Faculty : Civil And Environment

Engineering
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Department : Structure And Material
Engineering
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Title :
PLASTIC ANALYSIS
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1.0 OBJECTIVE
1.1 To find the form factor
1.2 To investigate the load deflection relationship for a beam to the point of
plastic collapse
2.0 LEARNING OUTCOME
2.1 Able to apply the structural knowledge in practical application.
2.2 To improve the technical efficiency through the laboratory work.
2.3 Able to communicate effectively in team work.
2.4 Able to recognize the problem, solving and getting the solution through
experimental work
3.0 INTRODUCTION
During the design process for beams it would not be unreasonable for one to
assume that no part of the beam should experience a stress greater than that
allowable for the working material. However, it can be found that a beam will
withstand much larger forces before collapse than simple elastic theory predict.
Prepared by:
Name: Ahmad Zurisman bin Mohd Ali
Singnature:
Date:
Faculty : Civil And Environment
Engineering
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Department : Structure And Material
Engineering
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PLASTIC ANALYSIS
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4.0 THEORY
When a beam is bent around the neutral axis, the stress through the beam section
varies with the distance from the neutral axis, form the greatest att the extreme
fibres ( y= maximum) to zero at the neutral axis ( y = 0)
If the beam is subjected to an increasing bending moment, the stress will build up
through the section to a maximum at the extreme fibres. This means that although
the outer parts of the beam may well have yielded and are behaving plastically,
the inner parts may still be behaving elastically and resisting load.
If the bending moment continues to increse, the plastic portion will move further
into the beam leaving a smaller elastic core. This called the partially plastic
condition. The beam will continue to resist the bending moment although with an
incresing rate of deflection as the plastic portion moves further toward the neutral
axis. ( See diagram below )
Neutral axis
y (max)
y
Neutral axis
y
y
Plastic portion
Faculty : Civil And Environment
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Department : Structure And Material
Engineering
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Eventually the elastic portion will far enough into the beam andthe beam will
be fully plastic. It will form a plastic hinge and be unable ti resist any further
bending moment ( shown below)
The ratio of the fully plastic bending to the just plastic moment is call FORM
FACTOR. The form factor is entirely dependent on the shape of the beam and not on the
size, material or fixing condition.
For cantilever beam
Yield stress
bd
WL
y
4
.equation 1
For the simply supported beam
Maximum bending moment,
4
WL
M
p
.. equation 2
Bending moment at yield of the extreme fibre y I M
y y

Experiment form factor =
y p
M M where the text book value is 1.5
Neutral axis
y
y
y
Faculty : Civil And Environment
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Department : Structure And Material
Engineering
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5.0 PROCEDURE
Experiment (Simply Supported Beam)
1. Tke the specimen beam and measure the cross section, calculate the
second moment of area for the spesimen.
2. ensure the clamp plates are removed and place the specimen beam across
the chucks of the unit
3. Push the roller mechanism outwards to its stop.
4. Put the pin through the load cell fork and wind the load cell down until the
pin just touches the specimen beam, zero both the load cell and the
indicator.
5. Wind the load cell down to cause a measured deflection of 3mm and take
a reading of the force required.
6. Continue to wind the load cell down in 3 mm step until there is no or very
little increse in load for each increment of deflection.
7. Enter ypur result into Table 1.
6.0 APPARATUS
Sketch the apparatus used un this experiment and named the essential components
Faculty : Civil And Environment
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Department : Structure And Material
Engineering
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7.0 RESULT
Deflection
(mm)
Force ( N )
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
36
Table 1 : Result for experiment ( Simply Supported Beam)
8.0 DISCUSSION
Experiment 1
1. Plot the graph Force vs Deflection and from your result comment on the
shape of the resulting plot.
2. From Table 1, note the collapse load, and using the bending moment
diagram calculate the plastic moment ( M
p
).
3. Using yield stress of 325 Mpa* Calculate the bending moment (M
y
) to just
cause yielding of the extreme fibres.
4. Calculate the form factor (M
p
/M
y
) . Compare to the text book value
5. Discuss the advantages of considering the extra available strength duet o
the plastic beam theory when designing structures.