This document discusses thermal properties of materials and building design for thermal comfort. It covers topics like thermal conductivity, heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation. It defines units of energy like calories and joules. It also discusses thermal resistance (R-value) and how to calculate it for single layers and multi-layer assemblies. Minimum insulation requirements are provided for different climate zones. Placement of insulation on the outside of the building envelope is most effective at reducing heat transfer and moderating temperatures.
This document discusses thermal properties of materials and building design for thermal comfort. It covers topics like thermal conductivity, heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation. It defines units of energy like calories and joules. It also discusses thermal resistance (R-value) and how to calculate it for single layers and multi-layer assemblies. Minimum insulation requirements are provided for different climate zones. Placement of insulation on the outside of the building envelope is most effective at reducing heat transfer and moderating temperatures.
This document discusses thermal properties of materials and building design for thermal comfort. It covers topics like thermal conductivity, heat transfer by conduction, convection and radiation. It defines units of energy like calories and joules. It also discusses thermal resistance (R-value) and how to calculate it for single layers and multi-layer assemblies. Minimum insulation requirements are provided for different climate zones. Placement of insulation on the outside of the building envelope is most effective at reducing heat transfer and moderating temperatures.
1hermal roperues of MaLerlals - 1hermal CapaclLy 1hermal lmage of bulldlng 8ulldlng ueslgn and 1hermal ComforL Wlnd Scoops Wlnd scoops capLure coollng breezes Lnergy-Conservlng 8ulldlng ueslgn unlLs of Lnergy All forms of energy can be measured by Lhe amounL of heaL LhaL Lhey produce: Cne calorle ls Lhe amounL of heaL requlred Lo ralse Lhe LemperaLure of one gram of waLer by 1 degree C. Cne 8Lu (8rlush 1hermal unlL) ls Lhe amounL of heaL requlred Lo ralse Lhe LemperaLure of one pound of waLer by 1 degree l. Cne 8Lu = 232 Calorles 2 unlLs of Lnergy - conL'd A [oule ls a unlL of measure used for all forms of energy. lL ls equal Lo Lhe amounL of work done by a force one newLon movlng Lhrough a dlsLance of one meLer. Cne calorle = 4.183 !oules ower ower ls Lhe raLe of energy producuon, consumpuon or converslon. ower ls measured over ume 1 Wau = 1 !oule per second (1 !/s) A 100 Wau Lamp produces 100 !oules of energy per mlnuLe Lnergy Lnergy ls Lhe LoLal amounL of energy consumed ln ume. Cenerally measured ln kllowaus per hour PeaL llow 8eLween 1wo Cb[ecLs !"#!$"%&$' #) %*$ $+,$-#!$ . & 1hermal roperues of MaLerlals - Conducuon, Convecuon, and 8adlauon Conducuon PeaL Lransfer beLween molecules ln a solld Convecuon PeaL Lransfer by bulk mouon of a gas or llquld 8adlauon PeaL Lransfer beLween Lwo ob[ecLs ln Lhe form of elecLromagneuc waves Modes of PeaL 1ransfer 3 Modes of 1ransfer of Solar PeaL !"#!$"%&$' #) %*$ $+,$-#!$ . & 1hermal roperues of MaLerlals - 8-value of a 8ulldlng ComponenL 1hermal 8eslsLance 1hermal reslsuvlLy (!) ls a consLanL properLy of a maLerlal represenung Lhe ablllLy of Lhe maLerlal Lo reslsL Lhe ow of heaL Lhrough lL. 8-value ls a measure of Lhe ablllLy of a maLerlal of a specled Lhlckness Lo reslsL Lhe ow of heaL Lhrough lL. A maLerlal wlLh a hlgh 8-value reslsLs Lhe ow of heaL, and ls called a !"#$%&' )*+,'&!-$. A maLerlal wlLh a low 8-value allows heaL Lo ow Lhrough lL easlly, and ls called a !"#$%&' /-*0,/!-$. lnsulaung MaLerlals 8-11 berglass lnsulauon ln bau form. lnsulaung MaLerlals - conL'd 8-3 exLruded polysLyrene lnsulauon ln board form. PeaL 1ransfer by Conducuon 8aLe of heaL Lransfer by conducuon (q c ) 4 Calculaung 8-value " / !- 0%123456 3278795:;2 < %18;=:277> lf Lhe ! value of concreLe ls 0.13 (see 1able 3.2), whaL ls Lhe 8-value of a 6-lnch concreLe wall? 8 = 0.13 x 6 = .9 lf Lhe ! value of berglass lnsulauon ls 3.3 (see 1able 3.2), whaL ls Lhe 8-value of 6 lnch Lhlck blankeL of berglass lnsulauon? 8 = 3.3 x 6 = 21 1hermal 8eslsLance 1hermal reslsLance ls lnuenced by: uenslLy MolsLure conLenL LnLrapmenL of alr or gas Cellular SLrucLure of lnsulaung MaLerlals Cellular sLrucLure of varlous plasuc foam lnsulauons. !"#!$"%&$' #) %*$ $+,$-#!$ . & 1hermal roperues of MaLerlals - 8-value of a Mululayer ComponenL 8-value of a Mululayer ComponenL 8 L = 8 1 + 8 2 + 8 3 + 8 4 + .
Lsumaung Lhe 8-value of an Assembly $6242:9 "?@56A2 4-ln.-Lhlck brlck wall 3.623(0.2) = .0723 2-ln.-Lhlck xS board 2.0(3.0) = 10.0 8-ln.-Lhlck brlck wall 7.623(0.2) = 1.323 8 L = 0.723 + 10 + 1.323 = 12.23, round down Lo 8-12 5 Surface 8eslsLances 8 L = 8 sl + 8 1 + 8 2 + 8 3 + 8 4 . + 8 so 8-value of an Alr Space ln a Wall (Wall CavlLy) 1he 8-value of a verucal (wall) cavlLy ls approxlmaLely equal Lo 8-1. Addlng an emlsslve layer Lo one slde of a maLerlal ln a verucal alr cavlLy lncreases 8-value
!"#!$"%&$' #) %*$ $+,$-#!$ . & 1hermal roperues of MaLerlals - Surface LmlsslvlLy LmlsslvlLy LmlsslvlLy: 1he properLy of Lhe surface of an ob[ecL LhaL refers Lo lLs poLenual Lo emlL radlauon. Locauon of Low-LmlsslvlLy MaLerlal (Alumlnum loll) ln Alr Space 8-value of a Wall WlLh an Alr Space $6242:9 "?,56A2 lnslde Surface 8eslsLance 0.7 x ln.-Lhlck gypsum board 0.3(0.60) = 0.30 3 x ln.-Lhlck berglass lnsulauon 3.3(3.3) = 12.23 0.3 ln.-Lhlck plywood 0.3(0.9) = 0.43 2 ln.-wlde alrspace 1.0 3 3/8-ln. Lhlck brlck veneer 3.623(0.2) = 0.73 CuLslde surface reslsLance 0.2 8 L = 0.7 + 0.3 + 12.23 + 0.43 + 1.0 + 0.73 + 0.2 = 13.6 (round up Lo 16) 6 !"#!$"%&$' #) %*$ $+,$-#!$ . & 1hermal roperues of MaLerlals - u-value of an Assembly u-value Measure properLy of Lhermal Lransmluance lnverse of 8-value used ln heaL Lransfer calculauons 1 8 sl + 8 1 + 8 2 + 8 3 + . + 8 so Cverall u-value of an Assembly u 0 = A 1 u 1 + A 2 u 2 + A 3 u 3 + . A 1 + A 2 + A 3 + .
8 0 = 1 = 4.2 0.24 1hermal 8rldglng ln 8ulldlng Assemblles LecL of exLerlor lnsulaung sheaLhlng ln meLal sLud assemblles. 1hermal 8rldglng ln 8ulldlng Assemblles - conL'd 1hermal brldges (shown by red arrows) ln an lnsulaLed meLal sLud wall. 1hermal brldges (shown by red arrows) ln a concreLe block. 7 !"#!$"%&$' #) %*$ $+,$-#!$ . & 1hermal roperues of MaLerlals - Where and Pow Much Lo lnsulaLe Cuesuons abouL lnsulauon Where Lo lnsulaLe? 8ulldlng envelope Pow much lnsulauon Lo use? varles wlLh CllmaLe (heaung degree days, coollng degree days) Lconomlcs (reLurn on lnvesLmenL) Lnergy code Locauon of lnsulauon CllmaLe Zone Map of Lhe unlLed SLaLes CllmaLe Zones of Lhe unlLed SLaLes Lnergy use ln Lhe unlLed SLaLes 8 Mlnlmum lnsulauon 8equlremenLs (Walls) Mlnlmum lnsulauon requlremenLs for Lhe walls and roof of resldenual bulldlngs (slngle-famlly and mulufamlly dwelllngs of up Lo Lhree sLorles) consLrucLed of wood llghL frame. lnsulauon ln lloors lnsulauon ln a oor over a venLed crawl space. Mlnlmum lnsulauon requlremenLs for Lhe oors of resldenual bulldlngs (slngle-famlly and mulufamlly dwelllngs of up Lo Lhree sLorles) consLrucLed of wood llghL frame. Mlnlmum lnsulauon 8equlremenLs (lloors) Lxample Mlnlmum lnsulauon requlremenLs for condluoned basemenL and condluoned crawl space walls of resldenual bulldlngs (slngle-famlly and mulu-famlly dwelllngs of up Lo Lhree sLorles) consLrucLed of wood llghL frame. Mlnlmum lnsulauon 8equlremenLs (Condluoned 8asemenL/Crawl Space) PeaL llow aLhs (S.C.C.) A slmplled vlsuallzauon of heaL loss from a slab-on-ground shows LhaL Lhere are Lhree posslble paLhs along whlch heaL may ow from Lhe slab: verucal paLh Lhrough Lhe Lhlckness of Lhe slab and lnLo Lhe ground PorlzonLal paLh Lhrough Lhe slab 1hrough-Lhe-ground paLhs (shown by Lhe curved llnes ln Lhe lllusLrauon ) varlous heaL ow paLhs Lhrough a slab-on-ground (also called +'&12-*23$&0# 4. 9 lnsulauon of S.C.C. (AlLernauves) !"#!$"%&$' #) %*$ $+,$-#!$ . & 1hermal roperues of MaLerlals - 8ulldlng ueslgn and 1hermal ComforL 1hermal CapaclLy (1hermal Mass) of a ComponenL 1he ablllLy of a componenL Lo sLore heaL ls referred Lo as lLs !"#$%&' /&5&/)!6, whlch ls dened as Lhe amounL of heaL needed Lo ralse Lhe LemperaLure of 1 2 of Lhe componenL by 1 0 l. 1he greaLer Lhe Lhermal capaclLy of Lhe componenL, Lhe greaLer Lhe amounL of heaL lL wlll absorb for a glven rlse ln lLs LemperaLure. Lnvelope properues LhaL govern heaL ow under sLeady and dynamlc sLaLes. 1hermal CapaclLy vs. lnsulauon under unldlrecuonal heaL ow, only Lhe u-value of Lhe envelope (l.e., Lhe lnsulauon) deLermlnes Lhe energy consumpuon of a bulldlng. 1he envelope's Lhermal capaclLy plays an lnslgnlcanL role under unldlrecuonal heaL-ow condluons, even when unldlrecuonal heaL ow ls dynamlc. Lnvelope properues LhaL govern unldlrecuonal and bldlrecuonal heaL ows. !"#!$"%&$' #) %*$ $+,$-#!$ . & 1hermal roperues of MaLerlals - 1he MosL Lecuve lace of Lhe Lnvelope for lnsulauon 1he MosL Lecuve lace of Lhe Lnvelope for lnsulauon 1he placemenL of lnsulauon on Lhe ouLslde of Lhe assembly (compared wlLh lLs locauon ln Lhe mlddle of Lhe envelope secuon or Loward Lhe lnLerlor of Lhe bulldlng) ls more eecuve for Lhe followlng reasons: lL reduces energy consumpuon because lL ellmlnaLes (or reduces) Lhermal brldglng ln Lhe envelope. lL moderaLes Lhe LemperaLure of sLrucLural componenLs, reduclng Lhelr expanslon and conLracuon, Lhereby lncreaslng Lhelr llfe span. 10 1he MosL Lecuve lace of Lhe Lnvelope for lnsulauon - conL'd Cnly when a bulldlng ls lnLermluenLly heaLed or cooled, such as a church hall, Lhe lnLerlor placemenL of lnsulauon may be consldered. 1he lnLerlor placemenL of lnsulauon allows fasLer heaung or coollng of lnLerlor alr because lL reduces energy loss Lo heaL or cool Lhe sLrucLural componenLs of Lhe bulldlng. !"#!$"%&$' #) %*$ $+,$-#!$ . & 8lnClLLS ln 8AC1lCL: lnsulaung MaLerlals rlnclples ln racuce - lnsulaung MaLerlals A classlcauon LhaL ls more sulLable for descrlblng varlous lnsulauons ls based on Lhe lnsulauon's physlcal sLrucLure. lnsulaung maLerlals may be dlvlded lnLo Lhe followlng Lhree caLegorles: 7)1$-,+ )*+,'&8-* 9$&*,'&$ )*+,'&8-* 7-&%#0 )*+,'&8-* Craphlcal noLauons for rlgld and exlble lnsulauons for use ln cross-secuons of bulldlng assemblles. llbrous lnsulauon 8aus 8lankeLs Seml-rlgld 8oards unfaced llberglass lnsulauon unfaced berglass lnsulauon lnsLalled beLween sLuds. 1he lnsulauon wlll be covered wlLh a vapor reLarder before gypsum board ls lnsLalled on Lhe sLuds. unfaced llberglass lnsulauon WlLh vapor 8eLarder A clear polyeLhylene sheeL vapor reLarder belng lnsLalled over unfaced berglass lnsulauon beLween wood sLuds. 11 kra aper lnsulauon Cranular lnsulauon ln maLerlals wlLh a granular sLrucLure, Lhe alr volds are conLalned lnslde uny hollow beads or granules. 1hree Lypes of granules are ln common use: Lxpanded perllLe granules Lxpanded vermlcullLe granules Lxpanded polysLyrene (LS) granules 8lown-ln lnsulauon ln an amc. Cranular lnsulauon - conL'd 1hree sLages of perllLe producuon show Lhe greaL lncrease ln volume LhaL Lakes place on expanslon by heaung Lhe perllLe rock. Cranular lnsulauon - conL'd ManufacLurlng process of LS boards. LS and lnsulaung ConcreLe lorms (lCl) LS and lnsulaung ConcreLe lorms (lCl) - conL'd 12 LS and lnsulaung ConcreLe lorms (lCl) - conL'd lnsulaung concreLe form (lCl) walls are used as exLerlor walls for resldenual and commerclal bulldlngs. 1he wall's hlgh 8-value makes lCl consLrucuon an auracuve alLernauve where energy conservauon ls crlucal. lnsulaung ConcreLe Cross secuon Lhrough an lnsulaung concreLe roof deck wlLh sandwlched LS boards. lnsulaung ConcreLe - conL'd lnsulaung concreLe belng poured over a roof deck. lnsulaung ConcreLe - conL'd 8ecause LS boards are sandwlched beLween Lwo layers of concreLe, Lhe holes ln Lhe LS boards sLrucLurally lnLegraLe Lhe layers. loamed lnsulauon ManufacLurlng process of xS boards. ManufacLurlng process of lSC boards. Spraylng of polylcynene lnsulauon ln sLud cavlues. 1he lnsulauon expands and cures (hardens) qulckly when lL ls shaved ush wlLh Lhe sLuds. loamed lnsulauon - conL'd