Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Submitted by
MRIDULA KHANNA
PGDM (2007-09)
BUSINESS SCHOOL OF
DELHI
Year of Submission 2008
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(2007-09) batch has satisfactorily completed the thesis entitled, “Retention Policies &
requirements for the award of Program in Post Graduate Diploma in Management with
Date
Place
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Date
Examiners
Place Page6
The goals of my eight weeks internship at ABIR were two-fold -- to complement formal
Sadguru, without whom I would never have had the ability to complete my report.
Further would like to thank Mrs. Bindu Sharma, for giving me the opportunity to
Infrastructures Pvt. Ltd, for his enduring guidance, support and encouragement during
Then, I would like to thank my internal mentor Mr.Sachin Bhardwaj, for teaching me
the subtleties of formatting project report. I would even like to express my gratitude
I, finally would like to thank my family (especially my mom) for their continuous
ABSTRACT
The construction industry in recent times is seen to be highly competitive and dynamic. To
remain progressive in such an environment construction companies need to be aggressive in
terms of getting business. This is where the Strategic Planning by the HR acts as the pivot.
Special technically skilled manpower and project managers having all round knowledge are in
short supply. There is 30 per cent shortage of especially skilled workforce. The demand for
civil engineers, too, is much more than the available strength.
Retaining good employees is critical to a firm's long-term success. Moreover, in the engineering
and construction markets, employee retention is especially serious since the job market is tight
and competition is fierce for top candidates. When you add the costs of recruiting and training
employees, the financial impact alone is staggering. Some studies estimate that losing an
employee costs a company 100% of that employee's salary. When reduced efficiency, lower
effectiveness, workforce instability and lost productivity are added to the cost to find and train a
new employee, the stakes become high. Companies simply cannot afford to ignore employee
retention.
Hewitt’s Annual Salary Increase Survey, states that India has the highest salary increase of
14% in Asia Pacific over the past year, the attrition rate in the country at 20% is second only to
Thailand in the region. Suddenly, ‘yeh dil maange more’ is the catchphrase for employees.
Employees today are young, qualified and ambitious, and they do not hesitate moving on to
greener pastures.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT…..…………………………………………………..4
ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………….5
TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………6
TABLE OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………9
TABLE OF EXHIBITS………………………………………………………..10
TABLE OF APPENDICES……………………………………………………11
Chapter 1-
INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………..12
1.1Background……………………………………………………13
1.2Outline of the thesis………………………………………………14
Chapter 2-
LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………………………15
2.1ABIR INFRASTRUCTURE-Company Profile…………………16
2.1.1Future projects………………………………………………….20
2.1.2Organisation structure…………………………………………..21
2.2Overview on Employee Retention………………………………...21
2.2.1Managerial Perspective………………………………………….22
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2.2.2Employee Perspective…………………………………………...23
Chapter-3
OBJECTIVES & HYPOTHESIS………………………………………………37
3.1Problem Statement…………………………………………38
3.2Research Objectives…………………………………………..38
3.3 Hypothesis…………………………………………………….39
3.4 Limitations…………………………………………………….39
Chapter- 4
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY………………………………………………40
4.1Research Design……………………………………………….41
4.2Data Collection Techniques……………………………………43
4.3A Qualitative Study…………….………………………………43
4.3.2Interview with HR Manager …………………………………43
4.4Quantitative Study………………………………………………43
4.4.1Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS)…………………………………43
4.2Target Respondents………………………………………………43
4.5Souces of Data……………………………………………………43
4.5.1Secondary Data………………………………………………..43
4.5.2Primary Data…………………………………………………..44
4.5.3Sources of Data Used In the Thesis………………………44
Chapter 5 -
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DATA ANALYSIS………………………………………………………………..46
5.5 Comparison of scores of JSS and 9 sub sets with Levenson’s (1972) norms..57
5.5.1 Comparison of JSS scores with Levenson’s norms………………………..58
5.5.2Comparison of sub-scale PAY with Levenson’s norms……………………59
5.5.3Comparison of sub-scale PROMOTION with Levenson’s norms…………61
5.5.4Comparison of sub- scale SUPERVISION with Levenson’s norms……….63
5.5.5Comparison of sub-scale FRINGE BENEFITS with Levenson’s norms…..65
5.5.6Comparison of sub-scale CONTINGENT REWARDS with
Levenson’s norms……………………………………………………..67
5.5.7Comparison of sub-scale OPERATING PROCEDURES with
Levenson’s norms………………………………………………………69
5.5.8Comparison of sub-scale NATURE OF WORK with Levenson’s norms.71
Chapter 6 -
CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………………………………77
6.1 Conclusion- inference & Findings………………………………………………..78
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LIST OF EXHIBITS
EXHIBIT 1: Job Satisfaction Survey Form.
EXHIBIT 2: JSS Scoring.
EXHIBIT 3: Distribution of Items in Job Satisfaction Survey.
EXHIBIT 4: Job Satisfaction Sub-Scales.
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TABLE OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX 1: HR Manager Interview Performa
APPENDIX 2: Sample JSS forms filled by employees at ABIR.
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1.1 Background
1.1 BACKGROUND
“It is our people who make the difference where it matters most…”
(Tesco 2002)
“This is a global success story made possible by the quality and determination of
over 100,000 people worldwide.” (Vodafone 2002)
“…we believe that competitive advantage is achieved through our people…”
(Kellogg 2002)
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Plagued by this manpower crunch DLF, one of the biggest real estate developers in the country,
is, in fact, planning to bring back 20,000 Indian laborers from the Middle East to work in its
projects. This follows the Reliance Industries’ move of hiring nearly 40,000 Chinese workers
to lay its gas pipeline. DLF has started hiring skilled laborers such as carpenters, bar-benders and
electricians from China, Indonesia and Philippines. Chinese labor comes at a low cost and is
more productive.
“Your contribution has been valuable and has determined our success. We believe you have the
potential to take this organization to the next level and spearhead our international
assignments.”A desperate boss who is trying to retain a deserving employee only utters such
words. Sad reality, such level of recognition and acknowledgement is provided only when the
person gets an offer from another company. But then again, if timely rewards and recognition
were in place, the person would not have chosen to leave, to begin with. Unfortunately, we do
not live in a perfect world and doing the right thing at the right time does not seem so obvious to
most people!
In the best of worlds, employees would love their jobs, like their coworkers, work hard for their
employers, get paid well for their work, have ample chances for advancement, and flexible
schedules so they could attend to personal or family needs when necessary. And, never leave.
But then there's the real world. Moreover, in the real world, employees, do leave, either because
they want more money, hate the working conditions, hate their coworkers, want a change,
or because their spouse gets a dream job in another state. So, what does that entire turnover
cost? Who is likely to stay the longest?
projects with the company, and organization structure. The second part is concerned with
Abir Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd (AIPL) is one of the fastest growing infrastructure developers in
India dealing in construction and development of core infrastructure projects incorporated in
2005.It is a specialized Engineering & Construction Company started by a group of professionals
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Construction of Real Estate Projects such as Residential, Commercial and retail spaces.
Vision,
Mission
&
Quality
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Policy
To p
In
HR Initiative
Vision
Abir offers employees an opportunity to work in a professionally managed environment with
great growth opportunities. To make the work culture stimulating we ensure responsibility
commensurate with authority, excellent training and best in class benefits. We encourage
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To encourage need-based learning, Abir has defined learning hours at all levels.
The training works across levels within the organization to ensure uniformity of
learning, whether in technical skills or soft skill areas. Outside faculties are
arranged to conduct 2-3 day seminars on team building, motivation, stress
management etc.
As part of post employment training and development opportunities, a systematic
training plan has been formulated wherein employee knowledge sharing sessions
are conducted every fortnight by pooling in-house talent.
Employees are regularly sent to attend relevant seminars and conferences to groom
them for assuming positions of higher responsibility, as well as specific need-based
interventions based on scientific knowledge and experience.
PROJECTS AT HAND
100 MW Malana - II HEP situated at • Enabling Works including roads, bridges and
Malana, Kullu District, Himachal ropeways.
Pradesh. • EPC of main Civil works.
• EPC of E & M works.
1200 MW Teesta - III HEP situated at • Drilling & Boring Holes for Geological
Mangan, Sikkim. Investigations, Survey & taking samples, Diversion
works contract.
5 MW Sainj Hydro Power Project. • Turn key execution of the Project.
Real Estate Development. • Expecting orders for developing real estate projects in
Gurgaon, Hyderabad, and Visakhapatnam & Chennai.
Abir has achieved a turnover of Rs 840 million in its first full year of operation and has contracts
valued more than Rs 200 billion on hand to be executed over the next four years.
Future Potential
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Growth Strategy
VP (HR & A
VP VP VP VP VP *
Admin .)
Engineers at Engineers at
Support staff at various levels Support staff at various levels
various levels various levels
As most of us heard, it costs less to retain an employee than to replace an existing one. In
fact, the American Management Association estimates that the cost of replacing an
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employee is equal to 30% of his or her salary (Brown and Alleyne).A recent Hewitt 'Attrition
In fact, “people quit people before they quit companies”. Employees are generally first
dissatisfied with their manager and the way the manager deals with the employees, before they
find fault with the company. Woodard-Chavez argues that employees might leave the
organization for better pay if they are not happy. On the other hand, they will probably stay with
the organization even for slightly less pay if they are happy with their work.
Those days are gone when salary was the sole motivator for an employee to leave an
organization. According to a survey, there are three main reasons that are followed by other
common reason:
* In equity in compensation
* Role stagnation
Therefore, it is very challenging task for an HR expert to cope up with this situation and retain
talent with an organization.
Training cost:
* It includes the cost of orientation in terms of the new person's salary and the cost of the person
who conducts the orientation.
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Motivational cost:
* It refers to the cost arises because of motivating the other employees to retain them in the
organization in terms of increasing their salary and time.
* As the new employee is learning the new job, the company policies and practices, etc. they are
not fully productive.
Recruitment cost:
* The cost of advertisements; agency costs; employee referral costs; internet posting costs.
* Calculate the cost of the manager who has to understand what work remains, and how to cover
that work until a replacement is found.
* cost of the various candidates pre-employment tests to help assess candidates' skills, abilities,
aptitude, attitude, values and behaviors.
2.2.2EMPLOYEE PERSPECTIVE
The reason to leave an organization may vary from person to person and from organization to
organization. The level of satisfaction/dissatisfaction is also determined by the employees’ belief
in how much influence/bearing external factors like superiors, peers, subordinates and luck,
fate and/or chance have on their success/failure in the organization. If employees feel that they
can determine the path of their careers in the organization, the degree of satisfaction is bound to
be higher. Job dissatisfaction poses a threat to the performance of workers and, in turn, to the
performance of an organization as a whole.
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There are numerous reasons for the attrition to be high which can be categorized into two broad
classifications. The first, can be coined as “Drive Attrition” which is caused due to the employer;
the second one can be termed as “Drag Attrition” which is caused due to the employee.
The reasons for Drive Attrition are due to employer’s policy / policies of terminating the
employee at the end of the contract period for employment. Drag Attrition is due to the host of
insecurities and vulnerabilities associated with the taking up a career with a private company.
Generally, Construction companies follow the 6 days model. Employees have strong family
commitment with parents or children. A 6-day working model takes a toll on family’s emotional
and relational wellbeing. The new people driven economy offers far more options to balance work
and home life. It is time that employers take advantage of these flexible options while re-establishing
a healthy balance in employees’ personal and professional life.
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Salary, can be considered as one of the main reasons to quit a job. Maslow's central theme revolves
around the meaning and significance of human work. Maslow (1970), is known for establishing the
According to Maslow (1970), there are general types of needs (physiological, safety, love, and
esteem) that must be satisfied before a person can act unselfishly. He called these needs "deficiency
needs." As long as we are motivated to satisfy these cravings, we are moving towards growth,
toward self-actualization. The five basic human needs, according to Maslow (1970), are:
The number-one reason why contractor executives in construction industry leave their jobs is
problems with their immediate supervisor, according to a study by Hornberger Management
Co., a Wilmington, Del.-based construction industry executive search firm.
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory has proven that man likes to move on to ‘greener
pastures’. Therefore, the organization needs to ask itself whether they are willing to create
‘green pastures’ within the existing company or simply let their employees wander towards
‘greener pastures’.
RETAIN TALENT
Today’s employee retention policies move beyond “show me the money”
There was a time when an employee would just be rewarded for a job well done. Now the
organizations have realized that rewarding and appreciating employee boost’s morale and help to
excel in future projects. Organizations have found that annual salary increases do not have a
significant impact in retaining critical talent. A good mix of offerings including the right kind
of roles, career opportunities and investment in employees’ development is a global demand.
The construction and manufacturing industries, which have traditionally been conservative
about offering hefty salary hikes and have lost out to IT and business process outsourcing in the
bargain, is returning with a vengeance, according to the latest survey by Watson Wyatt, a leading
human resources consultancy.
This year, the manufacturing and engineering industry is expected to offer salary increases of
16 per cent, a percentage point more than the 15 per cent increase expected from IT, ITes and
BPO, 13.5 per cent from insurance and roughly the same as the IT industry.
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"Manufacturing growth has matched overall economic growth and the industry has realized that
it cannot lose people to other high-growth industries. That's why it is paying more," said Anita
Belani, country head, human capital group of Watson Wyatt Worldwide.
The survey was based on interviews with over 146 companies in India, including multinational
and Indian business houses, and was based on compensation budgets fixed by companies for this
year. Overall, the survey shows that salary increases across industries at 14.8 per cent are
roughly the same as last year (14.5 per cent).
The study also throws up some interesting new trends in terms of talent retention.
For instance, cash retention or deferred bonus has overtaken stock options as a popular means of
retaining employees.
Second, signing bonuses to new employees have caught on, percolating to even clerical and
supervisory staff.
Companies have also realized that overseas assignments are a strong employee retention tool.
Belani said the imposition of the fringe benefit tax has prompted companies to prefer cash
options to stock options to retain talent.
The attrition rate continues to be a worry through it is not expected to worsen this year. Across
industries, it will be around 16.3 per cent, almost the same as last year's 16.5 per cent. To have a
high rate of absence as well as employee turnover is very costly for organizations.
Having personnel, who are motivated, inspired and diligent, might assist in avoiding such
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inconveniences. In today's global and increasingly competitive workplace, events have become a
work a total of 40-48 hours a week, but the number of hours worked each day may vary.
According to NASSCOM, Hewitt the trend has changed from “Compensation to Total
Rewards” refers to the transactional and relational levers provided to employees in exchange of
their time, talents, efforts and results. The key levers in the integrated model are stated below:
Emplo
yee
Busine
Compensation, ss
Benefits, Work
Life,
Performance
Satisfac and
tion & Performa
Recognition
engage nce&
ment results
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In creating an effective retention program, compensation and benefits are certainly factors in a
person's job satisfaction. However, a caring workplace where employees feel valued is critical.
Companies have found that the reason employees look is not always the reason they leave. Why
do some firms do a better job of retaining employees than others? The key lies in the planning.
Companies that establish a clear, definitive strategy for retention will benefit tremendously.
Below are some strategies that are invaluable in a retention program.
Welcoming an employee into your company may seem like an easy task, but many
organizations fail to plan accordingly. Integration must begin before the employee's first day of
work. Begin with a welcome letter from a direct supervisor, the owner or other recognized
leader. The letter should share the company's vision, culture and outlook for the future, and it
also should reaffirm the company's excitement about the hire. In addition, it is ideal to have the
employee's workspace furnished, business cards and nametag ordered, office supplies stocked,
and any other required tools ready for the first day of work. Provide introductions to existing
employees and schedule lunches with a variety of people. Having a buddy system or assigning
a mentor to each new employee also is very helpful for easing tension or feelings of
nervousness.
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An open line of a communication between an employee and his or her manager is a critical goal
in ensuring employee satisfaction. Managers will benefit from periodic, informal day-to-day
discussions with employees in order to understand what challenges they face and what can be
done to further enhance their short- or long-term experiences with the organization.
Managers who show a willingness to work side-by-side with employees also demonstrate their
compassion and commitment to the team's success. Offering assistance with projects creates a
feeling of mutual respect and enhances the relationship between manager and employee.
Most employees want to grow in their careers. Companies need to work with employees to
develop personalized training programs that meet both the developing needs of the individual
and the long-term strategies of the company.
Keep your employees healthy and happy. Encourage good health and wellness of body, mind,
and spirit. You can be creative. Bring in a yoga instructor for morning meditation. Allow for
restful breaks. Learn about your employee’s outside interests. Feed their minds with books,
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Companies can look at third parties to provide benefits to it employees. The concept of Meal
Vouchers has become popular in IT companies. Meal Vouchers are exempted from Fringe
benefits Tax for the employer under section 115 WB of Income Tax Act. Employees then use the
Meal Vouchers to purchase food and beverages from 15000 affiliated eating joints/outlets spread
across 175 locations in India. These eateries in turn send the Meal Vouchers to the service
provider like Accor Services for reimbursement. The construction companies should even
provide their employees lucrative offers so that they do not leave to find new opportunities in IT
companies.
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This chapter is followed by a discussion of the research issue. Then the research questions, the
objectives, and hypothesis of the study are presented. The chapter is concluded with the
delimitations of the research.
3.3 Hypothesis
3.4 Limitations
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2.) Propose strategies that these companies can adopt to get a better solution to this
Herculean problem.
3.) To undertake analysis of Job Satisfaction scores of 10 respondents, in term of the nine
Job Satisfaction sub-scales, using mathematical tools like Mean and
Standard-Deviation.
(Though the issues and options analyzed are with respect to Indian service providers, the same
may be applied to service providers across the globe as the issues and options remain the same
irrespective of place of operation.)
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3.4 LIMITATIONS
The primary instrument of data collection was the Job Satisfaction Questionnaires, sent to
respondents. Two of the most important weaknesses is the low response rate and hence the limited
inferential power of the conclusions drawn from the result. In depth interviews was even one of the
data collection tool, the limitations could be due to certain biases, which exist in individual’s mind
towards a particular aspect of an industry or a company based on his/her experiences. The research
was conducted within a limited duration. So a detailed and comprehensive study could not be made.
Low response of the respondents due to factors like transfer on site places and small organization
size(with 20 employees).
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METHODOLOGY
The term methodology refers to the way in which we approach problems and seek answers
(Taylor and Bodgan, 1998); it applies to how research is conducted. Our assumptions, interests,
and purposes shape which methodology we choose. This chapter covers the process through
which this research was carried out. It describes and discusses steps taken and methods used in
my thesis. The research conducted was based on the objectives stated in chapter 3.
4.4.2Target Respondents
4.5.1Secondary Data
4.5.2Primary Data
RESEARCH
OBJECTIVES
QUANTITATIVE
QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
RESEARCH
INTERVIEWIN
QUESTIONNAI
G HR
RE
MANAGER
ANALYSIS &
CONCLUSION
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4.4.2TARGET RESPONDENTS
The target respondents comprise of 10 respondents who have been chosen randomly from the
Executive and Managerial level at ABIR INFRASTRUCTURES. The respondents were asked
to fill the JOB SATISFACTION SURVEY.
purpose. Examples of secondary data are books, research reports, and articles. Secondary data
Primary data
This thesis is based on primary data collected during face- to –face interviews with HR managers
of Abir infrastructure and Energy Infratech. Even questionnaires of Job Satisfaction Survey were
got filled by randomly selected respondents. Moreover, the questionnaires to the respondents
were also sent and answered through e-mails. To carry out the quantitative or conclusive
research a statistical analysis method has been adopted. A statistical method is a method usually
referred to when a survey is conducted. For this research, Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS) has
been used to collect data.
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how satisfied/dissatisfied one becomes when expectations are/aren’t met. When a person values
Dispositional Theory
Another well-known job satisfaction theory is the Dispositional Theory. It is a very general
theory that suggests that people have innate dispositions that cause them to have tendencies
toward a certain level of satisfaction, regardless of one’s job. This approach became a notable
explanation of job satisfaction in light of evidence that job satisfaction tends to be stable over
time and across careers and jobs. Research also indicates that identical twins have similar levels
of job satisfaction.
A significant model that narrowed the scope of the Dispositional Theory was the Core Self-
evaluations Model, proposed by Timothy A. Judge in 1998. Judge argued that there are four
Core Self-evaluations that determine one’s disposition towards job satisfaction: self-esteem,
general self-efficacy, locus of control, and neuroticism. This model states that higher levels of
self-esteem (the value one places on his self) and general self-efficacy (the belief in one’s own
competence) lead to higher work satisfaction. Having an internal locus of control (believing one
has control over her\his own life, as opposed to outside forces having control) leads to higher job
satisfaction. Finally, lower levels of neuroticism lead to higher job satisfaction.
people with satisfaction, for example achievement in work, recognition, promotion opportunities.
The Job Descriptive Index (JDI), created by Smith, Kendall, & Hulin (1969), is a specific
questionnaire of job satisfaction that has been widely used. It measures one’s satisfaction in five
facets: pay, promotions and promotion opportunities, coworkers, supervision, and the work itself.
The scale is simple, participants answer either yes, no, or can’t decide (indicated by ‘?’) in
response to whether given statements accurately describe one’s job.
satisfaction in 20 facets and has a long form with 100 questions (five items from each facet) and
The JOB SATISFACTION SURVEY is developed by Paul E. Spector. The Job Satisfaction
Survey, JSS is a 36 item, nine facet scales to assess employee attitudes about the job and aspects
of the job.
Paul E.Spector has devised a method to measure job satisfaction. It is called the job satisfaction
survey (JSS). It recognizes nine facets of job satisfaction and they are measured in the survey.
Each facet is assessed with four items, and a total score is computed from all items. A summated
rating scale format is used, with six choices per item ranging from "strongly disagree" to
"strongly agree". Items are written in both directions, so about half must be reverse scored.
Although the JSS was originally developed for use in human service organizations, it is
applicable to all organizations.
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11 Those who do well on the job stand a fair chance of being promoted. 1 2 3 4 5 6
25 I enjoy my coworkers. 1 2 3 4 5 6
26 I often feel that I do not know what is going on with the organization. 1 2 3 4 5 6
30 I like my supervisor. 1 2 3 4 5 6
31 I have too much paperwork. 1 2 3 4 5 6
32 I don't feel my efforts are rewarded the way they should be. 1 2 3 4 5 6
35 My job is enjoyable. 1 2 3 4 5 6
36 Work assignments are not fully explained. 1 2 3 4 5 6
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3. The negatively worded items are 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, 26, 29, 31,
32, 34 and 36. These negatively worded items are reverse scored and added to the scores
of the positively worded items. Only this way the total job satisfaction score can be
calculated correctly. For example, if an individual gives a score of ‘6’ (agreeing very
much) on a negatively worded item, this score will be equivalent to a score of ‘1’, which
represents strongest disagreement on a positively worded item in the job satisfaction
survey.
In Diagram ., the column on the left contains the original score, while that on the right contains
the reverse score.
Exhibit:2 .JSS Scoring
1=6
2=5
3=4
4=3
5=2
6=1
Say for instance, an individual has given a score of ‘2’ responding to item number ‘10’, this
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6. The total score on the job satisfaction survey can range from 36 to 216. This is because an
individual can give a maximum score of ‘6’ on each of the ‘36’ items in the Job Satisfaction
Survey, resulting in a maximum possible total score of ‘216’. Similarly, an individual can give a
minimum score of ‘1’ on each of the items in the JSS, leading to a minimum possible JSS score
of ‘36’.
7. To convert the total score on the job satisfaction survey into a 100-point scale, the score is
multiplied by 0.46.
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NORMS
EXHIBIT 5
LEVENSON’S (1972) JOB SATISFACTION SURVEY NORMS
As per the norms suggested by Levenson (1972), following are the norms for the Mean and
Standard Deviation for total satisfaction –
1 6 6 6 6 24
2 3 3 4 5 15
3 3 4 3 1 11
4 5 2 2 4 13
5 2 2 3 5 12
6 3 3 4 5 15
7 6 6 6 6 24
8 2 3 2 5 12
9 3 3 4 1 11
10 4 2 2 5 13
TOTAL
150
MEAN
15.0
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As per the calculation of the pay sub-scale score and the Mean the following results were derived
The pay Mean of the 10 respondents is compared with the norms suggested by Levenson (1972).
According to the norms, a deviation of –2.55 to +2.55 is acceptable. Since the pay Mean (14.70)
does not fall within the range, Mean minus ½SD (7.95) and Mean plus ½SD (13.05), it is higher
than the upper limit of the range. The sample size, therefore exhibits a higher level of job
satisfaction in terms of pay and remuneration, when compared with the norms. A majority of
respondents feel they are paid a fair amount of for the work they do.
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1 6 6 6 4 22
2 5 6 6 4 21
3 3 6 4 6 25
4 2 5 3 3 13
5 4 5 6 3 18
6 5 4 6 6 21
7 6 4 6 6 22
8 4 6 3 5 18
9 3 4 6 6 25
10 4 4 6 6 22
TOTAL
186
MEAN
18.6
As per the calculation of the promotion sub-scale score and the Mean the following results were
derived
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As per the norms suggested by Levenson (1972), following are the norms for the Mean and
Standard Deviation for Promotion –
According to the norms, a deviation of –2.55 to +2.55 is acceptable. Since the promotion mean
(18.2) does not fall within the range mean minus ½SD (8.95) and mean plus ½SD (14.05). It
exhibits a higher level of job satisfaction in terms of promotion, when compared with
Levenson’s norms. A majority of respondents feel that people get ahead in organizations, as they
do in other places. The respondents feel there are ample chances of promotion.
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3 6 6 4 6 22
4 6 5 6 5 22
5 5 6 6 5 22
6 3 5 3 6 17
7 6 6 6 6 24
8 5 5 6 6 22
9 6 6 4 6 22
10 5 6 6 5 22
TOTAL
214
MEAN
21.4
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As per the norms suggested by Levenson (1972), following are the norms for the Mean and
Standard Deviation for Supervision –
The supervision mean of the respondents is compared with Levenson’s norms. According to the
norms, a deviation of–2.30 to+2.30 is acceptable. Since the supervision mean (21.4), falls within
the range mean minus ½SD (17.60) and mean plus ½SD (22.20). It exhibits an acceptable level
of satisfaction in terms of immediate supervisor, when compared with the norms. The
respondents feel that their supervisors are fully competent in doing his/her work.
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1 3 6 6 4 19
2 3 4 5 3 15
3 3 4 5 3 16
4 5 5 3 4 17
5 4 5 5 5 17
6 3 3 5 4 15
7 4 3 6 6 19
8 3 4 5 5 17
9 3 6 4 3 16
As per the
10 4 5 5 3 17
calculation of the
TOTAL fringe benefits
168
sub-scale score
MEAN
and the Mean the
16.8
following results
were derived –
Fringe benefits Score = 168
Mean = 16.8
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The fringe benefits mean of the respondents is compared with the norms suggested by Levenson
(1972). According to the norms, a deviation of –2.50 to +2.50 is acceptable. Since the fringe
benefit mean (16.8),does not fall within the range mean minus ½SD (10.60) and mean plus ½SD
(15.60). Therefore, the sample size, exhibits a greater level of satisfaction, in terms of monetary
and non- monetary fringe benefits, when compared with the norms. The respondents feel that the
benefits they get are as good as most other organizations offer.
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1 6 6 3 1 16
2 5 6 3 2 16
3 6 6 3 3 18
4 3 5 4 2 14
5 2 3 4 2 11
6 4 6 4 2 16
7 6 2 6 2 16
8 2 4 2 3 11
9 6 5 4 3 18
10 3 3 6 2 14
TOTAL
150
MEAN
15.0
As per the
calculation of the contingent rewards sub-scale score and the Mean the following results were
derived –
Contingent rewards Score =150
Mean = 15.0
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The contingent rewards mean of the respondents is compared with Levenson’s (1972) norms.
According to the norms, a deviation of –2.55 to + 2.55 is acceptable. Since, the contingent
rewards mean (15) falls within range mean minus ½SD (10.85) and mean plus ½SD (15.95). The
respondents exhibit an acceptable level of satisfaction in terms of appreciation, recognition, and
rewards for good work, when compared with the norms. Majority of respondents feel that when
they do a good job, they receive the recognition that they deserve and feel appreciated for the
work they do. The respondents also seem to feel that there are sufficient rewards for those who
work in the organization and that their efforts are rewarded.
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1 4 1 1 2 8
2 4 5 2 4 15
3 6 4 2 4 16
4 4 4 5 2 15
5 6 2 2 2 12
6 2 5 4 4 15
7 1 1 4 2 8
8 6 2 2 2 12
9 6 4 2 4 16
10 5 4 4 2 15
TOTAL
132
MEAN
13.2
As per the
calculation of the operating procedures sub-scale score and the Mean the following results were
derived –
Operating procedures Score =132
Mean = 13.2
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The operating conditions Mean of the 10 respondents is compared with the norms suggested by
Levenson (1972). According to the norms, a deviation of –2.30 to +2.30 is acceptable. Since, the
operating procedures mean (13.2), falls within the range mean minus ½SD (10.20) and mean
plus ½SD (14.80), it is an acceptable level of satisfaction on the operating conditions sub-scale.
This exhibits that the respondents feel that rules and regulations in the organization do not act as
a hindrance in performing their jobs. They also feel that their efforts to do a good job are very
rarely blocked by red tape and the work that they are assigned is well within their capacities.
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1 6 6 6 6 24
2 4 6 5 5 20
3 4 6 5 5 20
4 2 5 5 5 17
5 6 5 4 5 20
6 4 5 6 5 20
7 6 6 6 6 24
8 5 6 5 4 20
9 3 6 6 5 20
10 3 6 5 3 17
TOTAL
132
MEAN
13.2
As per the calculation of the nature of work sub-scale score and the Mean the following results
were derived –
Nature of work Score =202
Mean = 20.2
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The nature of work mean of all the 10 respondents is compared with the norms suggested by
Levenson (1972). According to the norms, a deviation of –2.20 to +2.20 is acceptable. Since, the
operating procedures mean (20.2), falls within the range mean minus ½SD (17) and mean plus
½SD (21.40), it is an acceptable level of satisfaction on the nature of work conditions sub-scale.
This shows that the employees like doing the things they do at work.
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1 6 6 6 6 24
2 5 6 3 6 20
3 5 6 3 6 20
4 5 5 2 5 17
5 3 6 2 6 17
6 4 4 6 6 20
7 5 5 5 5 20
8 4 6 5 6 21
9 4 5 3 6 18
10 6 6 2 5 19
TOTAL
196
MEAN
19.6
As per the
calculation of the communication sub-scale score and the Mean the following results were
derived –
Mean = 19.6
Mean Norm = 14
Standard Deviation Norm = 5
The communication mean of the respondents is compared with norms of Levenson (1972).
According to the norms, a deviation of –2.50 to +2.50 is acceptable. Since, the communication
mean (20.2), does not fall within the range mean minus ½SD (11.50) and mean plus ½SD
(16.50), it exhibits a higher level of satisfaction. A majority of employees have a clear
understanding of goals in the organization. The information flow is smooth in the organization.
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3 6 1 6 6 19
4 5 6 5 5 21
5 5 5 5 6 21
6 4 6 1 6 17
7 6 6 6 6 24
8 5 5 5 1 21
9 6 1 6 6 19
10 5 6 5 5 21
TOTAL
204
MEAN
20.4
As per the calculation of the co-workers sub-scale score and the Mean the following results were
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derived –
As per the norms suggested by Levenson (1972), following are the norms for the Mean and
Standard Deviation for–
According to the norms, a deviation of –1.85 to +1.85 is acceptable. Since, the co-workers mean
(20.4), falls within the range mean minus ½SD (16.95) and mean plus ½SD (20.65), its slightly
close to the upper limit. The sample size, therefore, exhibits an acceptable level of satisfaction, in
terms of people they work with, when compared with the norms. The employees are comfortable
working with their subordinates and superiors.
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INFERENCE
The research hypothesis,” When job satisfaction is low, turnover will be high and, when job
satisfaction is high, turnover will be low”, has been proved with JOB SATISFACTION
SURVEY.
This report fulfills the three research objectives, which are mentioned below--
2. Propose strategies that these companies can adopt to get a better solution to this
Herculean problem.
3. To undertake analysis of Job Satisfaction scores of 10 respondents, in term of
the nine Job Satisfaction sub-scales, using mathematical tools like Mean and
Standard Deviation.
The project report addresses common problems across similar industries (construction,
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manufacturing, engineering), which are high attrition rate and job dissatisfaction. These
problems affect not only employees, but also the whole organization.
3. The respondents feel they are paid fair amount for the work they do and anticipate
chances of salary increase in the organization.
4. The employees feel comfortable working with their peer, subordinates, and superiors.
5. The scores clearly suggest that in future, ABIR would be able to achieve its goals.
8 . On the other hand, it is important to keep in mind, that there can be compulsory
attrition due to other factors, which cannot be ignored.
The strategies suggested in the paper are not exhaustive to retain the human capital of
Construction and Engineering companies. These are just the basics and if implemented in a
proper way can give good results.
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DAVID OGILVY
Wikipedia.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation
www.tatamcgrawhillconsructions.com
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http.www.dbrownonline.com/mt/mt-tb.cgi/273
APPENDIX 1
Q-1. Do you collect exit interview data? If so, can we have the form? Who do you
collect it from? What do you do with the data?
Q-2. Do you offer any bonuses linked to company performance? (Retention bonuses)
Q-3. Where do most of your employees come from? What is the typical recruitment process?
Q-5. Roughly how many hours of training per annum do you provide for new
employees, current employees?
Q-6. Do you provide any job security guarantees?
Q-7. Does your firm have a particular set of values that it strongly promotes?
Q-9. In your opinion, what are the main reasons for people leaving?
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