Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
F (60
C).
FIG. 1.7b
Current generation instrument isolation and process DBB valves. (Courtesy of Oliver Valve Ltd.)
FIG. 1.7c
Fiscal orice metering installation using direct-mounting technique.
(Courtesy of Tyco/Anderson Greenwood.)
2003 by Bla Liptk
1.7 Instrument Installation
103
This can be signicant both internally and externallytropical
marine installations can easily achieve such temperature in
sunlight. Monel
(cupronickel) and duplex stainless are both
widely used in such locations; duplex offers higher tensile
strength and pressure rating. Ensure that the tube wall thickness
chosen meets the most stringent pressure and temperature com-
bination likely to be found.
If possible, avoid using or having tube with identical diam-
eter but different wall thicknesses and materials in the same
plant, even at the expense of using more costly material,
because the probability of getting under-rated material installed
during maintenance or modication is severely increased. If it
is necessary, ensure that the installations with higher-grade
material are permanently agged on drawings and in the eld
(Table 1.7d).
Electrical Installations in Potentially Explosive Locations
While the practices for piping/tubing installations are similar
around the world, there is a split between North American
and European practices (commonly described as NEC v. IEC
practices) in wiring methods. Fortunately this divide is now
closing, as IEC design practices are becoming accepted in
parallel with NEC in North America, though there are still a
few standards where features mandated by IEC are prohibited
by NEC. The best advice is to determine the statutory and
regulatory rules for the site, and try to avoid any violation of
them. Try may be the operative word in many cases, where
considerable negotiating might be required with the regula-
tory inspectors if state-of-the-art equipment is required, and
the approval certication is not quite ready for your site.
Physical Support
The traditional support for eld instruments is 2NS (DN50)
pipe. Most non-inline eld instruments are provided with
mounting brackets designed to attach to vertical or horizontal
pipe, and also to at plate. Traditionally, these supports have
been fabricated from carbon steel pipe and plate and been
hot-dip galvanized after fabrication. Some design details
endeavour to weld zinc plated material, but this practice is
difcult in achieving good welds and the zinc fume from
the welding is toxic. Therefore, one should generally avoid
the use of zinc coatings. Also, there have been a number of
TABLE 1.7d
Instrument Tubing Properties
198
C
<
T
<
37
325
F
<
T
<
100
254
C
<
T
<
37
425
F
<
T
<
100
29
C
<
T
<
37
20
F
<
T
<
100
F
Outside Diameter Wall Thickness Bore Max. WP 316/316L Max. WP 304 Max. WP Alloy400
inch mm inch mm inch mm psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa
0.125 3.18 0.036 0.91 0.053 1.35 11416 78729 10651 73454 10651 73454
0.1875 4.76 0.036 0.91 0.1155 2.93 7039 48545 6567 45292 6567 45292
0.250 6.35 0.036
0.048
0.064
0.91
1.22
1.63
0.178
0.154
0.122
4.52
3.91
3.10
5088
7039
9880
35091
48545
68137
4747
6567
9218
32740
45292
63572
4747
6567
9218
32740
45292
63572
0.375 9.53 0.036
0.048
0.064
0.91
1.22
1.63
0.303
0.279
0.247
7.70
7.09
6.27
3274
4469
6154
22577
30821
42443
3054
4170
5742
21065
28756
39599
3054
4170
5742
21065
28756
39599
0.500 12.70 0.036
0.048
0.064
0.91
1.22
1.63
0.428
0.404
0.372
10.87
10.26
9.45
2413
3274
4469
16642
22577
30821
2251
3054
4170
15527
21065
28756
2251
3054
4170
15527
21065
28756
Notes:
Max. working pressure based on the ASME B31.3 formula P
=
2tSE/(D
2tY), allowing a factor of 4 safety factor
t taken as 0.85 of the nominal wall thickness, according to ASTM A-269 manufacturing tolerance.
316/316L is a dual-graded cold-drawn seamless tube to ASTM A269/A213, max hardness Rb80.
Ultimate tensile strength
Temperature Correction at other
temperatures at nominal temperature
(above)
75000
1
70000
1
70000
1
psi
200
F
400
F
600
F
800
F
1000
F
93
C
204
C
316
C
427
C
538
C
1
0.96
0.85
0.79
0.76
1
0.93
0.82
0.76
0.76
0.88
0.79
0.79
0.76