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A. Conventional materials
With the adopted convention, an incremental section dz of
a conventional fluid can be described by the model of
Fig. 1共a兲, where ma = 共 / S兲dz is an acoustic mass, or iner-
tance 关in 共kg/ m4兲兴, and Ca = 共S / K兲dz is an acoustic compli- FIG. 2. Unit cell of the CRLH TL, a particular type of TL-based
ance 关in 共m3 / Pa兲兴, and and K are the density and bulk metamaterial. The lattice constant is referred to as d.
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An interesting particularity of this structure is that a seamless The considered element is a circular membrane clamped
transition 共i.e., without band gap兲 between the LH and RH at its perimeter to a host waveguide, as illustrated in Fig.
bands can be achieved under the so-called balanced 4共a兲. It is characterized by its Young’s modulus E, Poisson’s
condition.25 The goal of this work is precisely to synthesize a ratio , mass density m, thickness h, and radius a, which is
structure that implements the circuit of Fig. 2 for acoustic also the radius of the waveguide. The surface of the mem-
waves. brane is S = a2. No tension is applied to the membrane.
It should be stressed here that the other types of acoustic
metamaterials reported in Sec. I can also be described by 2. Theoretical modeling
circuit and TL concepts. However, the main characteristic of
The membrane is modeled as a thin plate described by the
TL-based metamaterials such as those based on the dual TL
transverse displacement 共r兲, which satisfies the flexural
concept 共or more generally the CRLH TL兲 is that they ex-
waves equation29,33,34
hibit the desired metaproperties without explicitly relying on
resonance phenomena.
Finally, it must be pointed out that the circuits in Figs. 1
and 2 are lossless and hence correspond to ideal structures
ⵜ4 − k4m =
⌬p
D
with k2m = 冑 D
⬙
m
共2兲
made up with lossless materials. In practice, losses could be ⬙ = mh is the surface mass density of the plate
and where m
represented by small equivalent resistances in the equivalent and D designates its flexural rigidity, which is given by34
circuit. However, since as already mentioned, losses can be
very small in TL-based metamaterials, their equivalent cir- Eh3
D= . 共3兲
cuits can be assumed lossless in a first analysis. 12共1 − 2兲
In Eq. 共2兲, ⌬p represents the source term, which corresponds
III. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED STRUCTURE to the net pressure on the plate. It can be written as
⌬p = p1 − p2, where p1 and p2 are the acoustic pressure on the
The CRLH metamaterial implementation proposed in this two faces, as suggested in Fig. 4共a兲. The general solution of
work is shown in Fig. 3. The host “medium” is an acoustic Eq. 共2兲 in polar coordinates is derived in Ref. 34; only the
waveguide with circular cross section and perfectly rigid result is recalled here. Assuming a uniform pressure distribu-
walls operated in its dominant mode region 共plane waves兲. tion over the plate, which is verified in case of plane-wave
The realization of series compliances using only acoustic el- incidence and small displacements, and considering only axi-
ements is not obvious. Here, we propose to use mechanical ally symmetrical modes, the following general solution for
elements consisting of membranes, for which the restoring 共r兲 is obtained,
force provides the required series compliance. It can be men-
tioned that membranes have already been proposed in a ⌬p
metamaterial context as a mean to achieve negative dynamic 共r兲 = − + AJ0共kmr兲 + BI0共kmr兲, 共4兲
k4mD
mass by operating them between two eigenmodes.32 Here,
the membranes are rather operated below and around their where Jn and In are the regular and modified Bessel’s func-
first resonance. tions of the first kind of order n, respectively. The application
Shunt acoustic masses can be simply achieved with trans- of the boundary conditions corresponding to a clamped
versally connected open channels.30 Based on this concept, membrane 关共r = a兲 = 0, ddr 兩r=a = 0兴 to Eq. 共4兲 yields the two
the solution adopted here consists of radial channels operated constants,
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冕冕 S
⌬p共r兲dS
−10
Zm = , 共6兲
¯
j
q= 冕冕 S
¯ S.
v共r兲dS = v̄S = j 共8兲
In order to validate the presented theoretical modeling, we
3. Validation
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4
Theory − exact impedance (shortcut)
Radial stub input impedance, Z at (MΩa)
2
FIG. 8. Equivalent acoustic circuit for the symmetrical ⌸-type
unit cell of the considered acoustic CRLH TL.
1.5
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Frequency (kHz)
Rat0 =
6
b3
冉 冊
ln 1 +
L
a
, 共16兲
the effective length due to the open termination effects, the For the considered stub 共b = 1 mm兲 we have Q = 40 at 1 kHz,
physical length of the stub has been decreased to approxi- therefore the resistance Rat0 is 40 times smaller than the as-
mately obtain the same acoustic mass as the perfectly short- sociated reactance mat0 ⬘ . This value has been considered
circuited stub. The resulting actual stub length is sufficiently large for neglecting, in a first approximation, the
L = 42.67 mm. The simulated performances of this stub are effect of viscous losses.
also shown in Fig. 7 and Table II. If viscous losses become a limiting factor for some spe-
A good agreement is observed between theory and full- cific applications, alternative stub topologies such as cylin-
wave simulation, as well as between the original impedance drical tubes 共one or several in parallel兲 shall be considered.
and its mass-compliance circuit approximation. It can be Indeed, for the same targeted acoustic mass value, the re-
noted that the approximate expression 共15兲 for the acoustic quired tubes diameter is less critical regarding this issue than
mass provides the value mat0 = 351.1 kg/ m4, hence a differ- the required width for radial stubs. For the concept validation
ence inferior to 1% with the values given in Table II. Figure presented here, whose goal is to demonstrate the capability
7 also confirms that the impedance is dominated by an of a stub to realize a shunt acoustic mass, the radial topology
acoustic mass, as is the case for small stubs, although the was chosen mostly for its symmetry of revolution since this
shunt capacitance Cat should be taken into account for pre- property greatly simplifies the numerical modeling. Viscous
cise modeling. losses are thus not a fundamental limitation, and we have
provided here a simple way of addressing this issue in order
5. Effect of viscous losses to keep the associated effects below a prescribed level.
Narrow acoustic channels may be subject to viscous IV. CRLH TL MODELING AND DESIGN
losses, a phenomenon which is assessed here for the consid-
ered stub. Viscous losses can be taken into account in the A. Modeling
model of Fig. 6共b兲 by adding an acoustic resistance Rat in Using the developments of Sec. III, the unit cell of the
series with the acoustic mass mat. Based on the Hagen- considered TL-based metamaterial introduced in Fig. 3 can
TABLE II. Acoustic mass and compliance for the considered radial stub, calculated so that the approxi-
mate circuit of Fig. 6共b兲 fits the original impedance at 1 kHz.
mat Cat
共kg/ m4兲 共10−12 m3 / Pa兲
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ma Ca
共kg/ m4兲 共10−12 m3 / Pa兲
be modeled by the circuit of Fig. 8. Zam is the impedance of matrix兲 of the unit cell, which links the voltage and current at
the membrane and Y at is the admittance of the radial stub, as one side of the cell to those at the other side. In the case of
described in Secs. III A and III B, respectively. The connec- reciprocal and symmetrical unit cells, we obtain the relations
tions between these elements are modeled by TL sections of ␥B = arcosh共Acell兲 / d and ZB = 冑Bcell / Ccell, where d is the
characteristic impedance Zac = Zc / S and phase constant k. The length of the unit cell.37–39 Application of this technique to
unit-cell boundaries are placed across the stubs positions in the unit cell shown in Fig. 9 can be found in Ref. 25 or in
order to obtain a ⌸-type network symmetrical unit cell. This Section 4.3 of Ref. 40, with all the corresponding expres-
is the reason why there is one half of Y at at each side of the sions for ␥B and ZB in function of the circuit elements. The
cell. The circuit of Fig. 8 can be further simplified as fol- refractive index n can be simply deduced from the Bloch
lows: 共1兲 Zam and Y at are approximated by their mass- propagation constant using the relation n = ␥B / 共jk兲.
compliance circuits of Figs. 4共b兲 and 6共b兲, respectively. 共2兲
The effect of the TL sections is represented as shown in Fig.
1共a兲 by a series acoustic mass and a shunt acoustic compli- C. Design
ance, denoted here maTL and CaTL. For both TL sections con- For the considered validation example, the following con-
sidered together, we have maTL = 共 / S兲共d − h兲 and CaTL straints have been imposed for the design: 共1兲 The CRLH TL
= 共S / K兲共d − h兲. This approximate representation is accurate is balanced 共closure of the stop band between the LH and RH
provided that the unit cell is small compared to the wave- bands25兲 with a transition frequency between the two bands
length. 共3兲 All the series and shunt elements are grouped f 0 = 1 kHz. 共2兲 The lattice constant d should be small com-
together. pared to the wavelength in the host waveguide. In the
With these simplifications, we obtain the lumped element present case, we have imposed d / = 0.1 at f 0. 共3兲 The Bloch
model of Fig. 9 with the parameters given by
再 冎 再 冎
impedance ZB at f 0 should not be too far from the character-
mas = mam + maTL map = mat istic impedance of the host waveguide 共Zac兲, in order to allow
and 共18兲 for a good matching to an external waveguide of comparable
Cap = Cat + CaTL Cas = Cam . diameter.
The design has been performed using the lumped element
model of Fig. 9 with the corresponding analytical expres-
B. Characterization
sions for the circuit elements 共not detailed here兲. The result-
The periodic metamaterials considered in this work are ing structure is the one shown in Fig. 3, with a lattice con-
characterized using the Bloch theory, whose basis are briefly stant d = 34 mm, a host waveguide radius a = 9.06 mm, and
recalled thereafter.37,38 Periodic structures support the propa- the membranes and radial stubs are the one already described
gation of eigenwaves often called Bloch waves. Looking at in Secs. III A 3 and III B 4, respectively. The associated val-
discrete locations corresponding to the boundaries of the ues of the lumped elements involved in the model are re-
cells 共z = nd , n 苸 Z兲, these waves exhibit a spatial depen- ported in Table III. It can be observed that the balanced con-
dence of the form exp共⫾␥Bz兲. The quantity ␥B is referred to dition, which writes masCas = mapCap,25 is verified. It should
here as the Bloch propagation constant 共i.e., the dispersion be noticed here that perfect balance is difficult to achieve in
diagram兲. A characteristic impedance associated with the pe- practice since this property is very sensitive to any parameter
riodic structure can also be defined: it corresponds to the fluctuation. Thus, although the structure is perfectly balanced
ratio between voltage and current at the boundaries of the according to the simplified model of Fig. 9, fine tuning of
cells for a purely traveling Bloch wave. This quantity is re- some parameters is often required to maintain the balanced
ferred to here as the Bloch impedance ZB. Therefore, a peri- condition for the real implemented structure. In the present
odic structure is fully characterized by its Bloch parameters case, this is the stub length L that has been tuned for this
␥B and ZB, which are the periodic structure counterparts of purpose.
the propagation constant and characteristic impedance de- Using the detailed model of Fig. 8 with expressions 共7兲
fined for continuous TLs or waveguides. and 共9兲 for Zam and Eq. 共12兲 for Y at, we found that L had to
The Bloch parameters ␥B and ZB are related to the eigen- be tuned from 48.95 to 46.80 mm 共considering a perfect
values and eigenvectors of the transmission matrix 共or ABCD shortcut兲 in order to maintain the balanced condition. Further
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BONGARD, LISSEK, AND MOSIG PHYSICAL REVIEW B 82, 094306 共2010兲
f f f0 f f fcL f1 f0 f2 fcR
cL 1 2 cR
16
3 βd = π
Lumped model
Detailed model 14
2 Lumped model
Dispersion diagram, βB d (rad)
6
−1
4
−2
2
−3 βd = −π
0
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Frequency (kHz) Frequency (kHz)
FIG. 10. Bloch parameters extracted from full-wave simulation results 共COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS兲 and circuit models for the implemented
CRLH TL. f cL and f cR are the LH and RH cut-off frequencies, respectively, f 0 is the transition frequency between the LH and RH bands, and
f 1 and f 2 are the limits of the fast-wave band 共see Sec. V D兲. The “light lines” correspond to the dispersion in air 共k = ⫾ / c兲, by analogy
with the terminology used in photonic crystals. The real part of ␥Bd and the imaginary part of ZB in the stopbands are not shown.
tuning based on full-wave simulations with the real open impedance around the transition frequency f 0 is smoothly
stub termination led to the physical stub length varying with frequency, which is favorable for wideband
L = 43.50 mm for perfect balance. matching.
V. PERFORMANCES
B. Equivalent medium parameters
A. Bloch parameters
The Bloch parameters ␥B = ␣B + jB and ZB have been cal- Although the periodic structure is completely character-
culated from the model of Fig. 8, referred to here as the ized by its Bloch parameters ␥B and ZB, equivalent medium
“detailed model,” from the model of Fig. 9, referred to here parameters can also be derived by analogy with a plane wave
as the “lumped model,” and from full-wave simulation with propagating in an equivalent fluid. This formal analogy con-
COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS 共see CAD model of Fig. 3兲. In the sists in mapping the impedance of the series branch of the
latter case, a single asymmetrical unit cell has been charac- unit-cell circuit with the impedance associated with an
terized in terms of reflection and transmission coefficients equivalent mass density eq and the admittance of the shunt
under plane-wave incidence, from which the Bloch param- branch with the one associated with an equivalent bulk
eters associated with the corresponding symmetrical ⌸-type modulus Keq. For a CRLH TL, a simple comparison of the
unit cell have been deduced.41 The results are shown in Fig. circuits of Figs. 1共a兲 and 2 yields
10.
It can be observed on the dispersion diagram of Fig. 10共a兲
that the structure exhibits a negative refractive index band 3
共opposite phase and group velocities兲 over a 50% relative
bandwidth, from the LH cutoff f cL = 0.61 kHz to the transi- 2
Equivalent medium parameters (−)
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f f f f f
cL 1 0 2 cR
0
τ
Amplitude (dB)
−10 ρ
−20
−30
−40
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Frequency (kHz) Lumped model
Detailed model
180 Full−wave sim.
90
phase of τ (deg)
FIG. 12. Modified half-width stub at the periodic structure ter-
mination 共idem at the other side兲.
0
冦 冧 冦 冧
Zas S 1
eq = · Zas = jmas + −90
j d jCas
with
Y ap 1 1 −180
−1
Keq = · Y ap = jCap + . 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
j Sd jmap Frequency (kHz)
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16 31
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