N y i M e k a r S a p t a r i n i

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1. Preparatory phase : Phosphorylation of
glucose and its conversion to glyceraldehyde
3-phosphate
2. Payoff phase : Oxidative conversion of
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to pyruvate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to pyruvate and
the coupled formation of ATP and NADH.
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(1) degradation of the carbon skeleton of
glucose to yield pyruvate,
(2) phosphorylation of ADP to ATP by high-
energy phosphate compounds formed
during glycolysis,
energy phosphate compounds formed
during glycolysis,
(3) transfer of a hydride ion to NAD, forming
NADH.
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Plasma membrane lacks transporters for phosphorylated sugars,
the intermediates cannot leave the cell.
Phosphoryl groups are essential components in the enzymatic
conservation of metabolic energy.
Binding energy resulting from the binding of phosphate groups to
the active sites of enzymes lowers the activation energy and the active sites of enzymes lowers the activation energy and
increases the specificity of the enzymatic reactions.
1,3-bisphosphoglycerate & phosphoenolpyruvate donate
phosphoryl groups to ADP to form ATP.
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1 1
Pyruvate is oxidized, with loss of its carboxyl group as
CO2, to yield the acetyl group of acetyl-coenzyme A;
the acetyl group is then oxidized completely to CO2
by the citric acid cycle .
Pyruvate is reduced to lactate via lactic acid
fermentation in hypoxia, pyruvate accepting
electrons from NADH and thereby regenerating the
NAD necessary for glycolysis to continue.
Pyruvate catabolism leads to ethanol via ethanol
(alcohol) fermentation under hypoxic or anaerobic (alcohol) fermentation under hypoxic or anaerobic
conditions into ethanol and CO2.
1 2
H y p o x i a i n a c t i v e s k e l e t a l
m u s c l e , i n s u b m e r g e d p l a n t
t i s s u e s , o r i n l a c t i c a c i d
b a c t e r i a r e g e n e r a t e b a c t e r i a r e g e n e r a t e
N A D d u r i n g a n a e r o b i c
g l y c o l y s i s b y t r a n s f e r r i n g
e l e c t r o n s f r o m N A D H t o
f o r m a r e d u c e d e n d
p r o d u c t s u c h a s l a c t a t e o r
e t h a n o l .
1 3
A n a e r o b i c c o n d i t i o n i n a n i m a l
t i s s u e s :
p y r u v a t e a n d N A D H p r o d u c e d i n
g l y c o l y s i s , N A D i s r e g e n e r a t e d
f r o m N A D H b y t h e r e d u c t i o n o f
p y r u v a t e t o l a c t a t e .
1 4
T h e l a c t a t e c a n b e r e c y c l e d ;
i t i s c a r r i e d i n t h e b l o o d t o
t h e l i v e r , w h e r e i t i s
c o n v e r t e d t o g l u c o s e d u r i n g
t h e r e c o v e r y f r o m s t r e n u o u s t h e r e c o v e r y f r o m s t r e n u o u s
m u s c u l a r a c t i v i t y .
L a r g e q u a n t i t i e s o f l a c t a t e
i o n i z a t i o n o f l a c t i c a c i d
a c i d i f i c a t i o n i n m u s c l e a n d
b l o o d l i m i t s t h e p e r i o d o f
v i g o r o u s a c t i v i t y .
1 5
A n a e r o b i c c o n d i t i o n i n
m i c r o o r g a n i s m s :
G l u c o s e i s c o n v e r t e d t o p y r u v a t e
b y g l y c o l y s i s , a n d t h e p y r u v a t e
i s c o n v e r t e d t o e t h a n o l a n d C O 2
1 6
A l c o h o l d e h y d r o g e n a s e i s
p r e s e n t i n m a n y o r g a n i s m s
t h a t m e t a b o l i z e e t h a n o l ,
i n c l u d i n g h u m a n s .
I n h u m a n l i v e r i t c a t a l y z e s
i n c l u d i n g h u m a n s .
I n h u m a n l i v e r i t c a t a l y z e s
t h e o x i d a t i o n o f e t h a n o l ,
e i t h e r i n g e s t e d o r p r o d u c e d
b y i n t e s t i n a l m i c r o o r g a n i s m s ,
w i t h t h e c o n c o m i t a n t
r e d u c t i o n o f N A D t o N A D H .
1 7
1 8
G l u c o n e o g e n e s i s : f o r m a t i o n o f
n e w s u g a r c o n v e r t s p y r u v a t e
a n d r e l a t e d t h r e e - a n d f o u r -
c a r b o n c o m p o u n d s t o g l u c o s e .
G l u c o n e o g e n e s i s o c c u r w h e n
t h e s u p p l y o f g l u c o s e f r o m
g l y c o g e n i n m u s c l e a n d l i v e r i s
t h e s u p p l y o f g l u c o s e f r o m
g l y c o g e n i n m u s c l e a n d l i v e r i s
n o t s u f f i c i e n t : b e t w e e n m e a l s
a n d d u r i n g l o n g e r f a s t s , o r a f t e r
v i g o r o u s e x e r c i s e .
O r g a n i s m s s y n t h e s e d g l u c o s e
f r o m n o n c a r b o h y d r a t e
p r e c u r s o r s .
1 9
2 0
I n m a m m a l s , g l u c o n e o g e n e s i s
t a k e s p l a c e i n t h e l i v e r a n d t h e
r e n a l c o r t e x .
T h e g l u c o s e p r o d u c e d p a s s e s
i n t o t h e b l o o d t o s u p p l y o t h e r
t i s s u e s . A f t e r v i g o r o u s e x e r c i s e , t i s s u e s . A f t e r v i g o r o u s e x e r c i s e ,
l a c t a t e p r o d u c e d i n s k e l e t a l
m u s c l e r e t u r n s t o t h e l i v e r a n d i s
c o n v e r t e d t o g l u c o s e , w h i c h
m o v e s b a c k t o m u s c l e a n d i s
c o n v e r t e d t o g l y c o g e n t h e
C o r i c y c l e
2 1
2 2
2 3
3 r e a c t i o n s o f g l y c o l y s i s a r e
i r r e v e r s i b l e a n d c a n n o t b e
u s e d i n g l u c o n e o g e n e s i s :
1 . t h e c o n v e r s i o n o f g l u c o s e t o
g l u c o s e 6 - p h o s p h a t e b y
h e x o k i n a s e ,
g l u c o s e 6 - p h o s p h a t e b y
h e x o k i n a s e ,
2 . t h e p h o s p h o r y l a t i o n o f
f r u c t o s e 6 - p h o s p h a t e t o
f r u c t o s e 1 , 6 - b i s p h o s p h a t e b y
p h o s p h o f r u c t o k i n a s e - 1 ,
3 . t h e c o n v e r s i o n o f
p h o s p h o e n o l p y r u v a t e t o
p y r u v a t e b y p y r u v a t e k i n a s e
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2 5
2 6
T h e s y n t h e s i s o f g l u c o s e f r o m
p y r u v a t e i s a n e x p e n s i v e p r o c e s s .
H i g h e n e r g y c o s t i s n e c e s s a r y t o
e n s u r e t h e i r r e v e r s i b i l i t y o f
g l u c o n e o g e n e s i s .
G g l y c o l y s i s i s - 6 3 k J / m o l .
G g l u c o n e o g e n e s i s i s - 1 6 k J / m o l .
2 7
T h e b i o s y n t h e t i c p a t h w a y t o
g l u c o s e n o t o n l y f r o m p y r u v a t e ,
b u t a l s o f r o m t h e f o u r - , f i v e - ,
a n d s i x - c a r b o n i n t e r m e d i a t e s o f
t h e c i t r i c a c i d c y c l e .
a n d s i x - c a r b o n i n t e r m e d i a t e s o f
t h e c i t r i c a c i d c y c l e .
C i t r a t e , i s o c i t r a t e , - k e t o g l u t a r a t e ,
s u c c i n y l - C o A , s u c c i n a t e ,
f u m a r a t e , a n d m a l a t e c i t r i c
a c i d c y c l e i n t e r m e d i a t e s c a n
u n d e r g o o x i d a t i o n t o
o x a l o a c e t a t e .
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2 9
T h e c a r b o n a t o m s o f a m i n o
a c i d s a r e c a t a b o l i z e d t o
p y r u v a t e o r t o
i n t e r m e d i a t e s o f t h e c i t r i c i n t e r m e d i a t e s o f t h e c i t r i c
a c i d c y c l e .
S u c h a m i n o a c i d s c a n
c o n v e r s i o n t o g l u c o s e a n d
a r e s a i d t o b e g l u c o g e n i c
3 0
3 1
3 2
T h e m a j o r c a t a b o l i c f a t e o f
g l u c o s e 6 - p h o s p h a t e i s
g l y c o l y t i c b r e a k d o w n t o
p y r u v a t e , t h e n o x i d i z e d v i a t h e
c i t r i c a c i d c y c l e t o t h e
f o r m a t i o n o f A T P .
G l u c o s e 6 - p h o s p h a t e h a s
o t h e r c a t a b o l i c f a t e s , l e a d t o
G l u c o s e 6 - p h o s p h a t e h a s
o t h e r c a t a b o l i c f a t e s , l e a d t o
s p e c i a l i z e d p r o d u c t s n e e d e d b y
t h e c e l l .
S o m e t i s s u e s o x i d a t e d g l u c o s e
6 - p h o s p h a t e t o p e n t o s e
p h o s p h a t e s b y t h e p e n t o s e
p h o s p h a t e p a t h w a y .
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3 4
R a p i d l y d i v i d i n g c e l l s ( b o n e
m a r r o w , s k i n , a n d i n t e s t i n a l
m u c o s a ) u s e t h e p e n t o s e s t o
m a k e R N A , D N A , a n d s u c h
c o e n z y m e s a s A T P , N A D H ,
F A D H 2 , a n d c o e n z y m e A .
I n o t h e r t i s s u e s , t h e e s s e n t i a l
p r o d u c t i s t h e e l e c t r o n d o n o r
N A D P H , n e e d e d f o r r e d u c t i v e
b i o s y n t h e s i s o r t o c o u n t e r t h e
N A D P H , n e e d e d f o r r e d u c t i v e
b i o s y n t h e s i s o r t o c o u n t e r t h e
d a m a g i n g e f f e c t s o f o x y g e n
r a d i c a l s .
I n e r y t h r o c y t e s , t h e N A D P H
p r e v e n t e d o x i d a t i v e d a m a g e t h a t
a g e n e t i c d e f e c t i n g l u c o s e 6 -
p h o s p h a t e d e h y d r o g e n a s e .
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T h e O x i d a t i v e P h a s e
P r o d u c e s P e n t o s e
P h o s p h a t e s a n d N A D P H
T h e N o n o x i d a t i v e P h a s e T h e N o n o x i d a t i v e P h a s e
R e c y c l e s P e n t o s e
P h o s p h a t e s t o G l u c o s e 6 -
P h o s p h a t e
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T h e o x i d a t i v e
r e a c t i o n s
3 7
3 8
3 9
4 0
4 1
4 2
R o l e o f N A D P H
i n r e g u l a t i n g
R o l e o f N A D P H
i n r e g u l a t i n g
t h e p a r t i t i o n i n g
o f g l u c o s e 6 -
p h o s p h a t e
b e t w e e n
g l y c o l y s i s
& p e n t o s e
p h o s p h a t e
p a t h w a y .
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