Answer key for extension worksheet: Unit 1

1. Viruses are incapable of performing their vital function without another organism and
only reproduce by infecting it. They are not living organisms.
2. Heterotrophs can be herbivores, carnivores, omnivores and decomposers.
3. Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen.
4. Dissolvent, transport and thermic regulator.
5. a) Rocks and trunks e) Warm seas
b) Desert f) Fresh water
c) Forest g) Coast rocks
d) Savannah h) Fields
i) Puddles
6. Fresh water is more influenced by climate and is less salty.
7. The ozone layer protects the Earth from the Suns ultraviolet rays, which are lethal to
living things and it maintains the temperature.
8. Prevention from drying out: mucus to humidify the skin, waterproof covers (scales from
reptiles), shells to protect eggs, development of an embryo inside the mother, etc.
Prevention against temperature changes: regulatory mechanisms, hibernation, migration,
etc.
9. a) There are no contradictions.
b) Uniformity is due to the fact that all living things have a common origin. Diversity is
explained by evolution throughout a long period of time.
10. Unicellular (bacteria). Multicellular (lion).
11. Artificial systems: based on some common characteristic easily identifiable, like the
presence of wings, the habitat, etc. Natural systems: based on scientific criteria that
search for the degrees of similarity between the individuals and their possible
evolutionary relationships, like the Linnean system.
12. Aristotle based his classification on structural similarities. He classified animals into
two groups: with and without blood; the latter were grouped into flying, swimming and
walking (air, water or land). This is an artificial classification that takes into consideration
arbitrary characteristics, without looking at the similarities between the organs of different
individuals.

Answer key for extension worksheets: Unit 2
1. Because they have an internal skeleton that grows at the same rate as the rest of the
body.
2. External fertilisation. The female lays many eggs in the water, and the males fertilise
them externally. After a week, the eggs hatch and their offspring are born.
3. They propel themselves using undulating movements and swishing their tails back and
forth. To stay afloat they must be in constant movement. Their fins act as stabilisers.
4. Tadpole: appearance of a fish, legless, long tail, fins, external fins (they are the frog
larvae)
Frog: short forelimbs and well- developed hind legs, with neither tail nor external gills,
lung and skin based respiration.
5. Larva grow and develop outside the mother whereas a foetus develops and grow inside
the mother.
6. It lived in the Jurassic period, 150 millions of years ago. It had a reptilian skeleton, a
long tail bone, fingers with nails and a jaw with teeth, like reptiles. But the presence of
feathers (for heat, not flight) makes us place it among birds.
7. 1- vane
2- rachis or shaft
3- calamus or quill

8. They are omnivorous. They eat plants, fodder, insects and rats.
9. No. Birds are very voracious. In relation to their size, small birds eat much more than
larger ones.
10. Similarities: hair and mammary glands.
Differences: webbed feet, spur connected to a poison gland in the hind legs of the
male, snout shaped like a duck and oviparous reproduction.
11. With migration, the birds take advantage of the abundance of food in each region at
different times of the year and ensure their young have good conditions of temperature and
food.
12. Its mechanisms of maintaining body temperature allowed them to live in habitats with
different weather conditions. The aerodynamic shape of the body, the hollow bones
(pneumatics) and the formation of air sacs in the lungs.

Answer key for extension worksheets: Unit 3
1. Because they have no apparatus or organs.
2. Through sexual reproduction, jellyfish create larvae. These are fixed to the bottom of the
sea and become polyps, which by asexual reproduction originate jellyfish.
3. They breathe through the skin. Neither O2 nor CO2 go through dry skin.
4. Marine gastropods, bivalves and cephalopods, gills. Terrestrial gastropods, lung.
5. There is a mucus-secreting gland in its foot that facilitates its movement.
6. If a foreign substance enters the oyster, it is protected by secreting nacre, which is how
the pearl is made.
7. Glands in the abdomen secrete a liquid, which with air, becomes the silken threads of
their webs. With them they catch their prey and protect their eggs.
8. Scorpions have a stinger at the end of the abdomen that is connected to its poison
glands. Spiders have poisonous venom glands in the chelicerae.
9. Small size, ability to fly, many descendants and adaptability.
10. Both have a segmented body, a nervous system and similar larval forms.
11. Beneficial: bees (honey), silkworms (silk), beetles (decomposers), mantis, ladybugs,
ants (kills harmful insects), fruit flies (research). Harmful: Colorado potato beetle (destroys
crops); fleas (transmits diseases); moths and cockroaches (eats stored produce);
mosquitos and grasshoppers (destroy plants).
12. To grow, they must shed the exoskeleton and become vulnerable to predators. They
only grow when they are moulting.
13. They surround the animal, attach their ambulacral feet over the valves and pull, after a
half an hour, the bivalve relaxes and the starfish pushes its stomach (which the starfish
pulls out through its mouth) in between its valves.
14. a) It is a crustacean introduced in 1974 into the Guadalquivir River for commercial
purposes.
b) Lives in marshes, ponds and soft Spanish rivers.
c) Competes with the native crayfish destroying biodiversity.
15. Corals and cnidaria form reefs in clean, shallow, warm, and well lighted waters, as they
feed on algae.
16. Most live in salt water. Bivalves have also colonised fresh water. Snails are the only
ones that can live on land.

Answer key for extension worksheets: Unit 4
1. Autotrophs: daisy, horsetail, fern, palm tree, wheat and red alga
Heterotrophs: truffle, Caesars mushroom, red pine mushroom, boletus, mushroom and
amanita muscaria
2. One year per ring.
3. Because it colonises territories. It also avoids competition between offspring and
parent.
4. Germination is the growth and development of the embryo inside the seed. Suitable
moisture, temperature, oxygen and light levels are needed.
5. Water, wind, animals and self-dispersion.
6. a) They are needle shaped and have a thick and sturdy surface.
b) They are adapted to conditions of low humidity.
7. They protect against loss of humidity and erosion in the soil.
8. Ferns are more advanced than mosses because they have roots and stems, allowing
them to be bigger. Flowering plants are more evolved than ferns, as they can live in varied
environments.
9. a) 300 million years ago, in the Carboniferous period of the Primary Era.
b) The remains left underground created coal.
10. They have leaves transformed into thorns to minimise the perspiration and fleshy and
soft stems that are capable of retaining water.
11. The blade is perennial, small and covered with a cuticle, which saves water.
12. The seed is the result of fertilisation of the female gamete (egg) by a male gamete
(pollen). The spore is produced by specialised bodies, without fertilisation.
13. Unicellular fungi are used in fermentation processes to make bread, beer, wine, etc.
And in laboratories as biological research material.
14. Mushrooms are heterotrophs and therefore, require a substrate with decaying organic
substances to provide nutrients.

Answer key for extension worksheets: Unit 5
1. Cells have different shapes depending on their specific function.
2. Colonies are groups of similar cells that cooperate to be more effective. They perform
their vital functions by themselves.
3. Yes. The neuron has an irregular shape with prolongations, which is associated with the
ability to capture and transmit stimuli. The elongated and fusiform shape of the cell allows
it to contract and relax. The muscle cell shape is related to the shape of muscle.
4. Within the nucleus in eukaryotic cells and in the cytoplasm in prokaryotic cells because
they do not have a nucleus.
5. They do not perform photosynthesis (no light reaches them). Therefore, they are
heterotrophic, i.e., they feed on the matter made up by leaves or stems.
6. No, because they have a cell wall that surrounds the plasmatic membrane, which gives
rigidity and consistency.
7. A cell reproduces only when it responds to the signals to divide sent by neighbouring
cells. Cancerous cells ignore this and divide constantly without control.
8. a) A single-celled algae.
b) They take contaminated water, which infects the nervous system.
c) Eating these animals can poison us.
9. Their distribution depends on the temperature and light levels. Green algae are located
on the surface (more light and higher temperatures); brown in intermediate zones, and red
in deep areas (less light and lower temperatures).
10. In some bacteria, high temperatures cause the destruction of their molecules.
11. With water filtration and chlorination. On a small scale, it is useful to boil water for 10
minutes.
12. To remove bacteria from food or materials, subjecting the material to high
temperatures or chemical products.
13. Transforming waste products into compost by microorganisms.
14. They contain bacteria that balance the intestinal bacterial flora. The probiotic bacteria
produce bacteriocins (natural antibiotics).
15. Substances produced by fungi are used against diseases caused by bacteria, but do not
eliminate viruses.
16. The causative agent is a virus (HIV) that causes a progressive destruction of the
immune system, exposing the sick person to infections and cancers. The disease is
transmitted through sexual contact, sharing needles, blood transfusions or contamination
from mother to child through the placenta.

Answer key for extension worksheets: Unit 6
1. a) A stride is a complete locomotion cycle, when all the limbs have returned to their
initial relative position.
b) Yes. A long stride indicates long legs and therefore a large animal.
c) No. It depends on whether it is running or walking and also on the size (is it an adult
of infant).
2. a) Because there were fish and crabs.
b) By a lake. Traces of leaves and dragonflies served to rule out the sea and river. Trees
and dragonflies are fresh water species, although there are trees growing by the seashore.
The river current usually drags the remains downstream, destroying them.
3. a) By studying dinosaur ignites you can determine whether they were biped or
tetrapods, how large they were, whether they had webbed feet or padded paws, number
and shape of toes, etc.
b) Fossilised remains of dinosaur teeth and bones are also found.
c) The main cause of the extinction of the dinosaurs was a giant asteroid that hit the
Earth 65 million years ago and produced a series of catastrophic changes to the planet.
4. The darkening of the atmosphere greatly reduced the photosynthetic capability of
plants, so many plants disappeared and with them the animals that fed on them and the
carnivores that fed on these herbivores (the domino effect).
5. a) Because they are not covered by any sediment on the forest floor and bacteria and
soil fungi end up decomposing them.
b) Because coal was formed millions of years ago from plant debris accumulated in
swampy areas.
6. Each plant species produces a different type of pollen, so that from a sample of pollen
we can deduce what type of vegetation it had at that time. We can also deduce the type of
climate that prevailed knowing the most abundant vegetation, as each plant has its
particular climatic requirements.
7. This certificate guarantees that the exploitation of these forests is sustainable, namely
that it is extracted at the same rate which is replenished, and respects the ecosystem and
the indigenous way of life.
8. b), a), g), e), c), d), f), h)

Answer key for extension worksheets: Unit 7
1. The positions of the Earth in its rotation around the Sun in winter and summer, and the
inclination of the Earths axis of rotation with respect to the ecliptic plane.
2. The energy from the Sun originates in its core.
3. It is thought that Pluto belongs to the Kuiper belt, where there are many similar
planetary bodies similar to asteroids, some of which are similar to Pluto in nature and
dimensions.
4. The Sun, in about 6,000 million years, will finish using hydrogen as nuclear fuel and will
start to use helium. At that moment it will expand and it will transform into a red giant star.
Its diameter will extend to the orbit of Mars and, therefore, the Earth will be encompassed
within the Sun.
5. Students should learn to investigate sources of reliable information. One can reflect on
the changes science produces in human thought. One should also emphasise the level of
humanity and culture of scientists, and their difficulty in accepting their own findings when
they contradict their own religious beliefs, like what happened to Kepler.
6. The most modern craters are superimposed on the old ones.
7. The most plausible hypothesis is that it may belong to a planet that failed to form in that
orbit, or that once it formed it disintegrated. This planet would be the last of the terrestrial
planets in the Solar System if it had formed.

Answer key for extension worksheets: Unit 8
1. Yes, it can be foreseen because we know the orbits of the Earth and the Moon and their
movements. It can be calculated when they will be properly aligned for the Moon to hide the
Sun from Earth.
2. If it had been 10% higher, it would have had greater gravity, and among other things, it
would have retained in its atmosphere lighter gases that would change the composition,
modifying most likely the potential for the development of life.
If it had been 10% lower, the gravity would be lower and probably, it could not have retained
atmospheric gasses which are and have been fundamental for life.
3. The lithosphere is a rigid surface layer of the geosphere comprising the entire crust and
outer superior mantle. It is divided into plates that move relative to each other and create a
dynamic that is responsible for most geological processes.
4. On NASAs website: http://nasa.gov, there is a section on missions, one of which is the
Mars mission. The possible presence of life on this planet is linked to the existence of water
on Mars.

Answer key for extension worksheets: Unit 9
1. a) The process is called chemical precipitation and it is caused by super saturation
when the solvent (water) evaporates. It is a natural process, produced by solar energy,
but its production is conditioned by the human hand.
b) Therefore, cooking salt is not considered a mineral.
2. a) The hardness represented on Mohs scale is called a relative hardness because each
mineral is assigned a hardness in relation to the rest of the minerals. That is to say, if
a mineral has a hardness of 4, it is as hard as fluorite; if it has a 6.5, its hardness is in
between that of orthoclase and quartz.
b) The graph shows how the absolute hardness of minerals in the Mohs scale undergo no
steady increase, especially those at the end of the scale. The difference between the
hardness of each mineral from the one before it increases as Mohs scale increases.
Talcum and gypsum are almost equally hard while there is a much greater difference
between corundum and the mineral that precedes it on the scale. In other words, the
difference in hardness between diamond and corundum is enormous.
3. It is the dark coloured and glassy silicates that make up part of the igneous and
metamorphic rocks. Within the group of pyroxenes is, for example, augite, and within
the amphibole group, is hornblende.
4. Titanium is obtained from the mineral rutile. It has many uses due to its resistance to
change and its flexibility. It is used as a special metal in aeronautics and panels like
those covering the facade of the Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao.
Nickel is obtained from millerite and is used, among other things, to coat metal
surfaces, since it does not rust easily.
Chromium is obtained from chromite and is a component of stainless steel. It is also
used in metal coatings (chrome) and to produce pigments.
5. The underground presence of magnetite is being investigated by using magnetic
surveying. Dense minerals like gold, cinnabar or galena, or very low density minerals,
such as gypsum or halite can be found using gravimetric analysis.

Answer key for extension worksheets: Unit 10
1. Sandstone comes from the transformation of sand when compacted. Cement, which is a
mineral substance that binds the grains of sand, is what gives coherence to sandstone.
2. The conditions of formation is what determines their different textures. Sandstone is a
sedimentary rock which is formed in the outer crust of the Earth and undergoes neither
elevated pressure nor temperatures. Schist is a metamorphic rock that originates inside
the crust at high pressures and high temperatures, which cause foliation and imprint its
texture.
3. Granite and obsidian cannot contain fossils because they are the products of very high
temperatures, incompatible with the presence of living beings. Gneiss originates at
pressures and temperatures so high that if the rock of origin had had fossils, they would
have been destroyed during metamorphism.
4. Their composition is different. Marble is formed mainly of calcite, which releases
bubbles in contact with acids. Quartzite is made of quartz, which does not react to acids. In
addition, quartz has a hardness of 7 and calcite of 3.
5. Fossil fuels will run out one day, as they are not renewable. They produce air pollution,
which has two impacts: the artificial increment of the greenhouse effect and acid rain. In
addition, accidents during the transport of petroleum produce oil slicks.

Answer key for extension worksheets: Unit 11
1. Just because water is fresh does not mean it has no dissolved salts in it, but that it has to
a lesser extent than sea water. River water with salts flow to the sea and its salinity
increments as it goes. 2000 years ago, sea water was less salty than today due to the fact
that as time passed, the rivers added more and more salt to the sea.
2.
COLLECTION PROS CONS
Surface water Greater
accessibility
Better piping
More contamination
More evaporation
Less reserves
Underground
water
Less
contamination
Better quality
More reserves
Less accessibility
Use of energy in its
extraction and for piping
3. Basically, through volcanic eruptions.
4. Infiltration must be unconfined. Hence: Infiltration = precipitation = run off = evaporation
= transpiration. With data from weather stations, one knows the average annual
precipitation of a determined region, the amount of surface run off with the flow of rivers
and streams, and the exact amount of evaporation and transpiration. If the precipitation
exceeds the sum of the others, there will be an excess of water which can be stored by
infiltration in the subsurface. There is one other variable that is very important for
infiltration, and that is the permeability of the ground.
5. Improve piping to prevent loss, not to water "using a blanket of water" but by an
underground drip to prevent evaporation, adapt crops to the water reserves.
6. The main diseases caused by water are cholera, typhoid and dysentery. One possible
solution would be the purification of water, especially improving the aspects of disinfection.

Answer key for extension worksheet: Unit 12
1. At higher altitudes, the air column is smaller and therefore so is the atmospheric
pressure. The height and the atmospheric pressure have an inverse relationship, so that by
measuring the pressure we can determine the height.
2. At higher altitudes, air is less dense and contains less oxygen. Since red blood cells carry
oxygen in the blood, people living at higher altitudes produce more red blood cells taking
advantage of this.
3. a) Fog: clouds at ground level. This occurs if the humidity is so high in relation to the
temperature, that water vapour condenses at ground level.
b) Dew: water droplets on the surface of the ground. This forms when the ground surface
is cold and the humidity of the atmosphere is high.
c) Frost: This frozen dew. This occurs when water vapour not only condenses but freezes
as well.
4. a) The summer monsoon, which brings moist air from the ocean to the continent, has the
most rain.
b)
India Dry winds Colder Indian Ocean
Winter
India Moist winds Hotter Indian Ocean
Summer
5. Acid rain is the precipitation of water which contains acid on the Earths surface. It is
formed by combining water clouds with acidic materials from the combustion of coal and
oil, above all. One could avoid reducing the use of fossil fuels.

Answer key for extension worksheets: Unit 13
1. General properties: mass, volume
Specific properties: malleability, density, toughness, colour, brightness
2. Fundamental quantities: length, mass, time, temperature
Derived quantities: strength, size, pressure, power, acceleration
3. The average reached from the data, which is 12.36 g.
4. a) Mass b) Time c) Time d) Length e) Temperature f) Length
5. Inch (in), foot (ft.), yard (yd.), mile (mi). 1 in = 25.4 mm, 1 ft. = 12 in., 1 yd. = 3 ft., 1 mi =
1760 yd.
6. Both the same amount as they have the same volume.
7. Fill the glass with soda several times, until empty. To find the volume of the glass, divide
the volume of the bottle by the number of times the glass was filled.
8. The mass is always the same. The volume will vary as it depends on temperature.
9. As the two glasses are the same, the one with milk will outweigh the other because it is
denser.
10. Heterogeneous. Separation by magnetism.
11. By heating or grinding up the solute (the sugar cube).
12. If the mixture is put into water, the salt dissolves and the sand deposits on the bottom.
By filtration, the sand is separated and then the salt evaporates.
13. x = 15 g/0.1 L = 150 g/L
14. The oil is decanted and the salt separated from the water by distillation or evaporation.
15. Bleach: sodium hypochlorite and water
Granite: quartz, feldspar and mica
Oil: methane, ethane and propane
Cola: carbon dioxide, water, caffeine and sugar
Vinegar: water and acetic acid. Urine: urea and water

Answer key for extension worksheets: Unit 14
1. Because the forces of attraction between the atoms can be of varying intensity.
2. Water freezes into the cracks, then expands, pressing and fracturing the rocks.
3. It measures the rate of evaporation of liquid. Acetone, ether, gasoline, alcohol.
4. Liquid water is denser than ice.
5. Because the forces between particles are more intense in solids than in fluids.
6. Gas would evaporate and released from the lemonade.
7. Because gas is released, it expands.
8.
d = m!V , hence m = d V
d1 = 0.92 g/cm
3

d2 = 1.03 g/cm
3
V = 100 cm
3

m1 = 0.92 100 = 92 g
m2 = 1.03 100 = 103 g
9. Yes, if they also have more volume.
10. Wood floats on water because it is less dense than water is, but steel sinks. In gasoline
they do not float, both are denser.
11. Oil is less dense than water and would stay on top.
12. a) Mass: 125g, volume: 250 cm
3
b) The density is 0.5 g/cm
3
c) Density
14. Fusion T: 273 K
Boiling T: 373 K.
15. Curio (Cu): Pierre and Marie Curie. Einsteinium (Es): Albert Einstein. Fermium (Fm):
Enrico Fermi. Mendelevium (Md): Mendeleev. Nobelium (No): Alfred Nobel.