Extraversion and introversion

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"Introversion" redirects here. For the video game developer, see Introversion
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E
*he trait of extraversionintroversion is a central dimension of
human personality theories, *he terms introversion and extraversion -ere first
populari&ed by Carl .ung,
/01
although both the popular understanding and
psychological usage differ from his original intent, Extraversion tends to be
manifested in outgoing, talkative, energetic behavior, -hereas introversion is
manifested in more reserved, 2uiet, shy behavior,
/31
+irtually all comprehensive
models of personality include these concepts in various forms, Examples include
the Big Five model, .ung4s analytical psychology, $ans Eysenck4s three5factor
model, )aymond Cattell4s 06 personality factors, the innesota ultiphasic
!ersonality %nventory, and the yers Briggs *ype %ndicator,
Extraversion and introversion are typically vie-ed as a single continuum, *hus, to
be high on one it is necessary to be lo- on the other, Carl .ung and the authors of
the yers7Briggs provide a different perspective and suggest that everyone has
both an extraverted side and an introverted side, -ith one being more dominant
than the other, )ather than focusing on interpersonal behavior, ho-ever, .ung
defined introversion as an 8attitude5type characterised by orientation in life through
sub9ective psychic contents8 :focus on one4s inner psychic activity;< and
extraversion as 8an attitude type characterised by concentration of interest on the
external ob9ect8, :the outside -orld;,
/=1
%n any case, people fluctuate in their behavior all the time, and even extreme
introverts and extraverts do not al-ays act according to their type,
Contents
/hide1
0 +arieties
o 0,0 Extraversion
o 0,3 %ntroversion
o 0,= Ambiversion
3 easurement
o 3,0 Eysenck4s theory
o 3,3 Biological factors
= Behavior
> %mplications
? )egional variation
6 Extraversion, introversion, and
happiness
o 6,0 !ossible reasons
6,0,0 %nstrumental vie-
o 6,3 *emperamental vie-
@ #ee also
A )eferences
B External links
/edit1+arieties
/edit1Extraversion
Extraversion is 8the act, state, or habit of being predominantly concerned -ith and
obtaining gratification from -hat is outside the self8,
/>1
Extraverts tend to en9oy
human interactions and to be enthusiastic, talkative, assertive, and gregarious,
*hey take pleasure in activities that involve large social gatherings, such as parties,
community activities, public demonstrations, and business or political groups,
!olitics, teaching, sales, managing and brokering are fields that favor extraversion,
An extraverted person is likely to en9oy time spent -ith people and find less
re-ard in time spent alone, *hey tend to be energi&ed -hen around other people,
and they are more prone to boredom -hen they are by themselves,
/edit1Introversion
Introversion is 8the state of or tendency to-ard being -holly or predominantly
concerned -ith and interested in one4s o-n mental life8,
/>1
#ome popular -riters
have characteri&ed introverts as people -hose energy tends to expand through
reflection and d-indle during interaction,
/?1
*his is similar to .ung4s vie-, although
he focused on psychic energy rather than physical energy, Fe- modern
conceptions make this distinction,
*he common modern perception is that introverts tend to be more reserved and less
outspoken in groups, *hey often take pleasure in solitary activities such as reading,
-riting, using computers, hiking and fishing,
*he archetypal artist, -riter, sculptor, engineer, composer and inventor are all
highly introverted, An introvert is likely to en9oy time spent alone and find less
re-ard in time spent -ith large groups of people, though he or she may en9oy
interactions -ith close friends, *rust is usually an issue of significanceC a virtue of
utmost importance to an introvert is choosing a -orthy companion, *hey prefer to
concentrate on a single activity at a time and like to observe situations before they
participate, especially observed in developing children and adolescents,
/61
*hey are
more analytical before speaking,
/@1
%ntroverts are easily over-helmed by too much
stimulation from social gatherings and engagement, introversion having even
been defined by some in terms of a preference for a 2uiet, more minimally
stimulating environment,
/A1
%ntroversion is not seen as being identical to shy or to being a social outcast,
%ntroverts prefer solitary activities over social ones, -hereas shy people :-ho may
be extroverts at heart; avoid social encounters out of fear,
/B1
/edit1Abiversion
Although many people vie- being introverted or extroverted as a 2uestion -ith
only t-o possible ans-ers, most contemporary trait theories measure levels of
extraversion5introversion as part of a single, continuous dimension of personality,
-ith some scores near one end, and others near the half5-ay mark,
/0D1
Ambiversion
is falling more or less directly in the middle,
/>1/001
An ambivert is moderately
comfortable -ith groups and social interaction, but also can en9oy time alone,
a-ay from a cro-d,
/edit1easurement
Extent of extraversion and introversion is most commonly assessed through self5
report measures, although peer5reports and third5party observation can also be
used, #elf5report measures are either lexical
/31
or based on stateents,
/031
Which
measure of either type is used is determined by an assessment of psychometric
properties and the time and space constraints of the research being undertaken,
Lexical easures use individual ad9ectives that reflect extravert and introvert
traits, such as outgoing, talkative, reserved and 2uiet, Words representing
introversion are reverse coded to create composite measures of
extraversionEintroversion running on a continuum, Foldberg :0BB3;
/0=1
developed a
3D5-ord measure as part of his 0DD5-ord Big Five markers, #aucier :0BB>;
/0>1
developed a briefer A5-ord measure as part of his >D5-ord mini5markers,
$o-ever, the psychometric properties of #aucierGs original mini5markers have
been found suboptimal -ith samples outside of Horth America,
/31
As a result, a
systematically revised measure -as developed to have superior psychometric
properties, the %nternational English ini5arkers,
/31
*he %nternational English
ini5arkers has good internal consistency reliabilities and other validity for
assessing extraversionEintroversion and other five factor personality dimensions,
both -ithin and, especially, -ithout American populations, %nternal consistency
reliability of the Extraversion measure for native English5speakers is reported as ,
B3, that for non5native English5speakers is ,A?,
Stateent easures tend to comprise more -ords, and hence consume more
research instrument space, than lexical measures, )espondents are asked the extent
to -hich they, for example, Talk to a lot of different people at parties or Often feel
uncomfortale around others,
/031
While some statement5based measures of
extraversionEintroversion have similarly acceptable psychometric properties in
Horth American populations to lexical measures, their generally emic development
makes them less suited to use in other populations,
/0?1
For example, statements
asking about talkativeness in parties are hard to ans-er meaningfully by those -ho
do not attend parties, as Americans are assumed to do, oreover, the sometimes
collo2uial Horth American language of statements makes them less suited to use
outside America, For instance, statements like !eep in the ackground and !now
how to captivate people are sometimes hard for non5native English5speakers to
understand except in a literal sense,
/edit1Eysenc!"s theory
$ans Eysenck described extraversion5introversion as the degree to -hich a person
is outgoing and interactive -ith other people, *hese behavioral differences are
presumed to be the result of underlying differences in brain physiology,
/061
Extroverts seek excitement and social activity in an effort to heighten their
arousal level, -hereas introverts tend to avoid social situations in an effort to keep
such arousal to a minimum, Eysenck designated extraversion as one of three ma9or
traits in his !5E5H model of personality, -hich also
includes psychoticism and neuroticism,
Eysenck originally suggested that extraversion -as a combination of t-o ma9or
tendencies, impulsiveness and sociability, $e later added several other more
specific traits, namely liveliness, activity level, and excitability, *hese traits are
further linked in his personality hierarchy to even more specific habitual responses,
such as partying on the -eekend,
Eysenck compared this trait to the four temperaments of ancient medicine, -ith
choleric and sanguine temperaments e2uating to extraversion, and melancholic and
phlegmatic temperaments e2uating to introversion,
/0@1
*-in studies find that extraversionEintroversion has a geneticcomponent,
/edit1Biological factors
*he relative importance of nature versus environment in determining the level of
extraversion is controversial and the focus of many studies, *-in studies find a
genetic component of =BI to ?AI, %n terms of the environmental component, the
shared family environment appears to be far less important than individual
environmental factors that are not shared bet-een siblings,
/0A1
Eysenck proposed that extraversion -as caused by variability in cortical arousal,
$e hypothesi&ed that introverts are characteri&ed by higher levels of activity than
extraverts and so are chronically more cortically aroused than extraverts, *he fact
that extraverts re2uire more external stimulation than introverts has been
interpreted as evidence for this hypothesis, (ther evidence of the 8stimulation8
hypothesis is that introverts salivate more than extraverts in response to a drop of
lemon 9uice,
/0B1
Extraversion has been linked to higher sensitivity of the mesolimbic dopamine
system to potentially re-arding stimuli,
/3D1
*his in part explains the high levels of
positive affect found in extraverts, since they -ill more intensely feel the
excitement of a potential re-ard, (ne conse2uence of this is that extraverts can
more easily learn the contingencies for positive reinforcement, since the re-ard
itself is experienced as greater,
(ne study found that introverts have more blood flo- in the frontal lobes of
their brain and the anterior or frontal thalamus, -hich are areas dealing -ith
internal processing, such as planning and problem solving, Extraverts have more
blood flo- in the anterior cingulate gyrus, temporal lobes, and posterior thalamus,
-hich are involved in sensory and emotional experience,
/301
*his study and other
research indicates that introversion5extraversion is related to individual differences
in brain function,
Extraversion has also been linked to physiological factors such as respiration,
through its association -ith surgency,
/331
/edit1Behavior
Extraverts and introverts have a variety of behavioral differences, According to
one study, extraverts tend to -ear more decorative clothing, -hereas introverts
prefer practical, comfortable clothes,
/3=1
Extraverts are likely to prefer more upbeat,
conventional, and energetic music than introverts,
/3>1
!ersonality also influences
ho- people arrange their -ork areas, %n general, extraverts decorate their offices
more, keep their doors open, keep extra chairs nearby, and are more likely to put
dishes of candy on their desks, *hese are attempts to invite co5-orkers and
encourage interaction, %ntroverts, in contrast, decorate less and tend to arrange their
-orkspace to discourage social interaction,
/3?1
$umans are complex and uni2ue, and because introversion5extraversion varies
along a continuum, individuals may have a mixture of both orientations, A person
-ho acts introverted in one scenario may act extraverted in another, and people can
learn to act 8against type8 in certain situations, .ung4s theory states that -hen
someone4s primary function is extraverted, his secondary function is al-ays
introverted :and vice versa;,
/01
/edit1%mplications
Ackno-ledging that introversion and extraversion are normal variants of behavior
can help in self5acceptance and understanding of others, For example, an extravert
can accept her introverted partner4s need for space, -hile an introvert can
ackno-ledge his extraverted partner4s need for social interaction,
)esearchers have found a correlation bet-een extraversion and happiness, *hat is,
more extraverted people tend to report higher levels of happiness than introverts,
/361
/3@1
(ther research has sho-n that being instructed to act in an extraverted manner
leads to increases in positive affect, even for people -ho are trait5level introverts,
/3A1
*his does not mean that introverts are unhappy, Extraverts simply report
experiencing more positive emotions, -hereas introverts tend to be closer to
neutral, *his may be due to the fact that extraversion is socially preferable in
Western culture and thus introverts feel less desirable, %n addition to the research
on happiness, other studies have found that extraverts tend to report higher levels
of self5esteem than introverts,
/3B1/=D1
(thers suggest that such results reflect socio5
cultural bias in the survey itself,
/@1/=01/dead link1
Dr, David eyers has claimed that
happiness is a matter of possessing three traitsC self5esteem, optimism, and
extraversion, eyers bases his conclusions on studies that report extraverts to be
happier< these findings have been 2uestioned in light of the fact that the
8happiness8 prompts given to the studies4 sub9ects, such as 8% like to be -ith
others8 and 8%4m fun to be -ith,8 only measure happiness among extraverts,
/@1
Also,
according to Carl .ung, introverts ackno-ledge more readily their psychological
needs and problems, -hereas extraverts tend to be oblivious to them because they
focus more on the outer -orld,
/01
Extraversion is perceived as socially desirable in Western culture, but it is not
al-ays an advantage, For example, extraverted youths are more likely to engage
in delin2uentbehavior,
/=31
Conversely, -hile introversion is perceived as less
socially desirable, it is strongly associated -ith positive traits such as
intelligence
/==1
and 8giftedness,8
/=>1/=?1
For many years, researchers have found that
introverts tend to be more successful in academic environments, -hich extraverts
may find boring,
/=61
Career counselors often use personality traits, along -ith other
factors such as skill and interest, to advise their clients,
/=@1
#ome careers such as
computer programming may be more satisfying for an introverted temperament,
-hile other areas such as sales may be more agreeable to the extraverted type,
Although neither introversion nor extraversion is
pathological, psychotherapists can take temperament into account -hen treating
clients, Clients may respond better to different types of treatment depending on
-here they fall on the introversionEextraversion spectrum, *eachers can also
consider temperament -hen dealing -ith their pupils, for example ackno-ledging
that introverted children need more encouragement to speak in class -hile
extraverted children may gro- restless during long periods of 2uiet study,
/edit1)egional variation
*he examples and perspective in this section deal priarily
#ith the $%S and do not represent a #orld#ide vie# of the
sub&ect, !lease improve this article and discuss the issue on
the talk page, "#anuar$ %&'%(
#ome claim that Americans live in an 8extraverted society8
/=A1
that re-ards
extravert behavior and re9ects introversion,
/=B1
*his is because the J# is currently a
culture of personality, -hereas other cultures are cultures of character -here
people are valued for their 8inner selves and their moral rectitude8,
/>D1
(ther
cultures, such as Central Europe, .apan or regions -here Buddhism, #ufism etc,
prevail, pri&e introversion,
/@1
*hese cultural differences predict individuals4
happiness such that people -ho score higher in extraversion are happier, on
average, in particularly extroverted cultures and vice versa,
/>01
)esearchers have found that people -ho live on islands tend to be less extroverted
:more introverted; than those living on the mainland, and that people -hose
ancestors had inhabited the island for t-enty generations tend to be less
extroverted than more recent arrivals, Furthermore, people -ho emigrate from
islands to the mainland tend to be more extroverted than people that stay on
islands, and those that immigrate to islands,
/>31
%n the Jnited #tates, researchers have found that people living in the mid-estern
states of Horth Dakota, #outh Dakota, Hebraska, innesota, Wisconsin,
and %llinois score higher than the J,#, average on extraversion, Jtah and the
southeastern states of Florida and Feorgia also score high on this personality trait,
*he most introverted states in the Jnited #tates are aryland, He-
$ampshire, Alaska, Washington, (regon and +ermont, !eople -ho live in the
north-estern states of %daho, ontana, and Wyoming are also relatively
introverted,
/>=1
/edit1Extraversion, introversion, and happiness
%t has been suggested that )ersonalit$* Extraversion and
happiness be merged into this article or section,
:Discuss; )roposed since +ecemer %&'%.
Extraverts are found to have higher levels of happiness and positive affect than
introverts,
/>>1/>?1/>61
An influential revie- article concluded that personality,
specifically extraversion and emotional stability, -as the best predictor of
sub9ective -ell5being,
/>@1
As examples, Argyle and 'u :0BBD;
/>A1
found that the trait
of extraversion, as measured by Extraversion #cale of the Eysenck !ersonality
"uestionnaire :E!";, -as positively and significantly correlated -ith happiness, as
measured by the (xford $appiness %nventory, Jsing the same happiness and
extraversion scales, $ills and Argyle :3DD0;
/>B1
found that happiness -as again
significantly correlated -ith extraversion, Also, the study by Emmons
and Diener:0BA6;
/?D1
sho-ed that extraversion correlates positively and
significantly -ith positive affect but not -ith negative affect, #imilar results -ere
found in a large longitudinal study byDiener, #andvik, !avot, and Fu9ita :0BB3;,
/?01
-hich assessed 0>,>D@ participants from 0DD areas of continental Jnited #tates,
Jsing the abbreviated Feneral Well5Being #chedule, -hich tapped positive and
negative affects, and Costa and cCrae4s :0BA6;
/?31
short version of the HED4s
Extraversion scale, the authors reported that extraverts experienced greater-ell5
being at t-o points in time, during -hich data -ere collectedC first bet-een 0B@0
and 0B@?, and later bet-een 0BA0 and 0BA>, Furthermore, 'arsen and Ketelaar
:0BB0;
/?=1
sho-ed that extraverts respond more to positive affect than to negative
affect, since they exhibit more positive5affect reactivity to the positive5affect
induction, yet they do not react more negatively to the negative5affect induction,
/?>1
/edit1Possible reasons
/edit1Instruental vie#
*he instrumental vie- proposes that personality traits give rise to conditions and
actions, -hich have affective conse2uences, and thus generate individual
differences in emotionality,
/?>1/??1
)ersonalit$ trait as a cause of higher sociailit$
According to the instrumental vie-, one explanation for greater sub9ective -ell5
being among extraverts could be the fact that extraversion helps in the creation of
life circumstances, -hich promote high levels of positive affect, #pecifically, the
personality trait of extraversion is seen as a facilitator of more social interactions,
/>>1/?>1/?61
since the lo- cortical arousal among extraverts results in them seeking
more social situations in order to increase their arousal,
/?@1
The social participation theor$
According to the social participation theory, more fre2uent participation in social
situations creates more fre2uent, and higher levels, of positive affect, *herefore, it
is believed that since extraverts are characteri&ed as more sociable than introverts,
they also possess higher levels of positive affect brought on by social interactions,
/?A1/?B1/6D1
#pecifically, the results of Furnham and Bre-in4s study :0BBD;
/>61
suggest
that extraverts en9oy and participate more in social activities than introverts, and as
a result extraverts report higher level of happiness, Also, in the study of Argyle and
'u :0BBD;
/>A1
extraverts -ere found to be less likely to avoid participation in noisy
social activities, and to be more likely to participate in social activities such asC
party games, 9okes, or going to the cinema, #imilar results -ere reported
by Diener, 'arsen, and Emmons :0BA>;
/601
-ho found that extraverts seek social
situations more often than introverts, especially -hen engaging in recreational
activities,
$o-ever, a variety of findings contradict the claims of the social participation
theory, Firstly, it -as found that extraverts -ere happier than introverts even -hen
alone, #pecifically, extraverts tend to be happier regardless of -hether they live
alone or -ith others, or -hether they live in a vibrant city or 2uiet rural
environment,
/>?1
#imilarly, a study by Diener, #andvik, !avot, and Fu9ita :0BB3;
/?01
sho-ed that although extraverts chose social 9obs relatively more fre2uently
:?0I; than nonsocial 9obs compared to introverts :=AI;, they -ere happier than
introverts regardless of -hether their occupations had social or nonsocial character,
#econdly, it -as found that extraverts only sometimes reported greater amounts of
social activity than introverts,
/601
but in general extraverts and introverts do not
differ in the 2uantity of their sociali&ation,
/>?1
#imilar finding -as reported by
#rivastava, Angelo, and +allereux :3DDA;,
/631
-ho found that extraverts and
introverts both en9oy participating in social interactions, but extraverts participate
socially more, *hirdly, studies have sho-n that both extraverts and introverts
participate in social relations, but that the 2uality of this participation differs, *he
more fre2uent social participation among extraverts could be explained by the fact
that extraverts kno- more people, but those people are not necessarily their close
friends, -hile introverts, -hen participating in social interactions, are more
selective and have only fe- close friends -ith -hom they have special
relationships,
/>B1
The social attention theor$
Let another explanation of the high correlation bet-een extraversion
and happiness comes from the study by Ashton, 'ee, and !aunonen :3DD3;,
/6=1
*hey suggested that the core element of extraversion is a tendency to behave in
-ays that attract, hold, and en9oy social attention, and not re-ard sensitivity, *hey
claimed that one of the fundamental 2ualities of social attention is its potential of
being re-arding, *herefore, if a person sho-s positive emotions of enthusiasm,
energy, and excitement, that person is seen favorably by others and he or she gains
others4 attention, *his favorable reaction from others likely encourages extraverts
to engage in further extraverted behavior,
/6=1
Ashton, 'ee, and !aunonen4s :3DD3;
/6=1
study sho-ed that their measure of social attention, the #ocial Attention #cale,
-as much more highly correlated -ith extraversion than -ere measures of re-ard
sensitivity,
/edit1'eperaental vie#
*emperamental vie- is based on the notion that there is a direct link bet-een
people4s personality traits and their sensitivity to positive and negative affects,
/>>1/?=1
/?>1
The affective reactivit$ model
*he affective reactivity model states that the strength of a person4s reactions to
affect5relevant events are caused by people4s differences in affect,
/?=1/6>1
*his model
is based on thereinforcement sensitivity theory by .effrey Alan Fray, -hich states
that people -ith stronger behavioral activation system :BA#; are high in re-ard
responsiveness and are predisposed to the personality trait of extraversion, -hile
people -ith a stronger behavioral inhibition system :B%#; are lo-er in re-ard
responsiveness and are more predisposed to personality trait of neuroticism and
introversion,
/6?1
*herefore, extraverts are seen as having
a temperamental predisposition to positive affect since positive mood induction has
a greater effect on them than on introverts, thus extraverts are more prone to react
to pleasant effects,
/?=1/6>1/661/3D1/6@1
For example, Fable, )eis, and Elliot :3DDD;,
/6A1
found in t-o consecutive studies that people -ith more sensitive B%# reported
higher levels of average negative affect, -hile people -ith more
sensitive BA# reported higher levels of positive affect,
Also Melenski and 'arsen :0BBB;
/?>1
found that people -ith more
sensitive BA# reported more positive emotions during the positive mood
induction, -hile people -ith more sensitive B%# reported more negative emotions
during the negative mood induction,
The social reactivit$ theor$
*he social reactivity theory alleges that all humans, -hether they like it or not, are
re2uired to participate in social situations, #ince extraverts prefer engaging in
social interactions more than introverts, they also derive more positive affect from
such situations than introverts do,
/>?1/>A1/601
*he support for this theory comes from
-ork of Brian ), 'ittle, -ho populari&ed concept of 8restorative niches8, 'ittle
claimed that life often re2uires people to participate in social situations, and since
acting social is out of character for introverts, it -as sho-n to harm their -ell5
being, *herefore, one -ay to preserve introverts4 -ell5being is for them to recharge
as often as possible in places -here they can return to their true selves 5 places
'ittle calls 8restorative niches8,
/6B1
$o-ever, it -as also found that extraverts did not respond stronger to social
situations than introverts, nor did they report bigger boosts of positive affect during
such interactions,
/?61/631
,ffective regulation
Another possible explanation for more happiness among extraverts comes from the
fact that extraverts are able to better regulate their affective states, *his means that
in ambiguous situations :situations -here positive and negative moods are
introduced and mixed in similar proportions; extraverts sho- a slo-er decrease of
positive affect, and, as a result, they maintained a more positive affect balance than
introverts,
/@D1
Extraverts may also choose activities that facilitate happiness :e,g,,
recalling pleasant vs, unpleasant memories; more than introverts -hen anticipating
difficult tasks,
/@01
The set-point model aka affect-level model
According to the set5point model, levels of positive and negative affects are more
or less fixed -ithin each individual, hence, after a positive or negative event,
people4s moods tend to go back to the pre5set level, According to the set5point
model, extraverts4 experience more happiness because their pre5set level of positive
affect is set higher than the pre5set point of positive affect in introverts, therefore
extraverts re2uire less positive reinforcement in order to feel happy,
/6@1
)leasure-arousal relation
A study by Kuppens :3DDA;
/@31
sho-ed that extraverts and introverts engage in
different behaviors -hen feeling pleasant, -hich could be a potential explanation
for underestimating the fre2uency and intensity of happiness exhibited by
introverts, #pecifically, Kuppens :3DDA;
/@31
found that arousal and pleasantness are
positively correlated for extraverts, -hich means that pleasant feelings are more
likely to be accompanied by high arousal for extraverts, (n the other hand, arousal
and pleasantness are negativelycorrelated for introverts, resulting in introverts
exhibiting lo- arousal -hen feeling pleasant, %n other -ords, if everything is going
-ell in an extravert4s life, -hich is a source of pleasant feelings, extraverts see such
situation as an opportunity to engage in active behavior and goal pursuit, -hich
brings about an active, aroused pleasant state, Let, -hen everything is going good
for introverts, they see it as an opportunity to let do-n their guard, resulting in
them feeling relaxed and content,
/@31