Nuclear Physics B285 [FS19] (1987) 162-172

North-Holland, Amsterdam
TWO- DI MENSI ONAL CRI TI CAL SYSTEMS LABELLED
BY D Y N K I N DI AGRAMS
Vincent PASQUIER
Service de Physique Thdorique CEN-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur- Yvette Cedex, France
Received 4 September 1986
We define two-dimensional critical integrable models. They generalise the RSOS models and
are labelled by Dynkin diagrams. These models are candidates for describing unitary conformal
invariant theories.
1. I nt r oduc t i on
Consi der abl e progress has been made in exploiting the pri nci pl e of conf or mal
i nvari ance on t wo-di mensi onal critical systems [1]. The set of operat ors decomposes
i nt o represent at i ons of the left and right Vi rasoro algebras. Fr om t he analysis of
Fr i edan, Qi u and Shenker, it appears t hat uni t ar y conf or mal models with a val ue of
c smal l er t han one have a discrete set of possible values of c and represent at i ons. At
a gi ven val ue of c, a more subtle classification occurs [3, 4], dependi ng on which
oper at or s are act ual l y realised among t he allowed set of Vi rasoro represent at i ons. In
this paper, we bui l d 2D critical systems which are generalisations of Andrews,
Baxt er and For r est er RSOS models on the transition line bet ween regime III and IV
[5], and seem t o mat ch such a classification.
2. Temperl ey and Li eb algebra
Our st art i ng poi nt is the conj ect ure t hat for q-state Potts models, t he cent ral
charge c can be comput ed in terms of the number of colors q [6]. I f one adopt s t he
fol l owi ng paramet ri sat i on for q:
q7
q l / 2 = 2 COS - - (1)
m+ l '
t he expressi on for c is:
6
c = 1 (2)
m( m+ 1) '
m bei ng any real number bet ween 2 and infinity.
0619-6823/87/$03.50E1sevier Science Publishers B.V.
(North-Holland Physics Publishing Division)
v. Pasquier / Critical systems 163
The par t i t i on funct i on of the q-state Pot t s model can be ext ended to non-i nt eger
val ues of q. Temper l ey and Lieb [7] expressed it in t erms of the following algebra. In
a t r ansf er mat r i x approach, let i label the sites in one direction. Defi ne a set of
her mi t i an mat ri ces e~ (1 ~< i ~< N) such that:
e 2 = e l , (3a)
1
ei ei +_l e i = "cei, r = - - , (3b)
q
e i e j = e j e i if IJ - il >/ 2. (3c)
At t he sel f-dual poi nt [8], t he par t i t i on funct i on ZSD can be wri t t en as*:
Zso = t r ( VW) M,
V =( l +X e l ) ( 1 +x e 3 ) . . . ( l +x e 2 N _ l ) ,
W=( l +x e 2 ) ( 1 + x e 4 ) . . . ( 1 +x e 2 N) . (4)
The l at t i ce is a square lattice with N rows and M columns. A represent at i on of this
al gebr a f or cont i nuous values of q [7] can be obt ai ned.
Our ori gi nal mot i vat i on is to recover t he uni t ar y series [2] for which m has t o be
i nt eger val ued in formul a (2). Remarkabl y, Jones [9] has shown t hat if one requires
tr e i = r (5)
(t races are normal i sed with respect to t he i dent i t y matrix), for r > , al gebra (3) can
onl y be real i sed if m is an integer in (1). This cannot occur in the Temper l ey and
Li eb r epr esent at i on where tr e i - .
3. RSOS models
The quest i on i mmedi at el y arises, how can we build matrices with an i rrat i onal
t race? Clearly, this will not be possible i f the Hi l bert space has a st ruct ure
E E E . . . where E is a finite di mensi onal space (as in the Ising and t hree-st at e
Pot t s model where E is respectively C 2 and C 3) because t he t race of any local
oper at or will necessarily be rational. Fr om Baxter' s work, we know model s (SOS
[10]) t hat do not have this t ensor structure. Moreover, Huse [11] identified t he
cri t i cal poi nt bet ween regime III and IV of t he Andrews et al. [5] RSOS model s as
an expl i ci t real i sat i on of the uni t ar y sequence of Fr i edan et al. [2].
* In fact, one should be more precise to account for boundary terms, but we shall not need that here.
164 V. Pasquier / Critical s y s t e ms
1 I . . . .
2
. - - . . t 2 '
I
I
I
I
I
- i 4 ,
i ] . . . . . . . . i 6 '
I
I
I
I
I
I
Fi g. 1. A di a gona l o n t he l at t i ce.
At each site i of the square lattice is an integer height l i , which is restricted to the
interval 1 ~< l, ~< r - 1 with r >I 4. The heights at nearest neighbour sites of the
lattice, l, and lj, must differ by unity: II~- ljl = 1. Wi t h this restriction, the lattice
will divide i nt o two sublattices. On the even one, heights will always be even, on the
odd one, odd. To define a Hilbert space, draw a diagonal row on the lattice as in
fig. 1. Label by i the sites from NW to SE. A base for states will be defined as a set
of heights: [a) = [ l j 2 1 3 . . . ) subject to the constraint [l s - l,+x[ = 1.
Fr om the set of matrices e2g, we wish to build the diagonal-to-diagonal transfer
mat ri x from states I l l l 2 l 3 . . . ) to states I l l l 2, l 3 l 4 . . . . ); similarly, from the set of
mat ri ces e2i+1, the transfer mat ri x from states [ll 12' 13 14 . . . . ) to states Ill l 2 l 3 1 4 . . . )
going from the SW to NE direction.
Mat ri x (1 + x e 2 ~ ) in (4) can be regarded as a face transfer mat ri x in Baxter' s
t ermi nol ogy [8]. e2~ acts in the sub-Hilbert space 112~_ 112il2i+ 1 ) and leaves 12~_ 1, 12~+ 1
unchanged. We consider matrices with non-zero elements onl y if 12i_ 1 = 12i +l , e2~
t hus decomposes i nt o block sub-matrices:
3 ( 1 2 i _ 1 _ 1 ~ 6 , - ~ ) t I , 1 2 i )
~2i+1]"2i \~ 2 i,
= e 2 i ( 1 2 i _ l , l ' 1 2 i +1 ; 1 2 i - 1 , 1 2 i , / 2 i + 1 ) 2 i,
(6)
A non-zero mat ri x element can be represented as
e 0' ) ( l 3 , 14) = I~O] ]t?d
The mat ri x elements depend on the heights l, not on the position i.
( 7 )
V. Pas qui er / Cr i t i cal s ys t ems 1 6 5
R e l a t i o n s ( 3a , b ) c a n b e r e p r e s e n t e d i n t h e f o l l o wi n g wa y :
E ~
L d[
d
p d
IF r
( 8 a )
]
d t! !~
R e l a t i o n ( 3c ) i s a u t o ma t i c a l l y f ul f i l l e d.
I e d d
Y L ( 8 b )
L e t us , f o r e x a mp l e , l o o k a t t h e c a s e r = 6; t h e c a s e r = 5 i s c o n s i d e r e d i n [12].
D u e t o t h e s y m m e t r y l i ---) r - I i t h e o n l y n o n - z e r o ma t r i x e l e me n t s a r e :
e (2) _ e(4) = a ,
1 1 - - 5 5
e ( 2 ) - e ( 2 ) = e l l ) = e ( 4 ) - b
1 3 - - 3 1 3 5 - - ,
e ( 2 ) _ e ( 4 ) ~_~ c
3 3 - - 3 3
e( ) = e L ) - - a ' ,
e ( 3 ) - - e ( 3 ) b '
2 4 - - 4 2 ~
e(1)22-- e L ) = 1 . ( 9)
T h e o n l y c o n s i s t e n t s o l u t i o n o f ( 3) i s
e ( 2 ) = = ~
1 1 '
( a 1 ( : 1 )
e O ) = b ' c ' = 2 1 '
~.-1 = 4 c o s 2 _ = 3 .
6
( 10)
166 V. Pasquier / Critical systems
What is t he trace of e i ? Let us for exampl e consider the case of e 2. e 2 depends
onl y on t he t hree first heights and decomposes into:
e 2 = e(21) + e2 O) + e9 (5~ .
(11)
e},2 e(5)2 are 1 1 matrices and e2 (3) is a rank-1 proj ect or, t r e 2 is the di mensi on of
t he i mage space of e 2 divided by the di mensi on of the t ot al Hi l bert space. Defi ne d~
as t he di mensi on of the sub-Hi l bert space of states [ a) = [ l , = i , l ~ + 1 . . . IN). Then,
a I + a3 ~ + d#
t r e 2 = dx t + d l 3 + d 5 . ( 12)
We have t he obvi ous relations:
d l I
1 = A T ,
0 / d 4 + 1 d 4 + 1 ]
t l <
d2+ = 1 o / " = + ~
d4+ 1 1 / d~+ 2
d1+2
~ d 5 + 2
(13)
Taki ng N = 2p + 1 and letting the number of sites go to infinity:
(111) 2 1
tr e 2 lim 1 1
( 1 1 p ~ m
(111) 1 2
0 1
(14)
t he large p behavi our being domi nat ed by the largest eigenvalue "7 " - 1 of A A T .
Thus, mat ri ces e i also obey condi t i on (5). I f one rewrites the part i t i on funct i on (4)
in t erms of these matrices, one recovers the part i t i on funct i on of Andrews et al. [5]
on t he critical line bet ween regime III and IV.
To summari ze: the precedi ng model can be descri bed in terms of an even and an
odd i nt er penet r at i ng sublattice. Even heights lie on the even sublattice, odd heights
on t he odd one. The const rai nt bet ween adj acent heights can be represent ed
di agr ammat i cal l y as in fig. 2.
Two heights are linked if they can lie on adj acent sites. To such a graph, we can
at t ach a mat r i x A = (1 1 ?] with generic el ement ai j equal to l o r 0 accordi ng to
\ u 1 1]
11". Pasquier / Critical syst ems
2 4
1 3 5
Fig. 2. A 5 di agram.
167
whet her the j t h height on the second line is or is not linked to the i t h on the first
one. The paramet er ~" entering formul ae (3), (5) is given by the inverse of the largest
eigenvalue of A A T.
4. Ne w model s
Inspi red by Jones' classification of subfactors, we can describe new models as
follows: given a Dynki n diagram of a simply laced Lie algebra (An, D, , E6, ET, E8)
we separat e simple roots i nt o two ort hogonal subsets. A set of even heights label one
subset and a set of odd heights index the other subset. Even heights lie on the even
sublattice, odd heights on the odd one. Two heights lying on different sublattices
can be adj acent onl y if they are linked on the Dynki n diagram. The preceding
exampl e represented on fig. 2 corresponds to A 5. Fig. 3 describes E 6. In each case, a
set of mat ri ces e i obeying (3), (5) can be built, following the procedure described
before. The paramet er z being given by the inverse of the largest eigenvalue ~--1 of
A A r where A is the mat ri x at t ached to the corresponding Dynki n diagram.
~. - 1=4cos2 , (15)
h is the Coexet er number of the Dynki n di agram (table 1). Here, we will give
anot her descri pt i on of the matrices e i more related to Jones' work [9]: The Hilbert
space is bui l t from heights on a diagonal as in fig. 1, two following heights obeying
the const rai nt di ct at ed by the Dynki n diagram. Consider the increasing sequence of
2 6 4
3 5
Fig. 3. E 6 di agram.
168
V. Pasquier / Critical syst ems
TABLE 1
Dynki n di agram, t hei r Coexet er number h, exponent s mj
Name of
the algebra Dynkin diagram h m j
1 2 3 n
A,, , n + l 1 , 2 , 3 , . . . , n
n
I 2 3 /
D, , ' , 2 n - 2 n - 1 , 1 , 3 , 5 , . . . , 2 n - 3
NNN~ n.1
E6
E7
'I
1 2 3
E8 1 2 3 4
5 12 1,4,5,7,8,11
5 6 18 1,5,7,9,11,13,17
a s ] B , 7 3 0 1 , 7 , 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 7 , 1 9 , 2 3 , 2 9
a l g e b r a s d , : ~1 ~ 2 ~ < ~ 3 - . . s o d e f i n e d : ~, a c t s o n t h e s u b - Hi l b e r t s p a c e
g e n e r a t e d b y s t a t e s : I l J 2 . . , l , ) . An e l e me n t a ~ , l e a v e s l , u n mo d i f i e d :
a l l 1 l , > = E a } l y ? . t , _ , , , , , l ' _ . "' " . . 1. II 1 ' ' " ltn 1 l . )
{t {. . . / ' _, )
( 16)
( T h e Br a t t e l i d i a g r a m [9] d e s c r i b i n g s u c c e s s i v e i n c l u s i o n s i s t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g
D y n k i n d i a g r a m. We wi l l n o t m a k e u s e o f t hi s f a c t h e r e . ) T h e r e i s a p r o j e c t o r E . _ I :
e~. ~ . - 1 d e f i n e d b y t h e r e l a t i o n * t r E . _ l ( x ) y = t r ( x y ) f o r x ~ d . , y ~ ~ - 1 [9].
E . _ 1 h a s t h e f o l l o wi n g p r o p e r t y
E , _ l ( a X b ) = a E n _ l ( X ) b ( 17)
* It is also possible to build other algebras obeying (3) with r -x replaced by 4cosZ(rnj~r/h) in (3b)
(table 1) but there, the Boltzmann weights are not positive any more. Models associated to such an
algebra should presumably be identified with the non-unitary models of ref. [1].
V. Pasquier / Critical syst ems
TABLE 2
gg
Eigenvectors of the Caftan matrix with eigenvalue 2 - 2 cos 0, 0 = mj ~
169
m n
Dn
E6
E7
Es
{sin 0, sin 2 0 . . . . . sin n O }
{ o . . . . . o , 1 , - 1 )
{2cos(n - 2)0 . . . . . 2cos2O,2cos 8,1,1}
sin 0, sin 20, sin 30, sin40 sin30 sin30
2cos 0 ,sin50 - sin 30, 2 ~ o s # )
sin0,sin20,sin30,sin40,sin50- sin40 sin40
2cos 0 ,sin60 - sin40, 2 ~ o s 0 /
s i n O , s i n 2 0 , s i n 3 0 , s i n 4 0 , s i n 5 0 , s i n 6 0 - sin50 sin50
2~0~os 0 ,sin70 - sin50, 2 ~ o s 0 t
1
The first vector on line D n corresponds to O = ~r.
f or x ~a n,
r el at i on:
a, b ~ C n _ v Mat r i ces e n, en~zCn+ 1, ar e def i ned b y t he f ol l owi ng
e n x e n = E n _ l ( x ) e n for x ~ z g n , (18)
e n is a pr oj e c t or act i ng i n t he s ub- Hi l ber t space gener at ed b y [In_ x l n l n + 1)" I t l eaves
l n - 1 , I n+ 1 u n c h a n g e d a nd de c ompos e s i nt o bl ock s ubmat r i ces :
e n ( l n - l l ' l n + l , Z n - l Z n Z n + l ) = ~ ( l n _ 1 - - l n + l ) e ~ 7 ~ O .
( 19)
In', l . ar e hei ght s l i nked t o l . o n t he Dy n k i n di agr am. No n - z e r o mat r i x el ement s
o b e y t he f ol l owi ng r el at i on:
S/3
e (11)(101213 r~ 1314 = 1"1/2 ~-~ e~}~ . ( 2 0 )
S 6 ar e c o mp o n e n t s of t he ei genvect or wi t h t he smal l est ei genval ue of t he Ca r t a n
ma t r i x ( t abl e 2, 0 = ~ r / h ) . Di a gona l mat r i x el ement s c a n be obt a i ne d f r o m (20):
s l 2
e ('1) = r 1 / 2 - (21)
1212 a l l .
No n d i a g o n a l mat r i x el ement s r esul t f r o m (8b)
e ~ ' ) = r 1/ 2 ( S l a S l 3 ) I / 2 (22)
1213 a l l
170 V. Pasquier / Critical syst ems
1 2 1 2 1 2 3 2 3 2 3 4 3 4 3 4 5 4 5 4 3 6 3 6 3
2 1 2 1 2 3 2 3 2 3 4 3 4 3 4 5 4 5 4 5 6 3 6 3 6
1 2 1 2 1 2 3 2 3 2 3 4 3 4 3 4 5 4 5 4 3 6 3 6 3
(12) (23) (34) (45) (36)
Fig. 4. Gr ound st at es i n t he E 6 case,
For a given value of h, the part i t i on funct i on will be the same as ZSD(q), the
par t i t i on f unct i on of the q-state self-dual Pot t s model with q = 4cos2(Tr/ h). A,
descri bes t he part i t i on funct i on [5] of the RSOS model with r = n + 1 on the
t ransi t i on line bet ween regimes III and IV. D 4 describes the part i t i on funct i on of t he
t hree-st at e self-dual Potts model. In general, the symmetries of a model will be given
by t he gr aph aut omorphi sms of their Dynki n diagram, this will be 7/3 for D4, Z 2 for
A. , Dn, E 6.
5. Order parameters
Let us assume t hat as in t he RSOS case, [5] we have a multicritical poi nt
cor r espondi ng to the coexistence of uni f or ml y ordered homogeneous phases. Each
phase can be labelled by two adj acent poi nt s on t he Dynki n diagram. The case of E 6
is shown on fig. 4. In general, t here are r - 1 such phases where r is the r ank of the
cor r espondi ng Li e algebra. Consequent l y, following Huse [11], t here are r - 2 or der
par amet er s. General i si ng known results in the RSOS and 3-state Pot t s model s we
conj ect ur e t he following expression for them:
U i m/ ) i
[ m j ] = ~i - - - ~ - P " (23)
2 ~< rn 9 ~< h - 2 label the exponent s in table 1 ( mj = 1, h - 1 correspond to 1 and
nul l oper at or respectively), vi,,j ) are t he component s of the eigenvector in t abl e 2
wi t h 0 = ( m j ~ r / h ) S ~ = v[1 ). P' is the probabi l i t y to find height i at a given site. Since
( P i ) = t r P i = S i 2 , one has ( [ m j ] ) = ~ i U [ m j ) S i = O .
6. Conclusion
In concl usi on, we have identified 2D models labelled by Dynki n diagrams which
are equi val ent to the SD Potts models with q = 4cos2(~r/ h). We conj ect ure t hat
t hese are 2D uni t ar y conformal theories with m = h - 1 in f or mul a (2). At a given
val ue of h, t wo models will di ffer by their oper at or cont ent . Such a conj ect ure is
great l y suppor t ed by Cappelli, It zykson and Zuber' s [13] analysis of 2D uni t ar y
conf or mal theories. In such theories, t he oper at or cont ent is specified by represent a-
V. Pasquier / Critical systems 171
t i ons of t he l eft and ri ght Vi rasoro al gebras. These r epr esent at i ons are l abel l ed by
t wo ( one f or each Vi rasoro al gebra) pai rs of i nt egers [ r , s ] , [ r ' , s ' ] ; 1 <~r <~m,
1 ~< s ~< m + 1. Jr, s] = [ m - r, m + 1 - s] [1]. They obser ve t hat for a given val ue of
m, model s di ffer by the allowed values of s ( s ' ) which are rel at ed to exponent s ( m j )
of a si mpl y l aced Lie al gebra havi ng h = m + 1. I n part i cul ar, f or t he set of scal ar
oper at or s, ( r = r ' , s = s ' ) the onl y allowed val ues of s are mj . I t is very t empt i ng t o
i dent i f y t he set of scal ar oper at or s wi t h scaling di mensi on smal l er t han 1, r = s, wi t h
t he set of spi n oper at or s ([mj ] = [m j, m j]) given in f or mul a (23). Fr om t hei r
anal ysi s, it al so appear s t hat these model s shoul d have a mul t i cri t i cal ext ensi on wi t h
m = h .
At this poi nt , t here are t wo di fferent ways to under st and the oper at or al gebra.
One is t o cl assi fy oper at or s accor di ng to r epr esent at i ons of the Vi r asor o al gebras.
The ot her one, due to Jones, is to l ook at subal gebras (subfact ors) of t he whol e
ope r a t or al gebra. I t remai ns t o under st and how t hey are related. For exampl e, the
al gebr a gener at ed by eis mi ght be i dent i fi ed wi t h the al gebra of t her mal oper at or s
consi st i ng of all oper at or s in the set r = r ' , s = s ' = 1.
Fi nal l y, it woul d be i nt erest i ng to clarify t he rel at i on bet ween t he cent ral charge c
and t he numbe r of col ors q ( f or mul as (1), (2)). Thi s mi ght be achi eved by l ooki ng at
bounda r y effect s as in [14].
I woul d like to t hank J. Bi on Nadal for numer ous consul t at i ons and pat i ent
expl anat i ons on the t heory of Von Ne uma nn Al gebras and Jones' wor k on t he
cl assi f i cat i on of factors, M. L. Meht a for st i mul at i ng discussions, J.B. Zuber for
c ommuni c a t i ons rel at ed to his wor k and maki ng me realise t he role of Coexet er
exponent s in t he oper at or al gebra.
Not e added in proof
We have now shown t hat i nt egrabi l i t y can be ext ended out of the critical regi on
f or t he model s consi dered [15].
References
[1] A.A. Belavin, A.M. Polyakov and A.B. Zamalodchikov, Nucl. Phys. B241 (1984) 333
[2] D. Friedan, Z. Qiu and S. Shenker, Phys. Rev. Lett. 52 (1984) 1575
[3] J.L. Cardy, Nucl. Phys. B270 [FS16] (1986) 186
[4] C. Itzykson and J.B. Zuber, Nucl. Phys. B275 [FS17] (1986) 580;
J.B. Zuber, in Proc. Symp. on topological and geometrical methods in field theory, Espov, Finland
(8-14 June 1986)
[5] G.E. Andrews, R.J. Baxter and J.P. Forrester, J. Stat. Phys. 35 (1984) 193
[6] VI.S. Dotsenko, Nucl. Phys. B235 (1984) 54
[7] H.N.V. Temperley and E. Lieb, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A322 (1971) 251
[8] R.J. Baxter, Exactly solved models in statistical mechanics (Academic Press, 1982)
[9] V.R.F. Jones, Inv. Math. 72 (1983) 1
172 V. Pusquier / Critical systems
[lo] R.J. Baster, Ann. of Phys. 76 (1973) 25
[ll] D.A. Huse, Phys. Rev. B30 (1984) 3908
[12] R.J. Baxter, J. Stat. Phys. 28 (1982) 1
[13] A. Cappelli, C. Itzykson and J.B. Zuber, Nucl. Phys. B280 [FS18] (1987) 445
[14] H.W. Bliite, J.L. Cardy and M.P. Nightingale, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56 (1986) 742;
I. Affleck, Phys. Rev. Lett. 56 (1986) 746
[15] V. Pasquier, J. Phys. A, to be published