Literature and Medicine Style Manual Final

2
Overview of the Publishing

Process

Once the essay has been accepted, the essay goes into the production process.
The essay will first be sent to a freelancer to do an initial close edit using Track
Changes. Once the initial edit is completed, the essay is sent to the executive
editor to review and edit. After the executive editor reviews it, the essay
becomes a Production 1 document. The essay is then sent back to the author
to view the suggested revisions marked in Track Changes. The author may
accept or reject the Track Changes that the freelancers and the executive
editor suggest.

The author then sends a revised version back to the executive editor and the
process starts again. After another edit, the essay becomes a Production 2
document. The executive editor sends the essay to the freelancer who does a
final edit and formats it, turning the essay into a Pristine, a formatted
document ready for publication. Once the essay becomes a Pristine, the essay
is edited again by the executive editor and the managing editor. Then it is sent
to the press. The press reviews it and sends the page proofs to the executive
editor, who sends it one last time to the author. The author compares the page
proofs to the Pristine to verify they are identical. The author sends an e-mail
documenting any inconsistencies to the executive editor, who marks the
changes, and sends the essay back to the press for publication. The press
reviews it again and sends second page proofs to the executive editor, who
reviews it and sends it back to the press.

There are a few exceptions to this process. For example, if an essay needed to
be completely rewritten or revised, it may pass back and forth between the
executive editor and the author several times, but for the majority of the
essays, the process listed above is the normal protocol.

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Outline of the Development
Process

Acquisition

Development

Stage 1: Pre-productionProduction 1

Stage 2: Production 1Production 2

o Style Manual

Stage 3: Production 2Pristine

PristineUpload

Page proofs

o 1
st
page proofs

o 2
nd
page proofs

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Style Manual

5

Copyediting

6

Punctuation
(Source: The Chicago Manual of Style, 16
th
Ed.)

Punctuation promotes ease of reading by clarifying relationships within and
between sentences. The consistent application of some basic principles will
prevent obscuring the meaning.

For additional help, consult The Chicago Manual of Style online.
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/16/ch06/ch06_sec001.htm

Punctuation and italics

Use roman style for punctuation unless it is in italicized text.

For light amusement he turns to the Principia Mathematica!

How can they be sure that the temperature was in fact rising?

The letters a, b, and c are often invoked as being fundamental.

http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/16/ch06/ch06_sec002.html

Punctuation and spaceone space or two?

Use one space after terminal punctuation and colons in a sentence and before
capitals in the next sentence.


Punctuation in relation to closing quotation marks

Place periods and commas inside of closing quotation marks, whether double
or single. Never confuse an apostrophe at the end of a word with a closing
single quotation mark.

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Growing up, we always preferred to bear those ills we have.

Thus conscience does make cowards of us all, she replied.


Other punctuation in relation to closing quotation marks

Colons and semicolons follow closing quotation marks; question marks and
exclamation points follow closing quotation marks unless they belong within
the quoted matter.

Take, for example, the first line of To a Skylark: Hail to thee, blithe spirit!

Which of Shakespeares characters said, All the worlds a stage?

Timber!


Single quotation marks next to double quotation marks

When single quotation marks nested within double quotation marks appear
next to each other, the period precedes the single quotation mark. Place the
double quotation mark outside of the period.

Admit it, she said. You havent read The Simple Art of Murder.


8

Periods

Periods in relation to parentheses and brackets

When an entire independent sentence is enclosed in parentheses or square
brackets, place the period inside the closing parenthesis or bracket. Place the
period outside of the parenthesis or bracket when it is included within another
sentence. Avoid enclosing more than one complete sentence within another
sentence.

Fiorelli insisted on rewriting the paragraph. (His newfound ability to type was both a
blessing and a curse.)

Farnsworth had left an angry message for Isadora on the mantel (she noticed it while
glancing in the mirror).

All the evidence pointed to the second location *the Lszls studio+.


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Commas

Commas in pairs

Whenever a comma is used to set off an element (such as 1928 or
Minnesota in the first two examples below), a second comma is required if
the phrase or sentence continues beyond the element being set off.

June 5, 1928, lives on in the memories of only a handful of us.

Sledding in Duluth, Minnesota, is facilitated by that citys hills and frigid winters.


Commas in a series
Separate items in a series with commas. When a conjunction joins the last two
elements in a series of three or more, a commaknown as the serial, the
series comma, or the Oxford commashould appear before the conjunction. If
the last element consists of a pair joined by and, the pair should still be
preceded by a serial comma and the first and.

She took a photograph of her parents, the president, and the vice president.

I want no ifs, ands, or buts.

Paul put the kettle on, Don fetched the teapot, and I made tea.

Their wartime rations included cabbage, turnips, and bread and butter.
Note: The phrase as well as is not equivalent to and.

The team fielded one Mazda, two Corvettes, and three Bugattis, as well as a battered
Plymouth Belvedere.

NOT

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The team fielded one Mazda, two Corvettes, three Bugattis, as well as a battered
Plymouth Belvedere.
Do not use commas in a series whose elements are all joined by conjunctions,
except for clarification.

Would you prefer Mendelssohn or Schumann or Liszt?

You can turn left at the second fountain and right when you reach the temple, or turn
left at the third fountain and left again at the statue of Venus, or just ask a local person
how to get there.


Using semicolons instead of commas in a series

When elements in a series include internal punctuation, or when they are very
long and complex, consider separating them by semicolons instead of commas.
For a simple list, however, commas are preferred.

The theoretical bases for such pedagogy have been elegantly expounded on and
include Charons fundamentals of the following: attending (achieving mindful presence
in the clinical encounter); representing (of experience in the written word to give it
meaning, including affective responses); and affiliating (with colleagues through
shared text) which mirror processes of clinical practice.


Commas with dates

In the month-day-year style of dates, set off the year with commas. In the day-
month-year system or where month and year only are given, or a specific day
(such as a holiday) with a year, do not use a comma.

The performance took place on February 2, 2006, at the State Theatre in Ithaca.

In March 2008 she turned seventy-five.

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Thanksgiving Day 1998 they celebrated their seventy-fifth anniversary.


Jr., Sr., and the like

Commas are not required around Jr. and Sr., and they are never used to set off
II, III, and the like when these are used as part of a name. In an inverted name,
a comma is required before such an element, which comes last.

John Doe Sr. continues to cast a shadow over his son.

Jason Deer III has turned over stewardship of the family business to his cousin.

Doe, John, Sr.

Note: If commas must be used with Jr. or Sr., rephrase as needed.


Commas with quotations

Use a comma when introducing quoted material in the form of dialogue or
from text. If a quotation is introduced by that, whether, or a similar
conjunction, do not use a comma.

It was Thoreau who wrote, One generation abandons the enterprises of another like
stranded vessels.

She replied, I hope you arent referring to us.

Was it Stevenson who said that the cruelest lies are often told in silence?


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Colons

A colon is not always needed before a series or a list. If a colon intervenes in
what would otherwise constitute a grammatical sentence, it is probably being
used inappropriately.

The menagerie included cats, pigeons, newts, and deer ticks.

NOT

The menagerie included: cats, pigeons, newts, and deer ticks.


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Hyphens and Dashes

Hyphens and dashes compared

Hyphens and the various dashes all have their specific appearances and uses.
The hyphen, the en dash, and the em dash are the most commonly used.
Correct use of each type is a sign of editorial precision and care. Always
proofread publications to avoid misuses.

hyphen -
en dash
em dash
2-em dash
3-em dash


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Hyphens

Use a hyphen to separate words.

My name is Phyllis; thats p-h-y-l-l-i-s.

A proficient signer can fingerspell C-O-L-O-R-A-D-O in less than two seconds.

Hyphens can also appear in URLs and e-mail addresses. Do not add a hyphen to
such a string when it breaks at the end of a line.


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En Dashes

En Dashes as to

Use the en dash to connect numbers.

The years 19932000 were heady ones for the computer literate.

In Genesis 6:1321 we find Gods instructions to Noah.

Join us on Thursday, 11:30 a.m.4:00 p.m., to celebrate the New Year.

For parallel structure, use the word to, if the word from precedes the first
element in such a pair. If the words and or between precedes the first element,
do not use the en dash.

She was in college from 1998 to 2002 (not from 19982002).
In other contexts, such as with scores and directions, the en dash signifies, to.

The LondonParis train leaves at two oclock.

On November 20, 1966, Green Bay defeated Chicago, 136.


Other uses for the en dash

The en dash is sometimes used as a minus sign, but minus signs and en dashes
are distinct characters. Because the space around them differs, do not
interchange the two.


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Em Dashes

Em dashes instead of commas, parentheses, or colons

The em dash (or dash) is the most commonly used and most versatile of the
dashes.

It was a revival of the most potent image in modern democracythe revolutionary
idea.

The influence of three impressionistsMonet, Sisley, and Degasis obvious in her
work.


Em dash between noun and pronoun

An em dash is occasionally used to set off an introductory noun (or a series of
nouns) from a pronoun that introduces the main clause.

Consensusthat was the will-o-the-wisp he doggedly pursued.

Broken promises, petty rivalries, and false rumorssuch were the obstacles he
encountered.


Em dashes to indicate sudden breaks

An em dash or a pair of em dashes may indicate a sudden break in thought or
sentence structure or an interruption in dialogue.

Will hecan heobtain the necessary signatures? asked Mill.

Well, I dont know, I began tentatively. I thought I might
Might what? she demanded.

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If the break belongs to the surrounding sentence rather than to the quoted
material, the em dashes must appear outside the quotation marks.

Someday hes going to hit one of those long shots, andhis voice turned huffyI
wont be there to see it.


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Parentheses

Use of parentheses

Use parentheses to set off material from the surrounding text. Parentheses can
set off text that has no grammatical relationship to the rest of the sentence.

He suspected that the noble gases (helium, neon, etc.) could produce a similar effect.

Intelligence tests (e.g., the Stanford-Binet) are no longer widely used.

Our final sample (collected under difficult conditions) contained an impurity.


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Brackets
Use of brackets
Brackets are used to enclose materialadded by someone other than the
original writerthat does not form a part of the surrounding text.
They *the free-silver Democrats+ asserted that the ratio could be maintained.

Many CF *cystic fibrosis+ patients have been helped by the new therapy.


Use brackets as parentheses within parentheses.
(For further discussion see Richardsons excellent analysis *1999+ and Dannebergers
survey [2000].)

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Apostrophes

Use of the apostrophe

The apostrophe has three main uses: to indicate the possessive case, to stand
in for missing letters or numerals, and to form the plural of certain expressions.


Smart apostrophes

In most typefaces, the directional mark (or smart) apostrophe will appear as
a raised comma. The smart apostrophe is the same character as the right
single quotation mark, which is not inverted.

Two common errors are using the default unidirectional mark (') and using
the left single quotation mark.

We spent the 90s (not 90s) in thrall to our gadgets.

Whered you get em (not em)?

Note: The difference in the parentheses is between the left and right
apostrophe.


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Numbers
th
Ed.)

Handling numbers, especially in making the choice between spelling them out
and using numerals, should be governed by a number of factors, including
whether the number is large or small, whether it is an approximation or an
exact quantity, what kind of entity it stands for, and what context it appears in.


Numbers versus words

Chicagos general rulezero through one hundred

Spell out whole numbers from zero through one hundred and certain round
multiples of those numbers.

Thirty-two children from eleven families were packed into eight vintage Beetles.

The property is held on a ninety-nine-year lease.

According to a recent appraisal, my house is 103 years old.

The three new parking lots will provide space for 540 more cars.


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Percentages and Decimal Fractions

Percentages

Except at the beginning of a sentence, express percentages in numerals. In
nontechnical contexts, use the word percent.

Fewer than 3 percent of the employees used public transportation.

With 9095 percent of the work complete, we can relax.

Her five-year certificate of deposit carries an interest rate of 5.9 percent.

The treatment resulted in a 20%25% increase in reports of night blindness.

Note: Percent is an adverb. Percentage is a noun. Do not interchange the two.
Note: No space appears between the numeral and the percentage symbol.


Decimal fractions and use of the zero

Express large or complex fractions as numeric decimal fractions. When a
quantity equals less than 1.00, a zero appears before the decimal point.

a mean of 0.73

The average number of children born to college graduates dropped from 2.3 to 0.95
per couple.

In contexts where decimal quantities must be 1.00 or less, omit the zero before
the decimal point.

p < .05


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Money

Words versus monetary symbols and numerals

Spell out amounts of money for whole numbers of one hundred or less.

seventy-five cents = 75

fifteen dollars = $15

seventy-five pounds = 75

Whole amounts should include zeros and a decimal point when they appear in
the same context with fractional amounts.

Children can ride for seventy-five cents.

The eighty-three dollars was quickly spent.

The instructor charged 125 per lesson.

Prices ranged from $0.95 up to $10.00.

Note: The second example uses a singular verb.


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Dates

The year alone

Express years in numerals unless they stand at the beginning of a sentence, in
which rewording may be a better option.

We all know what happened in 1776.

Records for solar eclipses go back at least as far as 3000 BCE.

The year 2020 should be a good year for clairvoyants.


The year abbreviated

Informally, replace the first two digits of a particular year with an apostrophe
(not an opening single quotation mark).

the spirit of 76 (not 76)

the class of 06

Note: The first example distinguishes between correct and incorrect usage of
the smart apostrophe.


Month and day

Use cardinal numbers to express specific dates.

May 26, 2008, was a sad day for film buffs.

When a day is mentioned without the month or year, spell out in ordinal form.

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On November 5, McManus declared victory.

By the twenty-fifth, most of his supporters had deserted him.


Centuries

Spell out and lowercase centuries.

the twenty-first century

the eighth and ninth centuries

the eighteen hundreds (the nineteenth century)


Decades

Spell out and lowercase decades or express them in numerals. Do not place an
apostrophe between the year and the s.

the nineties

the 1980s and 1990s (or less formally, the 80s and 90s)

The first decade of any century is treated differently. To avoid confusion, The
1900s, for example, can be replaced with an expression like the 1910s to
prevent reference to the entire twentieth century.

Note: Avoid expressions like the teens.
Note: The first decade of a century may vary. For example, for some texts the
first decade of the twenty-first century consists of the years 200110; the
second, 201120; and so on, but notice that the years listed in the examples
differ.

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the first decade of the twenty-first century (or the years 20002009)

the second decade of the twenty-first century (or the years 201019)


Eras

Era designations are expressed as follows:

CE (of the Common Era) and BCE (before the Common Era),
OR
AD (anno Domini, in the year of the Lord) and BC (before Christ)

These abbreviations often appear in small capitals. Do not place periods
following each letter.

Herod Antipas (21 BCE39 CE) was tetrarch of Galilee from 4 BCE until his death.

Britain was invaded successfully in 55 BC and AD 1066.

Rome, from its founding in the eighth century BCE, . . .

Note: When expressing eras as BCE or as BC, put the higher number first to
avoid confusion.

350345 BCE


All-numeral dates and other brief forms

Do not use all-numeral styles of writing dates (5/10/99, etc.) except with
certain dates that may be known that way.

9/11, for September 11, 2001.

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When quoting letters or other material dated, say, 5/10/03, always clarify
whether May 10 or October 5 is meant (not to mention 1903 or 2003) to
differentiate between American English and European English.

In text, always spell out the full date. In documentation and in tables, if
numerous dates occur, abbreviate months. The day-month-year form does not
require punctuation.

5 Oct 2003


ISO style for dates

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) recommends an all-
numeral style consisting of year-month-day (i.e., from largest component to
smallest), hyphenated. Give the year in full, and the month or day, if one digit
only, is preceded by a zero. Thus January 19, 2010, appears as 2010-01-19.This
allows dates to be sorted correctly in an electronic spreadsheet and other
applications.


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Abbreviations
th
Ed.)

Using abbreviations and symbols in general and scholarly writing requires
guidance, especially for the generalist editor confronted with unfamiliar terms.
For abbreviations not listed here, Chicago recommends Merriam-Websters
Collegiate Dictionary.


Acronyms, initialisms, contractions

An acronym refers to terms based on the initial letters of their various
elements and read as single words.

AIDS, laser, NASA, scuba
An initialism refers to terms read as a series of letters
AOL, NBA, XML
A contraction refers to abbreviations that include the first and last letters of
the full word.
Mr., amt.
Sometimes a letter in an initialism is formed from an initial sound rather than
letter or from the application of a number.
X in XML
W3C for World Wide Web Consortium
An acronym and initialism are occasionally combined and the line between
initialism and acronym is not always clear.
JPEG
FAQ (pronounced either as a word or as a series of letters)

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Capitals versus lowercase for acronyms and initialisms
Initialisms appear in all capital letters, even when they are not derived from
proper nouns.
HIV, VP, LCD
With frequent use acronyms will sometimes become lowercase.
scuba
Those that are derived from proper nouns retain an initial capital. The all-
capital form is prefered unless the term is listed otherwise in Websters.
NAFTA (not Nafta)
Lowercase words if a spelled-out version of an acronym or initialism are not
derived from proper nouns or do not themselves constitute a proper noun.
transmission-control protocol/Internet protocol (TCP/IP)
For additional help, consult the Chicago Manual of Style online.

When to use abbreviations
Outside the area of science and technology, abbreviations and symbols are
most appropriate in tabular matter, notes, bibliographies, and parenthetical
references.

Spell out at first occurrence as a courtesy to those readers who might not
easily recognize the abbreviation. The abbreviation follows immediately, in
parentheses.

An abbreviation should not be offered only once, never to be used again.

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Among recent recommendations of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) are...

According to the weak law of large numbers (WLLN)...

The benefits of ERISA (Employee Retirement Income Security Act) are familiar to many.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration was founded in 1958. Since its
inception, NASA has . . .


Periods with abbreviations

In using periods with abbreviations in nontechnical settings, follow general
guidelines.

1. Use periods with abbreviations that end in a lowercase letter: p. (page),
vol., e.g., i.e., etc., a.k.a., a.m., p.m., Ms., Dr., et al. (et is not an
abbreviation; al. is). An exception may be made for the few academic
degrees that end in a lowercase letter (e.g., DLitt, DMin). See rule 3.

2. Use periods for initials standing for given names: E. B. White; do not use
periods for an entire name replaced by initials: JFK.

3. Use no periods with abbreviations that appear in full capitals, even if it
includes lowercase letters: VP, CEO, MA, MD, PhD, UK, US, NY, IL.

Note: Chicago recommends the use of two-letter postal codes (US) wherever
abbreviations are used.


Space or no space between elements

No space is left between the letters of initialisms and acronyms, whether
lowercase or in capitals. Space is usually left between abbreviated words,

31

unless an abbreviated word is used in combination with a single-letter
abbreviation.

C-SPAN

YMCA

Gov. Gen.

S.Dak.

S.Sgt.


Italic versus roman type for abbreviations

Italicize abbreviations only if they stand for a term that would be italicized if
spelled outthe title of a book or periodical, for example. Common Latin
abbreviations are set in roman.

OED (Oxford English Dictionary)

JAMA (Journal of the American Medical Association)

ibid.

etc.

e.g.

i.e.

For additional help, consult Chicago Manual of Style online.

32

Small versus full-size capitals for acronyms and initialisms

Limit using small capitals to acronyms or initialisms mentioned in running text.


33

Document Consistency

Consistency helps readers to locate and comprehend the information they
need. Within all the categories of consistencyverbal, visual, mechanical,
structural, and contentwriters and editors can make some choices from
among acceptable alternatives. These choices are not simply personal
preferences; they reflect conventions recorded in dictionaries and style
manuals. The document style sheet or a style guide encourages consistent
choices throughout a document. Planning for consistency before the document
is developed saves time and stress during editing and production.

Table 1A Types of Document Consistency
Type Meaning
Verbal
semantics meanings of words: one term represents one meaning
syntax structures: related terms, phrases, and clauses use parallel structure
style word choice, sentence patterns, and writers voice: the document is
consistent in its level of formality and sophistication and relationship
to readers
Visual
typography typeface and type style are the same for parallel items
tables, figures labels, titles, callouts, captions, and cross-references are treated the
same for all similar illustrations; illustrations match content and
purpose in quality, taste, and seriousness
print layout repeated or sequential items, such as running heads and page
numbers, appear in the same location on a series of pages
screen layout elements, such as menus, search boxes, and contact information,
appear in the same position on related screen; color and type style
have specific meanings and are used consistently
color colors consistently signal sections of a text or types of information;
colors adhere to a companys color standards

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Table 1B Types of Document Consistency (cont.)
Type Meaning
Mechanical
spelling one spelling is used for the same term
capitalization terms are capitalized the same in each related use
hyphenation hyphenation is consistent for the same term and for like terms
abbreviation use and identification of abbreviations follow a pattern
numbers related numbers are consistent in punctuation, use of words or
numerals, abbreviation, and system of measurement
punctuation items in a series and lists follow a pattern of punctuation;
possessives and accents are the same on repeated uses of the same
term
cross-references all cross-references follow the same patterns of capitalization,
abbreviation, and punctuation
documentation references conform to arrangement, abbreviation, capitalization,
underlining, and spacing to one acceptable pattern
Lists related lists match in capitalization, punctuation, spacing, signals
such as numbering and bullets, and phrases or complete sentences
type style variations such as italics, capitalization, and boldface signal specific
meanings such as emphasis or terms used as terms
Structural related parts of documents, such as chapters, follow a pattern
Content references to the same object or event do not contradict one
another
Source: Technical Editing, 4
th
Ed. by Carolyn D. Rude, 2006.

35

Fact-checking

A fact-checker checks factual assertions in non-fictional text to determine their
veracity and correctness. The job requires general knowledge, but more
importantly, it requires the ability to conduct quick and accurate research.
Fact-checkers are primarily useful in catching accidental mistakes.

What are the standards for fact-checking

All sources in the Notes and Bibliography sections, as well as the quotations
used in the texts, must be checked for accuracy and correctness.

Things we look for

For the Notes and Bibliography sections, we look for correct spelling and
punctuation of the following:

the authors or authors name(s)
the title
the dates
the quotations

How to fact-check

To verify information, go to Amazon.com (or Google books). Copy the title
from the essay and paste it into the Amazon.com search engine. Click to look
inside the book. It is important that you do not look at the product information
at the bottom of the page that contains the date and edition information
because it does not always correspond to the copyright information that is in
the front matter of the book itself. You must look inside the book to verify the
product information. For example, in Rita Charons book, Narrative Medicine,
page iv is the copyright page that includes the publishing house information,
such as its location and the year the book was published.

You may also try Google books and proceed through the same process. You
can search for the book and for specific quotations in the Search This Book
section as well.

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How to look up a quotation in a book

For example, let us say you need to verify the quotation from Rita Charons
book, Narrative Medicine: The identity of a person is not determined by the
state of his or her body. Copy the quotation and paste it into the Search This
Book section of Amazon.com. It will take you to the page with the quotation
on it. (This quotation is on page 88 in Rita Charons book.) Then check the
quotation in the book with the one in the essay to make sure the two
quotations are identical.

What to do when you cannot find a source

When you cannot find an article, take a unique section of the text or a
searchable quotation and Google it. If after checking a variety of resources, you
are still unable to verify the correct edition of a book, the next step is to
change the edition to a more recent one. However, before you change the
edition, you must clear it first with the author because the page numbers may
not correlate.

37

Citation Style Sheet for
Literature and Medicine

Literature and Medicine relies on The Chicago Manual of Style, current edition.
Please note that the 16th edition was published August 1, 2010, so some of the
following may not square with examples from earlier issue of the journal. If
you need an online version of Chicago, you can access it at
http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html . This is a subscription
service, but if you need the style sheet for a short period of time, you can sign
up for a free trial.

When we do production work, we spend at least half our working time with
the Notes and Bibliography sections of the articles. This document is an
attempt to help authors to be more accurate and to conform more easily to
the intricacies of Chicago style and to improve the efficiency of our production
process.

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General Guidelines for Composing Notes

One of the most important things about documentation is to use the endnotes
options on the references tab in your word processor. You can use this to
automatically insert embedded superscript numbers and to connect those
numbers to the appropriate notes in the Notes section of the essay. This is
crucial because it allows revisions to be made without constantly reworking
the notes; when sections get moved or deleted, the notes are automatically
adjusted.

Different word processors accomplish this work in different ways, so you will
need to figure out how your version does the job. Third-party programs are
very helpful, but can sometimes create issues that are hard to resolve,
especially when our files get uploaded to the press and translated into its
particular version of text.

We use notes in addition to a full bibliography, so be sure to choose the
endnotes option on the references tab of your word processor. In the
examples from Chicago below, N refers to Notes and B refers to
Bibliography. Citations in notes should be shortened to the fewest necessary
identifiers. There is no need to cite sources in full, as they will appear in full in
the bibliography. Thus, a note should include the authors last name (multiple
authors are explained below), the title (shortened to first part if the title
includes a colon) and page number or range (if applicable).

Example:
32
Jones, Healing in Cancer Narratives, 312.

Your word processor will probably format note numbers as superscripts, as in
the example above, and it may want to use a small roman numeral numbering
system. We use a non-superscript with period system, as do all Chicago style
journals, which is not a format option. You should choose the Arabic number
option for notes, but please do not attempt to conform to the other
conventions of our system (non-superscript and period), unless your word
processor allows you that numbering style as an automatic option. This is
another tricky conversion that will create serious problems if it is not done
correctly, so we will do this styling as we complete production editing.

39

The automatic note feature generally places the notes at the end of the text,
so many authors create a separate file for the bibliography, which is perfectly
acceptable.

The examples that follow come from The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th
Edition. They are followed by a sample section of notes and a bibliography
from a recent issue of the journal. We strongly encourage you to consult a
recent issue of the journal if you need to see further examples.

40

Documenting Periodicals
(Source: The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th Ed.)

Journals
Basic
B: Morris, Romma Heillig. Woman as Shaman: Reclaiming the Power to Heal.
Womens Studies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 24 (September 1995): 57384.

Note: When the issue number is given, it follows the volume number,
separated by a comma and preceded by no.

B: McMillen, Sally G. Antebellum Southern Fathers and the Health Care of
Children. Journal of Southern History 60, no. 3 (1994): 51332.

Date
B: Wilson, George. Again, Theory: On Speakers Meaning, Linguistic Meaning,
and the Meaning of a Text. Critical Inquiry 19 (Autumn 1992): 121.

Two Authors
B: Wilson, George and Tom Smith. Again, Theory: On Speakers Meaning,
Linguistic Meaning, and the Meaning of a Text. Critical Inquiry 19 (Autumn
1992): 121.

41

Four or More Authors
For a book with four or more authors, list all the authors in the
bibliography entry. Word order and punctuation are the same as for two
or three authors. In the note, however, cite only the name of the first-
listed author, followed by et al.

N: 72. Dana Barnes et al., Plastics: Essays on American Corporate Ascendance in
the 1960s.

No Volume Number

When a journal uses issue numbers only, without volume numbers, a
comma follows the journal title.

B: Beattie, J. M. The Pattern of Crime in England, 16601800. Past and
Present, no. 62 (1974): 4795.

Forthcoming Works

N: 4. Margaret M. Author, Article Title, Journal Name 98 (forthcoming).

B: Author, Margaret M. Article Title. Journal Name 98 (forthcoming).

Translated or Edited Article

B: Wilson, James and Lewiecki-Wilson, Cynthia. Disability, Rhetoric, and the
Body, in Embodied Rhetorics: Disability in Language and Culture, edited
James C. Wilson and Cynthia Lewiecki-Wilson, 1-24. Carbondale: Southern
Illinois University Press, 2001.

42

Electronic Journals

If applicable, an access date should immediately precede the DOI or URL,
separated from the surrounding citation by commas in a note and
periods in the bibliography entry. This departure from Chicagos earlier
recommendation recognizes the increasing importance of uniform
placement of URLs and DOIs in source citations.

N: 3. Charles et al., SMART-COP, 37879.

B: Charles, Patrick G. P., Rory Wolfe, Michael Whitby, Michael J. Fine, Andrew J.
Fuller, Robert Stirling, Alistair A. Wright, et al. SMART-COP: A Tool for
Predicting the Need for Intensive Respiratory or Vasopressor Support in
Community-Acquired Pneumonia. Clinical Infectious Diseases 47 (August 1,
2008): 37584. Accessed July 17, 2008. doi:10.1086/589754.

Newspapers
B: Goodstein, Laurie, and William Glaberson. The Well-Marked Roads to
Homicidal Rage. New York Times, April 10, 2000, national edition, sec. 1.

Online Newspapers, News Services, and Other News
Sites

Citations to online newspapers or news articles posted by news services
are identical to their print counterparts, with the addition of a URL.
Notice that online newspapers do not require an accessed date.

B: Stenger, Richard. Tiny Human-Borne Monitoring Device Sparks Privacy
Fears, CNN.com, December 20, 1999,
http://www.cnn.com/1999/TECH/ptech/12/20/implant.device/.

Books

43

Basic
N: 1. Rushdie, The Ground Beneath Her Feet.

B: Martin du Gard, Roger. Lieutenant-Colonel de Maumort, translated by Luc
Brbion and Timothy Crouse. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000. Rushdie,
Salman. The Ground Beneath Her Feet. New York: Henry Holt, 1999.

Multiple Authors
Two authors

Two authors (or editors) of the same work are listed in the order used on
the title page. In a bibliography, only the first authors name is inverted,
and a comma must appear both before and after the first authors given
name or initials. Use the conjunction and (not an ampersand).

N: 2. Johnson and Coates, Nabokovs Blues: The Scientific Odyssey of a Literary
Genius, 99.

B: Harnack, Andrew, and Eugene Kleppinger. Online! A Reference Guide to Using
Internet Sources. 3rd ed. New York: St. Martins Press, 2000.

44

Three Authors

All three names should be listed in the bibliography, but only the first
should be listed in a note.

More Than Four Authors

N: 7. Sechzer et al., Women and Mental Health, 276.

B: Sechzer, J. A., S. M. Pfaffilin, F. L. Denmark, A. Griffin, and S. J. Blumenthal,
eds. 1996. Women and mental health. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University
Press.

Organization as Author

If a publication issued by an organization, association, or corporation
carries no personal authors name on the title page, the organization is
listed as author in a bibliography or reference list, even if it is also given
as publisher. If long names are cited several times, abbreviations may be
used, clarified by a cross-reference.

B: University of Chicago Press. The The Chicago Manual of Style. 15th ed.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003.

World Health Organization. WHO Editorial Style Manual. Geneva: World
Health Organization, 1993.

45

Chapter in a Single-author Book

B: Ashbrook, James B., and Carol Rausch Albright. The Frontal Lobes, Intending,
and a Purposeful God. Chap. 7 in The Humanizing Brain. Cleveland, OH:
Pilgrim Press, 1997.

Contribution to a Multi-author Book

B: Ellet, Elizabeth F. L. By Rail and Stage to Galena, in Prairie State:
Impressions of Illinois, 16731967, by Travelers and Other Observers, edited
by Paul M. Angle, 27179. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968.

Editions Other Than the First

When an edition other than the first is used or cited, the number or
description of the edition follows the title in the listing. An edition
number usually appears on the title page and is repeated, along with the
date of the edition, on the copyright page. Revised Edition (with no
number) is abbreviated as rev. ed.

B: Strunk, William, Jr., and E. B. White. The Elements of Style. 4th ed. New York:
Allyn and Bacon, 2000.

Forthcoming Works

When a book is under contract with a publisher and is already titled, but
the date of publication is not yet known, forthcoming is used in place of
the date.

B: Contributor, Anna. Contribution, in Edited Volume., edited by Ellen Editor.
Place: Publisher, forthcoming.

46

Interviews and Personal Communications

Unpublished Interviews

Citations should include the names of both the person interviewed and the
interviewer; brief identifying information, if appropriate; the place or date of
the interview (or both, if known); and, if a transcript or tape is available, where
it may be found. Permission to quote may be needed.

N: 9. Macmillan, discussion; Spock, interview.

B: Spock, Benjamin. Interview by Milton J. E. Senn, November 20, 1974,
interview 67A, transcript, Senn Oral History Collection, National Library of
Medicine, Bethesda, MD.

Published or Broadcast Interviews

An interview that has already been published or broadcast is treated like an
article in a periodical or a chapter in a book.

B: Bellour, Raymond. Alternation, Segmentation, Hypnosis: Interview with
Raymond Bellour. By Janet Bergstrom. Camera Obscura, nos. 34 (Summer
1979): 8994.

47

Conversations, Electronic Communications, etc.
References to conversations (whether face-to-face or by telephone) or to
letters, e-mail messages, and the like received by the author are usually run
into the text or given in a note.

In Text: In a telephone conversation with the author on October 12, 1999, Colonel
William Rich revealed that.
N: 2. Constance Conlon, e-mail message to author, April 17, 2000.

Thesis and Dissertations
The kind of thesis, the academic institution, and the date follow the title. Like
the publication data of a book, these are enclosed in parentheses in a note but
not in a bibliography or reference list. The word unpublished is unnecessary.

B: Murphy, Priscilla Coit. What a Book Can Do: Silent Spring and Media-Borne
Public Debate. PhD diss., University of North Carolina, 2000.

Lectures, Papers Presented at Meetings, and the Like
The sponsorship, location, and date of the meeting at which a speech was
given or a paper presented follow the title. This information, like that following
a thesis title, is put in parentheses in a note but not in a bibliography or
reference list.

N: 2. Nass, Why Researchers Treat On-Line Journals Like Real People, 2000.

B: Nass, Clifford. Why Researchers Treat On-Line Journals Like Real People.
Keynote address, annual meeting of the Council of Science Editors, San
Antonio, TX, May 69, 2000.

48

Notes and Bibliography
(Source: Frank, Arthur. Tricksters and Truth Tellers: Narrating Illness in an Age of Authenticity and
Appropriation. Literature and Medicine 28, no. 2 [Fall 2009]: 185199)

NOTES

1. On the beginnings of stories before the story begins, see Calasso, The
Marriage of Cadmus and Harmony.
2. Frank, Just Listening.
3. Levi-Strauss, The Savage Mind.
4. Labov, Narrative Pre-construction.
5. Cousins, in the title chapter of a wide-ranging collection of essays, told
a radical, if highly privileged, story of taking control of his own treatment, with
the support of a physician who was generous enough to acknowledge that
institutional medicine did not have much to offer Cousins, so he might as well
try what he wanted. Sontag presented a literary historical study of
tuberculosis and cancer as cultural tropes, and how their use as tropes is not
useful to people living with those illnesses. However much I learned from
Cousins and Sontageach remains important to readthey did not offer the
narrative resources that I needed for my own story to emerge.
6. Stengers, Experimenting With Refrains: Subjectivity and the
Challenge of Escaping Modern Dualism. Stengers expresses this version of
standpoint with particular clarity as: the theorizer presenting herself as
indebted to the struggle that forced and enabled her to craft the words that
tell about the new emerging standpoint. She distinguishes that usage of
standpoint from a concern with general epistemological claims (59, n. 1).
7. Lorde, The Cancer Journals, 59.
8. Archibald, Indigenous Storywork, 13839.
9. Lopez, Giving Birth to Thunder, 138.
10. Ibid., 49.
11. For a nuanced, recent discussion of this issue, see Harrington, The
Cure Within.
12. See also Klawiter, The Biopolitics of Breast Cancer: In the discourse
of the race, breast cancer is a disease of universal, individual, ahistorical,
resilient, reconstructable, heterofeminine, biological females. 145
13. See Klawiter, The Biopolitics of Breast Cancer: The signs and visors
signified the public display of private losses and personal triumphs. These
moving displays enhanced the intensity of the experience of moving en masse

49

through the park with thousands of strangers united by their relationship to
this disease. 143.
14. Lorde, 62.

50

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Archibald, Joann. Indigenous Storywork: Educating the Heart, Mind, Body, and
Spirit. Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press, 2008.
Boyd, Brian. The Origin of Stories: Evolution, Cognition, and Fiction. Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, 2009.
Bruner, Jerome. Making Stories: Law, Literature, Life. New York: Farrar, Straus,
and Giroux, 2002.
Calasso, Roberto. The Marriage of Cadmus and Harmony. New York: Vintage,
1994.
Cousins, Norman. Anatomy of an Illness. New York: Bantam, 1981.
Damasio, Antonio. The Feeling of What Happens: Body, Emotion, and the
Making of Consciousness. New York: Vintage, 2000.
Ehrenreich, Barbara. Welcome to Cancerland, Harpers, November 2001, 43
53.
Foucault, Michel. Fearless Speech. New York: SemioTexte, 2001.
Frank, Arthur W. At the Will of the Body: Reflections on Illness. Boston:
Houghton Mifflin, 1991.
. The Wounded Storyteller: Body, Illness, and Ethics. Chicago: University
of Chicago Press, 1995.
. Just Listening: Narrative and Deep Illness. Families, Systems &
Health 16, no. 33 (Fall 1998): 197212.
. The Necessity and Dangers of Illness Narratives, Especially at the End
of Life. In Narrative & Stories in Health Care: Illness, Dying, and
Bereavement. Edited by Yasmin Gunaratnam and David Oliviere, 161
175. London: Oxford University Press, 2009.
. Letting Stories Breathe: A Socio-Narratology. Chicago: University of
Chicago Press, 2010.
Gadamer, Hans-Georg. Truth and Method. New York: Seabury Press, 1975.
Harrington, Anne. The Cure Within: A History of Mind-Body Medicine. New
York: Norton, 2008.
Hyde, Lewis. Trickster Makes this World. New York: North Point Press, 1998.
Kermode, Frank. The Sense of an Ending. New York: Oxford University Press,
2000.
King, Samantha. Pink Ribbons, Inc.: Breast Cancer and the Politics of
Philanthropy. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2006.
Klawiter, Maren. The Biopolitics of Breast Cancer: Changing Cultures of Disease
and Activism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008.

51

Labov, William. Narrative pre-construction. Narrative Inquiry 16, no. 1
(2006): 3745.
Lacan, Jacques. Ecrits. New York: Norton, 2007.
Levi-Strauss, Claude. The Savage Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1968.
Lorde, Audre. The Cancer Journals. San Francisco: aunt lute books, 1980.
Lopez, Barry. Giving Birth To Thunder, Sleeping With His Daughter. New York:
Avon, 1977.
Mishler, Elliot. Storylines: Craftartists Narratives of Identity. Cambridge:
Harvard University Press, 1999.
MacIntyre, Alasdair. After Virtue. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame
Press, 1984.
Mattingly, Cheryl. Healing Dramas and Clinical Plots: The Narrative Structure of
Experience. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Nealon, Jeffrey T. Foucault: Power and Its Intensification Since 1984. Stanford,
CA: Stanford University Press, 2008.
Polletta, Francesca. It Was Like a Fever: Storytelling in Protest and Politics.
Radin, Paul. The Trickster: A Study in American Indian Mythology. New York:
Schocken Books, 1972 [1956].
Smith, Dorothy. The Everyday World as Problematic. Toronto: University of
Toronto Press, 1989.
Smith, Philip. Why War? The Cultural Logic of Iraq, the Gulf War, and Suez.
Sontag, Susan. Illness as Metaphor. New York: Vintage, 1978.
Stengers, Isabelle. Experimenting With Refrains: Subjectivity and the
Challenge of Escaping Modern Dualism. Subjectivity 22 (2008): 3859.
Taylor, Charles. The Ethics of Authenticity. Cambridge: Harvard University
Press, 1992.
. Multiculturalism: Examining the Politics of Recognition. Princeton, NJ:
Princeton University Press, 1994.
Tilly, Charles. Why: What Happens When People Give Reasons . . . and Why.
Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006.

52

Appendix

53

Literature and Medicine Style Sheet
A-D

AbbreviationsUS, not U.S., DC, not D.C., and
AD, not A.D., BC, not B.C.
Apostrophesnone after acronyms
Auto formatrun before any other changes
Bibliography section2 lines before title; 1
line after title
Bibliography sectionthree em dashes- use
for multiple articles by one author
Bracketsuse brackets as parentheses within
parentheses
Caregiver and caregivingalways one word
Citationsuse 4
th
Ed., not fourth ed.
Date StyleJanuary 26, 1951

E-H

Ellipsesspace between each dot (for both
three-dot ellipses and four-dot ellipses)
Em dashuse em dash instead of two hyphens
E-mailuse hyphen
En dashuse only for a range, i.e. 218
Fact-checking-only capitalize in titles, lowercase
for all other references including fact-checker
Healthcareadjective
Health carenoun
Hyperlinksunderline
Hyphensalways check the Merriam-Websters
Collegiate Dictionary for use in words
I-L

Italicsuse in cases of examples within the text
e.g. The phrase as well as refers to
Literature and Medicine Journalitalicize
Literature and Medicine, keep Journal roman
and capitalize

M-P

Multi-authorcapitalize Multi and hyphenate
Note:in examples, use a colon
Notes section2 lines before title; 1 line after
title
Notesnot endnotes unless referring to the
endnotes feature in Word
Notes and Bibliographyonly use caps in the
example headings, otherwise only capitalize the
N and the B
Oxford commause in a series
Paragraph markscheck out entire document
before sending off to JHUP
Percentage, not %
Punctuation spacesfind and replace two
spaces with one space (do this twice)

54

Literature and Medicine Style Sheet (cont.)
Q-T

Quotation marksuse when referring to
sections
Section titles1 line before; center title
See alsonot italicized
Signature line(book reviews and preface only)
1 line before
Single-authorcapitalize Single and hyphenate
Smart Quotes only
Style guidetwo words
Style Sheetonly capitalize when used in a
heading
Subheadingonly capitalize first letter of first
word
Titles of articlesleft aligned; not bold
The Chicago Manual of Stylethe is italicized
V-Z
Formatting

FontCalibri

Font sizes
Heading one34
Heading two30
Heading three26
Heading four22
Heading five18
Text14
Hyperlinks14
Examples12
Style sheet11
Citations10

Other

In titles, lowercase articles
no contractions

Blank Heading Pagesheading should be 34pt
centered with 4 lines of spaces preceding, the
heading is on the 5
th
line
Spaceonly one line of space in 12pt font
between sections and examples; two lines of
space after The Chicago Manual of Style
hyperlink; one space between sentences

Dictionary Consulted: Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary

Style Manual Consulted: The Chicago Manual of Style, 16
th
Ed.

55

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