #ontinue hating anyone for a long time. 12.
My relati"es ne"er "isit us. %hey ha"e too many kids to fit in the #ar. 13. :atherine had ne"er 3udged
Meredith and 9a#k. 5he was far too intelligent to do that and mature enough to reali>e that no one else
e"er knew e2a#tly what went on between two people. 1. (ut in the end the burden had got too big to
#arry. 1$. %he man was too big to be allowed.
1. 5he is old enough .... 2. He was too stressed and busy ... . 3. !ou are too pessimisti# ... . . %hey know
him well enough ... . $. !ou are mature enough .... &.1 be#ame bra"e enough ... . '. 8ife is too tough .... +.
5he was too mu#h of a lady ... .
Ex !&" A. Rea an translate the sentences. $efine the function of Infinitives.
1.1 woke up to find the do#tor lifting me "ery #arefully into my own bed. 2. %hey went to their friends/
#ountry house to find all the doors lo#ked and nobody in sight. 3. Mi#hael returned to his nati"e "illage
ne"er to lea"e it again. . Helen #ame to the {ni"ersity to be told that all the le#tures had been #an#elled.
$. 5he awoke one morning to find herself famous. &. 5he walked into the ba#k room to see her mother
#rying o"er the broken :hina "ase. '. He #ame into the garage to dis#o"er that his #ar was gone. +. In a
month I returned home to learn that my son needed a surgery.
1.1 took a mouthful of 3ui#e.... 2. Da"id opened the #ellar ... . 3. Marion went to the @ast... . . 5he
swit#hed on the %;<set... . $. %he woman opened her bag ... . &. 6ne morning I #ame into the room .... '.
In the morning I awoke ... .
Ex !&# Give the #nglish equivalents for the following phrases .a"e up sentences with them
jR KLFJ_P MRJRLT, EGR`W `WGN F`DRHVGOR RGYLRJPOOWS, J _RJPLUPOIP JDPMR, _HT OFEFHF, STMYR
MRJRLT, OP MRJRLT `RHNUP, OPG O]e_W MRJRLIGN, EGR`W `WGN `RHPP GRE OWS, YRLREP MRJRLT, YFY OI
DGLFOOR aGR ^J]EIG.
Ex !&$ Translate into #nglish
1. |IÔN DHIUYRS YRLRGYF, EGR`W KROFKLFDO] GLFGIGN JLPST. 2. dIDD hPSK H KR_OTHFDN LFOR,
EGR`W ]DKPGN OF KPLJWX FJGR`]D. 3. [YF^FGN KLFJ_] `WHR OPJR^SReOR _HT OPP, I KRaGRS] PX
KLIUHRDN KLI_]SFGN IDGRLIV, . pRJRDGN `WHF DHIUYRS fRLRUF, EGR`W KRJPLIGN J OPP. $. oGR
MRJRLIG, EGR eIÔN DY]EOF* nP_N PDGN YOIMI, YRGRLWP SReOR EIGFGN, YFLGIOW, YRGRLWSI SReOR
JRDfIkFGNDT, S]^WYF, YRGRLFT SRePG DRRGJPGDGJRJFGN JFUPS] OFDGLRPOIV Ato meet your moodB. &.
cO OP_RDGFGREOR ePDGRY, EGR`W DYF^FGN PX aGR J HIrR. KLR`HPSW EPHRJPEPDGJF. +. Q LPUIH
KLRM]HTGNDT, OR KRUPH SPHYIX _Re_N, I SOP KLIUHRDN JPLO]GNDT _RSRX. ,. }PGDI ISPHF
R`WYORJPOIP KR_OISFGNDT J SRV YRSOFG], EGR`W LFDDYF^FGN SOP IDGRLIV KPLP_ DORS Aa bedtime
storyB. 1.. gPGI OFEFHI DSPTGNDT JDP DLF^], EGR`W EPLP^ SIO]G] KROTGN, YFY ePDGRYF `WHF U]GYF.
11. \IHN_F bR`PLGP _RDGFGREOR ]SOF, EGR`W `WGN DFSRX H]EUPX ]EPOIrPX J YHFDDP. 12. cLFGRL
JW_PLeFH ÔFEIGPHNO]V KF]^] J OFEFHP LPEI, EGR`W KLIJHPEN JOISFOIP Ato win the attention ofB
F]_I<GRLII. 13. jR KLFJ_P MRJRLT, GW _RDGFGREOR J^LRDHWX, EGR`W LPUIGN, EGR fRLRUR _HT GP`T.
1. [IO_I KHFOIL]PG LF`RGFGN JDP HPGR, EGR`W ^FLF`RGFGN _PONMI OF VLI_IEPDY]V UYRH]. 1$. z
GPKPLN T H]EUP RDGFORJHVDN, EGR`W OP JW^JFGN ORJWf KLR`HPS, STMYR MRJRLT. 1&. x OPP JHFDGN
]KLFJHTGN HV_NSI. y YFY eP GL]_OR ISPGN D OPX _PHR4 1'. cOI KROISFHI, EGR ] OIf OP_RDGFGREOR
FYrIX, EGR`W KRH]EIGN YROGLRHN OF_ YRSKFOIPX. 1+. hW DHIUYRS SRHR_, EGR`W ]XGI J RGDGFJY].
Ex !&9 Rea an translate the sentences $efine the function of the lives
1.1 don/t e2pe#t you to understand. !ou wouldn/t listen to me in 1,, and you won/t listen to me now. (ut
I want you to take some pre#autions. Would you like me to help you* 2. If you don/t want anyone to know
your business, keep your mouth shut. 3. What made you de#ide to enter that #ompetition* . %hey
wanted her to rela2 and sent the #hildren to their aunt/s. $. %hey know him to be a responsible person. &.
5unglasses make you look mysterious. '. %hey #onsider him to be a real professional. +. %he desire for
fame makes men work hard and does not let them rest till the goal is gained. ,. 5he regards him as a
superman. 1.. %he big breakfast made me feel drowsy and I let the book fall to the floor. 11. 8et me take
you to the Milky Way on your holiday4 12. It makes my mouth water 3ust to think about all those tasty
things. 13. 8et the musi# play, let the "oi#es sing, let/s stay together to the end4 1. It takes two to make a
dream #ome true. 1$.1 don/t let my #hildren wat#h %; shows that are "iolent. 1&. 8et the wind always
blow in your ba#k and the road always go downhill for you4 1'. Don/t let that fool you4 1+. %hese arti#les
will make your hair stand on end. 1,.1 make myself e2er#ise and do sit<ups for ten minutes e"ery other
morning. 2.. 5in#e I didn/t want that to happen, I took 0ndre/s ad"i#e.
Ex !'% Rea the te*t an retell it
ZDo you remember, Ma2im, what I told you about the standards I want you to ha"e when you are a big
boy, and when you are a man*Z Z!es, Capa. !ou said a gentleman ne"er tells a lie.Z Z%hat/s #orre#t, but
now I/m afraid I must amend that statement. I wish you to re"ise what I said to you last week. I ha"e to
#hange my opinion... I belie"e it to be perfe#tly all right for a gentleman to tell a lie if it is a matter of life
and death... if it is to sa"e his life. 6r the li"es of others, of #ourse. I want you to remember that a man
must ha"e "alour, honour and nobility if he is to be of great #hara#ter, I want you to remember that when
you grow up.Z Z!es,
Capa, I will.Z
/after %. %rafor0
Ex !'& Translate into #nglish.
1. nFU OFEFHNOIY JDPM_F KLP_KRHFMFPG, EGR JW `]_PGP JDP _PHFGN JRJLPST. 2. cOI KLP_KRHFMFHI,
EGR JW JDGFOPGP OF If DGRLRO]. 3. cOF ÔFPG, YFY ^FDGFJIGN HV_PX _PHFGN ISPOOR GR, EGR O]eOR PX.
. dW ^FSPGIHI, EGR YFYIP<GR SFHNEIUYI ^F`LFHIDN J DRDP_DYIX DF_, $. oRM_F SW JPLO]HIDN _RSRX,
GR RÒFL]eIHI, EGR OFM ReI_FVG RMLRSOWP DEPGF. &. \REPUN, EGR`W T KRYF^FHF GP`P DJRIf LW`RY*
'. nDP fRGPHI, EGR`W RO DGFH L]YRJR_IGPHPS KFLGII. +. dORMIP HV_I DEIGFVG `WGRJWP fISIYFGW
aYRHRMIEPDYI JLP_OWSI. ,. pIYGR OP KLP_KRHFMFH, EGR KRDHP_DGJIT `]_]G DGRHN Rk]GISW SI. 1..
jREPS] JW ^FDGFJIHI OFD GFY _RHMR e_FGN* 11. gPGI KR_DH]UFHI, YFY YFYRX<GR OPÔFYRSPr ]MLReFH
If RGr]. 12. dW DHWUFHI, EGR ROF OFUHF ORJ]V LF`RG]. 13. Q KRE]JDGJRJFH, EGR aGR KLFJ_F, I
KRE]J<DGJRJFH, YFY ] SPOT ^FYRHRGIHRDN DPL_rP. 1. cOI KR^JRHIHI SOP KRHN^RJFGNDT If SFUIORX,
KRYF ROI RG_WfFHI. 1$. oRM_F T KRKF_FV OF zL`FG, GR REPON HV`HV OF`HV_FGN, YFY LID]VG
f]_ReOIYI.
Ex !'' .a"e the sentences passive.
Modelu They saw him o it. = -e was seen to o it.
1. @"erybody heard her say that. 2. %he neighbours noti#ed the burglar get into the house. 3. %he
poli#eman saw the #ar disappear in the tunnel. . %he publi# made the poet read some more of his
poetry. $. Don/t worn/ We/ll let you go to the mat#h. &. %om/s father made his son apologi>e. '. %hey
made the #ustomer a##ept thenZ terms. +. %hey #onsider him to be an e2pert in his sphere~ ,. 5he
regards her father a perfe#t e2ample to follow 1.. @"erybody knows that this theatre was built by a
famous ar#hite#t. 11. %hey suspe#t that the teenager helped them. 12. We e2pe#t that they ha"e learnt
the truth. 13. It was announ#ed that the pop<group had arri"ed. 1. It is understood that the partners ha"e
#ome to an agreement. 1$. It was reported that the "erdi#t was announ#ed.
Ex !'3 Translate into #nglish.
1. cGDG]KIGN Ato )uitB ÔFEIG KLRIMLFGN. 2. m]EUIX DKRDR` KRGPLTGN JPD = I^SPOIGN KLIJWEYI J P_P
Aeating habitsB. 3. qDGN GLI DKRDR`F D_PHFGN aGR. . qDHI T KPLP_]SFV, GR GW KPLJWX ]ÔFPUN R`
aGRS. $. cOF OIYRM_F OP SRePG KLIXGI Y sIOIU] KPLJRX. &. Q J aGR JLPST DH]EFXOR RYF^FHDT J
MRDKIGFHP. '. cO RGKLFJIHDT OF Y]fOV, EGR`W KLIMRGRJIGN `]GPL`LR_W. +. x SPOT PDGN KLIÔFOIP,
YRGRLRP T _RHePO D_PHFGN. ,. yORM_F RO OP<JWORDIS. cO fREPG JDP _PHFGN KR<DJRPS]. 1.. z PkP
EGR<OI`]_N O]eOR D_PHFGN* 11. }PDDI JRLJFHFDN J YRSOFG], EGR`W DRR`kIGN, EGR SPOT e_PG
KRDPGIGPHN. 12. qS] KLIUHRDN KRJWDIGN MRHRD, EGR`W `WGN ]DHWUFOOWS. 13. oRM_F T UPH _RSRX, T
RDGFORJIHDT, EGR`W Y]KIGN MF^PG]. 1. tGR`W JWIMLFGN DRLPJORJFOIP, jRH] O]eOF ]_FEF. 1$ gHT
OPP Y]LIGN = aGR KR_OISFGN DFSR]JFePOIP. 1&. cOF HVÌG, YRM_F PV JRDfIkFVGDT,
sRGRMLFsIL]VG, KIU]G R OPX J MF^PGFf. 1'. jLP_KRHFMFVG, EGR RO D_PHFH aGR I^ LPJORDGI. 1+.
y^JPDGOR, EGR RO MHFJF sILSW J GPEPOIP KRDHP_OIf _PDTGI HPG.
Ex !'4 Rea an translate the sentences. Comment on the forms 1the Infinitives after the verbs seem(
appear( happen( chance( turn u prove.
1. %he old woman seemed to read my mind. 2. %hey pro"ed to be old friends. 3. Da"id happened to
witness the in#ident. . (ut his ad"i#e didn/t pro"e to be sound. $. It turned out to be their last meeting. &.
%hey #han#ed to find a treasure under the house. '.1 always seem to be waiting for things. +. Mr. 5mith
appeared to be thinking aloud. ,. ;esta happened to be playing in the #orner of the room. 1.. He might
turn out to be another 1ewton. 11. %he #hild seemed on a sudden to ha"e entered a magi# world. 12.
Dinny seemed to ha"e lost already all her doubts. 13. Herbert would appear to be in"ol"ed in it. 1. We
seemed to be surrounded by shouting poli#emen. 1$. %he patient seemed to ha"e been impro"ing lately.
1&. It pro"ed to be true in the end.
Ex !'! .a"e sentences accoring to the moel
Model. I was in the ban". Two robbers bro"e in. = I happene to be in the ban"( when two robbers bro"e
in.
,e were waiting at a bus2stop. 3ur frien rove past. = ,e happene /chance0 to be waiting at a bus2
stop when our frien rove past.
1. !ou were there. %he in#ident took pla#e. 2. 5he was in the bath. %he telephone rang. 3. !ou were
wat#hing tele"ision. %here #ame a kno#k on the door. . He was sitting in a restaurant. 0 friend walked in.
$. !ou were passing by. 0 passer<by stopped you. &. %hey were there. %he flying sau#er appeared. '.
%he sheriff was in the #lub. 0 fight started. +. !ou were talking about her. 5he #ame into the room. ,. 0n
old man was walking past a hospital. He had a heart atta#k. 1.. !ou were standing outside a hotel. 0
volls<voy#e dro"e up.
Ex !'" Change the sentences accoring to the moel
.oel+ She appeare not to hear him. 4 She in+t appear to hear him.
1. 5he seemed not to know real life. 2. %his man seemed not to #are for rules. 3. He was busy with the
#ar and appeared not to see the poli#eman. . 9ohn seemed not to en3oy playing #ards but he had to. $.
%he boss ne"er seemed to pay any attention to our needs. &. %he boy 3.
seems not to be healthy and happy. '. 0ndrew appeared not to noti#e her. +. %he waiter seemed not to
noti#e our anger. ,. :hristine seemed not to take in what he meant. 1.. He appeared not to ha"e learnt
the results of the in"estigation. 11. %he women seemed not to like the work they were doing. 12. 5imon
seemed to see and hear nothing. 13. !ou seem not toha"e forgi"en me, Denny, whi#h is "ery, "ery sad.
1.1 seemed to ha"e no feeling left in me at all. 1$. His heart appeared not to be beating any longer.
Ex !'# 6pen the bra#kets and use the re)uired form of the Infiniti"es
1. 5o far she appeared AdoB Henry nothing but harm. 2. He appeared AseeB the light and de#ided to drop
in. 3. Here, in a small "illage, the world seems A#onstru#tB on a smaller s#ale. . !es, they seem
Aappre#iateB my pi#ture a whole lot last night. $. %he #hildren seem AeatB
e"er sin#e they arri"ed, as if they had been star"ed before. &. It may turn out AbeB interesting. '. 5he
appeared A#ross< )uestionB me. +. @"eryone seemed AtalkB for hours. ,. %he idea of es#ape seemed
Abe#omeB less fantasti#. 1.. Cossibly it might pro"e AbeB dead good lu#k. 11. %wenty years seem ApassB
so )ui#kly4 12. ;erena seemed AletB the matter AdieB. 13. %he sound of the phone ringing seemed AwakeB
e"ery ner"e in my body. 1. 5#arlett seemed ApayB little attention to what they said. 1$. Her legs seemed
AloseB power to mo"e, and now she appeared AbreakB.
Ex !'$ Translate into #nglish
1. ge]_I _PXDGJIGPHNOR RYF^FHFDN ^JP^_RX. 2. cYF^FHRDN, EGR ROI I J DFSRS _PHP `LFGNT. 3. cO,
YF^FHRDN, KRH]EFH ]_RJRHNDGJIP RG IMLW D _PGNSI. cOI `WHI GFYIP ^F`FJOWP. . dFSF, YFePGDT,
]ÔFHF KLFJ_] I JWMHT_IG REPON DPL_IGRX. $. cOI, YFePGDT, OP _RJPLTVG _L]M _L]M]. &. iY^FSPO,
YFePGDT, KR_fR_IG Y YROr]. '. jLP_HRePOIP YFePGDT SORMRR`PkFVkIS. +. cOI, YFePGDT, OP
KR__PLeFHI ORJWX KLRPYG. ,. cO, YF^FHRDN,
JDV eIÔN SPEGFH R` aGRX KRP^_YP. 1.. Q DH]EFXOR ]DHWUFH aG] ORJRDGN. 11. jLP_E]JDGJIT dFYDF
RYF^F. HIDN JPLOWSI. 12. oFePGDT, EGR _PHFGN OPEPMR, YLRSP YFY RGKLFJIGNDT DKFGN. 13. pREN
RYF^FHFDN fRHR_OPP EPS SW KLP_KRHFMFHI. 1. nW DH]EFXOR OP ÔFPGP OR/ SPL PMR sFYDF* 1$. gePY,
YFePGDT, ]EIG OPSPrYIX JDV DJRV eIÔN.
Ex !'9 Rea an translate the sentences Comment on the functions of the for2phrases with an Infinitive
1. ?or him to a#t so is rather unusual. 2. It was diffi#ult for (ill to keep su#h a big family. 3. 0ll she wanted
was for her mother to #ome to terms with her past, gain pea#e of mind, as well as a bit of happiness for
on#e. . %he best thing is for you to lea"e at on#e. $. %eddy put the kettle on, stood near the sto"e waiting
for the water to boil. &. He stopped the #ar for the kids to get in. '. %hat is for the boss to de#ide, isn/t it*
+. 5te"e was a suitable #andidate for them to hire. ,.1 am still waiting for the mail to #ome. 1.. @mma
was a suitable #hild for them to adopt. 11. I/"e bought a tin of pastries for you to en3oy them. 12. 0fter all,
we ha"e known the man long enough for 5te"e to trust him.
Ex !3% Transform the sentences accoring to the moel using the wors necessary( important(
possible( impossible( ifficult( traitional har( easy( customary
hostess begins to eat. 1.. %he bride usually feeds the groom the first pie#e of wedding #ake. 11. Mary
should start thinking about her future. 12. 0nimals #an/t talk or think or plan something. 13.1 #an
understand my tea#her most of the time. 1. 0 writer should be imaginati"e. 1$. My parents are an2ious I
should enter the {ni"ersity.
Ex!3& Transform the sentences so as to use the for2to2infinitive construction
1. %he most important thing is that we should stay #ool. 2. 8et us wait till the fa2 arri"es. 3. %his is the day
whi#h they shall remember for a long time. . He is the e2pert whom you should ha"e #onsulted. $.1 shall
lea"e some money so that they may spend it. &. Martin sent his family to his parents/ so that they #ould
be safe there. '. %he days ha"e be#ome too short, so we #an/t walk as mu#h as in the summertime. +.
%he new manager must be "ery #ompetent as the dire#tor has entrusted him with a most diffi#ult task. ,.
It is )uite natural that she should ha"e refused his proposal. 1.. What I want is that you should
understand me. 11. %here is no need that we should stay here any longer. 12. It/s unbelie"able that he
should ha"e really meant it. 13. Chone the offi#e and someone will meet us. 1. When I be#ame a
"egetarian, I had to wait for some period of time until my organism got used to it. 1$. It is impossible that
he didn/t belie"e you e"en after you showed him the file. 1&. He waited in the re#eption. %he se#retary
hadn/t turned up yet. 1'. Mr. Marshall/s suggestion was that the #ontra#t should be signed without any
delay.
Ex !3' Rea an translate the following Comment on the form an function of the Infinitives
1. My sister Maggie is #ooking up a plan to get Dad to let her go to that party on 5aturday. 2. I/"e been
trying to find a way to #on"in#e them to let me stay home, and they had finally to gi"e in, whi#h made me
feel a lot better. 3. %o tell the truth, I work alone, I ha"e no partner to worry about. . %o li"e is to suffer, to
sur"i"e is to find meaning in the suffering. $. %o de"elop the strength and tone of your "oi#e you ha"e to
pra#tise "oi#e e2er#ises daily. I was too self<#ons#ious to find a tea#her and ha"e singing lessons, but it
wasn/t an ordeal to re#ord yourself singing and send the tape off to be assessed. 0nd then I re#ei"ed my
tape ba#k from my tutor to impro"e it further. &. Catsy dro"e on in silen#e, too tired to speak, but after a
while she said, ZI/m not too sure about parking in 8eeds. I think the best thing to do is to go to the ueens
Hotel to park there.Z '. %here were #ertain matters at the 8ondon offi#e to attend to and she and Catsy
had to make a trip to vipon where they had some work to #omplete. +. 1ow Ma2im, it would be wiser to
let the sub3e#t rest for the moment. 0nastasia is far too intelligent a person to e2pe#t you to do su#h a
thing = to get rid of your business empire. ,. Z@"er sin#e I first arri"ed to take up my post in 8ondon, I
ha"e sought an opportunity to show something of the ri#h #ultural links that (ra>il has had with @urope
o"er many #enturies,Z says the (ra>ilian 0mbassador in 8ondon.
The 0e1,n-
Ex !33. A. ,rite the Geruns of the following verbs
1. spend 2. shop 3. play . #lean $. read &. tra"el '. #olle#t +. use ,. swim 1.. sa"e 11. wat#h 12. listen
13. see 1. do 1$.be
%. 5ow put the Geruns in the sentences
1. ... #oins is an interesting hobby. 2. ... waste glass and paper again is #alled Zre#y#lingZ. 3. ... is a
healthy sport. . ... money has be#ome a mania with her. $.... too mu#h tele"ision gi"es me a heada#he.
&. ... to su#h loud musi# is bad for your ears. '. ... time with your kids is the best thing you #an do for
them. +. ... is my life4 0s well 3.+
as gardening4 ,. ... tennis has be#ome fashionable lately. 1.. ... my rooms is so boring. 11. ... authenti#
literature impro"es my @nglish. 12. ... broadens your hori>ons.
Ex !34 Complete the sentences A the necessary preposition
1. He/s "ery pun#tual. !ou #an #ount... . 2. I/m tired. I don/t feel.... 3. %he people #riti#i>e the
go"ernment.... . %he prisoner was a##used... . $. 8ifeguards res#ue people... . &.1 am out of work. I/m
an2ious ... . '. %he workers threatened the boss ... . +. %his programmer is an e2pert... . ,. 0 gourmet
gets pleasure .... 1.. If you run out of money, you would ha"e diffi#ulty ... . 11. In a tight situation you ha"e
to find a way ... . 12. %eenagers I spend a lot of money .... 13. %he poli#e #harged the motorist... . 1. 0
3ournalist #an be sued ... . 1$. %a#tless people make a habit... . 1&. Misers are despised ... . 1'. If you li"e
in a foreign #ountry, you ha"e the opportunity .... 1+. 5tudents are preo##upied ... . 1,. !ou are a 9a#k<of<
all<trades. Why not try your hand ... * 2.. %o keep fit you ha"e to refrain ....
Ex !3! Use the right form of the Gerun of the verbs in brac"ets.
1. We insist on AdoB the work right now. %he #ustomers insist on the work AdoB at on#e. 2.1 en3oy AgoB to
her parties. (ut I dislike AtakeB there by my boyfriend. 3. 5top AtalkB about it. %he in#ident isn/t worth
AmentionB. . = Ha"e you finished A#orre#tB the #omposition* = 1o, it still needs Abrush upB. $. 5ue
admitted AtellB a lie. 0nd she didn/t mind AreprimandB for it. &.1 am used to AremindB by my mother that life
is great and I should keep AsmilingB, '. %ed #ouldn/t imagine AabuseB anyone, or AabuseB by anyone. +. He
is "ery se#reti"e. He a"oids AaskB any personal )uestions or AaskB any e"en by his #losest friends. ,.1
remember AbeatB on#e by my elder brother for #heating. 1.. %hey suspe#ted the inspe#tor of AgetB some
more e"iden#e and were afraid of A#allB to the poli#e station. 11. He wasn/t used to AignoreB.
Ex !3" Complete the sentences. A the necessary preposition.
1. Do#tors dedi#ate themsel"es.... 2. Cessimists are always #omplaining... . 3. We should gi"eindustrious
people #redit... . . Why didn/t you take the trouble ... * $. ;egetarians are opposed ... . &. 5hoplifters are
arrested .... '. %errorists are #apable .... +. 0 musi#al person takes pleasure .... ,. %he president of the
#ompany is optimisti# .... 1..1 ha"e a monotonous 3ob, I/m fed up .... 11. %he poli#e try to stop motorists ...
. 12. %here is no #han#e .... 13. Is there any point... * 1. I/m feeling tired. I am not in the mood... . 1$. =
Why do you persist... * = We do insist .... 1&. If an @?8 student speaks his own language all the time, it
interferes .... 1'.1 am a de#isi"e person, so I/ll ha"e no hesitation .... 1+. Has anyone su##eeded...* 1,.
!ou must take pre#autions .... 2.. Why didn/t you e"en apologi>e ... *
Ex !3# Use the right form of the Gerun instea of the verbs in brac"ets. A the preposition if
necessary.
1. %he art Awea"eB has been known for many thousands of years. 2. 0fter AdestroyB by the eruption of
;esu"ius Compeii has ne"er been rebuilt. 3. He was "ery mu#h annoyed ArefuseB the "isa. . %he sun is
too strong today to go out Aprote#tB your eyes. $.1 dislike AsitB at a small table at meals. &. 0llow us to
#ongratulate you AgraduateB from wing/s :ollege. '. 0n impulsi"e man should keep himself AflyB into fits of
rage. +. 5he #annot forgi"e him AbetrayB their friendship. ,. If you insist AthwartingB my plan, I #an go
AworkB at it A#onsultB you. 1.. 5he prayed to -od e"ery night AseeB her son soon. 11. {rsula tried to warm
the girl/s hands ArubB them with her own. 12. A@nterB the Internet, you enter a world of information.
Ex !3$ Rea an translate the sentences. Comment on the functions of the Geruns.
1. %aking a pi#ni# in the heart of the @nglish #ountryside is one of life/s most treasured e2perien#es. 2.
5wimming e"ery day keeps me in shape. 3. vooming with ?red was like sharing a telephone booth with a
hippopotamus. . 5kateboarding is both e2#iting and dangerous.
$. 8earning to meditate was a "ery enlightening e2perien#e for me. &. %rying to do it has pro"ed to be a
Her#ulean labour. '. It/s no good talking about it. +. @2er#ising in a pool is a great way of building up
strength and enduran#e. ,. 5moking #igarettes #an be as dangerous as playing vussian roulette. 1..
%here was no mistaking what they wanted of me. 11. Hearing him is a must for e"ery beat fan. 12.
veading vussian #lassi#s #almed her. 13. !our knowing a thing is nothing unless another knows that you
know it. 1. Working with (ru#e was like going to se"eral uni"ersities. 1$. Doing this mo"ie is wonderful.
1&. !ou know, thinking about you makes me feel good. 1'. It/s been wonderful sharing this time here with
you. 1+. (ut we were all wrong. 1ow I don/t think there is any turning ba#k. %his is the end, for me,
anyway. 1,. 6n#e this happens, there/s no going ba#k. 1ot for me. 2.. %here/s no impro"ing on nature.
Ex !39 A. Rea an translate the sentences. State the functions of Geruns.
1. -i"ing presents is one of the most possessi"e things we do, did you reali>e that* It/s the way we keep
a hold on other people. 2. Wat#hing mo"ies on my ;:v late at night has be#ome an important way for
me to rela2. 3. :ora was in the kit#hen making sandwi#hes. Making sandwi#hes took her thoughts off her
problems. . Z%here/s no knowing where they/re going,Z #ried Mr. Wonka, hooting with laughter. Z!ou #an
imagine that I/m not o"erpleased, but there/s no es#aping it in the long run.Z $. 0nswering the seemingly
simple )uestion is "ery diffi#ult. &. !ou had better not #ount on her. %here/s no predi#ting her mood. '.
Dri"ing a #ar and talking on the #ar phone at the same time demand #are. +. 5moking when pregnant
harms your baby. ,. Ha"ing a #hild has been a turning point for me. 1.. %here was no talking to :eleste
on#e she got her ba#k up. %he less she said, the better. 11. (eing so emotional herself, fore"er telling
him that she lo"ed him and often ha"ing to drag a response from him, frustrated her. 12. 8o"ing a man
who did not lo"e her was a waste of time. 13. Ha"ing #offee together has be#ome a daily ritual with the
two of them. 1. It/s a well<known fa#t that bla#k makes you look slimmer, but wearing it top to toe #an be
"ery ageing, and #hoosing to wear it all the time is boring. 1$. vemembering that parti#ular day, so long
ago now, still affe#ted her deeply. 1&. Capermaking began in :hina and from there spread to 1orth 0fri#a
and @urope. 1'. (anking was in his blood. :enturies of it, passed down from father to son.
%. Spea" about your hobbies( li"es an isli"es( your everyay activities. ,hat is a must for you an what
is not6
Ex !4% Translate into #nglish.
1. y^]EPOIP IORDGLFOORMR T^WYF = GL]_OFT, OR IOGPLPDOFT LF`RGF. 2. cGD]GDGJIP KLRMLPDDF = aGR
LPMLPDD. 3. nW`RL KLRsPDDII =JFeOPXUIX UFM J eIÔI YFe_RMR EPHRJPYF. . [JT^FGNDT D OISI
`P^RGHFMFGPHNOR = JRKLRD eIÔI I DSPLGI. $. lFOISFGNDT KPLPD]_FSI = HVÌSRP ^FOTGIP OP
GRHNYR ePOkIO, OR I S]eEIO. &. dPOT OP KLRJP_PUN. gFeP OP KWGFXDT D_PHFGN aGR. '.
nWLFkIJFOIP YH]ÒIYI DGFHR PP DGLFDGNV. +. cO `WH GFY ]KLTS. y ]`P_IGN PMR `WHR OPJR^SReOR.
,. o]KFOIP J HP_TORX JR_P E]GN OP ]ÌHR SPOT. 1.. [DRLIGNDT I SILIGNDT = HVÌSRP ^FOTGIP
SRIf DRDP_PX<SRHR_RePORJ. 11. gR`LFGNDT _R D]GI _PHF = aGR `WHR JDP, EPMR RO fRGPH. y
RDGFORJIGN PMR ]eP `WHR OPJR^SReOR. 12. lFJR_IGN LRSFOW = aGR OP KR SRPX EFDGI. 13.
jLPKR_FJFOIP = OP REPON `HFMR_FLOFT LF`RGF. y RGLIrFGN aGRMR OPHN^T. 1. jLP_FJFGNDT
JRDKRSIOFOITS R KLRUHRS = K]DGFT GLFGF JLPSPOI. nP_N OF^F_ _RLRMI OPG. 1$. pIYRM_F OP
DYFePUN, EGR ROF SRePG JWYIO]GN J DHP_]VkIX SRSPOG. 1&. nT^FOIP, YFY MRJRLTG KDIfIFGLW,
]DKRYFIJFPG OPLJW.
Ex !4& Rea an translate the sentences. Comment on the motions of the verbals.
1. His hobby is #olle#ting mushrooms. 2. %he key in life is setting goals. 3. %he best part of %a#itus is
reading between the lines. . What he lo"es best in the world is meeting old friends. $. ZHedonism,Z says
the di#tionary, Zmeans seeking pleasure as a way of life.Z &. Her fa"ourite pastime is daydreaming. '. My
only hope is winning the lottery. +. What tea#hers usually dislike most is #heating. ,. %he most diffi#ult
thing in this life is #hoosing. 1.. My first 3ob was deli"ering flowers to people. !ou/"e ne"er seen so many
smiles on so many fa#es. 11. My dentist said, Z%he se#ret to a good life is being happy with what you
ha"e.Z (ut he got married fi"e times, the last time to one of his patients. %he people who know keep
silent, and those who don/t keep gi"ing ad"i#e. 12. 5ometimes the hardest part of writing is getting
started. 8ooking at a sheet of blank white paper is like looking at a snow<#o"ered #ar on an i#y winter
morning and wondering if the engine will turn o"er.
Ex !4'. Rea an translate the sentences. Comment on the ctions of the Geruns.
1. 5top spreading the news, will you* 2. 5he keeps saying she has got out of pra#ti#e, but as a matter of
fa#t she had nothing to get out of. 3.1 #an not stop belie"ing in you4 . 5andy kept trying to get in tou#h
with them until there was no hope left. $. 0fter that we stopped e2#hanging letters. &. He kept begging me
for money for a new bi#y#le and in the end I had to gi"e in. '. Make her stop s#reaming, do#tor. +. My
@nglish tea#her keeps on saying that I need to e2pand my "o#abulary. ,. Z0nd %eddy dear, there/s Ma2im
to think of, the boy needs so mu#h. If you don/t stop worrying, you/ll dri"e yourself mad.Z 1.. Whene"er
you are ready to start talking again, I am here to listen. 11. It would sa"e them money in the long run7 they
wouldn/t ha"e to keep repla#ing staff all the time. 12. 5he #ouldn/t help wishing that things were
somewhat different. 13. !ou must stop smoking here, right now, %ed4
Ex !43 Translate into #nglish.
1. dRI ]JHPEPOIT = aGR EGPOIP, LPUPOIP YLRDDJRL_RJ GFOrW I JT^FOIP. 2. cO OP SRM ]_PLeFGNDT,
EGR`W OP DYF^FGN PX YFY ROF fRLRUF. 3. oRM_F eP JW ^FYROEIGP DKRLIGN4 nP_N DKRLIGN = aGR
KRK]DG] GLFGIGN JLPST. . Q OP SRM] KR^JRHIGN aGIS HV_TS ^FDGFJHTGN SRPMR DWOF _PHFGN JDP, EGR
ROI fRGTG. $. nW _RHeOW fRLRUPONYR KR_]SFGN, KLPe_P EPS OFEOPGP LF`RGFGN OF aG] sILS]. &. qMR
R`WEOWP ^FOTGIT = aGR OFKIDFOIP KIDPS, M]HTOIP D DR`FYRX, IMLF J UFUYI D _L]^NTSI. '. cO
KLR_RHeFH JPDGI DP`T GFY, DHRJOR OIEPMR OP KLRI^RUHR. +. jPLPDGFONGP R`LFkFGNDT DR SORX GFY,
DHRJOR T LP`PORY4 ,. lFGPS ROI DGFHI LFDDYF^WJFGN R KRDHP_OIf DR`WGITf J If MRLR_YP. 1.. nFS OP
O]eOR OIEPMR R`TDOTGN SOP. Q JIe], J EPS D]GN. 11. yS KLIUHRDN KLIOTGN aYDGLPOOWP SPLW,
EGR`W I^`PeFGN DYFO_FHF. 12. qP JPHIEFXUPP ]_RJRHNDGJIP = GFOrPJFGN.
Ex !44 Rea an translate the sentences. State the functions of the Geruns.
1. :eleste en3oyed winning more than losing. 2.1 hate being left alone on weekends. 3. Would you mind
wiping your feet before entering* . We feel like #elebrating today. ).7 wouldn/t mind rearranging the
furniture, after all, but papering, that/s the limit4 &. My boss hates being pushed into doing things. '.
6mar/s guests don/t feel like eating his o"er<spi#ed oriental dishes. +. I like interpreting at #onferen#es but
I don/t like sitting up too late after them. ,.1 don/t understand why people en3oy reading about disasters at
the breakfast table 5urely I/m not one of them. 1..1distin#tly remember telling you that I needed you here
with me. 11.1 #ompanionship. I don/t really like being alone or #omming home to an empty house. 12. My
ner"es don/t need
#alming. 13. Z%he :at and ?iddleZ is an @nglish pub, only worth "isiting if the weather/s good. 1. My
piano needs tuning and polishing. 1$. Do you think (ob/s trouser leg still worth in"isible mending* 1&. %he
water in this area re)uires filtering.
Ex !4!. Insert the necessary prepositions
1. %here/s no point ... #ontradi#ting women, is there* 2. %hink twi#e ... selling the house, will you* 3. Don/t
be frightened ... making de#isions and ... taking initiati"e. . @2#use me ... rushing you around like that. $.
He is addi#ted ... drinking. &. It/s really rather late ... ringing people up. '. I/m terribly keen ... wat#hing
fashion shows. +. 5he is mad ... #ooking. Imagine the amount of time she loses ... #ooking. ,.1 am far ...
e2aggerating, I/m 3ust stating fa#ts. 1.. He blamed himself ... not ha"ing seen the spot before, and still
more ... ha"ing lit the fire himself. 11. I am used ... eating salads and drinking 3ui#es. 12. 5tars are getting
huge money ... a#ting and produ#ing. 13. 5he is thinking ... hiring someone to #lean her apartment. 1.
!ou should ha"e seen her fa#e ... being #aught red<handed. 1$. 5#ore one for the (rits4 ... #reating a
most uni)ue "ehi#le ... #ombining refined elegan#e and brute strength = %he vange vo"er.
Ex !4". Rea an translate the sentences. Comment on the Geruns.
1. He hates the "ery thought of #leaning. 2. Her husband seems to ha"e a somewhat false impression of
her art of #ooking. 3. He feels the need of pouring out his heart. .1 trained with a small firm, where I was
able to learn the nitty<gritty of running a small business. $. 1e2t #omes the )uestion of fulfilling the plan.
&. In the past few years te#hnology has #hanged our ways of working. '. Cersuasion is the art of getting
other people to do something or to belie"e something without being #ompelled to do so. +. :ompanies
generally wel#ome the idea of 3ob<sharing. ,. ?anny asked me to keep an eye on her things with the idea
of showing that she trusted me. 1.. 5he has a nasty habit of guessing, and the trouble is, she/s often
right. 11. %hey had a million<to<one #han#e of making it. 12. %here is little hope of re#ei"ing a message
from them soon. 13. 0t &., 1orris is #omfortable with the idea of growing older. 1. (elie"e me, I ha"e no
intention of gi"ing up my business. 1$. He wanted a wife. He didn/t relish the idea of li"ing alone for the
rest of his life. 1&. %he a#tor was stunned not only by the noise of booing but also by the sight of flying
tomatoes. 1'. 6n#e more he s#ot#hed the idea of opening a store in 1ew !ork.
Ex. 547. Complete the following sentences
1. 5hall I e"er ha"e the #han#e ... * 2. %he )ui#kest way .... 3. Is there any hope ... * .1 always mar"el at
his art ... . $. Melanie had a talent .... &. %he fear ... paraly>ed him. '. %hey #ouldn/t get used to the
perspe#ti"e ... . +. %he dealers sei>ed the opportunity ... . ,. !ou mast #ertainly gi"e up the habit ... . 1..1
ha"en/t the slightest intention ... . 11. 1obody appre#iated the idea ... . 12. Why didn/t you e"en take the
trouble ... * 13. 0t the party we had the pleasure ... . 1. What are the latest methods ... * 1$. Will you
take the risk ... *
Ex !4$. Translate into #nglish
1. nFS DHP_]PG RGYF^FGNDT RG SWDHI KRPfFGN OF VM HPGRS. 2, Q ]JPLPOF, EGR ] SPOT PDGN UFOD
JWIMLFGN J aGRX HRGPLPP. 3. x UYRHNOIYRJ PDGN KHRfFT KLIJWEYF LIDRJFGN EGR<GR OF DGRHFf. . x
SRPX `F`]UYI fRLRUFT KLIJWEYF JWKIGN EFUY] YPsILF KPLP_ DORS<$. [PMR_OT ] SPOT KRGLPÒRDGN
JWDYF^FGNDT, I^HIGN _]U]. &. gFUN HI GW SOP UFOD YRM_F<HI`R ]JI_PGN GP`T JORJN* '. bIDY `WGN
KRXSFOOWS D KRHIEOWS DGLFUIH PMR. +. jPLDKPYGIJF RDGFJFGNDT JDP HPGR J _]UORS MRLR_P OP
LF_]PG SPOT. ,. gFUN HI GW SOP UFOD _RYF^FGN GP`P, EGR T OP JIORJFG* 1.. x ePOkIO GFHFOG J_Rf<
ORJHTGN S]eEIO OF JPHIYIP KR_JIMI. 11. [FSWX KLRDGRX DKRDR` LF^JIGIT YFYRX<HI`R SWDHI = aGR
_JIMFGNDT RG R`kPMR Y EFDGORS]. 12. x LP_F IDY]DDGJR ]`Pe_FGN HV_PX. 13. x OPMR OP `WHR
OFSPLPOIT R`D]e_FGN DJRV HIEO]V eIÔN D YPS `W GR OI `WHR. 1. x SPOT JKPEFGHPOIP, EGR SPOT
R`SFOWJFVG. 1$. dFHR OF_Pe_W, EGR YHISFG I^SPOIGDT Y H]EUPS].
Ex !49 Rea an translate the sentences. Comment on the functions of the Geruns.
I. Many @astern people ha"e a habit of using up the ner"ous energy that #on#entrates in the fingers and
hands by fingering worry beads. 2. Daniel hesitated before making his final
de#ision. 3. 6ne learns by failing. . Drink nothing without seeing it, sign nothing without reading it. $.
%hey preferred to s#rape a li"ing by #at#hing #rab, lobster and #rayfish. &.1 roasted some #hi#kenpie#es
without allowing them to get brown. '. 0fter #losing the folder, the do#tor went on briskly. Z0ll right, then,
let/s start by getting the tests done.Z +. %he family e2pe#ted Ma2im to do the right thing by marrying the
right kind of woman one day. ,. 0fter sear#hing the entire house I happened to find the key in the #oat
po#ket. 1.. Cea#e and happiness begin, gastronomi#ally speaking, where garli# is used in #ooking.
II. -enerally speaking, the idea is worth #onsidering. 12. Instead of stopping, the storm raged for two
more days. 13. (efore approa#hing the rope, I suddenly fell into the i#y pond. 1. In writing the test she
made too many mistakes. 1$. 6n hearing the sad news she burst into tears. 1&. In spite of being busy,
the headmaster spoke to us.
Ex !!% Use a Gerun instea of the suborinate clause
1. He wrote that he would #ome ba#k at the end of the war. 2.1 remember that I met her at the #on#ert. 3.
0fter I bought the book I left the shop. .1 am sorry that I kept you waiting. $. %hey ha"e gi"en up all hope
that they will e"er see their nati"e land again. & %hey stood for a moment. %hey didn/t say a word '
@"erybody shook hands and got down to business. +. When the #hild entered the room, he happily smiled
at his parents. , 0ndrew feels all right now. He was operated on a month ago. 1.. He remembered that
he had seen the girl se"eral times at the entran#e e2ams. 11. 5he didn t feel as if she would e"er forgi"e
him. 12. !ou will get nothmg from him if you reproa#h him all the time. 13. (rian kept silent for fear that he
might be misunderstood 1 6n#e he de#ides something, it is impossible to talk him out of it. 1$. It was
good lu#k that I was there and then 1& He #ame into the room "ery angry and didn/t e"en greet us. 1'.
(arbara felt mu#h better after she had gi"en him a pie#e of her mind. 1+. 5he es#aped danger as she
listened to intuition.
Ex !!& Rea an translate the sentences 8in comple*es with the Gerun an efine their functions
1 I wouldn/t mind his running around with girls, if he were doing well at s#hool. 2. 0nd what about our
#hanging roles for on#e* 3. %here is no danger of me telling our se#ret to friends< I ha"e 3o friends 1
insist on your showing me your work today $. My ha"ing failed merely made me try again. &. !our
ad"ertising yourself #ontinually is "ulgar '. %here is no doubt of his ha"ing mastered @nglish thoroughly. +
His friends/ betraying him filled him with bitterness. ,/ Her only regret was that she would miss all those
years of her son/s growing up, the wonderful years. 1.. 0part from my putting my seat belt around my
ne#k, the flight was une"entful. 11. %he fear of their taking ad"antage of him ne"er #rossed his mind. 12.
0fter his breaking our engagement I ha"e nothing to do with him. 13. %he )uietness of the house was
broken by the #hildren dri"ing their toy #ars on the floor 1 I don/t want to run the risk of my house being
robbed. 1$. Is it wortn while my #alling them*
Ex !!' Insert a pronoun where necessary
1. I ob3e#t to ... interfering in their family life. It/s none of my business. 2. I ob3e#t to ... interfering in my
personal life. %hey are 3ust neighbours. 3. %hey were keen on ... winning the mat#h. We deser"ed it. .
We are keen on ... winning the game. %hey are a ni#e team. $. 5imon ne"er mentioned ... letting him
down. He 3ust forga"e them. &. Daniel on#e mentioned ... letting them down. He still felt guilty. '. @2#use
me for ... #alling you so late. (ut I need you badly. +. @2#use ... #alling you in the middle of the night.
%hey needed you urgently. ,.1 remember ... meeting her on#e. 1.. I #an/t remember ... e"er meeting ea#h
other. %hey li"e in different #ountries. 11. @"erybody blamed the fellow for ... abusing his #hildren. 12. We
are against ... being ordered about. We are not sla"es. 13. Mary and Henry are against ... #hildren being
"a##inated this year. 1. My friends forgot ... promising to #all on me. I had a lonely e"ening. 1$. 5he
#ompletely forgot ... promising to drop in and went for a walk. %hey #ame but there was no one at home.
Ex !!3. Use a comple* with a Gerun instea of the suborinate clauses.
1.1 remember that the #hildren looked through the album last 5unday. 2. Mum suggested that we should
make up. 3. 1an#y insists that her father should allow her to keep a monkey as a pet. . My sister is "ery
displeased that I ha"e broken her fa"ourite #up. $.1 insist that you should tell us what the real reason is.
&. Helen was #onfused that we were wat#hing her. '. %here is a #han#e that my family will mo"e to
another #ity. +. Do you mind if they 3oin us* ,. %he poli#e ha"e no ob3e#tion that the man should be set
free. 1.. Do you remember that they promised to #all us* 11. It may upset you to know that vita is lea"ing
soon. 12. ?an#y how (oris appeared here all of a sudden4 13. I/m trying to tell you I ha"e no ob3e#tion if
you see 9im. 31,
Ex !!4 Translate into #nglish
1. dW KRHFMFPSDT OF GR, EGR JDP KLI_]G JRJLPST. 2. Q LFDDEIGWJFV OF GR, EGR sFYD RGKLFJTG
DPXEFD eP. 3. cOF RGJPEFPG ^F GR, EGR`W JDP KFKYI `WHI J KRLT_YP. . bR _IGPHI `WHI KLRGIJ GRMR,
EGR`W _PGI ]DGLFIJFHI U]S. O]V JPEPLIOY]. $. Q DRJDPS OP JR^LFeFV, EGR`W JW KRHN^RJFHIDN
SRIS KLIOGPLRS. &. Q OP JWORU], YRM<_F HV_I KHRfR MRJRLTG R _L]MIf ^F If DKIORX. '. pIYGR OP
GLP`]PG, EGR`W JW KLIOISFHI ]EFDGIP J KPLPMRJRLFf. +. pP RGLIrFXGP, EGR tFLHN^ JSPUFHDT J aGR
_PHR. ,. nDP OFDGFIJFHI OF GRS, EGR KLRPYG _RHePO `WGN sIOFODILRJFO YRSIGPGRS. 1.. Q
OP_RJRHNOF, EGR GW RKTGN D_PHFHF aG] RUI`Y]. 11. nLFE OFDGFIJFPG, EGR `RHNORS] O]eOR KLR`WGN J
`RHNOIrP PkP OP_PHV. 12. cOI DRMHFDIHIDN, EGR KRHIrPXDYIP `WHI REPON RKPLFGIJOW. 13. Q
KRSOV, YFY oaLRH R_OFe_W DYF^FHF, EGR ROF KIUPG LRSFOW. 1. cOF OP SRMHF JWOPDGI SWDHN, EGR
YGR<GR SRePG ]YLFDGN PP DEFDGNP. 1$. nDP SRP `]_]kPP ^FJIDPHR RG GRMR, KR__PLeFG HI SPOT
`HI^YIP.
Ex !!! Rea an translate the te*ts Comment on the form an function of the Geruns
1.1 lo"ed working on the fishing boat, with long periods of doing nothing, and then the hurly<burly of
putting in the nets. 2. 0ll o"er the world, Mi#rosoft 6ffi#e is helping dri"e businesses forward by making it
easier for anyone to get their 3ob done, no matter what that 3ob might be. (y bringing together top
appli#ations 6ffi#e gi"es people the ability to find the best, most produ#ti"e way to work. 3. Mrs. :ra#klin
a##used ?ather of selling diseased #heese and rotten eggs. ?ather got rid of her by threatening to inform
the authorities that she kept lodgers.
. %here was no stopping the boy now. Z5ee you later, alligator4Z he shouted. ZI/m going to be the first
person in the world to be sent by tele"ision.Z $. @ating is his hobby, you know. %hat/s all he/s interested in.
(ut still that/s better than being a hooligan, isn/t it* 0nd what I always say is, he wouldn/t go on eating like
he does unless he needed nourishment, would he* &. 5he had a kna#k of twisting her husband around
her little finger, getting her way with him. (ut she had #ome to understand that there was no letting him
down in any way. '. Well, that/s a matter of opinion. 6ne #alls it killing time, another rela2ation. What/s
your way of looking at it* 0nd is it worth while li"ing that way*
Ex !!" Translate into #nglish
1. qP LR_IGPHI KLRGIJ GRMR, EGR`W ROF DRR`kFHF DPXEFD JDPS R DJRPX KRSRHJYP. 2. Q KRSOV, EGR
SFSF EFDGR ]KLPYFHF SPOT J _PGDGJP ^F GR, EGR T `WHF OPFYY]LFGOF. 3. = bF`RGFT D SFMOIGRsRORS,
JW SRePGP ]H]EUIGN DJRP KLRIÔRUPOIP. = [FSR DR`RX LF^]SPPGDT, EGR aGR JPLOR. . oFYRX eP GW
HPOGTX4 hW _FeP OP KRGL]_IHDT JWSWGN ^F DR`RX EFUY]4 $. jREPS] JW I^`PMFPGP ]KRGLP`HTGN
OPHIEOWP sRLSW MHFMRHF J LPEI* &. tGR KRSPUFHR JFS KRXGI G]_F DFSRS]* '. xDHWUFJ
LF_RDGO]V ORJRDGN, _PJ]UYF OP SRMHF ]_PLeFGNDT, EGR`W OP LFDKHFYFGNDT. +. dPGR_W
GPDGILRJFOIT ÔFOIX DG]_POGRJ OP JDPM_F assPYGIJOW. ,. pIYRM_F OP RKLP_PHIUN, J YFYRS ROF
OFDGLRPOII. 1.. nDPM_F OPKLITGOR, YRM_F EPHRJPY LF^MRJFLIJFPG, OP MHT_T JFS J MHF^F. 11. = tGR<
GR SOP OP fREPGDT DPMR_OT ^FOISFGNDT. oFY GW DEIGFPUN, DGRIG HI I_GI J D]``RG] OF HPYrIV* =
iGR GP`P LPUFGN. 12. dW KR`HFMR_FLIHI PMR ^F GR, EGR RO OFS KRSRM.
Ex !!# Translate into #nglish
1. pP SRM] OP JRDfIkFGNDT LF`RGFSI aGRMR f]_ReOIYF. [ OPGPLKPOIPS `]_] e_FGN PMR ORJWf LF`RG4
2. dOP OLFJIGDT SWDHN KLRJPDGI KFL] OP_PHN OF [PHIMPLP. y SW LFDDEIGWJFPS OF GR, EGR JW
KLIDRP_IOIGPDN Y OFS. 3. = oFYRX DFSWX assPYGIJOWX K]GN RJHF_POIT IORDGLFOOWS T^WYRS* =
nW SRePGP KRH]EIGN fRLRUIP ÔFOIT, LF`RGFT OF_ OIS LPM]HTLOR, _PON _F _OPS. . Q OP KLIJWYHF
LFOR JDGFJFGN KR ]GLFS bFOOIX KR_PS ^FDGFJHTPG SPOT E]JDGJRJFGN DP`T LF^ÌGRX. $. jPLP_ OIS
RGYLWJFHRDN `HPDGTkPP
`]_]kPP. cO OP SRM OP ]HWÒ]GNDT KLI SWDHI R KLP_. DGRTkPX KRP^_YP J nFUIOMGRO. &.
jPLPDGFONGP _PHFGN OPO]eOWP RDGFORJYI, YRM_F JW EIGFPGP. nFUP EGPOIP RDGFJHTPG ePHFGN
H]EUPMR. '. dW KPLPDGFHI LF`RGFGN I JWUHI OF ]HIr]. jR _RLRMP _RSRX SW RDGFORJIHIDN, EGR`W
KLREIGFGN OPDYRHNYR DSPUOWf R`TJHPOIX. +. = z DGRIG HI JRR`kP KHWGN KR hPS^P J GFY]V
_Re_HIJ]V KRMR_]* = gF, fRGPHRDN `W, EGR`W KRMR_F `WHF H]EUP, OR KRMR_] OP KRSPOTPUN. ,. cOF
KRHORDGNV RJHF_PHF IDY]DDGJRS OIEPMR OP _P<HFGN. cOF eIHF, DHRJOR ] OPP OP `WHR ^F`RG, DHRJOR
ROF JDV eIÔN Y]KFHFDN J LRDYRUI. 1.. nRX_T J _RS, ROF KR_]SFHF, EGR PDHI `W `WHF `RMFGF, GR
R`DGFJIHF `W PMR DRJPLUPOOR KR<_L]MRS].
The Infinitive )n- the 0e1,n-
Ex !!$ Comment on the ifference between the following pairs of sentences.
1. I like #ooking for my family. I/d like to #ook something deli#ious today. 2. %he manager stopped
speaking on the phone. %he manager stopped to pi#k up the file. 3. He/ll ne"er forget meeting Mary for
the first time. Don/t forget to meet the #hildren after s#hool. . %hey went on talking all night. 0fter #ollege,
0ndrew went on to study law. $. If you want to impro"e your ?ren#h, you #an try wat#hing ?ren#h films. I
am trying to gi"e up smoking. &. %he piano needs tuning. 5he needs to be "ery, "ery #areful<'. When I
was a kid, I used to play with my neigh/ hours/ #hildren. When I was a student, I had to get used to
reading a lot.
Ex. !!9 Answer the questions.
1. What do you like doing in your spare time* 2. What would you like to do tonight* 3. If you want to lose
weight, what must you stop doing* . What #an you remember doing when you were a #hild* $. What
must you remember to do ea#h day* &. What do you regret doing in the past* '. What did the do#tor
regret to inform the patient/s wife about* +. What did the guests go on doing all night at the party* ,.
When you left s#hool, what did you go on to do* 1.. What #an you try doing if you want to impro"e your
@nglish* 11. If money burns a hole in your po#ket, what must you try not to do* 12. If your room is in a
mess, what does it need* 13. What does the go"ernment need to do to redu#e inflation* 1. If you li"ed
in Italy, what would you ha"e to get used to eating*
Ex 560. .a"e sentences from the given wors using either an infinitive or a Gerun.
Modelu li"e( visit = I li"e to visit my friens. en9oy( spea" on the phone = She en9oys spea"ing on the
phone.
7. plan, go 2. #onsider, study 3. en3oy, look . intend, get up $. seem, be &. put off, pay '. forget, #all +.
#an/t afford, lose ,. try, learn 1.. need, think 11. would lo"e, meet 12. finish, learn 13. would mind,
support 1. hope, go 1$. think about, go 1&. )uit, drink 1'. stop, eat 1+. postpone, go 1,. #ontinue, think
2.. keep, try, impro"e.
!"& Answer the questions
1. What do you pra#tise in #on"ersation lessons* 2. When the bell goes at the end of a lesson, what do
you finish* 3. What are students busy doing before e2ams* . What do you resume doing after a tea<
break* $. If a person is homesi#k, who does he miss being with* &. What is diffi#ult for a shopaholi# to
resist* '. Where do you feel like going for your holiday* +. If your hair is too long,what does it need* ,. If
you/re tired when you wake up in the morning, what #an/t you fa#e* 1.. What do la>y people waste time
doing* 11. What do la>ybones resent being for#ed to do* 12. What does being a guide mean* 13. What
does a store dete#ti"e try to #at#h people doing* 1. What does a numismatist spend his time doing* 1$.
What do #areless people keep doing*
Ex !"' Complete the sentences with the Infinitive or Gerun of the verbs in brac"ets. In some cases
both variants are possible.
1. 5tudents need AbuyB a lot of books. 2.1 like Agi"eB parties to my friends. 3. It started AsnowB in early
morning. . We/d like A#elebrateB our wedding anni"ersary at the restaurant this year. $. %he tourists
finished Apa#kB at about ten. &. 0re you planning AgoB on a holiday this year* '. I/"e 3ust begun AreadB a
no"el by (. (radford. +. Clease stop A#ra#kB nuts4 ,. We stopped AbuyB a pa#ket of nuts. 1.. Did you
remember AfeedB the fish this morning* 11.1 remember AseeB thiswriter at some #onferen#e. 12. Don/t
worry4 I promise AbeB on time. 13. What time do you e2pe#t Aarri"eB in 1ew#astle* 1.1 forgot Alo#kB the
door of my apartment this morning. 1$. He forgot AtellB these 3okes many times before.
Ex !"3 Change the sentences( using the wors in brac"ets accoring to the moel.
.oel: The octor avise going to be. /the patient0 The octor avise the patient to go to be.
1. %he 8o"edays don/t permit wat#hing tele"ision, Atheir #hildrenB 2. %he tra"el agent re#ommends going
to Italy. Athe holiday makersB 3. %he law forbids stealing, ApeopleB . %he guide re#ommends "isiting the
%ate -allery, Athe touristsB $. %hey don/t permit the feeding of animals, ApeopleB &. %he do#tor ad"ised
going on a diet, Athe patientB '. %hey don/t allow parking there, AmotoristsB +. %he tea#her ad"ised using
an @nglish<vussian di#tionary, Athe studentsB ,. %hey forbid the wearing of make<up, Atheir daughterB 1..
%he attendants don/t permit the taking of photographs, A"isitorsB 11. %hey ad"ised going to a language
s#hool, Athe FI<pair girlB 12. %he hi3a#ker intends flying to 5outh 0meri#a, Athe pilotB 13. %hey forbid
smoking, Atheir #hildrenB 1. %he lawyer ad"ised pleading )uietly, Ahis #lientB 1$. %hey don/t allow dan#ing,
ApeopleB
Ex !"4. Complete the sentences with the Infinitive or Gerun of the verbs in brac"ets.
1. Ma2im seems AwantB AgoB hiking this weekend. 2. %he :arters #an/t afford AgoB on su#h an e2pensi"e
tour. 3.1 #an/t stand AwaitB in lines for a long time. . 5he hates AgoB AshopB on 5aturday. $. My boss
refused Agi"eB me a raise, so I stop AworkB for him. &. %om/s tomato #rop always failed. ?inally he )uit AtryB
AgrowB tomatoes in his garden. '. Would you like AgoB Adan#eB tonight* +. 9eff e2pe#ts AgoB AfishB this
weekend. ,. 0lan likes AgoB to my presentations. 1.. Would you like AgoB to my parents/ house ne2t
5aturday* 11.1 en3oy Atea#hB. !es, I really en3oy AbeB a tea#her. 12. %he #hildren promised AstopB AmakeB
so mu#h noise. 13.1 need AstayB at home and AstudyB tonight. 1. %ra#ey/s #ar needs AwashB and AoilB. 1$.
Don/t forget AunplugB the #offee pot, Aturn offB all the lights, and Alo#kB the door before you lea"e for work.
Ex !"!. Use either the Infinitive or Gerun of the verbs in brac"ets.
1.1 ha"e always tried AdoB my best. 2. = My bolognese sau#e always seems tasteless. = Ha"e you e"er
tried AaddB a little sugar to it* 3. Where did you get that money from* I don/t remember Agi"eB it to you. .
Did you remember ApostB that letter I ga"e you* $. Cassengers are forbidden AtalkB to the dri"er. &. I/d lo"e
AmeetB you when I am ne2t in 0thens. '. %here is a regulation whi#h forbids AsmokeB in hospitals. +.
Wouldn/t you prefer AstayB in this e"ening* ,.1 shall ne"er forget AmeetB you in ?loren#e when you were
with 0lan. 1.. Don/t forget Agi"eB me a ring as soon as you get ba#k. 11. I #annot help AwonderB why she
ne"er goes out anywhere. 12. %here was a lot to do. ?ortunately, 9anet agreed to help AprepareB the food.
13.1 don/t want to go if it means A#hangeB trains 1. I/m sorry, I didn/t mean AinterruptB you. 1$. , Won/t you
stay* %here/s a good mat#h on %;. = 16, thanks. I hate Awat#hB football. 1&. Whene"er 9ohn #omes
round, I like A#ookB something spe#ial for him 1'. = What do you like best about wintertime* = Well, if it
has snowed during the night, I like Aget upB early and AgoB for a walk in the fresh snow. 1+. = Do ]Ru
really like AmeetB people* = 1ot really. I/m rather a shy person.
Ex !"" Use either Infinitive or the Gerun of the verbs in brac"ets
1. !ou must remember A#allB at the baker/s on your way home be#ause we need AbuyB some bread and
bis#uits. 2. :ould you stop AtalkB for a moment* I need A#on#entrateB on this letter. 3.1 hope you ha"en/t
forgotten AtelephoneB the garage be#ause the #ar badly needs Aser"i#eB. . We #ould try AmakeB a dash
for the #ar if it would only stop ArainB for a moment. ). I/m sure you won/t regret AbuyB the #ar, e"en though
it needs ApaintB and AoilB. &.1 regret AsayB that he/s #lean forgotten e"er ApromiseB me a 3ob. '.1 don/t
remember AtakeB my wallet out of my bag, but I must ha"e done it when I stopped AbuyB a paper. +. 0s I
told you, he/s rather deaf, so don/t forget AtryB AshoutB if he doesn/t answer the door at first. ,. I/"e
#onsidered AaskB him AraiseB my salary but I don/t think he #an afford AdoB it. 1.. If the ma#hine happens
AstopB AworkB, 3ust telephone and arrange for the ser"i#e engineer A#allB. 11.1 #an/t help AthinkB that we
shouldn/t ha"e agreed AlendB him our #ar. 12. If you/"e finished AuseB the typewriter, I/d like AborrowB it for
a while, so that I #an get used to AtypeB on that ma#hine.
Ex !"# Translate into #nglish.
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KR^JROIGN SOP JPEPLRS. 2. jRSOV, YFY SW SPEGFHI R DG]_POEPDYRX eIÔI. Q JDPM_F KRSOV, EGR
O]eOR KR^JROIGN SRIS _L]^NTS KR RDR`WS _FGFS. 3. dRT _REN HVÌG MRGRJIGN. [PMR_OT ROF fRGPHF
`W KLIMRGRJIGN KIrr] D MLI`FSI. . dORMIP HV_I KLP_KREIGFVG RDGFJFGNDT ^F MRLR_RS J eFLYIP
_OI. z T `W KLP_KREHF DPXEFD ]PfFGN Y SRLV. $. }F`]UYF ^FKLPkFPG Y]LIGN J _RSP. cOF LF^LPUFPG
JO]YFS Y]LIGN OF `FHYROP. &. cO OIYRM_F OP ^F`]_PG, YFY JKPLJWP JDGLPGIH PP. '. jPLPDGFON
]YRLTGN SPOT. nP_N SW RDGFORJIHIDN, EGR`W KRMRJRLIGN. +. [ReFHPV, EGR DYF^FHF JFS aGR. [
DReFHPOIPS DRR`kFV JFS, EGR DFSRHPG RKF^_WJFPG OF _JF EFDF. ,. cOI KLR_RHeFHI GFOrPJFGN
JDV OREN. cO KLR_RHeIH ]EIGNDT, EGR`W DGFGN VLIDGRS. 1.. qDHI JW fRGIGP ]DRJPLUPODGJRJFGN
DJRX FOMHIXDYIX, JW SRePGP KRKWGFGNDT DSRGLPGN sIHNSW. Q KWGFVDN `LRDIGN KIGN YRsP. 11.
oRM_F T `WH LP`POYRS, T ISPH R`WYORJPOIP HRSFGN SORMIP IML]UYI. oRM_F T `WHF DG]_POGYRX, SOP
KLIUHRDN KLIJWYFGN Y GRS], EGR`W SORMR EIGFGN. 12. jRHW O]eOR OFGPLPGN, YRJLW KLRKWHPDRDIGN,
F RYOF KRSWGN.
2)1ti3i45e I
Ex !"$ Rea an translate the sentences. Comment on the function !articiple I.
1.1 saw you dan#ing, and I/ll ne"er be the same again4 2. %his no"el e2plores the healing power of lo"e.
3.1 will always be here waiting for you4 . Her mother was always there for her and for 9ohn, ad"ising
them when they asked, rooting for them, #heering them on. Meredith had always been mother and father
for them both. $. My days are spent taking books off shel"es and putting them ba#k on the shel"es. &.
%he #lo#k told him it was almost twel"e thirty. %hrowing down the pen#il, he stood up, stret#hing his long
legs. '. %he balloons rose, slowly, big, red and round, hobbling and wea"ing toward the fluffy white
#louds. +. %here was su#h a free>ing #old
wind, and su#h hea"y rain, that we all stayed indoor. ,. 5liding down off the tall stool, she lifted her arrn3
abo"e her head, did a few stret#hing e2er#ises, and then walked a#ross her studio, heading for the
kit#hen 1.. %hey sat down, #ontinuing to look at her with #uriosity. 11. 1ot gi"ing him an opportunity to
start the ball rolling, Meredith 3umped in with both feet. 12. (eing an ar#hite#t and a designer, he was an
e2tremely "isual man and so it was her looks that had initially attra#ted him to her. 13.1 spent the e"ening
#hatting to a "isiting vussian priest. 1. 8ouise followed two steps behind her sister, mouth rattling non<
stop. 1$.1 lo"e to wat#h my #ity waking up.
Ex !"9 Replace the suborinate clauses by participial phrases
1. 0s I didn/t know :hinese, I had to turn to the guide for help. 2. When it #ame out of the blue as it did,
the )uestion startled her. 3. %he boy sat ba#k in his #hair, and bit his lower lip, and fought the sudden
rush of emotions whi#h filled his throat. . He ignored her )uestion and went on reading. $. 0melia sat
)uietly and waited for the #on"ersation to #ome to an end. &. Dennis got up and left abruptly his breakfast
half eaten. '. %he lea"es whi#h were falling #o"ered the earth whi#h was waiting for the winter to #ome. +.
0fter she took a deep breath, she banged the door open and stood ba#k to wait. ,. 1an#y walked o"er to
one of the ?ren#h windows, stopped there, looked out at the garden, and thought how arresting it looked.
1.. He went and threw money around. 11. %he old man sat and waited, and wat#hed, and ne"er got tired
of his self<appointed task of keeping tra#k of all who passed. 12.1 pulled my tie off and flung it onto the
sofa, and stret#hed out to read the paper, and listened to the #ri#kets #hirp, and then I felt the tensions of
the workday disappear. 13. We were frustrated, for we had been interpreting sin#e early morning. 1.
%hey wat#hed the sun whi#h was setting and admired the sight.
Ex !#% Rea an translate the sentences. Comment on the function participle I.
1. weeping in mind the terrain, the weather, and the length of the hike, de#ide what you need to take. 2.
!ou shouldn/t waste time dwelling on that old situation. 3. -lan#ing at her, Catsy de#ided to say no more
for the moment. . 6n the way ba#k to vipon she talked about other things, wanting to take Meredith/s
mind off her mother. $. !ou know, I ra#ked my brains last night, trying to remember the name of the man
wate married. &. 5he noti#ed a handsome grandfather #lo#k standing in a #orner. '. He sat for a long time
wandering in a world of dream and memory. +. vea#hing for the kettle, she filled it and put it on the
#ooktop to boil. ,. 0t thatpoint, the mother #ame in #arrying a large tray on whi#h were the four suppers.
1..1 lay awake all night, trembling with fear, and eyes wide open in horror, imagining ghosts in e"ery
#orner. 11. Madagas#ar is a li"ing >oo. 12. 8et sleeping dogs lie. 13. %he #at lay sleeping on the floor. 1.
Ceople ran in and out of the house, shouting and #rying. 1$. 5ally spends all her time going to parties. 1&.
Ma2im ga"e the photographs a last lingering glan#e before running to the door. Ci#king up his suit#ase,
he took a deep breath and went out.
Ex !#&. 3pen the brac"ets using the Infinitive or !articiple I.
1. He was silent, staring at her, and she #ould almost hear his mind AworkB. 2. :lare found herself AgiggleB
with him out of sheer ner"ousness. 3. When they saw me A#omeB, they sprang apart. .1 failed to see the
guests Alea"eB. $. I looked out of the window and saw the rain ApourB down on the leafless garden. &. %hey
heard a key AturnB in a lo#k and then, suddenly, a light appeared in a light #orner7 a trap<door was being
opened, letting in the light. %hey #ould see a strong hand ApushB it up, and Di#k raised his #rossbow,
waiting for somebody AappearB.
'. 0fter an hour/s rest I felt the tensions of the workday AdisappearB. +. 5he glan#ed ba#k and saw the
stranger AfollowB her slowly. ,. I saw the #up AslipB from her hand and AfallB to the floor. 1.. We felt it
A#omeB for a long time. 11. Helen returned to the hostel from the {ni"ersity to find her roommates Aha"eB
a surprise party. 12. %he poli#e saw the agent AstopB and AtakeB a few shots. 13. %he parents wat#hed
their kids Alaugh, talk and en3oyB themsel"es on the green lawn. 1.1 saw the unhappy young man AsitB
with a miserable e2pression. 1$. We noti#ed him Agi"eB a start and AturnB pale. 1&.1 felt as if I #ould feel
her heart AbeatB. 0nd then, all of a sudden, I heard her heart AstopB AbeatB. 1'.1 walked happily through
the streets Awat#hB the town #ome to life.
Ex !#' Translate into #nglish
1 Q JI_PH, YFY GW GFOr]PUN, I T OIYRM_F aGRMR OP ^F`]_]. 2. Q DHWUFH, EGR GW KLPYLFDOR GFOr]PUN.
3. dW DHWUFHI, EGR ROF KLPYLFDOR DGFOrPJFHF JR JEPLFUOPS DKPYGFYHP PHY]OEIY. . \R^TXYF
OF`HV_FHF, YFY PP MRDGI ]KFYRJWJFHI EPSR_FOW I JI_PHF, EGR IS `WHR REPON eFHN ]PêFGN. $. Q
E]JDGJ]V, EGR GW OP DRMHFDPO DR SORX, I aGR SPOT RMRLEFPG. &. Q E]JDGJRJFH, EGR EGR<GR _JIMFHRDN J
YRSOFGP, I ]JI_PH `RHNU]V `F`REY], HPGFJU]V KR_ HVDGLRX. '. cO KRE]JDGJRJFH, YFY YGR<GR U]SOR
_WUIG ^F PMR DKIORX. +. dW KRE]JDGJRJFHI, EGR ] OPMR PDGN E]JDGJR VSRLF. ,. cOF E]JDGJRJFHF, EGR
KR_fR_IG _HT aGRX LF`RGW Ato be fit forB. 1.. jLID]GDGJIP SRHR_RX _PJ]UYI ^FDGFJHTHR PMR
E]JDGJRJFGN DP`T SRHR_WS. 11. Q JPLV, EGR aGR JFeOR. 12. dW OFEFHI LFDDYF^WJFGN U]GYI, I aGR
KR^JRHIHR OFS DYRLRGFGN JLPST. 13. tPLP^ OPYRGRLRP JLPST RO ^FSPGIH, EGR PMR KLPDHP_]PG
KRHIrPXDYFT SFUIOF. cO KRE]JDGJRJFH, YFY ] OPMR ^FYRHRGIHRDN DPL_rP. 1. Q KRE]J<DGJRJFHF, YFY
] SPOT YFSPON DJFHIHDT D _]UI. 1$. dW DHWUFHI, EGR ROI ]PfFHI J mRO_RO. nRG `W I OFS D OISI4
1&. nW YRM_F<OI`]_N DHWUFHI YRMR<HI`R MRJR LTkIS KR<YLPRHNDYI* 1'. Q DEIGFV PMR aYDKPLGRS J
aGRX R`HFDGI. 1+. dW KRE]JDGJRJFHI, YFY YRsP ^FYX KFPG, I KRDKPUIHI OF Y]fOV. 1,. nPLO]JUIDN
_RSRX, RO RÒFL]eIH, EGR _PGI HPEIHI DR`FEY]. 2.. cOI ]DHWUFHI, YFY DLF`RGFHF OREOFT
DIMOFHI^FrIT, I ]JI_PHI _J]f RfLFOOIYRJ, `PeFJUIf YR JfR_] J `FOY. 21. cOF KRXSFHF DP`T OF
GRS, EGR RKTGN _]SFHF R OPS.
Ex6 !#3 Rea an translate the sentences !oint out the verbal
1. 0t the #ore of Internet is a sharing of information. 2. It/s the getting of the 0meri#an "isas, %heodora.
;ery diffi#ult it is. 3. %hanks to ?red we no longer had the diffi#ult finan#ing. . %he #ommittee pretends to
ignore all the kidding. $. 5omething tells me that these young men should ha"e a talking to. &. !ou know
that our parents will kill you if you ruin the new wall<to<wall #arpeting. '. %he barking and howling of the
dog kept me awake. +. %he man/s shouting s#ared me to death. ,. 0 born flunky,?ernando lo"ed gossip
and the telling of it. 1.. (lan#he interrupted her musings. 11. %he insistent ringing of the telephone
awakened Meredith with a sudden start. 12. %hen the #lapping grew louder and the singing be#ame more
enthusiasti#. 13. %his story is not about the suffering of great heroes, or the sufferings of the mighty. 1.
%he sobbing of the two women slowly began to subside. 1$. 5he was sei>ed by a terrible weeping. 1&.
ZI/m the one who/s been doing most of the talking,Z she said with an apologeti# smile. 1'. 0nd the
bi#kering. How did you #lose your eyes to that* 1+. We ha"e a #han#e for a gathering today. 1,. %he
monotonous ti#king of the #lo#k told Dina she had little time to waste. 2.. In two or three years with the
proper #oa#hing she #ould be brought up to uni"ersity standard.
Ex !#4 Rea an translate the sentences
1.1 must say that nobody seems to really listen anymore. @2#ept you. !ou/re the best listener I/"e e"er
known. (ut if you are the one doing all the talking then you don/t learn anything. 2. 6ne of the things that
had gi"en him the most satisfa#tion in the past nine months sin#e the shooting was the healing of the rift
between his daughter and himself. 3. 0lison began singing. While
the singing was under way, %eddy sat in a #hair near the fire. . Waiting was all she #ould do now. (ut
there were times, like this morning, when she #ould hardly bear the waiting. $. 0nybody wat#hing the
#omings and goings at the house would ha"e thought it was a hotel4
%he dete#ti"e obser"ed the suspi#ious #omings and goings of the men with interest. &. 1either spoke for
a moment, then he said, Z:ongratulations again on winning the 6s#ar for (est 0#tress. I did drop you a
note in 0pril, I hope you re#ei"ed it.Z Z!es, thank you,Z :amilla replied,
smiling, and then she began telling him about the making of the mo"ie for whi#h she had won the 6s#ar.
'. %here/s a pounding on Matthew/s door, and 0manda flings the door open, her heart beating "iolently. +.
He had sur"i"ed the shooting by the skin of his teeth, and when he began re#o"ering from the sho#k, he
made a promise to himself to #hange his life #ompletely. ,. 8ooking through the a##ounts, @mma reali>ed
that Meredith would be doing all the de#orating. 1.. %he people around began applauding. %he roar of the
#rowd and the #heering were deafening. 11. %he de#ision making was on a mu#h more personal le"el
and people were e2#ited about making e2#iting programmes. 12. Z5he/s "ery #reati"e, espe#ially when it
#omes to marketing the inns.Z Z%rue. 0nd I/m usually stu#k with the plumbing.Z Z0nd the de#orating.
8et/s not forget that, Meredith. !ou know you lo"e designing the inns, remodeling them, putting your own
personal stamp on them.Z 13. While burglary is the stealing of property from a pla#e, robbery is the
stealing of property from a person.
Ex !#! Rea an translate the sentences. $efine the verbals an their functions.
1. 1ot wanting to stir up bad memories, he said #arefully; ZI got the impression you didn/t ha"e a "ery
good #hild/ hood.Z 2. %he #ause of your tiredness is an emotional problem. 6r you #ould be depressed
without knowing it. 3. :losing her eyes, she tried to push the fear away, not understanding why she was
so frightened. . It/s easy to get in3ured in a football mat#h without knowing how it happened. $. 5in#e I
li"e in the land of politi#al #orre#tness, my #ar is the only pla#e where I #an smoke without getting dirty
looks. &. 1ot willing to take ZnoZ for an answer, 1orris #ame up with a plan. '. 1ot knowing )uite how to
begin, she started in a roundabout way. +. %he boy made it home without running into more trouble. ,.
Without e"er ha"ing been told, he knew intuiti"ely that Irina would be #losely tied to the mo"ement. 1..
Ma2im glan#ed at the first page and put the paper down, not being in the mood to read it. 11. 1ot a day
went by without her thinking of them. 12. 6ne day, as she was s#olding me, I suddenly threw a )uestion
at her. %he words 3ust #ame out without my planning to say them. 13. 1ot gi"ing him a #han#e to say
another word, Meredith walked rapidly to the ele"ator. 1. ?orgi"e me for bursting in on you like this
without warning. 1$. 0fter hanging up the #oat in the hall #loset, %eddy #rept gingerly up the stairs, ha"ing
no wish to disturb her aunt. 1&. 6n the doorstep, Harry Cotter rolled o"er inside his blankets without
waking up. %he boy slept on, not knowing he was spe#ial, not knowing he was famous, not knowing he
would be woken in a few hours/ time by Mrs./s s#ream as she opened the front door to put out the milk
bottles.
Ex !#". Translate into #nglish.
1. pIYRM_F OP KR_KIDWJFXGP `]SFMI, KLP_JFLIGPHNOR OP KLREIGFJ If. 2. pP ÔFT OI ISPOI, OI
F_LPDF _PJ]UYI, RO `RTHDT, EGR OIYRM_F PP OP OFX_PG. 3. qMR OFKLFJIHI J KRHIrPXDYIX ]EFDGRY `P^
KLP_TJHPOIT YFYIf<HI`R R`JIOPOIX. . bP`PORY LF^ÌLFH ORJ]V IML]UY], OP DYLWJFT DJRPMR
HV`RKWGDGJF. $. pPHN^T Y]KIGN aG] YFLGIO], KLPe_P EPS ROF `]_PG JWDGFJHPOF OF JPLOIDFeP. &.
cOF OIYRM_F OP SRePG JWSWGN KRD]_], EGR`W EPMR<OI`]_N OP LF^ÌGN. '. hR, EGR ] SPOT OP `WHR
_L]^PX, RDHReOIHR DIG]FrIV. lF SPOT OPYRS] `WHR KRL]EIGNDT. +, zHNKIOIDGW _JIMFHIDN Y
JPLUIOP, OP R`LFkFT JOISFOIT OI OF KFHTkPP DRHOrP, OI OF DOPeOWP HFJIOW. ,. pP ePHFT
KLIJHPYFGN ENPMR<HI`R JOISFOIT, FMPOG ^FGPLTHDT J GRHKP. 1.. pP ]ÔFJ SPOT, ROF KLRUHF SISR.
11. cOI J^THIDN ^F _PHR, OP RDRÔFJFT, Y EPS] aGR SRePG KLIJPDGI. 12. pP ReI_FT _FHNOPXUIf
]YF^FOIX, KRHIrPXDYIP `LRDIHIDN Y DFSRHPG]. 13. cOI OP KR_fR_TG _L]M _L]M]. cOI I KTGI SIO]G OP
SRM]GKLRJPDGI JSPDGP, EGR`W OP KRDDRLIGNDT. 1. gRe_N I_PG ]eP rPH]V OP_PHV I, YFePGDT, OP
DRÌLFPGDT RDGFORJIGNDT. 1$. cOI JRUHI, OP KRDG]EFJ, I RDGFORJIHIDN YFY JYRKFOOWP, OP JPLT
DJRIS MHF^FS.
Ex !##6 Rea an translate the sentences. 8in 5ominative Absolute
Constructions an state their functions
1. @yes bright, Ceg shot up her head. 2. 1ose in the air, she walked right past me. 3. Head down, the bull
#harged straight at the man. . :hin on his #hest, ?in#h do>ed. $. My fears laid to rest, I #limbed into the
plane for my first solo flight. &.1 stood on the de#k,the wind whipping my hair. '. His "oi#e breaking with
emotion, @d thanked us for the award. +. %he naughty boy was #arried upstairs, arms wa"ing and legs
ki#king. ,. 0rms linked, the two women walked o"er to the sofa, and sat down. 1.. 1ow she stood at the
front door, her hand on the brass kno#ker.
11. Culling open the door leading into the hall, Ma2im suddenly stopped dead, one foot poised on the
step. 12. ZDon/t tell me he/s proposed to you already4Z wetti #ried, sitting up in the bed, her eyes flashing
and flying open in surprise and alarm. 13. My knu#kles white, my hair standing on end, my stoma#h
hea"ing, I gripped the wheel of the skidding #ar. 1. Horns honking, tru#k dri"ers yelling, poli#emen
whistling, the traffi# in#hed along. 1$. ?orehead wrinkled, mouth pursed, wat#h ti#king, veese studied the
board. 1&. 5houlders hun#hed, hair streaming in the wind, toes #urled o"er the edge of the board, 9a#kie
rode the big wa"e. 1'. :atherine sat studying the illustration on her drawing board, her head held on one
side, her eyes narrowed slightly as she assessed her work.
Ex6 !#$ .a"e up sentences or situations( using the following ases as 5ominative Absolute
Constructions
%he weather being unusually hot, the situation being urgent, the e2periment pro"ing fruitless, there being
no witnesses, the inspe#tion re"ealing new details, the #ir#umstan#es being fa"ourable, it being rather
frosty, this done, introdu#tions o"er, su#h being the state of things, there being no way out, the re#eption
o"er, her mind turning again to business, no one in sight.
Ex !#9. Comment on the participles in the following e*tracts.
1. 5he sat waiting patiently, wat#hing wate mo"ing with swiftness, bringing plates of sandwi#hes and
s#ones to the table, turning off the whistling kettle, pouring hot water onto the tea lea"es in the brown
teapot, whi#h, as wate always said, made the tea taste all that mu#h better.2. 0ll through that weekend,
as %eddy wat#hed them en3oying so many different things together, talking about football, #ri#ket, flying,
sport #ars, she #ame to understand how mu#h Ma2im must ha"e missed a mas#uline influen#e in his life
at home, with only her and 0unt wetti to keep him #ompany. 3. Walking to s#hool in the mornings, :harlie
#ould see great stabs of #ho#olate piled up high in the shop windows, and he would stop and stare and
press his nose against the glass, his mouth watering like mad. Many times a day, he would see other
#hildren taking bars of #reamy #ho#olate out of their po#kets and mun#hing them greedily, and that, of
#ourse, was pure torture. . %he #hild nodded her understanding and rea#hed for a sausage roll, eating it
slowly but with great relish. 6n#e she had finished, she sat eyeing the plates of sandwi#hes hungrily.
%here were "arious kinds #u#umber, polony, tomato and egg salad. Mari/s mouth watered, but be#ause
her mother had taught her manner had told her ne"er to grab for food greedily, she waited for a se#ond or
two,sipped the glass of milk her mather had pla#ed ne2t to her plate. Cresently, when she thought enough
time had elapsed, she rea#hed for #u#umber sandwi#h and bit into it, sa"ouring its moist #rispiness. $.
Meredith walked o"er to the window, stood looking out at the garden, her mind on her mother. %urning
around, she ga"e @uni#e a penetrating look and asked, ZDid you e"er run into my mother in the ensuing
years*Z &. :harlie/s grandparents were o"er ninety. 0ll days long they lay huddled in their one bed,
do>ing the time away with nothing to do. (ut as soon as they heard the door opening, and heard :harlie/s
"oi#e, saying, Z-ood e"eningZ, all of them would suddenly sit up, and their fa#es would light up with
smiles of pleasure = and the talking would begin. ?or they lo"ed this little boy. 6ften, :harlie/s mother
and father would #ome in as well, and stand by the door, listening to the stories that the old people told,
and this room would be#ome a happy pla#e, and the whole family would forget that they were hungry and
poor.
Ex !$% Translate into #nglish
1. oFLGIOW, JIDTkIP J aGRS ^FHP, KLIOF_HPeFG YIDGI mPJIGFOF, jRHPORJF, oRLRJIOF. 2. oFLGIOW,
JIDPJUIP J ^FHP ORSPL KTGN, DPXEFD LPDGFJLIL]VGDT. 3. jHFGNP, JWDGFJHPOORP J JIGLIOP
SFMFÎOF, DGRIG rPHRP DRDGRTOIP. . jHFGNP, JIDPJUPP J JIGLIOP SFMFÎOF/ IDEP^HR. $. gPJREYF,
YFEFVkFTDT OF YFEPHTf, = SRT JO]EYF. &. dFHNEIY, YFGFJUIXDT ^_PDN OF JPHRDIKP _P, ]`PeFH
Y]KFGNDT OF LPEY]. '. nEPLF `WHF RGYLW/ GF ORJFT HIOIT SPGLR, DRP_IOTVkFT aGRG LFXRO D rPO
GLRS MRLR_F. +. jFOFSDYIX YFOFH, DRP_IOTVkIX hI fIX RYPFO D zGHFOGIEPDYIS RYPFORS, `WH
RsIrIFHNOR RGYLWG J 1,2. MR_]. ,. nPLGRHPG, HPGTkIX OF_ URDDP, KLPDHP_]PG EPLOWX _eIK. 1..
[FSRHPG, HPGPJUIX J }LFÎHIV, IDEP^ I^ KRHT ^LPOIT EFD OF^F_. 11. [G]_POGW<SP_IYI OP SRMHI OP
JRDfIkFGNDT fIL]LMRS, KLRJR_IJUIS aG] ]OIYFHNO]V RKPLFrIV. 12. \IL]LM, D_PHFJUIX aG]
RKPLFrIV, R`PkFH KFrIPOG] `WDGLRP JW^_RLRJHPOIP. 13. qMR JOISFOIP KLIJHPYHF _PJ]UYF,
DI_PJUFT OFKLRGIJ OPMR J SPGLR. 1. gPJ]UYF, DI_PJUFT OFKLRGIJ OPMR J JFMROP, J_L]M JDGFHF I
JWUHF. 1$. tPLP^ RGYLWG]V _JPLN SW SRMHI DHWUFGN DG]_POGRJ, LPKPGILRJFJUIf ORJRMR_OIX
YROrPLG. 1&. [G]_POGW, MRGRJIJUIPDT Y sROPGIEPDYRS] YROY]LD], ]eP ]UHI.
Ex !$& Rea the te*t( fin the verbals an comment on them.
ZI 3ust knew I had to find the will to #ontinue li"ing somehow.Z = 5te"ie let out a long sigh, wishing she
knew of a way to help her son. It was a hea"y burden to #arry. Without thinking twi#e, or weighing the
odds, and speaking from the heart, 5te"ie went on. ZI hope I/m far too big a woman to hold a grudge
against you. -rudges are petty. %hey/re the tools of the weak and the small<minded in this world.Z
ZMother, I don/t know how to redeem myself in your eyes,Z 1igel said, sear#hing her fa#e. = Z(y doing a
good 3ob at the store, my son. (y looking after your #hildren and lo"ing them well. (y lo"ing your brothers
and sister. (y standing tall, 1igel, and being the man I know you #an be.Z = ZI will try. 1ow I will do it. I
will.Z 5he tou#hed his #heek gently. Z8o"e is so important in all of our li"es ... and I mean all kinds of lo"e,
not 3ust the romanti# kind. 8o"e has su#h tremendous healing powers.Z
5he knew now that he had a good #han#e of getting ba#k on his feet. Work was a great antidote to
sorrow7 she had dis#o"ered that for herself. 0nd his #hildren, too, would gi"e him a reason to li"e.
/after %. %rafor0
Ex !$' Rea an translate the sentences Comment on the ifference in the functions of the verbals
1. (eing short<sighted, she wears #onta#t lenses. (eing short<sighted #an #ause problems. 2. vea#hing
the #rest of the hill, we stopped to admire the "iew. vea#hing the #rest of the hill will take all my strength.
3. (eing rather absent<minded, he tends to forget things. (eing absent<minded #an #ause serious
troubles. . Ha"ing no money, they de#ided to stay at home. Ha"ing no money #an/t stop them from
marrying. $. 1ot ha"ing a work permit, he #ouldn/t get a 3ob. 1ot ha"ing a work permit #an be the reason
for being refused. &. ?astening their seat belts, they prepared to land. ?astening your seat belt is a must
when the plane takes off and lands. '. ?eeling tired, I de#ided to go to bed. ?eeling tired is no e2#use for
being rude to your #hildren. +. (eing ambitious, he hopes to get promotion. (eing ambitious is the dri"ing
for#e to su##ess.
Ex !$3 !araphrase the sentences so as to use the right form of !articiple I
1. 5he blushed be#ause she was embarrassed. 2.1 left the party early be#ause I felt out of pla#e. 3. %he
little boy tore his trousers when he #limbed up the tree. . %he students were bored so they started to
fidget. $.1 was #aught unawares and I was at a loss for words. &. 5he was unable to sleep so she took a
#ouple of sleeping pills. '. %he poli#e #ouldn/t make an arrest as they didn/t ha"e enough e"iden#e. +.
%he #hildren had to go ba#k to s#hool be#ause the holidays were o"er. ,. 0s I/d already eaten, I wasn/t
hungry. 1.. 0fter the Crime Minister had lost the ele#tion, he resigned. 11. 0s I/d en3oyed the book, I
de#ided to see the film. 12. He had to #limb through the window be#ause he had lost the key. 13.1 don/t
know whether I like it or not be#ause I ha"en/t tried it before. 1. 1ow that the student has passed ?irst
:ertifi#ate, she/s hoping to take the Crofi#ien#y. 1$. 0s she has been late for work e"ery day, she/s in
danger of losing her 3ob. !$4 Change the sentences accoring to the moel.
Modelu The weather was ba so they ecie to stay at home. = The weather being ba( they ecie to
stay at home.
The eman for cars has fallen because petrol has gone up in price. = !etrol having gone up in price(
the eman for cars has fallen.
1. %here was a )ueue so they had to wait. 2. It was late so they de#ided to go home. 3. 0fter the
programme had finished, they went to bed. . 0s the boss was out, the se#retary took the message.
$. 0ll the shops were #losed be#ause it was 5unday. &. 0fter the film started, e"eryone stopped
talking. '. Her husband #ommitted adultery so she de#ided to get a di"or#e. +. %here was no #offee
left so they had tea instead. ,. %he #astle was haunted so nobody wanted to li"e there. 1.. 0fter the
operation had been #ompleted, the patient was wheeled ba#k to the ward. 11. It was the height of the
season so all the hotels were full. 12. 0 lot of people ha"e gi"en up smoking be#ause #igarettes ha"e
gone up in pri#e. 13. %he student forgot the meaning of the word so he had to look it up in the
di#tionary. 1. 0s I didn/t want the responsibility of de#iding, I tossed a #oin. 1$. 0s the dri"er was
#aught e2#eeding the speed limit, he had to pay a fine.
2)1ti3i45e II
Ex !$! Rea an translate the sentences. Comment on the functions of !articiple II
1. %he #lipped, dark green hedges of the garden were #o"ered with a light frosting of snow. 2. %here was
a #olle#tion of blue and white por#elain effe#ti"ely arranged on an oak #onsole table. 3. vaised in
Wyoming, Da"id sometimes writes songs about sad #owboys. . %he wounded were transported in a 3am<
pa#ked lorry. $. Where are you* I am totally lost without you. &. Where ha"e you been* What ha"e you
seen* '. 8ost in the world 33,
of imagination, I forgot my sad, lonely e2isten#e f.r ft while. +. He was tired of sitting, and he felt #ramped
after the dri"e from Caris. ,. %he figure outlined against the sky seemed unable to mo"e. 1.. %he mouse,
frightened, darted off into a hole. 11. 5ho#ked into silen#e, they kept their ga>e fi2ed on the odd #reature.
12. 8eft behind at the offi#e, Dolores wept o"er the s#attered papers. 13. %he so#ks lost in the dryer were
her fa"ourites. 1. %he girl sat silently as if transported into another world. 1$. He forgets e"erything. He
must ha"e his head tested. %he sooner the better. 1&. We took #are to ha"e the gate washed. 1'. My
dentist ad"ises me to ha"e my teeth #upped. 1+. Z-one with the WindZ is a fas#inating and unforgettable
book. 1,. 5he arri"ed at her father<in<law/s offi#e unannoun#ed. He looked startled and put out by her
une2pe#ted "isit, but being a gentleman of the old s#hool, he in"ited her into his inner offi#e. 2.. %he #hild
sat on a ro#k per#hed high up on the ri"er/s bank. @lbows on knees, #hin #upped in hands, she sat
perfe#tly still, her eyes turned on the family of du#ks #ir#ling around on the surfa#e of the dark water,
listening to the splashes of water rushing down the dappled stones of the ri"er/s bed. 21. ZMoney shared
makes lo"e grow stronger, money gi"en kills it dead,Z :eleste held it firm.
Ex !$" Complete the sentences with the e*pressions from the list below.
1. I/m star"ing4 %he only thing I ... in at the moment is food. 2. %he students ... in many e2tra#urri#ular
a#ti"ities. 3. 0dam ... to his #hildhood sweetheart. . %he #ommittee ... to the new ta2 plan. $. My earrings
... of gold. &. = Where is my purse* = It...4 = 6h no, not again4 '. What/s the matter, boys* ... you ... *
+. %he day before :hristmas, the stores ... with last<minute shoppers. ,. -eorge isn/t doing well in s#hool
this semester. He ... about his grades. 1.. My %<shirt ... of #otton. 11. {nfortunately I ... not <for that 3ob.
12. vi#hard lo"es his family "ery mu#h. He ... to them. 13. Water ... of hydrogen and o2ygen 1.
;ietnam ... in 5outheast 0sia. 1$. What a he#ti# life4 I ... . be #rowded, be made, be lost, be worried, be
made, be interested, be in"ol"ed,, be gone, be )ualified, be de"oted, be #omposed, be engaged, be
opposed, be e2hausted, be lo#ated
Ex!$# Change the sentences so as to use !articiple II
1. %he e"ents and the #hara#ters whi#h are des#ribed in this book are purely fi#tional. 2. %he house,
whi#h was built two hundred years ago, stood in a long green "alley. 3. He applied for a 3ob. It was
ad"ertised in the paper. . %he bride walked down the aisle. 5he was a##ompanied
by her father. $. %he millionaire bought a pi#ture. It was painted by Ci#asso. &. %hey were dri"en from the
#ountry by perse#ution. %hey had to emigrate. '. He was disowned by his parents. He was for#ed to
stand on his own feet. +. %hey were disappointed with the meal. %hey #omplained to the manager. ,. %he
tourist was arrested for shoplifting. 5he had to pay a fine. 1.. %he suspe#t was arrested by the poli#e. He
turned out to be the wrong man. 11. %he #hur#h was built in the fifteenth #entury. It/s in need of repair. 12.
%he old painting was found in a dustbin. It turned out to be worth a fortune. 13. !ou borrowed the books
from the library. %hey/re now o"erdue. 1. 1apoleon was born in 1'&,. He was @mperor of ?ran#e. 1$.
%he girl went to the party. Her boyfriend a##ompanied her. 1&. His words had the effe#t whi#h he desired.
Ex6!$$. Comment on the function of !articiple II
1.I sla"ed all my life to ha"e my sons edu#ated. 2. %he king had the #onspirators shot. 3. If you lea"e the
door open, you will ha"e your house robbed. . He is so slow that he ne"er gets his work done. $.1 had
my foot #aught in the door and #ouldn/t get it free. &. It took four men to ha"e the piano remo"ed to the
upper floor. '. %his book will soon get finished. +. = What/s the time* Isn/t it time you had your wat#h
repaired* ,. %he shop had the labels made for the new #olle#tion. 1.. 5he had -erald #ornered and he
had to tell her e"erything. 11. hhe family has #ome to the #hur#h to ha"e the @aster #ake and the eggs
hallowed. 12. If you #an/t beat them, arrange to ha"e them beaten.
Ex !$9 vead the dialogue and #omment on the phrases in bold type
/-elen an Igor are watching T<( but the T< set is not wor"ing very well( so the picture on the screen is
not very clear.0
Igoru %his stupid %;4 I 3ust h)- it fixe- a #ouple of days ago.
Helenu What -i- you h)ve -7ne to it/
I8 I h)- ) ne9 4i3t,1e t,:e in.t)55e- It #ost a lot of money. 1ot only that, they ;)-e ;e 9)it for two
weeks.
Hu Who -i- you h)ve t7 fix it* I won/t go to them ne2t time my %; breaks.
Iu %he repair shop around the #orner.
Hu I bet you went #ra>y without your %;.
Iu !eah, I did. I guess I/m a %; addi#t.
Hu How #an I get *7, t7 t,1n this thing 7ff/ %here/s nothing but garbage on %; now anyway. 8et/s go out.
Iu !ou/re right. 8ook at that #ommer#ial. 5tupid #ommer#ials like that one ;)<e ;e 9)nt to throw this set
out of the window.
Hu %hat #ommer#ial may be stupid, but it/s "ery persuasi"e. @"en simple<minded #ommer#ials get 4e745e
t7 :,* things that they don/t really need.
I u !eah, there are too many ads on %;. I think the go"ernment should ;)<e the net971<. 1e-,3e the
number of #ommer#ials.
Hu 0nd here/s another problem. Most parents let thei1 <i-. 9)t3h too mu#h %;. When I was a kid, my
parents only 5et ;e 9)t3h one programme a night. %hey ;)-e ;e t,1n it 7ff after an hour.
Iu I know wat#hing %; is really a waste of time. I should h)ve the =)1:)=e 3755e3t71. 37;e )n- t)<e
this %; )9)*
H8 6h, #ome on, Igor. !ou/ll ne"er gi"e up wat#hing %;.
Ex6 !9% A. Complete the following sentences using the verbs get or something one.
1.1 must get to the opti#ian/s to ... . 2. 5he went to the dentist to .... 3. %his #oat is too long. I will... . .
%he piano is out of tune. !ou must ... . $. %eresa will ha"e to run to the #hemist/s to ... . &. Hard work is
the best way to ... . '. 0s (ill #ouldn/t find a suit to fit him, he had to ... . +. %his arti#le is too long, I shall
ne"er ... . ,. If someone tou#hed a hot iron, he ... . 1.. %he work of a la>y man ne"er ... . 11. 8et us ... this
business ... as soon as possible. 12. !ou will ruin your reputation if .... 13.1 must take my dog Catri#k to
the "et/s to ... . 1. Ceter/s wife #an/t stand his beard. 5o he is going to the barber/s to .... 1$. We need a
spe#ial #ake for the wedding. We must go to the #onfe#tioner/s to ... .
%. Spea" about the things you have one this wee" ,hat other things have to be one6
Ex6!9&. Rea an translate the te*t. Comment on the wors in bolZ!ou are a "ile, repulsi"e, repellent,
mali#ious little brute4Z the %run#hbull was shouting. Z!ou are not fit to be in this s#hool4 !ou ought to be
behind bars, that/s where you ought to be4 I .h)55 h)ve *7, -1,;;e- 7,t of this establishment in utter
disgra#e4 I .h)55 h)ve the 41efe3t. 3h).e you down the #orridor and out of the front<door with ho#key<
sti#ks4 I .h)55 h)ve the .t)ff e.371t you home under armed guard4 0nd then I shall make absolutely sure
you are sent to a reformatory for delin)uent girls for the minimum of forty years4Z %he %run#hbull was in
su#h a rage that her fa#e had taken on a boiled #olour and little fle#ks of froth were gathering at the
#orners of her mouth. (ut she was not the only one who was losing her #ool. Matilda was also beginning
to see red. 5he didn/t in the least mind :ein= a##used of h)vin= -7ne something she had a#tually done.
5he #ould see the 3usti#e of that. It was, howe"er, a totally new e2perien#e for her t7 :e )33,.e- of a
#rime that she definitely had not #ommitted. 5he had had absolutely nothing t7 -7 with that beastly
#reature in the glass. (y golly, she thought, that rotten %run#hbull isn/t going to pin this one on me4 Z i
not o it=> she s#reamed.
/after R $ahl0
Ex !9' Translate into #nglish
I. oFe_FT ePOkIOF ÔFPG, EGR PDHI ] OPP KHRfRP OFDGLRPOIP, GR ROF _RHeOF Y]KIGN EGR<GR ORJRP
IHI eP D_PHFGN KLIEPDY]. 2. dOP KR_FLIHI ORJWP DPLNMI. p]eOR KLRYRHRGN ]UI. 3. dOP RKTGN
LF^ÌHI RYOR J SFUIOP. p]eOR DLREOR ]DGFORJIGN DIMOFHI^FrIV. . hLI SPDTrF OF^F_ SW KR_FHI
^FTJY] OF ]DGFORJY] ORJRMR GPHPsROF. dW JDP PkP e_PS. $. p]eOR KLRXGI GPfRDSRGL. pR KPLP_
aGIS O]eOR DSPOIGN KRYLWUYI, ^FLT_IGN FYY]S]HTGRL, ^FHIGN `FY. &. x OPMR RGR`LFHI KLFJF ^F GR,
EGR RO OFL]UIH KLFJIHF _JIePOIT. '. [SRGLI, EGR`W GP`P OP KLIkPSIHR KFHNrW _JPLNV. +. x
SRPX `F`]UYI EFDGWP MRHRJOWP `RHI. qX O]eOR KLRJPLIGN DRD]_W. ,. = bPYHFSF MRJRLIG, EGR PDHI
fREPUN ISPGN RDHPKIGPHNO]V ]HW`Y], O]e OR RG`PHIGN ^]`W.= dOP O]eOR If DOFEFHF ^FKHRS
ÌLRJFGN. 1.. qDHI GW OP fREPUN, EGR`W ] GP`T RKTGN ]MOFHI SFUIO], _PLeI PP J MFLFeP, F OP OF
]HIrP II. dOP O]eOR D_PHFGN JDGLRPOOWP UYFsW J YJFLGI LP Ato re#abinetB. 12. cOI DRÌLFVGDT
RYLPDGIGN DJRP MR LP`POYF J DHP_]VkPP JRDYLPDPONP. 13. nFS O]eOR KR_KIDFGN JDP `]SFMI, KLPe_P
EPS I_GI Y VLIDG]. 1. jRYF OP KLIUHF ÎSF, SOP O]eOR D_FGN J EIDGY] JDP ÎSOIP JPkI. 1$. x OPMR
D_]HR JPGLRS UHTK] I ]OPDHR _FHPYR J SRLP. p]eOR KRY]KFGN ORJ]V. 1&. Q KLRTJIHF KHPOYI I
^FKHFGIHF rPHRP DRDGRTOIP ^F aGR. 1'. dOP OFUHI YRSOFG]. 1+. yS _RDGFJIHI KIrr] J YRSOFG]. 1,.
yS _RHeOW ]DGFORJIGN ORJ]V YRKILR<JFHNO]V SFUIO] J EPGJPLM. 2.. PLSPL DR`LFH ]LReFX J
YROrP FJM]DGF.
Ex !93 Use the right form of the verbs in brac"ets Use prepositions if necessary
1. Do you remember AsayB it a few months ago* 2. We are tired Apush aroundB. 3. Who is responsible
A#leanB the rooms* . %he whole house needs Arede#orateB. $. 5he lo"ed AsingB at the top of her "oi#e. &.
:ongratulations on ApassB your dri"ing test4 '.1 am not afraid AmisunderstandB. +. Ha"e you finished AtalkB
yet* ,. 1obody wants 8aura AhurtB. 1.. ZMoney should AmakeB to work,Z she announ#ed. 11. 0s a finan#ial
man you should know that money is a tool AuseB to make more money. 12. %he #andidates waited for the
)uestions AdistributeB. 13. 0re you afraid ApunishB* 1. We all en3oyed AswimB in the #ool lake. 1$. 5he
knew what AdoB to preser"e it all. 1&. 9usti#e should AdoB. It must AdoB in the name of those millions who
died. 1'. What #an/t A#ureB, must AendureB.
Ex !94. Translate into #nglish
1. cO DGRTH, DHRJOR MLRSRS KRLFePOOWX. pPKLP_JI_POOWX KRJRLRG DR`WGIX ^FDGFJIH PMR
KRE]JDGJRJFGN DP`T KR`Pe_POOWS. 2. = Q DPXEFD EIGFV xOIePOOWP I RDYRL`HPOOWP .
gRDGRPJDYRMR. = z T EIGFV cGJPLePOOWP nIYGRLF VMR. 3. jLP_DGFJNGP DP`P, DYRHN SORMRMR SW
PkP OP ÔFPS., DYRHN SORMRP RDGFPGDT DYLWGWS RG OFD. . lFDGIMO]GWX JLFDKHRf, SFHNEIY DKLTGFH
L]YI ^F DKIO]. $. dW rPOIS JDP ]DIHIT, D_PHFOOWP JFSI. &. RDGI LF^PfFHIDN KR _RSFS, JPDNSF
^FIOGLIMRJFOOWP. '. \HP`, JWKPYFPSWX J aGRX KPYFLOP, RDR`POOR JY]DPO. +. gFJFXGP `]_PS DEIGFGN
aGR _PHR LPUPOOWS. ,. cOF JWMHT_PHF MH]`RYR RÌePOORX. 1.. bP`PORY LW_FH OF_ LF^ÌGRX
IML]UYRX. 11. nRX_T J DGRHRJ]V, SW ]JI_PHI ARÒFL]eIHIB, EGR DGRH ]eP OFYLWG. 12. dPGR_W,
IDKRHN^]PSWP _HT GPDGILRJFOIT ÔFOIX DG]_POGRJ, OP JDPM_F assPYGIJOW. 13. gFJOR ^F`WGWP
SPEGW ReIHI J PMR _]UP. 1. c`PkFOIP, _FOORP PV J KRDHP_OIX SRSPOG, GTMRGIHR PP. 1$. oRM_F
aGRG
LRSFO `WH aYLFOIÎLRJFO, RO ISPH SMORJPOOWX ]DKPf. 1&. pP^FSPEPOOWX, RO JOISFGPHNOR
OF`HV_FH ^F JDPS I JDPSI. 1'. xJT_UFT LR^F= DISJRH _FJOR ^F`WGRX HV`JI. 1+. lFORJR
RGLPSROGILRJFOOWX, _RS JWMHT_PH ORJWS, YFY D IMRHREYI. 1,. jLP_RDGFJHPOOWX DFSRS] DP`P,
SFHNEIY DGFH LF^ÌLFGN ORJ]V IML]UY]. 2.. [YRO<DGL]ILRJFOOWX KR KRDHP_OPS] DHRJ] GPfOIYI,
FJGRSRÌHN JW^JFH JDPR`kPP JRDfIkPOIP.
Te.t the Ve1:)5.
Ex !9! Rea the te*ts( translate them an comment on the verbals
1. Meredith #leared her throat, and went on, ZI ne"er had any sense of identity when I was young. 1ot
knowing who you are and where you #ome from is "ery frightening. It/s almost like being a non<person.
5in#e I didn/t ha"e an identity, I in"ented myself. (ut now getting my birth #ertifi#ate means a great deal
to me.Z 2. 0lways, in the past, Meredith had used work to sub3ugate hearta#he, bring it to heal. Working
hard until she dropped had enabled her to keep her mind off her troubles, to fun#tion properly. 3. 8eft
alone, Meredith and @uni#e looked at ea#h other #arefully without speaking. It was @uni#e who finally
said at last, Z!ou/"e grown up to be a wonderful<looking woman, and you/"e #ertainly made a go of it, you
really ha"e. 8i"ing in 0meri#a, owning all these inns.Z . veed 9amison was spee#hless. In all of his forty<
one years he had ne"er been dis#arded by a woman. He had always been the one to end affairs or start
them #ontrolling, manipulating, pulling the puppet/s strings and getting his own way. He #ontinued to stare
at Meredith. 5he was the only woman who had e"er bested him, and a terrible rage began to fulminate in
him. He leapt to his feet, glaring at her. ZI/m glad I found out what kind of woman you really are4 (efore I
made the terrible mistake of marrying you4Z he shouted. $. 0fter that she managed to put the matter out of
her mind7 she had always had the ability to pigeonhole problems until it was the appropriate time to deal
with them. 0nd so she managed to get through the ne2t few days without dwelling too mu#h on her health
or mental state. &. 0fter this sleepless night I was eager to see Mr. vo#hester in the morning, but there
was no sign of him. He had ob"iously told the ser"ants that he had a##identally set fire to his room by
kno#king o"er a lighted #andle. 0s I passed his bedroom, I saw -ra#e sitting inside, #almly mending the
#urtains. 5he #ertainly did not look mad enough to ha"e tried to murder her master. (ut I de#ided to
in"estigate.
Ex6 !9" 3pen the brac"ets to ma"e the story complete Retell it
Fin-in= She5te1
0fter Atra"elB for two days in the #oa#h, I was put down at a #rossroads on the moor, with no money or
possessions, as I reali>ed now that I had left my par#el inside the #oa#h. I was glad AseeB there were no
towns around as I did not want people A)uestionB me or pity me. 0fter Asear#hB for )uite a long time, I
found a dry pla#e AsleepB, there AbeB no rain and it AbeB a warm night. In the morning I happened AfindB a
small "illage. I needed all my #ourage Akno#kB on some of the doors, AaskB if there was any ApayB work I
#ould do, only ArefuseB politely. 0nd I #ould not AbringB myself AbegB for food, although by now I felt weak
and faint. 0ll I ate that day was a pie#e of bread, whi#h I still had to beg from a farmer AeatB his supper.
%he ne2t day I spent AwalkB from house to house, AlookB in "ain for work. (y the end of the day 3 began
AwonderB why I should struggle AstayB ali"e, when I not AwantB Ali"eB.
%he wind and the rain AbeatB down on me, I finally arri"ed at a long, low house, AstandB AisolateB in the
middle of the moor. AHideB near the door, I #ould AseeB into the kit#hen through a small Aun#urtainB
window. I saw an elderly woman AmendB #lothes, and two young ladies, who seemed AlearnB a language
with di#tionaries. %he ladies looked so kind and sensible, that I dared Akno#kB at the door. %he elderly
woman opened it, but she AmustB AthinkB I was a thief or a beggar, be#ause she refused AletB me AspeakB
to the young ladies. %he door #losed firmly, AshutB me out from the warmth inside.
I dropped on to the wet doorstep, AprepareB AdieB. %here the young ladies/ brother found me, AreturnB home
a few minutes later, and he insisted AbringB me into the house. %hey ga"e me bread and milk, and asked
my name. Z9ane @lliot,Z I replied. I did not want anyone AknowB who I was and where I had #ome from.
A5eeB that I was too tired AspeakB, they helped me upstairs to a bedroom. ?or three days and nights I lay
in bed Ae2haustB by my e2perien#es. When I felt strong enough AgoB downstairs, the sisters looked after
me "ery kindly, and made me AfeelB wel#ome in their pleasant home. %hey were sensiti"e enough Aa"oidB
AaskB )uestions whi#h would hurt me. Itold them only that, after Alea"eB 8owood s#hool, I be#ame a
go"erness in a wealthy family, where an unfortunate e"ent made me ArunB away. I offered them AdoB any
kind of work, Atea#hB, AsewB, A#leanB, so that I A#anB Abe#omeB independent again.
/after Charlotte %ronte0
Ex !9#. A. Rea the te*t an translate it
Sin= >7,1 St1e.. A9)*?
When was the last time you really sang your heart out* ?or most of us, the answer is likely to be at s#hool
= and that/s a real shame, be#ause singing #an do a lot more for us than 3ust #reating entertainment.
It/s terrifi# for our emotional and e"en our physi#al health. If your rea#tion is Z1ot me = I #an/t sing a noteZ
or ZI/m tone deafZ, then think again. 0##ording to the e2perts, if you #an speak, you #an sing = you may
ne"er do it in the (olshoi or in the 0lbert Hall but if you en3oy doing it and feel better for it, who #ares*
(h)t Sin=in= @)n A7 f71 >7,
1. Drive away stress.
5inging for pleasure #an mean getting in tou#h with emotions that you/"e tried to bury. 5inging unlo#ks a
feeling that you/"e had inside for ages allowing you to feel refreshed and renewed.
. !ive yo" more confi#ence.
!ou may not belie"e it, but singing #an be#ome addi#ti"e4 Many singers are hookedu they say it AsingingB
gi"es them more #onfiden#e. Maybe you/"e en3oyed singing in the bath or in the #ar, but ha"en/t had the
#onfiden#e to sing in other situations. ;ery often you start off in a whisper but, by the end of the weekend,
you/re singing your heart out.
$. %oost yo"r ener&y.
5inging has #lear physi#al benefits as well. 5pe#ialists say that singing is a "ery physi#al a#ti"ity. %he key
to doing it well is being able to breathe properly. Most people get into bad habits and breathe shallowly
from the #hest. (ut this is the least effi#ient way to get o2ygen surging through the body be#ause it
doesn/t put enough air into the lower lungs.
If you breathe fully through your nose, e2panding the lower lungs e2haling fully, not only will you see an
ama>ing transformation in your singing, but you/ll also find that you ha"e more energy and feel healthier
in general. 5inging tones up the diaphragm and all the mus#les around the ribs and ba#k. It also tones up
the fa#e mus#les, whi#h is why so many singers tend to look mu#h younger than their a#tual age. 0nd if
you #an/t bear the thought of doing aerobi# e2er#ise, then this may be 3ust the hobby for you4
4. 'a(e yo" ha))ier.
5inging enables you to e2press yourself, it in"ol"es a sense of emotional release. It #reates a #hemi#al
rea#tion in the body in"ol"ing the pleasure<produ#ing networks whi#h are part of the brain and the
ner"ous system. 0s a result, there/s an in#reased release of the body/s natural pleasure<gi"ing and pain<
killing #hemi#als. 5o, now you know what singing #an do to you and if you are tempted, there are lots of
different ways of going about itu you #an either find a singing tea#her, take a #orresponden#e #ourse or
3oin a singing group. Many people are shy at first = but they/re soon singing with gusto and lo"ing e"ery
minute of it. 1ow it/s up to you4
%. Say how goo you are at singing $iscuss your ways of riving away stress( boosting your energy(
ma"ing yourself feel happier
Ex !9$ Translate into #nglish
1. He ÔFT KLFJIH IMLW, ROI ]UHI, OP KLIOTJ J OPX ]EFDGIT. 2. xDHWUFJ ORJRDGI, YRGRLWP `WHI
KRGLTDFVkISI, ROF OP SRMHF OP LFDKHFYFGNDT RG DEFDGNT. 3. pP OFDGFIJFXGP, EGR`W T JWDG]KIHF. Q
KLIUHF, EGR`W LFDDHFÌGNDT. Q D GFYIS OPGPLKPOIPS e_FHF aGRMR DR`WGIT. . pFUI KFLGOPLW,
LF`RGFJUIP J pI_PLHFO_Ff, DPXEFD LF`RGFVG J }PHNMII. $. pFS O]eOR PkP GFY SORMR D_PHFGN,
KLPe_P EPS SW ]P_PSu KREIDGIGN ÎSOIP JPkI, KR_DGLIENDT, KLRXGI GPfRD SRGL. &. dFHWU
KPLPDGFH KHFYFGN, GRHNYR HIUN w6I _F SFGN RDGFORJIHFDN, EGR`W Y]KIGN PS] URYRHF_Y]. '. nW
SRePGP I^`PeFGN DHReOWf DIG]FrIX GPS, EGR `]_PGP `RHPP GPLKPHIJW, D_PLeFOOW I OFfR_EIJW. +.
nDPM_F OPKLITGOR, YRM_F EPHRJPY LF^MRJFLIJFPG, OP MHT_T JFS J MHF^F. ,. = tGR<GR SOP OP fREPGDT
DP MR_OT LF`RGFGN. [GRIG HI JRR`kP I_GI J RsID* = iGR GP`P LPUFGN. 1.. dW KR`HFMR_FLIHI PMR
^F GR, EGR RO KRSRM OFS. 11. cO RKLP_PHPOOR DYRLR KLI_PG. cO _RD GFGREOR ]SPO, EGR`W
KROTGN, EGR SW GP HV_I, YRGRLWP PS] KRSRM]G. &' qP SFOPLF R_PJFGNDT LF^_LFeFPG SPOT.
EB !99 Rea an translate the sentences Comment on the verbals
1. When I was your age I didn/t ha"e time to worry about failing anyone. I had to su##eed to sur"i"e. 2.
0fter lun#h Diana dro"e off to do some errands. I preferred to stay at home with 0ndrew, only to dis#o"er
I was alone. 3. Z!ou don/t ha"e to be sar#asti#, Mai, and look, there are ways to make unusual situations
work. Many ways.Z . Caul was domineering, bossy, he often felt the need to assert himself for#efully. He
had made it #lear who wore the trousers in their household. @mma had learned to let him ha"e his way in
most things, and he in turn, was wise enough ne"er to interfere in her business. $. 0s she #ontinued to
sew, she thought of her future. 5he had to work at the mill to earn a li"ing and there was no one a"ailable
to #are for the #hild during the day. &. 0nd she knew that she #ould only rely on herself now to a##omplish
the tasks whi#h would preser"e her empire and her dynasty. %o do that she had to li"e. 0nd she thought
to herselfu %he will to li"e is the strongest for#e in the world. '. Without gi"ing the landlady another glan#e,
@mma mounted the stairs, her heart lifting. 5he #ertainly wasn/t going to gi"e Mrs. Daniel the satisfa#tion
of seeing her reading a note from a man who was ob"iously not her husband.
TEST >OCR DNO(LEA0E
Ex "%% Rea the te*ts( translate them an comment on the verbals
1. @rnie told me that his 3ob was #ommunity poli#ing. I asked him what this in"ol"ed. He e2plained, Z!ou
ha"e your own spe#ial area whi#h you ha"e to patrol. It really means being on the beatu walking round,
keeping your eyes open, making sure you know what/s going on, #hatting to people, basi#ally trying to
pre"ent #rime.Z 2. 5he sounded fine and friendly, and Mary began to feel better and soon stopped #rying.
Martha went on talking as she finished her #leaning, but Mary looked out of the window in a bored way,
and pretended not to listen.
3. 1ow the impulse to dream surged up again and I hungered for books, new ways of looking and seeing,
it was not a matter of belie"ing or disbelie"ing what I read, but of feeling something new, of being affe#ted
by something that made the world look different. . 0nd to answer your )uestion, I don/t know what/s
going to happen. (eing in lo"e is one thing, getting married another. 0nd there/s so mu#h to #onsider. $.
(eing a single parent all those years had been a strain on her ner"es at times, Meredith was the first to
admit it. &. 5he gripped the frame of her handbag tightly to stop her hands from shaking. (ut she #ould
not afford to pani#, not under any #ir#umstan#es. 5o she immediately made a desperate effort to put it
aside, to still her ner"es.
'. Z%ime,Z he mused. ZI didn/t spend enough time with 0driana to get to know her properly. Marry in haste,
repent at leisure,Z he re#alled %eddy/s words after his wedding. (ut his dearest %eddy lo"ed and
respe#ted him far too mu#h to interfere in his life, tell him what to do. Ex "%!. A. Rea the te*t an
comment on the verbals.
-ardening
If you woul be happy
for a wee"( ta"e a wife?
if you woul be happy
for a month( "ill a pig?
but if you woul be happy
all your life(
45)nt ) =)1-en
@"ery generation finds itself gra"itating toward the ground as it grows older. @arlier in our li"es we/re
fo#using on our #areers, our relationships and our kids. (ut as we grow older we find we/"e got more time
to pursue interests that simply make us feel good. 0nd gardening offers almost instant gratifi#ation. 0t the
same time, it allows us to enhan#e the "alue of our single biggest in"estmentu our home.
It/s only after we rea#h a #ertain age that we/re ready for the emotional lift, the sense of se#urity and
a##omplishment that gardening brings. @"ery generation rea#hes that point, but e"ery generation does it
differently. -ardens ha"e always been the mirror of the times. ?rom the walled pleasure gardens of
an#ient Cersia to the formal gardens of ;ersailles to the #olonial kit#hen gardens of Williamsburg, if you
want to know where the nation is = what is held dear in taste and style = look in the ba#kyards.
%oday, gardens, like #igars, ha"e made a #omeba#k. -ardens ha"e #hanged a lot sin#e then, but still
more and more people are dis#o"ering that they are perfe#t pla#es to en3oy a leisurely smoke. -ardens
today are more like outdoor rooms. We don/t want to spend a lot of time working in the garden. We/"e
earned the right to en3oy it, so today/s gardens are easier to maintain. %he garden should refle#t your
style and taste. -ardens are ne"er done. -ardening is not like ar#hite#ture = you/re allowed to #hange
your mind, to pull something out and mo"e it around. 0 garden gi"es you a feeling that you are in your
own pri"ate world. %hat, after all, is the real reason for a garden, the true meaning of it is = a refuge.
%hat/s what gardens were in their earliest in#arnations.
B. Have you heard the old English saying "She has green fingers"? To put it simply, the person is good at growing
things, everything she plants comes popping out of the ground, and soon becomes the envy of the neighbourhood.
o you have green fingers? E!change your ideas on gardening.

Verbals Exercises

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Section VIII. THE NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERB (VERBALS)

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