Proceedings EPOC 2012 Conference

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Working Paper Proceedings

Engineering Project Organizations Conference
Rheden, The Netherlands
July 10-12, 2012









Leadership Development for Construction SMES

George Ofori and Shamas-ur-Rehman Toor













Proceedings Editors
Amy Javernick-Will, University of Colorado and Ashwin Mahalingam, IIT-Madras






Copyright belongs to the authors. All rights reserved. Please contact authors for citation details.

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LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT FOR CONSTRUCTION SMEs
George Ofori
1
and Shamas-ur-Rehman Toor
2

ABSTRACT
Construction firms face considerable problems and risks. Thus, there is a high rate of
mortality among such firms. On the other hand, in each country, these companies undertake the
projects which are required to provide a basis for economic growth and development, and
enhancement of the quality of life of the populace. Small and medium-sized construction
enterprises (SMEs) undertake the large number of projects dispersed throughout the country.
They form the bulk, by number, of companies in each industry, and offer operational flexibility
to the larger firms in their role as sub-contractors. Therefore, in many countries, there are
programmes to support the development of construction SMEs. The main components of these
programmes are financial assistance schemes, initiatives to support the acquisition of equipment,
and training. With regard to training, the concentration has been on imparting managerial and
technical skills. However, there is a consensus that there is a difference between management
and leadership, and that the entrepreneur must combine skills in both management and
leadership. It is important for the owners of construction companies to be good leaders. Thus,
their leadership capabilities should be enhanced.
A study on leadership development in the construction industry in Singapore is reported.
The study was based on 45 interviews with a total of 49 senior leaders of the industry. The
findings from this study forms the basis of a discussion of possible courses of action in
leadership development for construction SMEs.

KEYWORDS: Leadership development, small and medium-sized enterprises, construction

INTRODUCTION

Need for Leadership in Management of Construction SMEs

The construction industry is usually described as being one of the most risky business
arenas. Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) face particularly harsh business
environments. Examples of the risks (Toor and Ofori, 2008a) are those which are inherent in
construction activity such as lack of job continuity owing to the project-based nature of the
industry. Another group of risks concern the deficiencies in individual construction industries
themselves. Finally, there are several risks in the operating environment of the industries such as
difficulties in access to finance.
Today, the construction SME faces even more risks and challenges. First, the
beneficiaries and other stakeholders of projects are more knowledgeable, better organised and
have more exacting demands. Second, in all countries, more regulations are being introduced in
efforts to address environmental, health and safety and other concerns. Third, there is greater
competition from the larger number of enterprises in the industry offering the same services.
Fourth, the business partners of these firms also have greater expectations as they seek to

1
Professor, National University of Singapore, Singapore, bdgofori@nus.edu.sg.
2
Senior Manager, Islamic Development Bank, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, shamastoor@isdb. xxx.
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enhance their own competitiveness and project performance. Fifth, the firms must cope with a
situation in which there is greater stress on professionalism and transparency.
At the same time, construction offers several opportunities to SMEs, as evinced by the
large number of such companies in each country, giving the industry a typically pyramidal
structure. Moreover, help is available to companies to enable them to take advantage of the
opportunities and address the challenges and risks. There is greater understanding of the industry
and increasing maturity in policy development. There is also better awareness of the nature and
needs of construction SMEs. This has led to the development of more appropriate and better-
focused policies, programmes and initiatives for SME development, including training
programmes. Today, these firms have access to more, better and more user-friendly tools and
techniques, many of which are computer-based. In business, in the difficult operating
environment, there is greater tendency towards solidarity among businesses and their leaders to
foster their common interests.
There is the need for the SME entrepreneur to be more aware and able to inspire their
employees, clients and partners in order to attain greater joint performance. They should also be
strategic in orientation, better able to deal with risk and uncertainty, and adept at participating in
alliances and partnerships. In short, the SME entrepreneur, especially today, must be a leader.

Objectives of Research

The study addresses the following questions: What is leadership? Is there a difference
between leadership and management? How relevant is leadership to an SME in construction?
Who is a good SME construction leader? How can construction SME leaders be developed?
From a discussion based on the key works in the literature, the nature of leadership is
explained. Leadership is distinguished from management, while drawing out the
complementarities. What it means to be a leader in construction, and what it takes to succeed as a
leader of an SME in construction are discussed. A portion of a field study on authentic leadership
development in Singapore is presented. The final part of the paper is devoted to a consideration
of how construction SME leaders can be developed.

Leadership and management

There have been efforts to differentiate leadership from management (Zaleznik, 1977;
Bennis and Nanus, 1985). Mintzberg (1990) studied how managers spent their time and which
tasks they performed. He concluded that managers carry out the traditional functions of planning,
organising, co-ordinating and controlling. They perform ten related roles, which are in three
main categories: (i) interpersonal roles (figurehead, leader and liaison roles); (ii) informational
roles (monitor, disseminator and spokesperson roles); and (iii) decisional roles (entrepreneur,
disturbance handler, negotiator and resource allocator roles). Thus, leadership is one of the
functions of a manager.
As Toor and Ofori (2008a) argue, leadership is long-term, visionary, and purpose-
oriented, and seeks to attain innovation and change, while management is short-term, narrow,
and task-focused, and aspires to achieve control and stability. Similarly, leaders and managers
undertake different functions, apply different conceptualizations and approaches to work,
exercise different problem-solving approaches, and exhibit different behaviours owing to their
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different motivations. However, especially in the construction industry, emphasis on managerial
functionalism blurs the boundaries between management and leadership (Chan, 2008).

LEADERSHIP: A REVIEW

What is Leadership?

There is still a debate on the nature of leadership. Indeed, there is no consensus on a
definition. Some more recent definitions include that of Chemers (1997, p. 1) who believed that:
Leadership is a process of social influence in which one person is able to enlist the aid and
support of others in the accomplishment of a common task. Vroom and Jago (2007, p. 18)
defined leadership as: A process of motivating people to work together collaboratively to
accomplish great things.
The study of leadership in the context of business organizations started in the early
twentieth century, from the classical management period when leader and follower
characteristics were differentiated (Taylor, 1911). Various models of leadership have been
proposed by researchers since then. For example, contingency theories were championed by
those who started thinking about leadership in relation to situation (Fiedler, 1967). Each
leadership approach and theory is criticised. For example, criticisms of contingency theory relate
to its conceptual and methodological weaknesses (Yukl, 2002; Vroom and Jago, 2007). A
notable observation is that the the new models do not displace, but co-exist with the older ones.
The new models include collaborative leadership, which Ibarra and Hansen (2011) define as:
the capacity to engage people and groups outside ones formal control and inspire
them to work toward common goals despite differences in convictions, cultural values,
and operating norms .

Authentic Leadership

The above section shows that there are many models of leadership, each of which has its
own importance. The current study was undertaken on authentic leadership development in
Singapore. Recent research shows that authenticity is fundamental to good leadership (Avolio
and Gardner, 2005). In social psychology, authenticity is the unobstructed operation of ones
true, or core, self in ones daily enterprise (George, 2003). Walumbwa et al. (2008) define
authenticity of leadership as a pattern of leader behaviour that draws upon and promotes both
positive psychological capacities and a positive ethical climate, to foster greater self-awareness,
an internalized moral perspective, balanced processing of information, and relational
transparency on the part of leaders working with followers, fostering positive self development
(p. 94). To George (2003), authentic leaders have a sense of purpose, practise solid values, lead
with heart, and establish connected relationships. Such leaders empower others. They are
consistent and self-disciplined and never compromise on their principles. This definition was
adopted in the study in Singapore.

Leadership in Construction

How relevant is leadership to construction? Many studies, in industrialised nations
(Kangari, 1988; Russell, 1991; Abidali and Harris, 1995; Kale and Arditi, 1999; Arditi et al.,
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2000; Koksal and Arditi, 2004) and developing countries (Jannadi, 1997; Enshassi et al., 2006)
show that business failures are common in construction. A wide range of reasons are cited for
these failures. For example, Davidson and Maguire (2003) found the top ten reasons for
contractor failure to include: growing too fast, obtaining work in a new geographic region,
increase in the sizes of single jobs, obtaining new types of work, high employee turnover,
inadequate capitalization, poor estimating, poor accounting systems, and poor cash flow.
The reasons cited by Koksal and Arditi (2004) for organisational failures in construction
included insufficient capital, lack of business knowledge, fraud, lack of managerial experience,
lack of line experience, lack of commitment, poor working habits, over expansion and
environmental problems such as weaknesses in the industry, the impact of various disasters,
poor growth prospects, and high interest rates. Thus, there is still a lack of appreciation, among
researchers of the dangers of ineffectiveness of leaders in the construction industry.
There is greater need for leadership in construction in the developing countries. First,
there are more reports of severe project performance deficiencies such as cost and time overruns,
poor quality, technical defects, poor durability, and inadequate attention to safety and
environmental issues (Ofori, 2012). Second, there is even greater implication of poor
performance (for long-term national socio-economic development and sustainability). Finally,
the clients, end purchasers, users and other stakeholders of the construction industry have little or
no knowledge of any of the aspects of construction.
What is the status of knowledge on leadership in construction? Toor and Ofori (2008b)
reviewed works on leadership in the construction management literature and observed that
empirical works on the effectiveness and performance of construction leaders appeared in the
1980s (Bresnen, 1986; Bryman et al., 1987). In the 1990s, the focus moved onto leadership style,
attributes, and behaviours of leaders of projects (Dulaimi and Langford, 1999; Rowlinson et al.,
1993). However, Toor and Ofori (2008b) argue that leadership research in construction has relied
on old frameworks and empirical work based on quantitative analyses. Chan (2008) also
observes that the understanding of leadership in construction is primitive as it depends on
managerial functionalism.
An increase in interest in leadership in construction is evident. New research centres, and
international networks on leadership in construction have been set up. Toor and Ofori (2008b)
proposed a research agenda for leadership in construction. McCaffer (2008) called for a
concerted effort by researchers around the globe, noting: What is needed is a global research
institute concentrating on leadership development in construction (p. 306).

Leadership Development

There has been a long debate on whether leaders are born or can be developed through
structured educational and/or training programmes. This born or made debate is still ongoing.
However, there appears to be a consensus that whereas certain traits (which are considered in
some contexts to be desirable in leaders) may be endowed, one can develop at least some of the
attributes and capabilities of leaders through appropriate structured interventions. Thus, there
have been attempts to study how leaders develop, in order to help formulate these interventions.
Rothstein et al. (1990) suggest that a leaders personal history, trigger events, experiences at
work, and personal and organisational factors may be potential antecedents to their emergence as
leaders and their effectiveness in this role.
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Avolio (2007) noted that leadership can be better understood by researching when, where
and how it is activated and how it makes a difference in team performance and process
effectiveness. Luthans and Avolio (2003), in their initial conceptualisation of authentic
leadership development, stress the need to construct taxonomies of trigger events that promote
positive leadership development. The study of leadership development is still new.

SMES IN CONSTRUCTION AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT

Importance of Construction SMEs

SMEs are defined in several ways. The main distinguishing feature is size, as determined
by number of employees, paid up capital or turnover. The categorisation differs from one sector
to another. In this paper, the construction SME is defined in terms of its financial holding which
determines the size (in terms of value) of the projects it can undertake. In Singapore, the firms in
the bottom two of the six-group categorization of registered contractors are usually considered to
be SMEs (details of this registration system can be found at http://www.bca.gov.sg). This
classification is adopted in this paper.
In construction, the SME is critical in the structure of the industry. The projects which
have to be undertaken by these firms are dispersed geographically throughout each country.
These projects are disparate in nature. This makes consolidation impossible and/or unnecessary.
For example, during its life, each built item generates a stream of repair and maintenance work,
most of which are in small packages. The variety of specialisations in construction facilitates
corporate autonomy and thus, the presence of such firms. The existence of SMEs facilitates the
flexible employment approaches which main contractors adopt in order to obviate the business
instability which is one of the effects of the project-based nature of construction.
Programmes to develop construction SMEs have been introduced in countries at all levels
of development, and especially in developing nations (Ofori, 1991). United Nations Centre for
Human Settlements (1996) undertook a comprehensive study of such programmes; Shakantu
(2012) presents a good recent review. The most comprehensive programmes in these regards
include the training of the entrepreneur and the firms personnel; the provision of financial
assistance such as access to soft loans; and the provision of plant-hire facilities. Other elements
of such programmes include the offering of extension facilities in supervision; assistance in
estimating and tendering for projects; and provision of project opportunities during an initial
period after training. On many national contractor development programmes, the package of
assistance offered depends on the needs of the target beneficiary SME. Mentoring is one of the
arrangements. The SME entrepreneur is placed under the tutelage of an established contractor.
The training and even mentoring, focuses on the development of technical and managerial
expertise. The enhancement of leadership skills is not among the desired outcomes.

FIELD STUDY
Research Method

Data Collection

Interviews formed the primary source of data collection in the study. Interviewing has
been a popular way of data collection, as it enables a rich perspective of processes giving rise to
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leadership development to be captured (Conger 1998; Egri and Herman 2000). A peer
nomination (snowball sampling) process was adopted for interviewee selection. In the first phase
of the study, five past or current presidents of professional organizations and trade associations
in Singapores construction industry were interviewed considering that they were authentic
leaders in their respective areas as they were elected by their own peers. These leaders were
asked to nominate professionals who they thought were close to the definition of authentic
leaders proposed by George (2003) (see above); these were then interviewed. This helped to
reduce social desirability and personal bias. Nominations continued to be sought until most of
the persons nominated were among those who had already been interviewed. A total of 45
interviews were held with 49 authentic leaders in the construction industry affiliated to
developers, design firms, contractors and administrators.
A typical interview was designed to be one-hour long. With the interviewees consent,
each interview was recorded with a digital recorder and note-taking by two persons. An
independent person transcribed the audiotape recording of the interviews.
The questions asked during the interviews which are reported on here as the answers are
relevant to SMEs included: (i) the interviewees leadership philosophy; (ii) the influence of
significant individuals and events on their leadership development; (iii) key turning points in
their leadership development; (iv) the personal and professional challenges they had faced; (v)
their ambitions and aspirations as leaders; (vi) their approach to developing followers; (vii) what
they wanted to achieve as leaders; and (viii) the legacy they hoped to leave behind. Some
interviewees provided documents which were useful in data analysis such as curriculum vitae,
articles they had written, company brochures, and presentations on firms philosophy and values.

Data Analysis

In this qualitative research study, an initial coding scheme was constructed. However,
after analysis of a few interviews, the coding scheme matured into lower order, middle order, and
higher order categories as the axial coding was carried out. Open coding was performed, starting
with transcriptions of interviews: (i) to ask questions about the data; and (ii) to compare various
concepts across the cases. In this process, concepts were identified and their properties and
dimensions were discovered in the data. Microanalysis was carried out to code the meaning
found in words or groups of words (Strauss and Corbin, 1998). It was performed by giving
different incidents a conceptual label, by grouping together similar conceptual labels under a
common conceptual category, and then developing each category in terms of its properties, sub-
properties, and dimensions.
The latest version of NVivo
TM
(NVivo7) was used in the data analysis in this research.
Nvivo7 aided the data analysis in many ways: facilitating the management of the data; and
allowing text or discourse to be edited, visually coded, contextually annotated, hyperlinked to
other texts or multimedia data, and searched according to parameters specified by the user.

FIELD STUDY RESULTS

Table 1 shows the profile of the 49 interviewees. It indicates that the interviewees were
mostly chief executive officers, managing partners, general managers, and directors of various
construction-related organizations including developers, architects, engineers, contractors, and
quantity surveyors in Singapore.
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Table 1 Demographic details of interviewees
Attribute Range/Properties No. of Cases
Gender
Male 42
Female 7
Age Group
30-40 9
40-50 14
50-60 23
60-70 3
Company Size
20-50 Employees 2
50-100 Employees 2
100-150 Employees 2
150-200 Employees 2
200-300 Employees 13
300-500 Employees 11
500-1000 Employees 14
>1000 Employees 3
Company Type
Architects 8
Consultants (Engineers, Designers) 9
Contractors 7
Developers 11
Quantity Surveyors 7
Architects + Engineers 4
Others 3
Education
PhD 3
Post-graduate Degree 18
Graduate Degree 27
Polytechnic Graduate 1
Experience as a Leader
5-10 Years 5
10-15 Years 12
15-20 Years 12
20-25 Years 15
25-30 Years 5
Experience in the Industry
5-10 Years 3
10-15 Years 4
15-20 Years 6
20-25 Years 12
25-30 Years 10
30-35 Years 12
35-40 Years 2
Position in the
Organization
Manager and senior manager 7
General/Deputy General Manager 2
Director/Executive Director 20
Managing Director 2
CEO/Deputy CEO 10
Managing partner 2
President/Vice President 4
Chairman/Group Chairman 2




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The Interviews

The interviews focused on stories and narratives of the leaders about how they developed
as leaders. From the analysis, the incidents and events were placed into four phases: preparation
for leadership (events, incidents, and experiences during childhood and early adolescence);
polishing and practising of leadership (events, incidents, and experiences during adulthood);
performing leadership (events, incidents, and experiences when respondents realised success as
performing leaders); and passing leadership (events, incidents, and experiences when leaders
were passing the reigns of leadership to the next generation). This paper covers polishing and
practising of leadership. Specifically, it considers aspects of the answers to the question: Can
you remember a single most important event, incident or turning point that transformed you as a
person and inspired your leadership style? The paper focuses on the development of leadership
through direct mentoring and indirect acquisition of leadership skills from the leaders boss or
bosses and others in the construction industry over time.

Learning from seniors, bosses, and mentors

Apart from the interviewees who were running family companies, the interviewees
consistently identified bosses, mentors, and coaches as persons who had played pivotal roles at
various stages of their careers through mentorship, guidance, coaching, and direction. A senior
director in a consulting firm observed:
I had a good mentor, an architect. He was the executive director of the firm. He was a
very loyal executive. He mentored me, and the training was very, very good. We
embarked on many huge projects together at that time.
The CEO of a large contractor firm was also appreciative of his mentor. He noted: So
far I have come across one very major mentor who saw it as his personal duty to mentor me; he
volunteered to mentor me. A Vice President in a developers firm also identified her boss as
having had a great influence on her. She said:
My former boss in my previous company is the one who inspired me...He was very
down to earth. He was a very warm person, and a very different one.

A senior manager also praised his boss for the mentoring he provided:
My boss actually changed me. I learnt how he dealt with time, leadership and
management. He had great problem-solving skills. To me, as a young engineer, that
really affected me deeply.

One Director of a multi-disciplinary firm, an architect by profession, noted that two of
her bosses had influenced her. One of them: Really managed to motivate his staff although he
was very quiet. I learnt a bit from him in focusing, and dealing with people. Of the other boss,
she said:
I admired him as a leader. He was very approachable. He scolds us when we dont go
and see him. He never blames you when you have a problem. He challenged us, asked us
to try new things. He managed to remove fear. ..He is very different from other people.
He didnt act as a civil servant. And he rewarded people; he did not punish people.

A senior manager noted:
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It was [through] learning with my boss. He actually changed me. I learnt how he dealt
with time, leadership and management. He had great problem solving skills. as a
young engineer, that really affected me deeply.

The Managing Partner of a QS firm learned a great deal from the senior partner of the
firm he worked with in the UK. He advised him to put the company first, and taught him to learn
to make hard decisions, and not to expect everyone to agree with him.

The CEO of an engineering consultancy firm noted: I believe we can always learn from
all people, including cleaners, security guards and site workers.

Mentoring as a Leaders Responsibility

The leaders interviewed had much to share with their followers. They had all reached the
top by dint of hard work. This made them useful potential mentors. The CEO of a design firm, a
woman, shared the actions to address initial difficulties in business, not only as a woman, but
also, in trying to break into the established order:
Getting projects was a problem in the beginningI could not get government projects
as I had no record then. They told me that I had to prove myself to get government
contracts. So I went to the private sector and built up my record; initially, I helped many
people without charging them any money. Now I tell people that one should be very
well prepared to take risks in business. But there is satisfaction in seeing the company
grow.

Even those interviewees who became leaders in their own family firms considered
themselves to have worked hard towards their position; they rose as they proved themselves from
humble positions in the organisations. As the CEO of a large developers firm observed, Things
dont get handed down to anybody on a platter. That sort of leadership doesnt really work in the
market we are in.
The study showed that leaders come in many forms. For example, whereas a Deputy
General Manager of a foreign-owned firm declared that: Sometimes I am too forceful and
overbearing, at the other end of the spectrum, a Director in an architects firm stated: Nobody
works under me; they work with me. However, most of the leaders considered mentoring a
responsibility of all senior personnel. The Director of projects of a developers firm observed:
As you grow older, mentoring is an important part of your life. And dont begrudge the guy.
After all, somebody has mentored you. He went on: You grew from the ranks; dont forget the
people. Be grateful when people point out your faults to you.
The Managing Partner of a QS firm listed his three greatest desires:
First, I want to make sure that all my people are given a chance to do well. Second, I
want them to know that I really appreciate what they are doing. Finally, I really want to
know each of them as a person, but I know I can never do that. There is not enough time.
That is the greatest shame.

The Director of Projects of a developers firm declared that what he dearly wanted to
achieve was to mentor the followers in the second and third tiers of the hierarchy to take over
from him. He was developing a succession plan to enable the unit of the company to continue
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after him. The Chairman of a QS firm noted: Others must grow with me. If you only think about
yourself you will not get far. His firm puts much effort into human capital development. He
added: People make the business so you must build up the people first. The Chairman of a
group of construction firms related the definition of management which a top businessman: To
seek talent, to nurture talent, to utilise talent and to retain talent.

How is mentoring to be done? One CEO of an engineering consultancy firm noted:
I believe we will have followers when we share the same objective. They can see you
are working hard to achieve these objectives. Communication is very important. And
you have to speak their language. We always talk using our own language. That may
not be understood by our target audience. you have to be fair to everyone, and give
them a chance to participate and be heard.

Finally, on the role of the leader as a mentor, the Director of Projects of a developers
company noted:
In the construction industry, leadership is required at many levels. The person sitting at
the pinnacle should be able to play a strong facilitating role, to allow various leaders to
grow around him, and [he should] provide mentorship.

The Followers Responsibility to Learn

On the other hand, there is the onus on the follower to learn, and not only from the
persons direct boss(es). A Deputy General Manager of a foreign-owned firm suggested: In
professional life, you meet many people who are smarter than you. So, you learn from them. A
Director in an architects firm observed: Everyone is born equal. It is a matter of exposing
yourself to opportunities. Dont be compartmentalised in your position, or be limited by your
dreams. The Chairman of a group of construction firms noted that: Most leaders are well
prepared. They are very creative and versatile. They are waiting for an opportunity. When it
strikes, they come up.
The Chairman of a group of construction firms noted that leadership is not embodied in
any one person. You have to learn a little from each of them. He added that: Leadership is
made up of character, and character from the principles one believes in. therefore, teaching such
basics in primary school would be most useful.

ISSUES OF VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY

What was done to ensure validity and reliability of this qualitative research study?
Various suggestions of appropriate strategies and methods of good practice are discussed in the
literature (see, for example, Bryman, 2004; Elliott, 2005; Corbin and Strauss, 2008). Care was
taken in the research towards this end. Two methodological examples are now outlined.
How credible are the stories and narratives of the interviewees? Kempsters (2006)
concept of internal triangulation for enhancing the reliability of information collected was
adopted in the research. The responses of each interviewee during various stages of the particular
interview when the interviewee talked about the respondents early life, leadership philosophy,
challenges and failures, aspirations and intended legacies were compared. All the interviewees
remained consistent in their responses throughout the interviews. The contents of the interviews
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were also, loosely, related to each other to check for consistencies. Moreover, factual
information provided on events was verified.
Theoretical sampling was adopted in the study in seeking to collect data from places,
people, and events that will maximize the opportunities to develop concepts in terms of their
properties and dimensions, uncover variations, and identify relationships between concepts
(Corbin and Strauss, 2008). In the analysis of the first phase of interviews, some trends and
issues related to leadership development and influence were seen to be emerging. In the
subsequent interviews, questions related to such trends and issues were emphasized. This process
went on until nothing new was occurring within the data and most of the major categories had
reached the stage of saturation.
How was researcher bias avoided in the study? As discussed above, the selection of
interviewees was undertaken in a structured manner, based on the determinants of authenticity of
leaders. The note-taking by two persons, which was checked with audio recording, eliminated
bias in the researchers.

POSSIBLE ACTION

Some possible actions are discussed in this section. How can SME leaders develop their
leadership abilities and those of their subordinates? The study shows that analyses of the
professional and leadership development of recognized leaders in the particular industries can
help. There is the need for a national agenda on leadership development for the construction
industry in each country. This should be a joint activity by government, industry and the tertiary
academic institutions. In each country, it will be necessary to undertake action research
(involving industry in problem formulation and review) on leadership development in the context
of the particular country and the construction industry. This research should focus on the needs
of SMEs, considering their importance in the construction industry. In such studies, the
researchers should work closely with industry to develop and test theories of leadership and their
relevance to construction firms; and to develop practices facilitating the leadership development
of practitioners.
The involvement of acclaimed leaders of the industry in the development of the
leadership capabilities of SME entrepreneurs should be explored. For example, structured
mentoring programmes would be helpful. These should be adopted by all the larger construction
firms in the industry. They can take the form of:
mentoring, on aspects including leadership, by main contractors of their subcontracting
entrepreneurs on the job
training of SME entrepreneurs by management consultants using recognised
interventions
structured review of the performance of the subcontractors at the end of each project to
determine areas for improvement
provision of incentives and support schemes to foster the mentoring and training
programmes.
There should be ways and means of formalising and duly recognising such mentorships.
For example, they could be administered by the statutory agencies which register professionals,
which set the criteria for, and drive, continuing professional development.


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CONCLUSION

Leadership, as a field, continues to grow and develop, and perhaps it will never stop
evolving as it is psychological, social and cultural in its functioning. Leadership is important to
the SME for many reasons. First, the entrepreneur sets the vision for the company; this is a key
function of a leader. Second, the entrepreneur is close to all aspects of the business, and should
motivate people in all the areas of the firms operations. Third, the entrepreneur is directly
involved with the customers and partners of the company. Finally, the personal performance of
the entrepreneur can have a major impact on the business. In the construction industry,
leadership is critically needed. The individual practitioner should operate as a leader, and should
seek to develop leadership skills. In this way, organisations will comprise individuals with a
clear understanding, and keen sense, of leadership and how leaders function, what they need, and
the factors which contribute to their success. The construction SMEs, which usually have small
numbers of personnel, would benefit from such developments.

REFERENCES

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