CONTINOUS ASSESSMENT 3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

RESPIRATORY Anatomy
1. Describe the gross anatomy of the upper respiratory tract
with regard to the
1.1. External nose and nasal cavities
1.2. Nasopharynx
1.3. Larynx
1.4. Trachea
2. Describe the gross anatomy of the lower respiratory tract
with regard to the
2.1. Pleurae including their
2.1.1. Layers, reflections and recess
2.1.2. Innervation
2.1.3. Surface anatomy
2.2. Lungs including their
2.2.1. Location and relations
2.2.2. Fissures, lobes and bronchopulmonary
segments
2.2.3. Innervations
2.2.4. Blood supply
2.2.5. Lymphatic drainage
2.2.6. Surface anatomy
2.3. Bronchial tree
3. Describe the microscopic structure of the following
respiratory organs
3.1. Nasal mucosa
3.2. Larynx
3.3. Trachea
3.4. Bronchial tree
3.5. Lungs
4. Recall the anatomy of the
4.1. Skeleton and muscles of the thoracic wall
4.2. Diaphragm
5. Recall the movements of the thoracic cage in relation to
respiration

RESPIRATORY Physiology

1. Describe the functions of the lungs

2. Describe the mechanics of ventilation

3. Describe lung volumes, capacities and expiratory flow rates

4. Describe pulmonary perfusion

5. Describe perfusion-ventilation relationship

6. Describe the diffusion of respiratory gases in lungs and
tissues

7. Describe the transport of respiratory gases

8. Describe the regulation of respiration

9. Describe the respiratory adjustments during exercise and at
high and low barometric pressures



CONTINOUS ASSESSMENT 3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
RENAL Anatomy

1. Describe the gross anatomy of the upper urinary tract
with regard to
1.1. kidneys including their
1.1.1. location and external features
1.1.2. coverings
1.1.3. relations
1.1.4. gross internal features
1.1.5. blood supply
1.1.6. surface anatomy
1.2. ureters including their
1.2.1. course and relations
1.2.2. constriction
1.2.3. innervation
1.2.4. blood supply

2. Describe the gross anatomy of the lower urinary tract
with regard to the
2.1. urinary bladder including its
2.1.1. location and external features
2.1.2. relations
2.1.3. internal features
2.1.4. innervation
2.1.5. blood supply
2.2. male and female urethrae

3. Describe the microscopic structure of the
3.1. kidneys
3.2. ureters
3.3. urinary bladder
3.4. male and female urethrae



RENAL Physiology

1. List the functions of the kidney

2. Describe glomerular filtration and factors affecting it

3. Describe the concept of clearance and its application in
the estimation of glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma
flow and other renal functions

4. Describe
3.1. the mechanism of tubular reabsorption and
secretion of electrolytes (Na, K, H, Cl, Ca, Mg ,
HCO3), glucose and urea
3.2. transport maximum (Tm) and renal threshold

5. Describe the counter current mechanism in the
formation of dilute and concentrated urine

6. Explain the role of anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) in urine
formation and the concept of free water clearance

7. Discuss the homeostasis of water, sodium and
potassium

8. Describe the physiology of micturition



CONTINOUS ASSESSMENT 3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
GASTROINTESTINAL Anatomy
1. Describe the development of gastrointestinal tract

2. Describe the gross and microscopic anatomy of the oral
cavity and its parts
2.1 lips
2.2 gum
2.3 teeth
2.4 cheek
2.5 palate

3. Describe the tongue with regard to its
3.1. external features
3.2. extrinsic and intrinsic muscles
3.3. innervation
3.4. blood supply
3.5. lymphatic drainage
3.6. microscopic structure

4. Describe the parotid, submandibular and sublingual salivary
glands with regard to their
4.1. location and relations
4.2. duct/ducts
4.3. innervation
4.4. microscopic structure

5. Describe the gross anatomy of the oropharynx

6. Describe the oesophagus with regard to its
6.1. gross features
6.2. relations
6.3. blood supply
6.4 innervation
6.5 lymphatic drainage
6.6. microscopic structure at different levels

7. Outline the general disposition of the peritoneum and
comprehend the terms
7.1 visceral and parietal peritoneum
7.2 greater and lesser sac
7.3 greater and lesser omentum
7.4 mesentary and mesocolon


8. Describe the stomach with regard to its
8.1. location and gross features
8.2. peritoneal coverings and attachments
8.3. relations
8.4. innervation
8.5. blood supply
8.6. lymphatic drainage
8.7. microscopic structure at different parts

9. Describe the duodenum with regard to its
9.1. location and gross features
9.2. relations
9.3. blood supply
9.4 innervation
9.5. microscopic structure

10. Describe the jejunum and ileum with regard to their
10.1. gross features
10.2. structural differences
10.3. pattern of blood supply
10.4 Innervation
10.5. microscopic structure




CONTINOUS ASSESSMENT 3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
11. Describe the liver with regard to its
11.1. location and gross features
11.2. peritoneal coverings and attachments
11.3. relations
11.4. blood supply
11.5. microscopic structure

12. Describe the gross anatomy and microscopic structure of
the gall bladder and biliary tract

13. Describe the pancreas with regard to its
13.1. gross features
13.2. relations
13.3. duct system
13.4. blood supply
13.5. microscopic structure

14. Describe the colon with regard to its
14.1. gross features and parts
14.2. peritoneal relations
14.3. blood supply
14.4 innervation
14.5 lymphatic drainage
14.6. microscopic structure

15. Describe the caecum and vermiform appendix with regard
to their
15.1. location and gross features
15.2. blood supply
15.3 innervation
15.4 lymphatic drainage
15.5. microscopic structure

16. Describe the rectum with regard to its
16.1. location and gross features
16.2. relations
16.3. blood supply
16.4. innervation
16.5. lymphatic drainage
16.6. microscopic structure

17. Describe the anal canal with regard to its
17.1. gross features
17.2. sphincters
17.3. relations
17.4. innervation
17.5. blood supply
17.6. lymphatic drainage
17.7. microscopic structure

18. Enumerate the gross and microscopic structural differences
between small and large intestines

19. Describe the portal circulation and describe the portal vein
with regard to
19.1. its formation, course and termination
19.2. the porto-systemic anastomoses

20. Describe the surface markings of the nine quadrants of the
abdominal cavity on the anterior abdominal wall



CONTINOUS ASSESSMENT 3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
GASTROINTESTINAL Physiology
Physiology

1. Describe the properties of gastrointestinal smooth
muscle

2. Describe the formation, composition, regulation of
secretion and functions of saliva

3. Describe the process of mastication and deglutition
reflex

4. Describe the function of stomach with reference to
4.1. gastric secretion: composition, mechanism and
regulation
4.2. motility of the stomach: basic electrical rhythm,
storage function, gastric emptying and its
regulation

5. Describe the exocrine pancreatic secretions with
reference to
5.1. composition and mechanism of secretion
5.2. functions
5.3. regulation of secretion

6. Describe bile secretion with reference to
6.1. composition and mechanism of secretion
6.2. functions of bile
6.3. regulation of secretion
6.4. function of the gall bladder and its regulation



7. Describe the physiology of small intestine with reference
to
7.1. secretions, composition and regulation of
secretion
7.2. hormones of the small intestine
7.3. movements of the small intestine and their
regulation
7.3.1. segmentation contraction
7.3.2. peristalsis
7.3.3. migrating myoelectrical complex

8. Describe the physiology of the large intestine with
reference to
8.1. secretions, composition and regulation of
secretion
8.2. movements of the large intestine and their
regulation
8.3. defaecation reflex

8. Describe the mechanism of vomiting




CONTINOUS ASSESSMENT 3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
BIOCHEMISTRY

RESPIRATORY Biochemistry

1. Recall the important buffer systems in the body and the
significance of HendersenHasselbach equation in acid-
base homeostasis

2. Discuss the role of lungs in the regulation of acid-base
balance

RENAL Biochemistry

1. Outline the role of kidney
1.1 In acid-base balance
1.2 As an endocrine organ

2. With respect to acid-base & electrolyte homeostasis
2.1. Integrate the role of blood, lung and kidney in
acid-base balance
2.2. Outline the interaction between acid-base &
electrolyte homeostasis

3. Give an overview of the metabolic functions of kidney










GASTROINTESTINAL Biochemistry

1. Describe the digestion and absorption of important dietary
carbohydrates, proteins and lipids with regard to
1.1 Their dietary sources
1.2 The sites, secretions and enzymes involved
1.3 The emulsification of dietary lipids
1.4 The formation of products from the substrates
1.5 Their absorption and malabsorption

2. Describe amino acid metabolism with regard to
2.1. Metabolic reaction
2.2. Fate of carbon skeleton
2.3. Fate of amino acid nitrogen
2.4. Synthesis of non-essential amino acid
2.5. Synthesis of biologically important products

3. Describe nitrogen balance with regard to
3.1. Amino acid pool
3.2. Nitrogen equilibrium
3.3. Positive nitrogen balance
3.4. Negative nitrogen balance

4. Describe the functions of liver with regard to
4.1. Bilirubin metabolism
4.2. Bile acid metabolism
4.3. Detoxification and excretion
4.4. Storage

5. Describe the functional, metabolic and nutritional aspects of
water-soluble vitamins and trace elements


CONTINOUS ASSESSMENT 3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
RESPIRATORY BLOCK OBJECTIVES

SKILLS
1. Identify the following:
1.1 parts of the lungs
1.2. lobes and fissures
1.3. hilum of lungs with the structures passing through it
1.4. impressions on the mediastina surface of the lungs
1.5. segmental branches of bronchi

2. Differentiate between right and left lungs

3. Draw the surface markings of the lungs and pleurae

4. Identify the histological features of lungs, trachea and
bronchial tree

5. Perform the recording of lung volumes, capacities and
expiratory flow rates

6. Interpret lung function tests (FCV, FEV% and expiratory flow
rates) with reference to obstructive and restrictive lung
diseases







RENAL BLOCK OBJECTIVES

SKILLS

1. Identify the different parts of urinary system

2. Identify the histological features of
2.1. kidney
2.2. ureter
2.3. urinary bladder
2.4. male and female urethrae

3. Perform full urine examination and microscopic
examination (FEME) of urine

4. Calculate and interprete the urine output, osmolality, pH and
and urinary excretion of electrolytes following ingestion of
water and exercise
CONTINOUS ASSESSMENT 3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
GASTEROINTESTINAL BLOCK OBJECTIVES
SKILLS

1. Draw the surface marking of the nine quadrants of the
abdominal cavity on the anterior abdominal wall

2. Identify the gross and histological features of
2.1 Tongue
2.2 Salivary Glands
2.3 Stomach
2.4 Small Intestine
2.5 Large Intestine
2.6 Liver
2.7 Gall Bladder
2.8 Biliary Apparatus
2.9 Pancreas
3. Analyse urine for bilirubin and urobilinogen
CONTINOUS ASSESSMENT 3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
FIRST AID BLOCK OBJECTIVES


KNOWLEDGE

1. List and discuss the principles and practice of First Aid

2. Define and discuss the techniques of basic life support
sequences in accordance to the American Heart Association
(AHA) Guidelines 2005:
2.1 Recognition of the scene and symptoms of sudden
cardiac arrest
2.2 Activation of the Emergency Medical Services
2.3 opening the airway
2.4 rescue breathing technique
2.5 chest compression
2.6 recovery position

3. Briefly describe the concept of "One Nation, One Number (999)"
and how to activate and make emergency calls.

4. Briefly describe the importance of early, effective chest
compression and defibrillation

5. Define drowning and its first aid management

6. Define the principles of performing water rescue on a drowning
victim

7. List the causes and types of wounds and bleeding and describe
the methods to control it

8. List and discuss bleeding from special areas (scalp, ear canal,
nasal, gums, tongue, cheek, palm and hand) and describe the
method to manage them.

9. Define circulatory failure and its causes

10. List types of poisoning commonly observed and discuss their
symptoms, signs and urgency of management

11. Describe the common snake bites in Malaysia and its first aid
measures.

12. List the causes and classification of burns and scalding and
their first aid measures.

13. List and discuss the different types of fractures, their symptoms
and signs of fractures and the methods of first aid measures
including splinting and transportation

14. Discuss the types of injuries to the muscles, ligaments and
joints (strains, sprains and dislocation) and their symptoms and
signs and the first aid measures including RICE treatment (Rest,
Ice, Compression and Elevation), immobilization and
transportation

15. Discuss the appropriate first aid measures to assist a woman in
labour

16. Discuss the principles and procedures necessary in providing
first aid assistance at the site of a road traffic accident (first
responder approach)

17. List and discuss the first aid measures of sudden illnesses

18. Discuss the first aid measures of bites and stings


CONTINOUS ASSESSMENT 3 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
19. Discuss the first aid measures of heat and cold related
emergencies.

20. Discuss the first aid measures of behavioral emergencies

21. Discuss the first aid measures of lightning injuries and altitude
illnesses.


SKILLS

1. Perform a correct technique of applying bandages and
dressings according to the types of injuries

2. Perform a correct technique of applying various types of
splints according to the places and types of injuries

3. Perform a correct primary and secondary survey of a
casualty

4. Perform a correct technique of turning, positioning and
lifting an unconscious casualty

5. Perform a correct technique in BLS sequences such as
5.1. activated EMS system
5.2. open airway
5.3. rescue breathing technique
5.4. chest compression
5.5. recovery position

6. Perform a correct identification and application of
pressure dressing to control bleeding

7. Demonstrate the proper method transportation of a
casualty including
7.1. stretcher loading and carrying
7.2. placing the casualty from the scene to the
stretcher
7.3. special technique for suspected spinal injuries

8. Demonstrate proper and effective stretcher drill

9. Demonstrate the techniques to make an emergency
calls and the relevant vital information to relay to the
operator and hospital call center



ATTITUDES

1. Aware of the importance of quick but thoughtful action
when faced with emergency situations

2. Aware of ones limitations in handling emergency cases and
the need to call for help