OPERATING SYSTEM

1) What's OPERATING SYSTEM?

Operating System, or OS, is a software program that enables the computer
hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software.
2) What are OPERATING SYSTEM TYPES?
As computers have progressed and developed so have the types of operating
systems. GUI, Multiuser, Multiprocessing, Multitas!ing, Multithreading.
3) What is GUI?
A GUI Operating System contains graphics and icons and is commonly
navigated by using a computer mouse.
4) What are the basic functins f an !eratin" s#ste$?
Operating system controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among the
various applications programs for various uses.
%) Wh# !a"in" is use&?
"aging is solution to e#ternal fragmentation problem which is to permit the logical
address space of a process to be noncontiguous, thus allowing a process to be
allocating physical memory wherever the latter is available.
') Whi(e runnin" )OS n a P*+ ,hich c$$an& ,u(& be use& t
&u!(icate the entire &is-ette?
$is! copy
7) What resurces are use& ,hen a threa& create&?
%hen a thread is created the threads does not re&uire any new resources to
e#ecute the thread shares the resources li!e memory of the process to which
they belong to.
.) What is /irtua( $e$r#?
'irtual memory is hardware techni&ue where the system appears to have more
memory that it actually does.
9) What is Thru"h!ut?
(hroughput ) number of processes that complete their e#ecution per time unit.
10) What is Turnarun& ti$e?
(urnaround time ) amount of time to e#ecute a particular process.
11) What is Res!nse ti$e?
*esponse time ) amount of time it ta!es from when a re&uest was submitted
until the first response is produced,
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12) What is the state f the !rcessr+ ,hen a !rcess is ,aitin" fr s$e
e/ent t ccur?
%aiting state
13) What is $u(ti tas-in"?
Multitas!ing is the logical e#tension of multiprogramming.
14) What is $u(ti !r"ra$$in"?
Multi programming+ Multiprogramming is the techni&ue of running several
programs at a time using timesharing.
15) What is $u(ti threa&in"?
Multi threading+ An application typically is implemented as a separate process
with several threads of control.
0')What is fra"$entatin?
,ragmentation occurs in a dynamic memory allocation system when many of the
free bloc!s are too small to satisfy any re&uest.
17) What is E1terna( 2ra"$entatin?
-#ternal ,ragmentation happens when a dynamic memory allocation
algorithm allocates some memory.
18) What is Interna( 2ra"$entatin?
Internal ,ragmentation+ Internal fragmentation is the space wasted inside of
allocated memory bloc!s.
03)What is *PU Sche&u(er?
Selects from among the processes in memory that are ready to e#ecute, and
allocates the ."U to one of them. ."U scheduling decisions may ta!e place
when a process+ /.Switches from running to waiting state. 0. Switches from
running to ready state.
20) What is *nte1t S,itch?
Switching the ."U to another process re&uires saving the state of the old
process and loading the saved state for the new process.
40)What is cache $e$r#?
.ache memory is random access memory 1*AM2 that a computer
microprocessor can access more &uic!ly than it can access regular *AM.
44)What is a Rea(5Ti$e S#ste$?
A real time process is a process that must respond to the events within a certain
time period.
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23) Wh# !a"in" is use&?
"aging is solution to e#ternal fragmentation problem which is to permit the
logical address space of a process to be noncontiguous.
24) What is /irtua( $e$r#?
'irtual memory is hardware techni&ue where the system appears to have
more memory that it actually does.
25) What is the cause f thrashin"?
Once it detects thrashing, what can the system do to eliminate this problem3
(hrashing is caused by under allocation of the minimum number of pages
re&uired by a process, forcing it to continuously page fault.
26) 6, &es the s#ste$ &etect thrashin"?
(he system can detect thrashing by evaluating the level of ."U utili4ation as
compared to the level of multiprogramming. It can be eliminated by reducing
the level of multiprogramming.
27) What is har& &is-?
5ard dis! is the secondary storage device, which holds the data in bul!, and it
holds the data on the magnetic medium of the dis!.
28) What is )is!atcher?
$ispatcher module gives control of the ."U to the process selected by the
shortterm scheduler.
29) What is )RAM?
$*AM is not the best, but it6s cheap, does the 7ob, and is available almost
everywhere you loo!. $*AM data resides in a cell made of a capacitor and a
transistor.
30) Which fi(e &efines a(( users n #ur s#ste$?
he 8etc8passwd file contains all the information on users who may log into
your system.
31) Which t, c$$an&s can #u use t &e(ete &irectries?
rm )rf, rmdir
32) What is the na$e an& !ath f the $ain s#ste$ ("?
8var8log8messages
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33) When is a s#ste$ in safe state?
(he set of dispatch able processes is in a safe state if there e#ists at least
one temporal order in which all processes can be run to completion without
resulting in a deadloc!.
34) What is bus# ,aitin"?
(he repeated e#ecution of a loop of code while waiting for an event to occur is
called busywaiting.
35) What is Reentranc#?
It is a useful, memorysaving techni&ue for multi programmed timesharing
systems.
36) What is a binar# se$a!hre?
A binary semaphore is one, which ta!es only 9 and / as values.
37) What is a tra!
A trap is a software interrupt, usually the result of an error condition.
38) What is tra!&r?
(rapdoor is a secret undocumented entry point into a program used to grant
access without normal methods of access authentication.
39) )efine (atenc#?
:atency is the time it ta!es for the beginning of the re&uired sector to reach
the head.
40) What is See- ti$e?
See! time is the time re&uired to move the dis! arm to the re&uired trac!.
41) What is ti$e5sta$!in"?
It is a techni&ue proposed by :amport, used to order events in a distributed
system without the use of cloc!s.
42) What is Se$a!hre?
:oc!ing Mechanism used inside resource mangers and resource dispensers.
43) What is 7Prcess8?
Ans. A process is a collection of virtual memory space, code, data, and
system resources.
44) What is Threa&?
A thread is code that is to be serially e#ecuted within a process.
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45) When is a s#ste$ in safe state?
(he set of dispatch able processes is in a safe state if there e#ists at least
one temporal order in which all processes can be run to completion without
resulting in a deadloc!.
46) What is turnarun& ti$e?
(urnaround time is the interval between the submission of a 7ob and its
completion.
47) What is Prcess cntr( 9(c- :P*9)?
$ynamic scheduling+ (he number of thread in a program can be altered
during the course of e#ecution. Info needed by the OS to control processes.
48) What is *ircu(ar Wait?
A closed chain of processes e#ist such that each process holds at least one
resource needed by another process in the chain.
49) What is bus# ,aitin"?
(he repeated e#ecution of a loop of code while waiting for an event to occur is
called busywaiting. (he ."U is not engaged in any real productive activity
during this period, and the process does not progress toward completion.
50) What is !a"e canniba(i;in"?
"age swapping or page replacements are called page cannibali4ing.
51) 6, $an# <bs can be run cncurrent(# n M=T?
/; 7obs
52) What is !rcess $i"ratin?
It is the transfer of sufficient amount of the state of process from one machine
to the target machine.
53) What is an i&(e threa&?
(he special thread a dispatcher will e#ecute when no ready thread is found.
54) What are ))-s?
<ame an operating system that includes this feature.
$$!s are device driver !its, which are e&uivalent to S$=s for writing device
drivers. %indows <( includes $$!s.
55) What (e/e( f securit# &es Win&,s NT $eets?
.0 level security.
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56) What are the reasns fr !rcess sus!ensin?
> swapping
> interactive user re&uest
57) >ist ut s$e reasns fr !rcess ter$inatin?
> <ormal completion
> (ime limit e#ceeded
> Memory unavailable
58) What is !a"e canniba(i;in"?
"age swapping or page replacements are called page cannibali4ing.
59) What is INO)E?
inode is a data structure on a traditional Uni#style file system such as U,S.
60) E1!(ain the ,r-in" f =irtua( Me$r#?
'irtual memory is a memory management techni&ue developed for
multitas!ing !ernels.
61) E1!(ain the UNI@ Aerne(?
A Uni# !ernel ? the core or !ey components of the operating system.
62) What is *ncurrenc#?
.oncurrency is a property of systems in which several computations are
e#ecuting simultaneously, and potentially interacting with each other.
63) What is )ea&(c-?
(wo processes are said to be in deadloc! situation if process a holding onto
resources re&uired for process @ and where as @ holding onto the resources
re&uired for process A.
64) What is Star/atin3
(his is mostly happens in time sharing systems in which the process which
re&uires less time slot is waiting for the large process to finish and to release
the resources but the large process holding the resources for long time
1almost for forever2 and the process that re&uires small time slot goes on
waiting. Such situation is starvation for small process.
65) What is Pa"in"3
"aging is the process of saving inactive virtual memory pages to dis! and
restoring them to real memory when re&uired Some systems.
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66) What is O!eratin" S#ste$ Securit#?
Operating systems provide the fundamental mechanisms for securing
computer processing.
67) What is NT2S3
<(,S 1<ew (echnology ,ile System2A/B is the standard file system
of %indows <( , including its later versions Win&,s 0999, %indows C",
%indows Server 099D, %indows Server 099E, %indows 'ista, and %indows
F.
68) What is 2AT3
,ile Allocation (able 1,A(2 is computer file system architecture now widely
used on many computer systems and most memory cards, such as those
used with digital. .ameras.
69) )efine an& e1!(ain *OM?
.OM 1.omponent Ob7ect Model2 technology in the Microsoft %indowsfamily
of Operating Systems enables software components to communicate
70) What is >a&in"?
A :oader @rings an e#ecutable ob7ects into the memory and relocates it.
*elocation is an ob7ect modification so that it can be loaded at address different
than 9.
71) What is >in-in"?
A :in!er combines several ob7ect modules into one, coherent module. (his
module may be either e#ecutable ob7ect, or library of functions.
72) >ist the *ff$an's cn&itins that (ea& t a &ea&(c-?
Mutual -#clusion,
5old G %ait,
<o "reemption, .ircular %ait
73) What is the Trans(atin >- asi&e 9uffer :T>9)?
In a cached system, the base addresses of the last few referenced pages is
maintained in registers called the (:@.
74) What is &e&icate& !rcessr assi"n$ent?
"rovides implicit scheduling defined by assignment of threads to processors.
75) What is Gan" Sche&u(in"?
A set of related threads is scheduled to run on a set of processors at the same
time, on a /to/ basis.
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76) 6, are the ,aitBsi"na( !eratins fr $nitr &ifferent fr$ thse fr
se$a!hres?
If a process in a monitor signal and no tas! is waiting on the condition
variable, the signal is lost. So this allows easier program design.
77) What is >a&5ti$e &#na$ic (in-in"
:oad module to be loaded is read into memory. Any reference to a target
e#ternal module causes that module to be loaded and the references are
updated to a relative address from the start base address of the application
module.
78) What is Run5ti$e &#na$ic (a&in"?
Some of the lin!ing is postponed until actual reference during e#ecution. (hen
the correct module is loaded and lin!ed.
79) What is !a"e canniba(i;in"?
"age swapping or page replacements are called page cannibali4ing.
80) What is >n" ter$ sche&u(er?
It determines which programs are admitted to the system for processing. It
controls the degree of multiprogramming. Once admitted, a 7ob becomes a
process.
81) What are the -e# b<ects riente& cnce!ts use& b# Win&,s NT?
-ncapsulation, Ob7ect class and instance.
82) What is a &ra,bac- f M=T?
It does not have the features li!e ability to support multiple processors,virtual
storage,source level debugging.
83) What is !rcess s!a,nin"?
%hen the OS at the e#plicit re&uest of another process creates a process,
this action is called process spawning.
84) What is !rcess $i"ratin?
It is the transfer of sufficient amount of the state of process from one machine
to the target machine.
85) What is 2t)is-?
It is a fault tolerance dis! driver for %indows <(.
86) What is E1ecuti/e in Win&,s NT?
In %indows <(, e#ecutive refers to the operating system code that runs in
!ernel mode.
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87) What are rin"s in Win&,s NT?
%indows <( uses protection mechanism called rings provides by the process
to implement separation between the user mode and !ernel mode.
88) What are ))-s? Na$e an !eratin" s#ste$ that inc(u&es this feature?
$$!s are device driver !its, which are e&uivalent to S$=s for writing device
drivers. %indows <( includes $$!s.
89) What are the sti!u(atins f *4 (e/e( securit#?
.0 level security provides for+
> $iscretionary Access .ontrol
> Identification and Authentication
> Auditing
> *esource reuse
90) When &es the cn&itin 'ren&e;/us' arise?
In message passing, it is the condition in which, both, the sender and receiver
are bloc!ed until the message is delivered.
91) What has tri""ere& the nee& fr $u(titas-in" in P*s?
Increased speed and memory capacity of microprocessors together with the
support fir virtual memory and Growth of client server computing.
92) What are the fur (a#ers that Win&,s NT has in r&er t achie/e
in&e!en&ence?
> 5ardware abstraction layer
> =ernel
> Subsystems
> System Service
93) What is SMP?
(o achieve ma#imum efficiency and reliability a mode of operation !nown as
symmetric multiprocessing is used. In essence, with SM" any process or
threads can be assigned to any processor.
94) What are the -e# b<ects riente& cnce!ts use& b# Win&,s NT?
> -ncapsulation
> Ob7ect class and instance
95) What is !rcess s!a,nin"?
%hen the OS at the e#plicit re&uest of another process creates a process,
this action is called process spawning.
96) What are the reasns fr !rcess sus!ensin?
SVIT 9
> swapping
> interactive user re&uest
> timing
> parent process re&uest
97) What is E1ecuti/e in Win&,s NT?
In %indows <(, e#ecutive refers to the operating system code that runs in
!ernel mode.
98) What is $utant?
In %indows <( a mutant provides !ernel mode or user mode mutual
e#clusion with the notion of ownership.
99) What are the t#!ica( e(e$ents f a !rcess i$a"e?
C User &ataD Modifiable part of user space. May include program data, user
stac! area, and programs that may be modified.
C User !r"ra$D (he instructions to be e#ecuted.
C S#ste$ Stac-D -ach process has one or more :I,O stac!s associated with it.
Used to store parameters and calling addresses for procedure and system calls.
C Prcess cntr( 9(c- :P*9)D Info needed by the OS to control processes.
0EE) What is Me&iu$ ter$ sche&u(in"?
It is part of the swapping function. (his relates to processes that are in a bloc!ed
or suspended state.
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