Steel Clasification and Weldability

Written by Ed Craig
Home page of www.weldreality.com



ASTM Welding A403-A643 Carbon Low Alloy Steels.

Bar Plate and Pipe..

ALL ELECTRODE RECOMMENDATIONS MADE AT THIS SITE REQUIRE WELD
QUALIFICATION BEFORE THE WELD CONSUMABLES ARE APPROVED.


Note: When you see high tensile weld electrodes required, this is usually an indication that
pre heat interpass and post heat treatment is required for the welds

Fatigue:
The ability of a metal or weld to withstand repeated loads. Fatigue
failures occur at stress levels less than the metal or weld yield
strength. Some things that can influence fatigue failure:
Excess weld profiles.
Welds which cause undercut.
FCAW or SMAW slag inclusions.
Lack of weld penetration.
Excess weld heat, typically from multi-pass welds without inter-pass
temp controls.
Items to a part that adds restraint while welding.
Items added to a part that can concentrate stresses in a specific
location.
Incorrect selection of filler metal, weld too weak or weld too strong.

When welding low and medium carbon steels, the 70XX electrodes and E70S-3-6 MIG
wires and E7XT-X flux cored electrodes can be used. When welding low alloy
1 1/4 Cr 1/2 Mo and 2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo with up to 0.05% max carbon, typically 8018-B2L / 9018-
B3L (L = low carbon) can be used. When welding higher strength alloys or when
tempering and quenching are required to attain the higher strengths the higher carbon
8018 B2 and 9018 B3 electrodes are utilized.

Steels
Yield
ksi
MPa
Tensile
ksi
MPa
Description
Preheat
Post heat
UNS
Chemistry
weld data
ASTM
403

Austenitic
Stainless
Pipe
see pipe
ASTM
405
Cr Mo pipe see pipe
ASTM
409

Austenitic
stainless
pipe
see pipe
ASTM
A410

pressure
vessel plate
E8018-C3
ASTM
412
grade
201 -202

Stainless
plate
E308
ASTM
413
Grade #
30. Proof
Coil
grade # is
strength

welded steel
chain general
purpose , low
carbon steel
not
recommended
for over head

lifts
A413
Grade #
43. High
Test

welded steel
chain general
purpose , low
carbon steel
Stronger than
grade 30.Not
recommended
for over head
lifts

A413
Grade #
70.
Transport
Binder

welded steel
chain general
purpose , low
carbon steel
heat treated
Stronger than
grade 43.Not
recommended
for over head
lifts

ASTM
A414
A-B-C-D
E-F-G

Flange and
firebox sheet

All grades except G
E60XX
E70XX
E70S-X
E71T-1
Grade G
E7018-A1
ASTM
420

Carbon stl
and nickel stl
pipe fittings
pre heat
100 -
200F

8018
80S-D2
ASTM
423

Low alloy
tubes
pre heat
100-200F
8018W
ASTM
A425

Hot rolled
strip

E60XX
E70XX
E70S-X
E71T-1
ASTM
A426
Cr Mo Pipe
pre heat
100 - 600
F
see pipe
ASTM
430

Austenitic
stainless
pipe
see pipe
ASTM
A434

AISI
Quenched
and tempered
steel bars

A434-BB
65-90
448-
620
90-110
620-758

Contact Alloy Rod
for special
electrode
T4130
A434-BC
80-
110
105-130
Contact Alloy Rod
for special
electrode
T4130
A434-BD
100-
130
130-155
Preheat
250 - 350F

ASTM
A440

High strength
structural

E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
ASTM
A441
40-
50
275-
344
60-70
413-482
High strength
low alloy
structural
steel used
often for
bridges
Preheat
>25mm
100F
>50mm
200F
K1211
carbon
0.22
Si 0.4max
Mn 0.85/1.25
Cu
V 0.2
E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
If weathering steel
unpainted
E8018-W
E80T1-W








SMAW and GMAW Mechanical Strength
E6010 Minimum Yield 50,000 psi Minimum Tensile 62,000 psi.
E6011 Minimum Yield 50,000 psi Minimum Tensile 62,000 psi.
E7010 Minimum Yield 60,000 psi Minimum Tensile 72,000 psi.
E7018 Minimum Yield 60,000 psi Minimum Tensile 72,000 psi.


The commom MIG E70S-3-6 wires.
Minimum Yield 60,000 psi Minimum Tensile 72,000 psi.

Mechanical Strength of Gas Shielded Flux Cored Electrodes, reference ANS I
/AWS A5.29 1198 Specification. Low Alloy Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored
Arc Welding
AWS Classification
Tensile
ksi
Tensile
MPa
Yield
ksi
Yield
Mpa
E6XTX-X-XM 60 - 80 410 - 550 50 340
E7XTX-X-XM 70 - 90 480 - 620 58 400
E8XTX-X-XM 80 - 100 550 - 690 68 470
E9XTX-X-XM 90 - 110 620 - 760 78 540
E10XTX-K9-K9M SEE SPEC 88 610
(M) means an argon mix req, 75 to 80
argon balance CO2
All DCEP
E71T-1
Second
number
1 = all
position
E70T-1
Second
number
0 = flat
and
horizontal





What is Brittleness?
The ease at which the weld or metal will break or crack without appreciable
deformation. When a metal gets harder it becomes more brittle. Preheat,
inter-pass temp controls and post heat all are designed to reduce the
potential for brittleness.


How do you measure Hardness?.
The hardness tester forces a small sphere (Brinell, HB), a diamond pyramid
(Vickers, HV) or a cone (Rockwell C, HRC) into the surface of a metallic
material. The indentation is then measured.





PRE - INTERPASS OR POST HEAT?
Many manufactures of parts and equipment containing ASTM
steels will not use the recommended pre or post-heat
treatments.
The requirements for weld heat considerations is greatly
influenced by many factors such as the application, the
governing specifications or codes, the plate conditions,
plate thickness, the weld consumables the weld procedures, the weld size and
amount of welds required.
In many cases the manufacturer that uses ASTM steels will find that it's not
necessary for the weld to match the mechanical properties of the steel, (its often
better for the weld to have more ductility than the plate) and therefore low
hydrogen, highly ductile SMAW E7018 / E70S-3-6 MIG wires or E7XT-X flux cored
electrodes are used.

When using the low hydrogen electrodes, the pre and post heat treatment
recommendations are frequently reduced or eliminated, however from a weld
quality perspective always ensure that the weld locations are dry, the base metal
is over 60 F, and that rust and mill scale is removed from the weld area.

Its beneficial for all multipass welds to not allow the multi-pass inter-pass weld
temperatures to exceed 350 F.

Multipass welds will have an annealing affect on the welds and base metals and therefore
the need for preheat will either be eliminated or reduced.
If you ignore the heat treat requirements as recommended by the metal
specifications ensure you use low hydrogen consumables then,
(a) establish the PQR,
(b) qalify both the weld and HAZ mechanical properties.




Welding alloy steels often may require unique weld or heat treat considerations.
Compare the low alloy steels chemistry and mechanicals with a standard A36 steel.
Remember this site is only a guide, weld responsibility starts with "you" First verify the
weld consumable and then the material heat treat recommendations.

What is yield strength? The stress that can be applied to a base metal or
weld without permanent deformation of the metal is the yield strength.

What is tensile strength? The ultimate tensile strength is the maximum
strength that the metal or weld can withstand before failure occurs.



Metric Conversion 1000 psi = ksi x 6.894 = MPa
Steels
Yield
ksi
MPa
Tensile
ksi
MPa
Description
Preheat Post
heat
UNS
Chemistry
weld data
ASTM
A442-55
> 30
206
55 - 75
379-517
Carbon steel
pressure vessel
plate
CSA 300W-T
350W-T 350A-T
380W HSS
380WT- HSS
K02202
carbon
0.22/0.24
Mn 0.6/1.1
Si 0.15/0.4
E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
ASTM
A442-605
>32
220
60 - 80
413-
551

Preheat
>0.26 carbon
>25mm 100F
K02402
carbon
0.24/0.27
Mn 0.6/1.1
Si 0.15/0.4
E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
ASTM
447
Stainless castings 309
ASTM
A444

Galvanized
sheet

E6010
E70S-3
ASTM
451

Austenitic stainless
pipe
see pipe
ASTM
452
Stainless pipe
see pipe
E308
ASTM
A455
<9.6mm
>37

9-
13mm
>36

>13mm
>35
<9.6mm
75-95
9-13mm
73-93

>13mm
70-90
High strength
manganese steel for
pressure vessel
plates
preheat
carbon
0.26/0.3
100F

>0.3 carb 200F
K03300
carbon
0.33
Si 0.10
Mn
0.85/1.29
E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
ASTM
A457

stainless plate sheet
strip
E347
ASTM stainless bars E347
A458
ASTM
A469
low alloy forgings
pre heat 100 to
400 F

E8018 to
E1218
ASTM
A470
low alloy forgings
pre heat 100 to
400 F

E8018 to
E1218
ASTM
A473

Austenitic Stainless
forgings

ASTM
A477

austenitic stainless
forgings
E347
ASTM
A479

pressure vessel
austenitic stainless
parts

ASTM
A486

steel castings
highway bridges

A486-70
preheat carbon
>0.2 <25mm
100F >25mm
250F

E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
A486-90 E808-B2
ASTM
A487
other
grades

Casting for
pressure service

A487-2N
check for
pre/post heat req

E7018-A1
or
E8018-B2
A487-4N
check for
pre/post heat req

Flux cored
E4130
A487-6N
check for
pre/post heat req

Flux cored
E4130
A487-7Q
check for
pre/post heat req

Flux cored
E4130
A487-8N
check for
pre/post heat req

E9018-B3
E90T5-B3
A487-9N
check for
pre/post heat req

E9018-B3
E90T5-B3


When mill scale is a problem, what MIG or flux cored weld parameter
will the welder have to change and why? The solutions are in Ed's
books.

STRESS RELIEVING (SR) BASIC GUIDELINES:
STRESS RELIEF - CONTROLLED HEATING & COOLING TO REDUCE
STRESS.
STRESS RELIEF MACHINED PARTS FOR DIMENSIONAL STABILITY.
STRESS RELIEF SLOW HEATING AND COOLING REQUIRED
CONFIRM WITH CODE SPECIFICAIONS FOR STRESS RELIEF
REQUIREMENTS.



TYPICAL STRESS RELIEF SOAK
TIME
ONE HOUR PER INCH OF
THICKNESS
SR HEAT & COOL RATE
PER HOUR 400oF 204oC
DIVIDE THICKER PART
PARTS OF DIFFERENT
THICKNESSES
SR MAX TEMP DIFFERENCE 75oF
24oC
STRESS RELIEF CARBON
STEELS 1100oF 593oC
TO 1250oF 677oC
STRESS RELIEF CARBON 0.5% Mo
1100oF 593oC TO 1250oF 677oC
SR 1% CHROME 0.5% Mo
1150oF 621oC TO 1325oF
718oC
SR 1.25 % CHROME 0.5% Mo
1150oF 621oC TO 1325oF 718oC
SR 2% CHROME 0.5% Mo
1150oF 621oC TO 1325oF
718oC
SR 2.25 % CHROME 1% Mo
1200oF 649oC TO 1375oF 746oC
SR 5% CHROME 0.5% Mo
1200oF 649oC TO 1375oF
746oC
SR 7% CHROME 0.5% Mo
1300oF 704oC TO 1400oF 760oC
SR 9% CHROME 1% Mo
1300oF 704oC TO 1400oF
760oC
SR 12% CHROME 410 STEEL
1550oF 843oC TO 1600oF 871oC
SR 16% CHROME 430
STEEL
1400oF 760oC TO 1500oF
815oC
SR 9% NICKEL
1025oF 552oC TO 1085oF 585oC
FOR 300 SERIES
STAINLESS SR WILL
RESULT IN CARBIDE
PRECIPITATION
WITH LOW CARBON 300 SERIES
MAX SR 1050oF 566oC
SR 400 SERIES CLAD
STAINLESS
1100oF 593oC TO 1350oF
732oC
SR CLAD MONEL INCONEL Cu
NICKEL
1150oF 621oC TO 1200oF 649oC
STRESS RELIEF
MAGNESIUM AZ31B 0
500oF 260oC 15 MIN
STRESS RELIEF MAGNESIUM
AZ31B
H24 300oF 149oC 60 MIN
HK31A H24 550oF 288oC 30
MIN

HM21A T8-T81 700oF 371oC
30 MIN
MAGNESIUM WITH MORE THAN
1.5%
ALUMINUM STRESS RELIEF
MAGNESIUM CAST
ALLOYS AM100A
500oF 260oC 60 MIN
AZ-63A 81A 91C & 92A
500oF 260oC 60 MIN






E-Mail Feb 2007. Ed what affect does flame cutting API X-80 or 550 gr. pipe have on the weld
HAZ?
Is 6010 a good root pass electrode for this material?

All X-80 materials are not created equal: They could be seamless quench and tempered, or
DSAW TMCP plate. You can get some seamless that will have high alloy content that will
produce a very hard HAZ, these alloys can be susceptable to hydrogen cracking. You need
to consider minimum preheat and interpass temp controls and possibly avoid cellulosic
electrodes such as 6010. The TMCP materials typically provide excellent results such as a
soft HAZ from low minimum preheat.

Steels
Yield
ksi
MPa
Tensile
ksi
MPa
Description
Preheat
Post heat
UNS
Chemistry
weld data
ASTM
A493

Bar and Wire
stainless
depends on
grade

ASTM
A496
Reinforcing wire 200 to 300 9018m
ASTM
A500

carbon steel
tube
100 -200F
E70S-3
E7018
ASTM
A508

Forgings
pressure vessels

E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
ASTM
A511

austenitic
stainless tubes
3xx series
ASTM
A512
carbon stl tubes
E70S-3
E7018
ASTM
A513

carbon and low
alloy steel tubes
100 - 200F
E70S-3
E7018
ASTM
A514
> 90-
100
620-
689
100-
130
689-
896
Quench and
tempered alloy
steel plate High
yields. This spec
also applies
toASTM A517

A514-A
Known as
N-A-XTRA 100
K11856
Carbon
0.15/0.21
Mn 0.8/1.1
Si 0.4/0.8
Cr 0.5/0.8
Zr 0.5/0.15
B 0.0025
A514-B
Known as
T - 1 Type A
K11630
Carbon
0.12/0.21
Mn 1.0
Si 0.2/0.35
Cr 0.4/0.64
MO 0.15/0.25
V 0.03/0.08
Ti0.01/0.03
B 0.0005
/0.005
A514-C
Known as
JALLOY-S-100
K11511
Carbon
0.1/0.2
Mn 1.1/1.5
Si 0.15/0.3
MO 0.2/0.3
B 0.001/0.005
A514-D K11662
Carbon
0.13/0.2
Mn 0.4/0.7
Si 0.2/0.35
Cr 0.85/1.2
Mo0.15/0.25
Ti 0.04/0.1
Cu 0.4
B 0.0015
to 0.005
A514-E K21604
Carbon
0.12/0.2
Mn 0.4/0.7
Si 0.2/0.35
Cr 1.4/2.0
Mo 0.4/0.6
Ti 0.04/0.1
Cu 0.2/0.4
B 0.0015
to 0.005
SSS-100
A514-F
Typically Called
T-1 Steel
K11576
Carbon
0.1/0.2
Mn 0.6/1
Si 0.15/0.35
Cr 0.4/0.65
Ni 0.7/1
Mo 0.4/0.6
V 0.03/0.08
Cu 0.15/0.5
B 0.006
A514-G K11872
Carbon
0.15/0.21
Mn 0.88/1.1
Si ?
Cr 0.5/0.9
Ni 0.7/1
Mo 0.4/0.6
Zr 0.05/0.15
B 0.0025
A514-H K11646
Carbon
0.12/0.21
Mn 0.95/1.3
Si 0.2/0.35
Cr 0.4/0.65
Ni 0.3/0.7
Mo 0.2/0.3
V 0.03/0.08
B 0.005
A514-J K11625
Carbon
0.12/0.21
Mn0.45/0.77
Si 0.2/0.35
Mo 0.5/0.65
B 0.001
to 0.005
A514-K K11523
Carbon
0.1/0.2
Mn1.1/1.15
Si 0.15/0.3
Mo0.45/0.55
B 0.001
to 0.005
A514-L K11682
Carbon
0.13/0.2
Mn0.4/0.7
Si 0.15/0.3
Cr1/15/1.65
Mo0.25/0.4
Ti0.04/0.1
Cu 0.2/0.4
B 0.005
A514-M K11683
Carbon
0.12/0.21
Mn0.4/0.7
Si 0.15/0.3
Ni 1.2/1.5
Mo0.45/0.6
B 0.001 to
0.005
A514-N K11847
Carbon
0.15/0.21
Mn0.8/1.1
Si 0.4/0.9
Cr 0.5/0.8
Mo 0.25
Zr 0.05/0.15
B 0.0025
A514-P
For all a514 welds
keep multi-pass
welds small to
improve notch
toughness. Keep
heat input low
use stringers
instead of
weaves
Preheat for
all A514
<13mm
50F<25mm
175F.
Don't
exceed 200F
inter-pass
temp.
Always
ensure oil
or moisture
removed
before weld
K21650
Carbon
0.12/0.21
Mn0.45/0.7
Si 0.4/0.9
Ni 1.2/1.5

For all A514
welds
E11018-M
E110S-1
E110T5-K4
E110T1-G

MIG alternative
E80S-D2
keep MIG spray
volts low to
reduce
Hydrogen
content. Use low
reactive gas mix
like argon 10%
C02.

What is lamellar tearing?

When welding, the weld shrinkage stresses impose tensile strains in the
steel plate or on inclusions paralleled to the plate surface. The tensile
strains can separate the inclusions causing cracks. Excessive strains can
further elongate the cracks. Carbon, manganese and low alloy steels made
at the mill with inadequate deoxidization are sensitive to lamellar tearing.
The potential for lamellar tearing increases with the amount of inclusions in the plates being
welded. Of special concern is when the inclusions are parallel to the plate surface. More data
in ASTM A770 / A770M Standard Spec for through thickness tension testing of steel plates.



Steels
Yield
ksi
MPa
Tensile
ksi
MPa
Description
Preheat
Post heat
UNS
Chemistry
weld data
ASTM
A515

pressure
vessel steel
plate for
medium to
high temp
service
preheat
0.21 to 0.25
carb
>50mm
200F
preheat
0.26 to 0.30
carb
<50mm
100F
>50mm
200F
preheat
>0.3carb
<25mm
100F 25 TO
50mm 200F
>50mm
300F

A515-55
>30
206
55 - 75
379-517
K02001
Carbon
0.2/0.28
Mn 0.9
Si 0.15/0.4
E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
A515-60
>32
220
60 - 80
413-551
K02401
Carbon
0.24/0.31
Mn 0.9
Si 0.15/0.4
E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
A515-65
>35
241
65- 85
448-586
Similar to
CSA 300W
300WT-350W
350ATY-
380W-T
K02800
Carbon
0.28/0.33
Mn 0.9
Si 0.15/0.4
E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
A515-70
>38
262
70- 90
482-620
Similar to
CSA 300W
300WT-350W
350ATY-
380W-T
K03101
Carbon
0.31/0.35
Mn 0.9
Si 0.15/0.4
E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
ASTM
A516

Pressure
vessel steel
plate
AISI 1116
preheat 0.2
carb
>50mm
100F

preheat 0.2
to 0.25
carb
>25mm
100F
>50mm
200F

preheat
>0.26 TO
0.31carb
13/25mm
100F
>25mm
250F

post heat
over 25mm
1200F is
beneficial
G11160
A516-55
>30
206
55-75
379-517
K01800
Carbon
0.18/0.26
Mn 0.6/1.2
Si 0.15/0.4
E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
A516-60
>32
220
60-80
413-551
K02100
Carbon
0.21/0.27
Mn 0.6/1.2
Si 0.15/0.4
E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
A516-65
>35
241
65-85
448-586
Similar to
CSA 300W
350W 380W-
T HSS
K02403
Carbon
0.24/0.29
Mn
0.85/1.2
Si 0.15/0.4
E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
A516-70
>38
262
70 - 90
482-620
Similar to
CSA 300W
350W 380W-
T HSS
K02700
Carbon
0.27/0.31
Mn
0.85/1.2
Si 0.15/0.4
E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1


What is Ductility? The amount that a metal or weld will deform without
breaking. Measured on welds by the % of elongation in a 2 inch 51 mm test
piece. An E71T-1 flux cored electrode should result in a minimum of 20%
elongation. An E70S--6 MIG weld should produce approx 22%.


What is Toughness?The ability of the metal or weld sample at a predetermined temperature
to withstand a shock.The test for toughness measures the impact of a pendulum on a
notched specimen. You may see that the required impact properties for the metal or weld are
20ft-lbf @ -20 F (27 j @ -29C)



Steels
Yield
ksi
MPa
Tensile
ksi
MPa
Description
Preheat
Post heat
UNS
Chemistry
weld data
ASTM
A517
>100
690

Quench and
tempered
High strength
alloy plate

produced in
accordance with
ASTM A514
ASTM
A517
>100
690

Quench and
tempered
High strength
alloy plate

produced in
accordance with
ASTM A514
ASTM
A519

carbon stl
tubes
100 to
400F

8018
9018
1118M
ASTM
A521-CA
CC-CC1
Die Forgings
E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
A521
AA-AB
CE-CF
CF1
E8018-C3
A521
AE-AG
AH
E11018M
A521
AC-AD
CG
E8018-B2
ASTM
A523

CARBON
STL PIPE


E7018
E70S-3-6
ASTM
A524

carbon stl
pipe

E7018
E70S-3-6
ASTM
A526
A527
A528

Galvanized
sheet metal

E6010
E7010
E70S-3
ASTM
A529
>42
289
60-80
413-
586
Structural
steel plate
bars or
shaped
K02703
Carbon
0.27
Mn1.2
Cu0.20
E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
ASTM
A533

Quenched
Tempered
pressure
vessel plate
Preheat
>0.15
carbon
>50mm
200F

Preheat
0.16/0.2
carbon
13/25mm
100F
>25mm
250F

Preheat
0.2/0.25
carbon
<13mm
100F
>50mm
250F
>50mm
400F
Post heat
benefits
<0.16 carb
>13mm
1150F

A533-A K12521 Carbon
0.25
Mn1.15/1.5
Si0.15/0.4
Mo 0.6
A533-A
class 1
>50
80-100
551-
689


CLASS 1
E8018-C3
E9018-M
E90T1-K2
E80S-D2

Class 2-3
E7018
E8018-C3
E11018-M
E110T-1-G
A533-A
class 2
>70
90-115
620-
792

A533-A
class 3
>83
100-
125
689-
861

A533-B
Same
mechanicals
as A533-A
K12539
Carbon
0.25 max
Mn1.15/1.5
Si0.15/0.4
Ni 0.4/0.7
Mo0.45/0.6
For class 1
E8018-C3
E9018-M
E90T1-K2
E80S-D2


Class 2-3
E7018
E8018-C3
E11018-M
E110T-1-G
A533-C
Mechanicals
similar to
A533-A-B
K12554
Carbon
0.25 max
Mn1.15/1.5
Si 0.4
Ni 0.7/1.0
Mo0.45/0.6

For class 1
E8018-C3
E9018-M
E90T1-K2
E80S-D2


Class 2-3
E7018
E8018-C3
E11018-M
E110T-1-G
A533-D
Mechanicals
similar to
A533-C
K12529
Carbon
0.25 max
Mn1.15/1.5
Si 0.15/0.4
Ni 0.2/0.4
Mo0.45/0.6

For class 1
E8018-C3
E9018-M
E90T1-K2
E80S-D2

Class 2-3
E7018
E8018-C3
E11018-M
E110T-1-G


If you are welding a carbon steel and you don't know what
the composition is or what the weld consumable should
be, try the following:
If the metal is thicker than 1/4 (>6
mm,) preheat to 150F.
Use either an E7018 stick
electrode, an 0.035 or 0.045 E70S-3-6 MIG wire.
For your all position welds an 0.045, E71T-1
electrode wire.
For MIG welding use an argon 10 to 20% CO2 mix.
For the flux cored use a mix with 20 to 25% CO2.
Ensure with multi-pass welds you use inter-pass
temp control.
Ensure the inter-pass temp weld temperature does
not exceed 300F.
Use stringer passes.
If possible do a mechanical / destructive test of the
weld samples.
If possible have the hardness and grain size
checked after welding.


Steels
Yield
ksi
MPa
Tensile
ksi
MPa
Description
Preheat
Post heat
UNS
Chemistry
weld data
ASTM
A537

Heat treated
Pressure
vessel plate

A537
class 1
40-50
310-344
65-90
448-620
Normal
Condition
KO2400
Carbon
0.24 max
Mn0.7/1.6
Si ?
Mn ?
Cr ?
Mo ?
Cu ?
E7018
E8018-C3
A537
class 2
46-60 70-100
Quenched
and
tempered
Preheat
<0.2
carbon
25/50mm
100F
>50mm
200F

Preheat
0.2/0.24
carbon
<50mm
200F
>50mm
300F

Carbon
0.24 max
Mn0.7/1.6
Si ?
Mn ?
Cr ?
Mo ?
Cu ?
E8018-C3
E9018-M
E91T-1
ASTM
A538

A538-A K92810
Carbon
0.3 max
Mn0.1max
Si 0.1max
Ni 17/19
Mo4/4.5
check other
alloys
A538-B K92890
Carbon
0.3 max
Mn0.1max
Si 0.1max
Ni 17/19
Mo4.6/5.1
check other
alloys
A538-C K93120
Carbon
0.3 max
Mn0.1max
Si 0.1max
Ni 18/19
Mo4.6/5.2
check other
alloys
ASTM
A539

carbon stl
tubes

E7018
E70S-X
E71T-1
ASTM
A541

A541-1
Pressure
vessel
forgings

E7018
E70S-6
E7XT-X
depending on
heat treat
E8018-C3
A541-1A
E7018
E70S-6
E7XT-X
depending on
heat treat
E8018-C3
A541-2
-3-4-5-6
E8018-C3
A541-2A
-3A-6A-7-
7A-7B-8-
8A

E7018
E70S-6
E7XT-X
depending on
heat treat
E110T5-K4
ASTM
A542

Quenched
and
tempered
pressure
vessel plate
preheat
<25mm
200F
<50mm
250
>50mm
300F
Postheat
1300F
K21590
Carbon
0.15 max
Mn0.3/0.6
Si0.15/0.3
Cr2/2.5
Mo0.9/1.1
A542-1
>85
586
105/125
723/861
E110T5-K4
A542-2
>100
689
115/135
792/930
E110T5-K4
A542-3
>75
517
95/115
655/792
E110T1-K3
A542-4
>60
413
85/105
586/723
E110T5-K4

Provide the following info on why inter-pass temperature control is essential
for some multi-pass welds.

[1] Inter-pass temperature control can restrict the weld and base metal grain g____h

[2] Inter-pass temp control can limit the weld h___t minimize the H___Z and reduce the weld
o_________on potential

Steels
Yield
ksi
MPa
Tensile
ksi
MPa
Description
Preheat Post
heat
UNS
Chemistry
weld data
ASTM
A543

Quenched
and
tempered
plate

A543-A
Class 1 85
586

Class 2
100
689
Class 1
105/125
723/861

Class 2
115/135

Preheat
<0.2 carb
<50mm 150F
Preheat
>0.2 carb
<25mm 150F
K42338
Carbon
0.23max
Mn0.4max
Si0.2/0.35
Cr1.5/2
Ni2.6/4

Class 3 70
482
792/930

Class 3
90/115
620/792
>50mm 250F

Post heat
1125F over
0.2 carb
beneficial
Mo0.45/0.6
V0.03max
Class 1 - 3
E11018-M
E11OT5-K4
E120S-1

Class 2
E11018-M
E11OT1-K3
E7018 and
8018-C3 often
used
A543-B K42339
Carbon
0.23max
Mn0.4max
Si0.2/0.35
Cr1.5/2
Ni2.6/4
Mo0.45/0.6
V0.03max
lower P/S
ASTM
A553

Quenched
and
tempered
plate used
for pressure
vessels

A553-1
>85
586
100/120
689/827
SEE A353 K81340
Carb 0.13max
Mn 0.9
Si 0.15/0.4
Ni 8.5/9.5
A553-2
>85
586
100/120
689/827
K71340
Carb 0.13max
Mn 0.9
Si0.15/0.4
Ni 7.5/8.5
ASTM
A554

stainless
tubes

ASTM
A556

carbon steel
tubes

E7018
E70S-3-6
ASTM
A557

carbon steel
tubes

E7018
E70S-3-6
ASTM
A562
>30
206
55/75
379/517
pressure
vessel plate
K11224
Carb
0.12 max
Mn1.2 max
Si 0.15/0.5
Ti (4x%C)
Cu0.15max
E7018
E70S-6
E71T-1
ASTM
A565

Stainless
bars
forgings

410
410Ni Mo
ASTM
A570

Structural
carbon stl

E7018
E70S-3-6
ASTM
A572
42/65
289/448

High
strength
structural
steel/bridges

E7018
E70S-3-6
A572-42
>42
289
>60
413

preheat carb
0.22 max
13/25mm 50F
>25mm 150F

preheat carb
>0.23 <13mm
100F >13mm
175F

Carb
0.21 max
Mn1.35 max
Si 0.4
Cu0.2min
E7018
E70S-6
E71T-1
A572-50
>50
344
>65
448

Carb
0.23 max
Mn1.35 max
Si 0.4
Cu0.2min

E7018
E70S-6
E71T-1
A572-60
>60
413
>75
517

Carb
0.26 max
Mn1.35 max
Si 0.4
Cu0.2min

E7018
E70S-6
E71T-1
E8018-C3
A572-65
>65
448
>80
551

Carb
0.26 max
Mn<13 mm
1.35 max
Mn>13 mm
1.65 max
Si 0.4
Cu0.2min

E8018-C3


Name two reasons why pre-heat is essential for some steels.


[1] Preheat can remove sources of h______ n

[2] Preheat can slow down the c______g rate.


Steels
Yield
ksi
MPa
Tensile
ksi
MPa
Description
Preheat Post
heat
UNS
Chemistry
weld data
ASTM
A573

Structural steel
plate with
improved
toughness

A573-58
>32
280
58/71
399/489

preheat carb
0.2/0.25 >25mm
100F

preheat carb
>0.25 >13mm
150F
KO2301
Carb
0.23 max
Mn0.6/0.9
Si 0.1/0.35
E7018
E70S-6
E71T-1
A573-65
>35
241
65/77
448/530
K02404
Carb
0.26 max
Mn0.85/1.2
Si 0.15/0.4

E7018
E70S-6
E71T-1
A573-70
>42
289
70/90
482/620
K02701
Carb
0.28 max
Mn0.85/1.2
Si 0.15/0.4

E7018
E70S-6
E71T-1
ASTM
A575

steel bars
merchant
quality M
grades

conforms to
AISI 1010
AISI 1023

1010
G10100

1023
G10230

M1008
G10080
GRADES
M1008 to
M1025
E7018
E70S-6
E71T-1
GRADES
AISI M1008
AISI M1012
AISI M1015
AISI M1017
AISI M1020
AISI M1025
AISI M1044

M1012
G10120

M1015
G10150

M1017
G10170

M1020
G10200

M1025
G10250
M1044
G10440
M1044
E8018-C3
E80T1-Ni1
E80s-Ni1
ASTM
A576

Carbon steel
bars hot
wrought
special quality
conforms to
over 50 AISI
specs

ASTM
A587

carbon stl
pipe

E7018
E70S-3-6
ASTM
A588

High strength
low alloy
structural
steel, improved
corrosion
resistance for
bridges and
buildings

A588
<100mm
>50
344

>100mm
42 - 46
<100mm
>70
428

>100mm
63 -67

preheat
13/25mm
70F

25/100mm
150F
K12040
For corrosion
resistance
E8018-W
E8018-C1
E8018-B2
E880T1-W

Painted
E7018
E70S-3-6
E71T-1
A588-A K11430
carbon
0.1/0.19
Mn0.9/1.25
Si 0.15/0.3
Cr 0.4/0.65
V 0.02/0.1
A588-B K12043 carbon
0.2 Max
Mn0.75/1.25
Si 0.15/0.3
Cr 0.4/0.7
Ni 0.25/0.5
V 0.01/0.1
A588-C K11538
carbon
0.15 Max
Mn0.8/1.35
Si 0.15/0.3
Cr 0.3/0.5
Ni 0.25/0.5
V 0.01/0.1
A588-D K11552
carbon
0.1/0.2
Mn0.75/1.25
Si 0.5/0.9
Cr 0.5/0.9
A588-E K11567
carbon
0.15 Max
Mn 1.2 max
Si 0.15/0.3
Ni 0.75/1.25
Mo 0.1/0.25
V 0.05max
A588-F K11541
carbon
0.1/0.2
Mn 0.5/1
Si 0.3max
Cr 0.3 max
Ni 0.4/1/1
Mo 0.1/0.2
V 0.05max
A588-G K12040
carbon
0.2max
Mn 1.2max
Si 0.25/0.7
Cr 0.5/1
Ni 0.8max
Mo 0.1max
588-H K12032
carbon
0.2max
Mn1.25max
Si 0.25/0.75
Cr 0.1/0.25
Ni 0.3/0.6
Mo0.15max
V 0.02/0.1
A588-J K12044
carbon
0.2 max
Mn0.6/1.0
Si 0.3/0.5
Ni 0.5/0.7
Cu 0.3 min
Ti 0.3/0.05
ASTM
590

Alloy steel
pressure
vessel plate
K91890
carbon
0.3max
Mn 0.1 max
Si 0.1 max
Cr 4.5/5.5
Ni 11.5/12.5
Mo2.75/3.25
Ti 0.2/0.35
Al 0.4max


Steels
Yield
ksi
MPa
Tensile
ksi
MPa
Description
Preheat
Post
heat
UNS
Chemistry
weld data
ASTM
A592
A-E-F
Similar to A517
E11018M
E12018M
ASTM
A605

Alloy steel
pressure
vessel plate
K91401
carbon
0.13max
Mn 0.2/0.4
Si 0.1 max
Cr0.65/0/85
Ni 8.5/9.5
Mo0.9/1.1
V 0.06/0.12
Co 4.25/5
ASTM
A606
45-55
310-344
65-7-
450-480
High strength
low alloy sheet
and strip
steel used for
structural
weight saving
and corrosion
resistant
applications

Carbon
0.22
Mn1.25
alloys not
spec

E8018-W
E80T1-W
A606-2
Corrosion
resistance
twice that of
regular carbon
steels

A606-4
Corrosion
resistance four
times that of
regular carbon
steels

ASTM
A607

High strength
low alloys

E7018
E70S-3/6
Nb - N -V -Cu
sheet for
structural
weight saving
applications
Twice the
corrosion
resistance of
carbon steel if
Cu added.
E71T-1

For
corrosion
resistance
consider
EXX18-W
EXXT1-W
A607- 45 >45 >60
Carbon
0.22
Mn 1.35
Cu 0.2 min
if
specified
A607- 55 >55 >70
A607- 60 >60 >75
A607- 65 >65 >80
A607-70 >70 >85
Carbon
0.26
Mn 1.65
Cu 0.2 min
if
specified

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Steels
Yield
ksi
MPa
Tensile
ksi
MPa
Description
Preheat Post
heat
UNS
Chemistry
weld data
A612
50
344
81 - 105
588/723
HIGH
STRENGTH
LOW TO
MEDIUM
TEMP
SERVICE
PRESSURE
VESSELS
Preheat to 0.2
carb >13mm
100F
Preheat to
0.21 carb
<13mm 125F
>13mm 175F
KO2900
Carb 0.025
max
Mn 1-1.5
Si 0.15 0.4
Ni 0.25
Cr 0.25
Mo 0.08 max
Cu 0.35
V 0,08max
E8018-C3
FC 81T1-Ni1
E80S-Ni1
A615
High carbon
Steel Bars for
concrete
reinforcement
Max 0,45
carbon
preheat bars
3- 11 OK.
bars 14 to 18
75F

Carbon 0.45-
0.55
Bars 7-11
50F
bars 14- 18,
200F

Carbon 0.56-
0.65
Bars 3-6
100F
bars 7- 18,
250F
Carbon
>0.66 400F


KO2900
Use only low
hydrogen
electrodes
A615-40
40
275
70
482

E7018
E7XT-1
E70S-3
A615-60
60
413
90
620
E9018M
A615-75 E10018M
A616-50-
60
E9018m
A617-40 E7018
A617-60 E9018M
A618
low alloy
tubes

E7018
E70S-3-6
A620
E60XX
E70XX
A621
E60XX
E70XX
A633
42- 60
275
413

Normalized
high strength
low alloy
steel with
good notch
toughness.
Used for
service temp
down to -50f

A633-A
42
289
63-83
434-572
K01802
carb 0.18
max
Mn 1-1.45
Si 0.15-0.5

A -B Preheat
<38mm 50f
>38mm 125f
A633-C 46-50 min
70-90
or
65-85
K12000
Carb 0.2 max
Mn 1.1-1.5
Si 0.15-0.5
Cb0.01 -0.05
A633-D
by
thickness
similar
same as
A633-C
K12037
Carb 0.2 max
Mn 0.7-1.35
Si 0.15-0.5
Ni 0.25 max
Cr 0.25 max
Mo 0.08 max
Cu 0.35 max
A633-E
55-60
379
413
80-100
or
75-95
K12202
Carb 0.22
max
Mn 1.15-1.5
Si 0.15-0.5
Cb
V
Preheat
C-D-E
<25mm 50F
25-50mm
125f
>50mm
225f
weld A633
E7018
E70T-5
E70S-6
For good
impacts
E8018-C3
E80S-D2
E81T1-Ni1-
A642
E60XX
E70XX
A643-A E7018
A643-B
E8018M
E80T5-K1