!"#$%&'( *'# +"',-"% ".

/%$0,-"1$02*'&0*% 345,$15
6&75$88$ 30*-0$%%*
1hese notes have been ed|ted
us|ng p|ctures and mater|a|s
taken from var|ous sources and
from |nternet.
1hese note are on|y for |nterna|
use and on|y the students of
the course are author|zed to
down|oad.
1
A set of m generators produc|ng s|ne wave LMIs of equa|
max|mum va|ue and out of phase of the ang|e (2n]m), |s a mu|n-
phase symmetr|c system.
If the phase sh|h of the vo|tages |s |n the d|recnon of de|ay '-',
the system |s ca||ed symmetr|c d|rect, |f |t |s |n the d|recnon of
advances (+) the system |s ca||ed symmetr|c |nverse. 1he most
used mu|n-phase systems are the three phase systems (m = 3).
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Wye connecnon
Cons|der a three-phase symmetr|ca| vo|tage sources. If each of the
three power generators feeds |ts |oad |mpedance !
"
, !
#
, !
$
, each
generator supp||es to the respecnve |oad a current of amp||tude
and phase, respecnve|y:
3
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Wye connecnon
If you rep|ace the three return conductors w|th one conductor, |t
|s rea||zed a three-phase wye (star) connecnon w|th neutra|.
1he neutra| conductor |s crossed by the current:
1he neutra| w|re connects a hrst po|nt, common to a|| generators,
w|th a po|nt common to a|| |oads, such po|nts are known as star
centers.

4
Wye connecnon
1he presence of the neutra| conductor |s not necessary |n the case
of three-phase symmetr|ca| and ba|anced systems, that are
symmetr|ca| three-phase systems where the |oad |mpedances are
a|| equa|. 1he current |n the neutra| conductor |n th|s case |s |n fact
a|ways zero :
8y e||m|nanng the neutra| conductor |s rea||zed a three-phase star
connecnon w|thout neutra|.
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5
De|ta connecnon
An a|ternanve connecnon
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6
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V
|[
||ne vo|tage:
the vo|tage between the phase conductors | and [.
L
|
phase vo|tage:
the vo|tage across the vo|tage generators or |oads |.
I
|
||ne current:
the current ow|ng through the conductors of the ||ne
connecnng the generators to the |oads.
I
|
phase current:
the current ow|ng through the vo|tage generators or
|oads |.
7
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Wye connecnon
!
V
12
= E
1
" E
2
V
23
= E
2
" E
3
V
31
= E
3
" E
1
#
$
%
&
%
!
I
1
= J
1
I
2
= J
2
I
3
= J
3
"
#
$
%
$
8
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De|ta connecnon
!
V
12
= E
1
V
23
= E
2
V
31
= E
3
"
#
$
%
$
!
I
1
= J
1
" J
3
I
2
= J
2
" J
1
I
3
= J
3
" J
2
#
$
%
&
%
9
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1he ||ne vo|tage % and the ||ne current & have amp||tude:
Wye-de|ta connecnon
10
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1he |nstantaneous power prov|ded (absorbed) from a three
phase generator (|oad), |s g|ven by the sum of the |nstantaneous
power prov|ded by (absorbed from) each phase.
We have:
where ! |s the phase ang|e between vo|tages and currents.
'()* ,-
"
()*.
"
()*/-
#
()*.
#
()*/ -
$
()*.
$
()*
11
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Acnve ower:
Wye
De|ta
12
Lqu|va|ent s|ng|e-phase system
It |s poss|b|e to study a symmetr|ca| and ba|anced three-phase
system by mak|ng reference to the equ|va|ent s|ng|e-phase system
(one phase).
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keacnve ower:
Apparent ower:
13
8ench of s|ng|e-phase transformers
1he eas|est way to get a three-phase transformer |s to use the
same s|ng|e phase un|ts. 1h|s conhguranon |s rare|y made |t cost|y
and bu|ky.
At no |oad the |nduced LMI, |nstant by |nstant, are equa| to the
pr|mary vo|tages. 1he sum of the |nduced LMI, and as a resu|t of
uxes, |s zero.
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Symmetr|ca| three-phase transformer
8y su|tab|y compos|ng the ferromagnenc cores of the three-
phase transformers the core of a symmetr|ca| three-phase
transformer |s obta|ned. 1h|s structure |s not of pracnca| |nterest
because |t has the same d|sadvantages of the bench of s|ng|e-
phase transformers.
15
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Symmetr|ca| three-phase transformer
S|nce the |nstantaneous sum of the uxes of the three
transformers |s zero the centra| |eg |s crossed by a ux zero and
can be e||m|nated.
1he structure obta|ned, wh||e
s|mp|er and |ess expens|ve than the
prev|ous, spread more |n three
d|mens|ons and |s not of pracnca|
use.
If the |nstantaneous sum of the
three uxes |s d|erent from zero
(for examp|e, when feed|ng three-
phase unba|anced |oads) |s created
a zero-sequence component of ux
wh|ch c|oses |n the a|r.
16
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Asymmetr|ca| three-phase transformer
In asymmetr|ca| three phase transformer w|th three ||mbs the
re|uctance encountered by the magnenc ux ow|ng |n the
m|dd|e ||mb |s |ess than the re|uctance encountered by uxes that
ow |nto the other two ||mbs.
17
Asymmetr|ca| three-phase transformer
1he d|erence |n re|uctance causes a d|erence |n the no |oad
currents of the three w|nd|ngs. A|so generates a zero-sequence
component of the ux that c|oses up |n the a|r.
1o avo|d the unba|ance of currents, the secnon of the yokes |s
made greater than that of the ||mbs, |n fact, |dea||y, |f the
re|uctance of the yokes |s zero the re|uctance encountered by the
three uxes wou|d be the same.
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Asymmetr|ca| three-phase transformer
1he two externa| |egs have a sma||er secnon than the three |nner
|egs. Core transformers at hve ||mbs have e|ectr|ca| and magnenc
propernes |dennca| to three ||mbs, but are |ower and w|der.
1he on|y ma[or d|erence |s that the zero-sequence component
of ux can be c|osed |n the |ron and then through the externa|
|egs, and |s therefore h|gher than |n the three |eg transformers.
19
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She||-core transformers
In she||-core transformers the re|uctance |s the same for a|| three
||mbs. 1he cores may be w|th uxes w|th |n the same d|recnon, or
w|th uxes |n oppos|non.
20
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She||-core transformers
In transformers w|th uxes |n the same d|recnon, the ux |n the
per|phera| yokes |s ha|f the ux |n the co|umns wh||e the ux |n
the |ntermed|ate yokes |s equa| to the vector|a| d|erence
between the ux, wh|ch are equa| |n |ntens|ty, but out of phase
by 120 .
1he |ntermed|ate yokes w||| be squared root three nmes that a
secnon of the per|phera| yokes, |n order to have the same
|nducnon |n a|| the yokes.
In transformers w|th uxes |n oppos|non, a|| yokes, both externa|
and |nterna|, are crossed by the same uxes and thus a|so the
secnons are the same for everyone. It |s ev|dent|y preferred the
one w|th core uxes |n oppos|non as |n we|ght and cost are |ower.
21
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Lqu|va|ent c|rcu|t
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In case |t |s supposed that the system |s symmetr|ca| and
ba|anced (the |oad supp||ed by the power transformer must be
ba|anced), you can use the equ|va|ent c|rcu|t of one phase of the
three phase transformer:
1he parameters are determ|ned by the namep|ate, the procedure
|s qu|te s|m||ar to that of s|ng|e-phase transformer.
23
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Connecnon of the w|nd|ngs
1he connecnons of the w|nd|ngs of the phases can be of four
types:
Wye Wye w|th neutra|
24
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Connecnon of the w|nd|ngs
1he connecnons of the w|nd|ngs of the phases can be of four
types:
2|g-zag
De|ta
25