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Therotorofasquirrelcagemotor
ThereareseveraldifferentACmotortypes,eachonewithdifferentoperatingand
mechanicalcharacteristics.Themostcommontypethoughisthesocalledsquirrel
cagerotor.Itiscalledsquirrelcage,becauseit'srotorlooksliketheexercisingwheel
foundinsquirrelorhamstercages.
Atypical3phasesquirrelcagemotorhassixconnectionleadsintheelectrical
connectionboxforthethreecoils.IfsomeoneworkswithAC3phasemotors,thenit
isimportanttoknowhowtoconnectthesemotorsinStarandDeltaconnection,andhowtodetectanelectrical
problem.Therearebasically4problemsthatthemotorwindingscansufferfrom:
Brokencoil(infinitecoilresistance)
Shortcircuitedcoil(lessthannormalorzerocoilresistance)
Leakingcoiltoground(currentleakingfromonecoiltoground/neutral)
Twoormorecoilsshortcircuitedwitheachother(currentleakingfromonecoiltoanothercoil)
AlloftheaboveproblemscanbedetectedwithasimpleOhmmeter.Firstofall,youneedtounderstandhowthe
coilsareconnectedwiththesixmotorleadsthatexistintheelectricalconnectionbox.Hereisaphotofroma
typicalelectricalconnectionbox:
Asyoucansee,thereareindeedsixleadsarrangedintworows.Sinceeachcoilhas2endings,itiseasyto
understandthatthesesixleadscorrespondcanbeseparatedinthreepairs,andeachpairisconnectedtoonecoil.
Itseemslogicaltoseparatethese3pairsinaverticalpattern,butthatisnotcorrect.Instead,thepairsareincross
patternlikethis:
Youmaynowwonder,whythecoilsareconnectedincrosspatternandnotvertically...Theansweristhis:To
easilybridgeapermanentconnection.ApermanentconnectioniswhenthemotorisconnectedinStarorDelta,
andthisconnectioncannotbechanged.Thisisusuallydoneifthemotorissmall(smallerthan3.5KWatts)orthe
motorisdrivenbyaninverterorsomekindofelectronicdriver.Apermanentconnectionisusuallyaccomplished
with2or3metallicbridges.
SupposeforexamplethatthemotorisconnectedinStar.Inastarconnection,eachoneofthe3phases(RST)is
connectedatoneendofeachcoil.Theotherendsofthecoilsareconnectedtogetherinacommonpoint.Astar
connectioncanbeeasilyaccomplishedsimplybybridgingoneofthetwohorizontalrowsintheconnectionboxof
themotor.Thephasesarethenconnectedontheleadsoftheotherhorizontalrow:
Thisiswhywecallthistypeof
connection"Star"(orY)
Astarconnectionisaccomplished
simplybybridgingonehorizontal
rowintheconnectionbox
Thisisaphotofromtheconnection
boxofamotorconnectedinStar
SupposenowthatthemotorisconnectedinDelta.InDeltaconnection,theendofeachcoilisconnectedwiththe
startofanothercoil.The3coilsarethenconnectedinacircle,creatingthus3nodes.The3phasesarethen
appliedonthesenodes.ADeltaconnectioniseasilyaccomplishedbybridgingthe3columnsintheconnectionbox
vertically:
Thisiswhywecallthistypeof
connection"Delta"(fromtheGreek
letter)
ADeltaconnectioniseasily
accomplishedbybridgingthe3
columnsintheconnectionbox
vertically
Thisisaphotofromtheconnection
boxofamotorconnectedinDelta
Thereisonelastthingtoknow:All3coilsmusthavethesameresistance.Thatisofcourseeasytounderstand
why,sothereisnoneedtoexplainanyfurther.
Checkingthecoilsofanunconnectedmotor
Beingamotorunconnected,meansthattherearenoStarorDeltabridgesonitsleads.Thisisthemoststraight
forwardcasetounderstand.Allyouhavetodoistrytofindthecoilpairsintheelectricalconnectionbox.Let'sgive
numberstothe6leads:
Supposethatyoustartfromlead1andyouwanttofindit'spair.Youconnectthefirstprobeoftheohmmeterto
lead1,andthenyouconnecttheotherprobeoftheohmmetertoleadsA,B,C,2,3andground(motorchassis).If
themotorhasnoproblem,thenyoumustfindinfiniteresistancebetweenallleadsandground,exceptfromone
lead.ThisonecannotbeleadAthough,becauseaswesaidcoilsareconnectedincrosspattern.
Then,yourepeatthesameprocessbutthistimeyouconnectthefirstleadoftheohmmetertolead2,andthe
secondleadtoleadsA,B,C,3andground.Noticethatyoudonotneedagainbetween2and1sinceyou've
measuredalreadybefore.Again,youmustfindinfiniteresistancebetweenallleadsandground,exceptfromone
lead.Thisleadcannotbetheoneoppositeto2(whichistheleadB)andofcoursecannotbetheleadthatpairs
withlead1(foundfromthepreviousmeasurement).
Finally,yourepeatthesameprocesswiththefirstprobeonlead3,andthesecondprobeonleadsA,B,Cand
ground.Now,youknowexactlywhichofthese3leadspairswithlead3.IfforexampleyoufoundthatleadBpairs
with1andleadCpairswith2,thenobviouslyleadApairswith3.
Additionally,youcancomparetheresistancesbetweenthepairs.Iftheyareallequal,thenyouhaveaverywell
manufacturedmotor.Atoleranceof5%(andsometimes10%)isgenerallyaccepted.Ifthedifferenceisbigger,this
couldmeanthatsomewiresofthecoilareshortcircuitedandtheoverallcoillengthisshorter.Thisisthemost
difficultproblemtoidentifyinsuchamotor.Usually,ifthemotorhasshortcircuitedwindings,itwon'ttakelong
untilthisspecificcoilitistotallydestroyed.
Inshort
Youmustfindthesameresistancebetween3pairsofleadsONLY
Thesepairsmustbeincrosspatternasexplainedbefore
Theremustbeabsolutelynoconnection(infiniteresistance)betweenallothercombinations
Theremustbeabsolutelynoconnection(infiniteresistance)betweentheleadsandtheground
CheckingthecoilsofamotorconnectedinStarorDelta
CheckingthecoilsofamotorinpermanentStarconnection
Let'sfirstseetheleadsofthemotorinpermanentStarconnection:
Fromtheschematicdiagramyoucanseethatifthefirstprobeoftheohmmeterisconnectedtoonelead(for
example1)andtheotherprobeisconnectedtoanother(forexample2or3),theohmmetermustshowthetotal
resistanceoftwocoilsconnectedinseries.Theohmmetermustshowdoubletheresistanceofeachcoil(sinceall
coilshavethesameresistance).
So,hereiswhatyouhavetomeasure:Withthefirstprobeconnectedonlead1,youconnecttheotherprobeto
leads2,3andground.Ifthemotorhasnoproblem,thenyoumustfindexactlythesameresistancebetween12
and13,andinfiniteresistancebetween1andground.
Then,yourepeatthesameprocess,butwiththefirstprobeconnectedonlead2.Thenyouconnectedthesecond
probeonlead3andonground.Theresistancebetween2and3mustbeexactlythesamelikebefore,andthe
resistancebetween2andgroundmustbeinfinite.
Youdon'tneedtomakeanyothermeasurementtoverifythatthemotorisok.Asyousee,withthismethod,you
don'tneedtohavephysicalaccessinthemotor'selectricalconnection.Youcanmeasurethecoilsfromthe
protectionrelayintheelectricalcabinetinstead.Thisway,youcanverifyboththemotorANDthepowercables:
Ofcourse,itisVERYIMPORTANTtoensurethatthereisabsolutelynopowerinthecircuit!!!
Inshort
Youmustfindthesameresistancebetweenthethreeleadsthatpowerisappliedtothemotor.
Theremustbeabsolutelynoconnection(infiniteresistance)betweentheleadsandtheground
Themeasuredresistancemustbedoubletheresistanceofthecoils.
CheckingthecoilsofamotorinpermanentDeltaconnection
Let'sfirstseetheleadsofthemotorinpermanentDeltaconnection:
Fromtheschematicdiagramitisobviousthattherearethreepointsthatyoucanmeasurewiththemultimeter
withoutdisconnectingtheohmmeter,thethreenodes1,2and3.Likebefore,youmustfindexactlythesame
resistancebetween12,13and23,aswellasbetween1groundand2ground.
Foreducationalreasons,let'scalculatetheresistancethatmustbemeasured.Weassumethatall3coilshavethe
sameresistanceR
L
.Supposenowthatwemeasurebetweennodes1and2.Itisobviousthatthecoilsbetweenthe
nodes23and31areconnectedinseries.Thetotalresistanceofthesecoilsis2R
L
.Moreover,thecoilbetweenthe
nodes12isconnectedinparallelwiththeprevious2coils.So,thetotalresistancewhichwillbemeasuredwith
theohmmeteristheresultoftheR
L
parallelto2R
L
:
R
TOTAL
=(R
L
x2R
L
)/(R
L
+2R
L
)=2R
L
2
/3R
L
=>R
TOTAL
=2/3R
L
Fromtheaboveformulaweseethatifthecoilresistanceis20Ohms,theresistancethattheohmmeterwill
measurewillbe2/3x20,or0.66x20=13.3Ohms
Onceagain,itisobviousthatthecoilscanbemeasuredeitherdirectlyintothemotor'selectricalbox,oronthe
motorprotectionintheelectricalcabinet.Justmakesurethatthereisabsolutelynopowerinthecabinet.
Inshort
Youmustfindthesameresistancebetweenthethreeleadsthatpowerisappliedtothemotor.
Theremustbeabsolutelynoconnection(infiniteresistance)betweentheleadsandtheground
Themeasuredresistancemustbe2/3theresistanceofthecoils.
Threephasemotorscanoperateoneither220Voltsor440Volts
alternatingcurrent.Italldependsonhowthemotorconnectionissetup.
DeltaConnection(220VAC)
StarConnection(440VAC)
Most3phasemotorswillhavesixterminalpostsinsidethejunctionbox(Seephotobelow).Threeoftheterminals
willbetheinputterminals,theotherthreesendoffpowertotheinternalwindings.
Thissetupistypicalformostmotors.Noticeintheabovephotothattheconnectionsdonotconnectdirectly
acrossthejunction.
Test3PhaseMotor
Step1Disconnectinput&outputwires
Onceyouarecertainthatsourcepowerisshutoff,unhookthethreeinputwiresusuallylabeledL1,L2,andL3off
theinputterminals.Nowunhooktheoutputsidewiresofftheremainingthreeterminals.
Step2Testeachterminaltoground
TheyaremostcommonlylabeledU1,V1,andW1,andU2,V2,andW2.Metereachterminalcontacttothecase
metal.AnormalmeterreadingshouldbeinfiniteOhmsfromanyterminaltoground.Ifthereadingshowscloseto
zeroOhms,thentheterminalisshortedandthemotorwillneedreplacedorrepaired.
Step3Testtheterminaljunction
Tocheckthejunction,measureresistanceacrossatthesameletters.SofromU1diagonallyacrosstoU2you
shouldreadsomeamountofresistanceorpossiblynearcontinuity.Repeatthischeckonallthreejunctions.All
threethreepairsshouldproducenearthesameresistancereading.Seephotobelow.
Step4Testtheinputterminalstoeachother
OhmfromU1toV1first,thencheckU1toW1,andlastlyV1toW1.Thereadingshouldbeopen,orinfiniteOhms
sincenothingishookeduptotheterminals.
Step5Testeachphasewindingtoground
Separatelymeasuretheresistancefromeachoutputwindingwiretothecaseground.Thewiresmustbe
disconnectedtoperformthistest.Thereadingshouldbeopen,orinfiniteOhms.Ifyoureadlowresistanceor
continuity,thenthatphase'swindingisshortedtogroundandmustberepaired.
Step6Testeachphasewindingtoeachother
Measureresistancefromeachoutputwindingwiretoeachother.Thiswillbethreeseparatetests.Theresistance
betweenthewindingswillvarydependingonyourparticularmotor,butshouldreadveryclosetothesameonall
threetests.IfyoureadnearzeroOhmsbetweenthewindings,thenthewindingsareshortedtogetheranditis
timetopurchaseanewmotor.