Carbon Compund - Form 5

WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound
CHAPTER 2 : CARBON COMPOUNDS

A UNDERSTANDING CARBON COMPOUND
Learning Outcome
You should be able to:
State what carbon compound is,
State the carbon compounds can be classified into two groups, i.e. organic and
inorganic,
State what organic compound is,
Gives examples of organic and inorganic carbon compounds,
State what a hydrocarbon is,
List the sources of hydrocarbon,
Identify the combustion products of organic carbon compounds
Acti!it" #
Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.
1 Carbon compounds are compounds that contain . as one of their constituent elements.
2 There are two groups of carbon compounds; .. compounds and ..
compounds.
3 Carbon compounds that can be obtained from non-liing things are classified as
..compounds.
! "#drocarbons are the simplest of all organic compounds. "#drocarbon contains onl# two
elements$ and .
% &rganic compounds that contain carbon$ h#drogen together with a few other elements such as
o'#gen$ nitrogen$ phosphorus or halogens are called
( "#drocarbons can be classified into two $ .. and unsaturated h#drocarbons.
). "#drocarbons that contain onl# carbon-carbon single bond is called .
* "#drocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-carbon triple bond
is called
+. ,atural sources of h#drocarbons are $ coal and natural gas.
1- &rganic compounds burn in e'cess of o'#gen gas to produce .. and
.
1
B AL$ANES
Learning Outcomes:
You should be able to :
state what alane is,
state what structural formula is,
deduce the molecular formulae of the first ten alanes
!raw the structural formulae for the first ten straight"chain alanes,
!educe the general formula of alanes
#ame the first ten alanes,
$elate changes in physical properties with increase in the number of carbon atoms in alanes molecules
%xplain the effect of the increase in number of carbon atoms in alanes molecules on the molecules boiling
points,
!escribe complete and incomplete combustion of alanes,
!escribe the substitution reaction of alanes,
&rite chemical e'uations for combustion and substitution reaction of methane,
!escribe how methane affects everyday life.
Acti!it" 2
.a/ Complete the table below0
,umber
of
Carbon
1tructural formula 2olecular
formula
,ame of
alkane
Condition at
room
temperature
1
C"! 2ethane 3as
2
3
!
%

(

)
C)"1(
2
* C*"1*
+
1-
b. 4'plain wh# on going down the alkane series$ the melting and boiling point increase5
(n going down the alanes series, the )))))))))))).. increases caused by the
increase in molecular si*e.
&hen the molecular si*e increases, the melting and boiling point )))))... +his is
because the larger the molecular si*e, the stronger the ))))))))).. forces of
attraction between the molecules. +hus more energy is needed to ))))))). the
forces of attraction during melting or boiling.
c. 4'plain wh# alkanes are non-conductors of electricit#.
,lanes are covalent compounds made up of )))))))))).
+hey don-t have ))) ..moving ions. .ence alanes are non"conductors of electricity.
d 4thane and propene burn in e'cess of o'#gen gas. 6alance the chemical e7uation of the
combustion of these h#drocarbons.
.i/ C2"( .g/ 8 &2 .g/ C&2 .g/ 8 "2& .l/
.ii/ C3"* .g/ 8 &2 .g/ C&2 .g/ 8 !"2& .l/
Acti!it" %
Complete the sentences with the correct word.
1 Carbon is placed in 3roup ..
2 9t has . electrons in its outer most shell.
3 :n atom of carbon contributes .. electrons to share with other atom of elements to
obtain the stable electron arrangement of inert gas elements.
! :toms in alkanes are bonded with bond&
% The first member in this group is the simplest compound called .
3

This smallest alkane can be found in natural gas and crude oil.
( The general formula for the alkane famil# is ..
) ;h#sical properties of alkanes
a
b
c .
d .
* :lkanes are compound$ the# hae no effect on blue or red litmus paper.
+ :lkanes burn readil# in air or in e'cess o'#gen to produce and ..
1- The alkanes burn with a flame if the combustion is not complete.
11 :lkanes undergo 1ubstitution <eaction = atom of " is replaced with .. or
with the presence of sunlight or >? ra#s.
12 :ccording to he 9>;:C$ the ending indicates the compound is a member of
the alkane famil#.
Acti!it" '
a/ ,ame the compound a$ b$ c$ d$ e$ and f.

Methane (a) (b)
1ubstitution reaction
.chlorination/
4'cess chlorine
1unlight or heat
(c) (d) (e) (f)
4
Complete combustion
with e'cess &
2
9ncomplete
combustion
.limited &
2
/
b/ 1tate the uses of methane in eer#da# life
i ..
ii .
iii ..
i ..
c/ 4'plain how methane can cause fire in landfills and peat swamps

...
C AL$ENES
Learning outcome:
state what alene is,
deduce the molecular formulae of the first nine alenes,
deduce the general formula of alenes,
name the first nine alenes,
draw the structural formulae for the first nine straight /chain alenes,
relate changes in physical properties with increase in the number of carbon atoms in alenes molecules,
explain the effects on boiling points of alenes due to increase in the number of carbon atoms in alenes
molecules,
describe chemicals properties of alenes,
compare and contrast alanes with alenes,
relate the reactivities of alanes and alenes to their chemicals bonds.
Generalise the characteristics of homologous series based on alanes and alenes
Acti!it" (
.a/ Complete the table below0
,umber
of
Carbon
1tructural formula 2olecular
formula
,ame of
alkane
Condition at
room
temperature
2
3
4
5
5
6
7
C)"1!
8
9
10
.b/ Fill in the blanks b# choosing the suitable answer from the te'tbo' below.
i/ :lkenes are . h#drocarbons.
ii/ The names end with The general formula for alkenes is
iii/ 3enerall# alkenes hae .. melting and boiling point but ..as
the number of carbon atoms per molecule increases.
i/ :lkenes hae densities but increase as the number of carbon per atom
increases.
/ :lkenes are with water but are . in organic solents.
i/ :lkenes . conduct electricit#.
6
more , immiscible , soluble , sooty , higher , low, bromine, low, polymeri*ation
unsaturated, ene, 0n.1n , double, acidified potassium manganate23II4 ,
increases, cannot
ii/ :lkenes burn with more flame compared with alkanes of the same number of
carbon atoms because the percentage of carbon b# mass in alkenes is
iii/ Compare to alkane$ alkene is reactie$ due to the presence of carbon-carbon
.. bond.
i'/ :lkane and alkene can be identified with a test b# using water or
. solution. :lkene decolourises both reagent while alkane does not.
'/ 1mall alkene molecules undergo addition reaction with one another. Thousands of
alkene molecules link together to form a large molecule .
This reaction is called

Acti!it" )
.a/ 3ie name for each alkene compounds below
*+/ Construct the structural formula for0
.i/ C%"1- .i/ 2-meth#lbut-2-ene
CH
%
C,
CH
%
C,
iii
vii
-
H
iv viii
7
Cl
-
CH
3
CH
%
i v
ii vi
.ii/ 2-chlorolpropene ./ 3-meth#lbutene
.iii/ pent-2-ene .i/ he'-1$3-diene
Acti!it" .
@rite the molecular formula or structural formula of the product for eer# reaction of propene below.
Acti!it" /
.a/ Table below shows the reactions to compare the chemical properties of alkane and
alkene. Complete the table.
&bseration
8

Pro0ene
limited &
2
heat
e'cess &
2
$
heat
b) a)
c)
:ddition
pol#meriAation
"
2
&.g/
3-- C$(- atm$
"
3
;&
!
d)
"Cl .g/
e)
Cl
2
.a7/
f)
"
2
B

,i .
1*-
o
C
g)
acidified
C2n&
!
.a7/
h)
<eaction "e'ane "e'ene
<eaction with o'#gen "e'ane burns with a #ellow
soot# flame
<eaction with bromine
water
,o isible change
<eaction with acidified
potassium manganate.?99/
solution
,o isible change

.b/ Calculate the percentage of carbon in
D <elatie atomic mass 0 "$ 1 ; C$ 12 E
.i/ he'ane
.ii/ he'ene

@hich compound can be a good fuel 5 4'plain .
.c/ Fist down ! similar ph#sical properties of alkane and alkene.
.i/ .
.ii/
.iii/
.i/
.d/ Compare the chemical properties of alkene with alkane
:lkene :spect :lkane
1ootiness of flame
6romine water
:cidified C2n&!
9
D ISOMERS
Learning outcome
0onstruct various structural formulae of a particular alane and alene.
%xplain what isomerism is
5se I56,0 nomenclature to name isomers
Acti!it" 1
a/ 2atch column : with Column 6
Column : Column 6
i/ ;henomenon whereb# two or more molecules
are found to hae the same molecular formula
but different structural formula
:lk#l group
ii/ The molecules that hae the same numbers
and t#pes of atoms but differ in the
arrangement of the atoms.
4thene and ;ropene
iii/ 9t is an alkane b# dropping ane from the
name and replacing it with yl
9somers
i/ These alkenes do not e'hibit isomerism. 9somerism
/ 9somerism in alkanes starts with .. 6utane
b/ Graw the structural formula and gie name to all isomers of
.i/ C!"*
10
.ii/ C!"1-
.iii/ C% "12
E ALCOHOLS
Learning outcomes
7 state the general formula of alcohols,
7 identify the functional group of alcohols,
7 list the names and molecular formulae for the first four alcohols,
7 draw structural formulae for isomers of propanol 208.9(.4 and butanol 20:.;(.4,
7 name isomers of propanol and butanol using I56,0 nomenclature,
7 describe the industrial production of ethanol.
7 < describe the preparation of ethanol in the laboratory,
7 state the physical properties of ethanol,
7 predict the chemical properties for other members of alcohols,
7 explain with examples the uses of alcohol in everyday life,
7 explain the effects of the misuse and abuse of alcohols.
Acti!it" #2
.a/ Fill in the blanks b# choosing the suitable answer from the te't bo' below
i/ :lcohol is one of the "omologue 1eries that has functional group of ..
ii/ The general formula for alcohol is .
iii/ The melting point of alcohol is .. than alkane and alkene due to the
presence of .
i/ This is because the functional group forms h#drogen bonding that is ..
than the bonds between molecules of alcohol.
/ 2ethanol$ ethanol dan propanol dissole in water. The solubilit# of other alcohols
11
.ydroxyl = non"hydrocarbon , alene , solvents, higher, cosmetics,
stronger, molecular mass , "(. , CnH2n+1OH
decreases as the increases.
i/ ,aming the alcohol compound is likel# to .. C1 is numbered from the carbon that
nearest to the functional group..
ii/ :lcohols are used as fuels$ .$ in medicine$ in making .
and as a main component in alcoholic drinks.
iii/ :lcohol is a compound.
.b/ Complete the table below.
i/ ,ame 0
ii/ ,ame0
iii/ ,ame
i/ structural formula
,ame 0 ;ropan-2-ol
/ structural formula
,ame 0 6utan-1-ol
i/ structural formula
,ame 0 ;entan-2$3-diol
. c/ Graw the structural formula and gie names to all isomers of
.i/ propanol .C3")&"/

.ii/ butanol .C!"+&"/
12

Acti!it" ##
.a/ 1ummariAe the ph#sical properties of ethanol in the table below
;h#sical properties Gescription
;h#sical state at room temperature
1mell and colour
1olubilit# in water
?olatilit#
6oiling point
.b/ 4thanol can be prepared in two wa#s$ Fermentation and "#dration.
9n fermentation process$
.i/ @hat is the function of #east5

.ii/ @rite the chemical e7uation to show the fermentation process.

.iii/ 1tate the temperature$ catal#st and other condition needed for fermentation
process.
.
..
.i/ 1tate the disadantages of this process.
..
..
..

13
.c/ "#dration process inoles h#dration of ethene. 4thene is obtained from the
cracking of petroleum fractions.
.i/ @rite the chemical e7uation for h#dration process.
..
.ii/ 1tate the temperature$ pressure and catal#st needed for h#dration process.

Acti!it" #2
a/ Complete the table below
1 The ;roducts of Combustion of ethanol
9n e'cess o'#gen0 9n limited o'#gen 0
2 The products of &'idation reaction of alcohol with acidified potassium dichromate.?9/
solution or acidified potassium manganate .?99/ solution
&'idation of ethanol &'idation of propanol
3 Geh#dration of alcohol.

Graw and label the set of apparatus to show the deh#dration process of propanol.

b/ 1tate True or False for eer# statement below.

1 4thanol is an alcoholic drinks
2 4thanol acts as a depressant on central nerous
s#stem.
3 :lcoholic drinks onl# slow down ph#sical actiit#$ not
14
affect mental actiit#.
! :lcoholism create social problems for the famil# and
societ#.
% 2ethanol is a er# to'ic chemical and can cause
permanent blindness when consumed
( :lcohol is not addictie
) Fong- term e'cessie consumption of alcohol drinks
can cause chronic lier disease and brain damage.
* 6ecause of alcohol is miscible with water$ it cannot
be used as a solent in toiletries.
+ :lcohol is one of the raw materials in manufacture of
e'plosie
1- :lcohol is an antiseptic
3 CARBO45LIC ACIDS
Learning outcome
Hou should be able to 0
state the general formula of carboxylic acids,
identify the functional group of carboxylic acids,
list the names and molecular formulae of the first four members of carboxylic acid,
draw structural formulae of the first four members of carboxylic acid and name them
using the I56,0 nomenclature,
describe the preparation of ethanoic acid in the laboratory,
state the physical properties of carboxylic acids,
state the chemical reactions of ethanoic acids with other chemicals,
predict the chemical properties for other members of carboxylic acid,
explain with example the uses of carboxylic acids in everyday life
Acti!it" #%
.a/ Complete the diagram below.
15
Functional group 0
CARBO45LIC
ACIDS
Uses
a !!!!!!!!!!!!
b !!!!!!!!!!!!
c !!!!!!!!!!!!

d !!!!!!!!!!!""
4thanoic acid normall#
prepared b# 6666666
of an alcohol
names end with
766666&&8 . 4g. ethanoic acid.
;h#sical properties
a ..
b ..
c
d ..
e ..
3eneral formula0
.b/ Graw the structural formula of

2ethanoic acid 4thanoic acid
;ropanoic acid 6utanoic acid
2-meth#lbutanoic acid 2eth#l propanoic acid
. c/ : carbo'#lic acid$ I has an empirical formula C"2&. 4'perimental determination
shows that it has a molar mass of about %+ g mol
-1

.i/ @hat is the general formula of carbo'#lic acid5
.ii/ Calculate the molecular formula of I
D <elatie atomic mass 0 "$ 1 ; C$ 12 ; &$ 1( E
.iii/ Graw the structural formula of I and gie name.
16
Acti!it" #'
a/ Figure shows a series of conersion starting from ethene to eth#l ethanoate.
6ased on the figure aboe$ state
<eaction 9 0
<eaction 99 0
b/ Graw the set up of apparatus to prepare ethanoic acid .in laborator#
@rite the chemical reaction that inole.
c/ @rite the obseration of eer# test for ethanoic acid below.
Test &bseration 9nference
1 a. 4thanoic acid 8 metal
carbonate
b. 3as released 8 lime water
2 a. 4thanoic acid 8 magnesium
b. 3as gien off 8 lighted
splinter

17
I
4thene 4thanol
4thanoic acid II
3
4thanoic acid 8
copper .99/o'ide
! 3lacial ethanoic acid 8 ethanol
8 concentrated sulphuric acid 8
heat
Then the boiling contents are
poured into a beaker half filled
with water.
.
G ESTER
Learning outcome:
state the general formula of esters
identify the functional group of esters
List the names and molecular formulae of simple esters.
!raw structural formulae of simple esters and name them using the I56,0 nomenclature,
!escribe the preparation of ester in the laboratory,
State the physical properties of ethyl ethanoate.
6redict the ester produced from the esterification reaction.
&rite e'uations for the esterification reactions,
state the natural sources of ester, state the uses of ester in everyday life.
Acti!it" #(
.a/ ,ame the following esters and gie the alcohols and carbo'#lic acids re7uired to s#nthesise
the esters name.
18
b/ Graw the structural formula for the compound form in the reaction between alchol and carbo'#lic acid
below.
.i/ methanol and propanoic acid
.ii/ ethanol 8 butanoic acid
.iii/ propan-1-ol 8 ethanoic acid
Acti!it" #)
.a/ Complete the diagram below
Formula ,ame Carbo'#lic acid :lcohol
4'ample 0"C&&C2"% 4th#l methanoate 2ethanoic acid 4thanol
a/ C"3 C&&C"3
b/ C"3 C&&C3")
c/ C2"% C&&C"3
d/ C3 ")C&&C3")
19
b) @rite the fruit flaour for each of the ester below
.i/ n-pent#l ethanoate 0 .
.ii/ &ct#l ethanoate 0 .
.iii/ 4th#l butanoate 0 .
Or9er in :omo,ogou erie
Learning outcome:
describe the systematic approach in naming members of homologous series.
describe the order in the physical and chemical properties in homologous series.
Activity 17
ESTERS
4ster is a ..
organic compound
contain $
and
.
The general formula is
the functional
group is =C&&- or
. group
the name of an ester consists of two words.
The first word originates from.$
the second is from the ..
:ll of them end with J ..K
product of an 6666& reaction
between a carbo'#lic acid and
an alcohol.
The of flowers and
fruits is due to the presence of
esters
uses of ester$
a/ ..
b/ ..
c/
d/
;h#sical properties
1
2.
3.
!.
%.
20
a/ ,ame the homologous series for
.i/ 6utan-1-ol 0 ..
.ii/ Compound ; 0 .
.iii/ Compound < 0
.i/ Compound 1 0 ..
b/ @rite the molecular formula of
.i/ compound ; 0 ..
.ii/ compound L 0
.iii/ compound < 0 ..
.i/ compound 1 0 .
H 3ATS
Learning outcome:
State what oils are
State what fats are
State the importance of oils and fats for body processes
State the sources of oils and fats
List the uses of oils and fats
State the differences between oils and fats
Identify structural formulae for fat molecules of certain fatty acids
State what saturated fats are
State what unsaturated fats are
0ompare and contrast between saturated and unsaturated fats
!escribe the effects of eating food high in fats on health
!escribe the industrial extraction of palm oil
>ustify the use of palm oil in the food production
6utan-1-ol
C
!
"
+
&"
Compound ;
;orcelain chips
99
999
"#drogen
chloride
Compound L
9
:cidified potassium
dichromate.?9/ solution
Compound <
ethanol
Compound 1
9?
21
Acti!it" #/
*I; 3i,, in t:e +,an< +" c:ooing t:e correct an=er >rom t:e ta+,e +e,o=&

ester solid heart
attack
h#drogenation harden stroke carbon high blood
pressure
margerine
saturated
$
ester
link
lipid trigle#cerides Chlorofo
m
li7uid gl#cero
l
energ# fatt# acid
a/ Fats $ oils and wa'es are from a large famil# of organic compound called ...
b/ The# are natural ..
c/ The# are product of the reaction between . and
d/ Fats are usuall# found in animal and the# are .while oil is fat from plant
and also from animal but the# are at room condition.
e/ Fatt# acids are long straight-chain containing between 12 to 1* atoms per
molecule.
f/ : molecule of gl#cerol ma# combine with one$ two or three fatt# acid to form a monoester$ diester
or trimester. : 2olecule of water is eliminated when a fatt# acid Moins to the gl#cerol molecule
and the resulting bond formed is called an .-C&&-/.
g/ 2ost fats and oils are .
h/ :s a group$ oil and fats tend to dissole in organic solents such as .
i/ Fats are an important source of for our bod#.
M/ fats ma# cause cholesterol to deposit on the blood essels and making them
.. . This can lead to $ .and
..
k/ >nsaturated fats can be conerted to saturated fats b# a process called .
l/ is made b# h#drogenating some of the carbon-carbon double bond in
egetable oil.
*II; Com0are >at an9 oi,
0omparison (ils ?ats
1ource
2elting point
o
C N 2- B lower O 2- B higher
;h#sical state at room
temperature
Cholesterol content
4'amples ;eanut oil$ so#bean oil 6utter $ lard
2olecular structure
*III; ?rite t:e Simi,aritie o> >at an9 oi,
22
In terms of Similarities
2olecular formula
T#pe of compound
T#pe of bond
.
Acti!it" #1
a/ Complete the flow chart below to show the 4'traction ;rocess of ;alm &il.
b/ 1tate % benefits of palm oil compared to other egetable oils
i/ .
ii/
iii/ ..
i/ .
/ .
I NATURAL RUBBER
23
&il palm fruit bunches
1tripping
;ressing
The fresh fruit bunches are steriliAed ia large
pressure essels at 1!-
o
C for (--+- min.
The heat from the steam kills fungus and
bacteria
6reaking down the oil-bearing cells. Crush
the palm oil fruits
The mi'ture is filtered to remoe solid or
coarse fibre and allow to settle in an a large
clarification tank. The oil is skimmed off and
dried in a acuum drier.
Learning outcome:
List examples of natural polymers and their monomers,
!raw the structural formula of natural rubber,
State the properties of natural rubber,
State the uses of natural rubber
!escribe the coagulation process of latex
!escribe the method used to prevent latex from coagulating,
!escribe the vulcani*ation of rubber,
!escribe how the presence of sulphur atoms changes the properties of vulcanised rubber,
0ompare and contrast the properties of vulcanised and unvulcanised natural rubber.
Acti!it" 22
a/ 3ie e'planation for eer# situation below0
i/ Fate' coagulate slowl# when it is e'posed to the air.
ii/ @hen 2- cm
3
late' is added with %cm
3
methanoic acid$ late' coagulate rapidl#.
iii/ @hen % cm
3
ammonia solution is added to late'$ late' does not coagulate.
b/ Compare the unulcaniAed and ulcanised rubber in the table below.
:spect >nulcanised rubber ?ulcanised rubber
1tructure
&'idation
<esistance of heat
1trength
4lasticit#
ACTIVITY 21
24
# 6ase on the diagram aboe$
.a/ ,ame the product formed in step 9.

.b/ .i/ 1tate the reagents needed for step 99.

.ii/ @rite the chemical e7uation for the reaction in step 99.

.c/ .i/ ,ame the t#pe of reaction occurring in step 999.
.
.ii/ : catal#st is needed for the reaction in step 999. ,ame the catal#st.

.d/ .i/ Gescribe briefl# how to carr# out the reaction in step 9?.
.
.ii/ @hat do #ou e'pect to obsere when the reaction in step 9? is carried out5

.e/ Graw the possible structural formulae of C3")&" formed in step ?.
.f/ .i/ ,ame the t#pe of reaction occurring in step ?9.
.
.ii/ 3ie one use for . C3"(/n formed in step ?9.
.
.g/ Compare and e'plain the sootiness of C3"( and C3"* when each of these
h#drocarbons is burnt in e'cess air.
D<elatie atomic mass0 " P 1; C P 12/ D!E
25
2 Giagram below shows the molecular formulae of ! carbon compounds.

.a/ @rite the general formula of the homologous series of compound 6.
..
.b/ 1tate the functional group of compound : and compound G
Compound : 0 ..
Compound G 0 ..

.c/ Compound 6 shows isomerism. Graw the structural formula of a,, isomers of compound 6.
.d/ Compound G and compound C react in the presence of the concentrated sulphuric acid.
.i/ ,ame the product formed from the reaction.
.
.ii/ 1tate one special characteristic of the product formed.
.
.e/ Compound : burns in e'cess o'#gen to produce carbon dio'ide and water.
.i/ @rite a balanced chemical e7uation for the reaction.

.................................................................................................................

.ii/ 11.2 g of compound : burns in e'cess o'#gen$ calculate number of carbon
dio'ide molecules formed.
D<elatie atomic mass C P 12$ & P 1( and
:ogadro number P (.-2 ' 1-
23
E
C
4
H
8
C
2
H
5
C##
H
C
4
H
9
#H
C
4
H
10
$ % C &
26

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2010 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

CHAPTER 2 : CARBON COMPOUNDS

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