WMW 20060901 Sep 2006

Knowledge taking people further
Ole Poulsen, Project Director

Ramboll Waste-to-Energy, Copenhagen, Denmark, tel. +45 4598 6000
waste-to-energy@ramboll.dk
www.ramboll.dk/wte
It is always a thrill to watch your plans materialize. As project manager for
the planning and implementation of a new 15 t/h waste-to-energy plant in
Trondheim, Norway, I presently advise the client during the construction
phase and co-ordinate between electromechanical and civil works supplies.
This is what we do in Ramboll Waste-to-Energy---
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INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTE ASSOCIATION
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Promoting sustainable waste management worldwide
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Contents
S E P T E MBE R OC T OBE R 2 0 0 6
REGULARS
Editorial
From from the Publishers
Comment by Geoff Johnston
News A round-up of news from around the world
ISWA information
Diary
Index to advertisers
RECYCLING SPECIAL
Shining examples setting standards for scrap recycling
Confidence in the scrap market will be boosted by having suitable recycling standards for the
materials
BY FRANK COZZI
Marks of distinction who pays for electronics recycling?
In many countries the electronics producer holds the responsibility for recycling WEEE. But
identifying the producer is not simple as looking for the brand label
BY JASON LINNELL
The fine print aligning paper-recycling policy with practice
Policymakers, local authorities and industry must agree on a common view on waste paper in order
to realize its full potential for recycling
BY JORI RINGMAN
States lead the way pioneering recycling efforts in the US
The impressive improvement of recycling in the US over the past 15 years is thanks to initiatives at
both state and local levels
BY CHAZ MILLER
Pass the parcel unwrapping the field of packaging waste
The waste packaging industry can look forward to a diverse and busy future as evolving legislation
and new technologies are being established
BY GUY ROBINSON
Emotional attachment developing lasting relationships with
our belongings
What do emotional bonds have to do with waste management? Actually a lot more than we
may think
BY JONATHAN CHAPMAN
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Cover photograph:
Fully automatic gearboxes
allow operator of a waste
collection truck to easily
switch gears (article p. 53).
PHOTO: ALLISON TRANSMISSION
Cover photograph, Recycling
Special, p. 19:
A machine uses sensor
technology to sort different
types of waste (article p. 39).
PHOTO: TITECH
CONTINUED ...
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Contents
S E P T E MBE R OC T OBE R 2 0 0 6
Gearing up for future needs? Truck transmissions could be at the
centre of a new round of productivity in recycling
A US-based manufacturer of automatic gearboxes looks to improve the truck collection of
recyclables
BY MALCOLM BATES
The route to compliance ELV recycling in the UK
Technology investments and tighter enforcement are much needed in order to maximize the
recycling potential of end-of-life vehicles
BY DEREK CAMPBELL
FEATURES
A compact guide to landfill operation machinery, management
and misconceptions
Landfill operators should understand why waste compaction, proper site management and choosing
the right equipment are so important
BY RICHARD BLISS
Getting more for less new vacuum sweepers offer more
productivity for less driver fatigue
Buyers of sweepers wont be tired of three new designs that boost productivity
BY MALCOLM BATES
PROJECT PROFILES
Biogas takes to the road Swedens Vxtkraft project shows the
way ahead
A new integrated biogas plant uses biowaste and energy crops to produce vehicle fuel, generate
heat and power, and produce fertilizers. And this is an example that can be followed almost
anywhere
BY JACKIE JONES
A plant for all seasons alternative fuel production in
Olpe, Germany
A new plant in Germany takes in mixed and pre-sorted solid waste with high calorific value to
produce alternative fuels for cement plants and power stations
BY HARALD HOFFMANN
TECHNOLOGY NEWS
Caught on camera
Infrared cameras can help detect the fire risk of waste in temporary storage
BY PETER SMORSCEK
RECYCLING SPECIAL CONTINUED
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EDI TORI AL Sept ember Oct ober 2006 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD
6
T
wenty-four of Europes environment ministers met in
Turku, Finland on 15 July to discuss new forms of
environmental policy. Under the leadership of Finlands
Minister of the Environment Jan-Erik Enestam, the
meeting gave important new messages to EU Member
States and the rest of the world.
The environment ministers emphasized that
globalization highlights the need to use natural resources
sparingly and to promote more eco-efficient production
and consumption patterns. Without such developments, it
would be impossible to curb climate change and halt the
ongoing decline in biodiversity. Using natural resources in a
more sustainable way can improve the competitiveness of
EU countries in global markets and reduce Europes
dependence on imported raw materials, while also reducing
harmful environmental impacts.
The ministers also stressed that the EU action plan on
sustainable consumption and production will play a key role
when future consumption patterns are set. According to
Enestam, one product of the action plan should be an EU
eco-efficiency strategy, based on targets on material and
energy efficiency set through dialogues involving key actors.
Financial instruments and incentives will play a major
role in improving the eco-efficiency of production and in
promoting more sustainable consumption patterns.
Europes environment ministers expect the European
Commission to promptly issue a green paper on the use of
market-based and financial instruments in environmental
policies in order to ensure that the EU can become the
worlds most competitive economy. They also expressed the
need to integrate environmental considerations into the
EUs trade and co-operative development policies.
This meeting is timely in light of recent trends in EU
policy where the approach to sustainability has been taking
a new turn. The waste hierarchy, as a driver for future waste
policy, is being challenged by the life-cycle thinking
approach. By introducing the waste problem as a matter of
environmental impact instead of as the loss of natural
resources, EU policymakers no longer consider the waste
hierarchy as a sufficient policy guideline.
The EU Commissions proposal for changing the
perspective of future EU waste policy to one based on
impacts has introduced a new debate within the EU, on how
to gain the needed knowledge base on impacts and which
methodologies to use.
ISWA is ready to play a major role in promoting and
implementing the outcome of the Turku meeting not only
to EU countries but also to countries outside the EU. With
its strong co-operation and partnership already achieved
with UNEP, ISWA will work with UNEP further to address
globalization issues and include eco-efficiency in sustainable
waste management. This is also a major theme for the
upcoming ISWA Annual Congress 2006 in Copenhagen.
Suzanne Arup Veltz is Managing Director of ISWA.
To comment on this article or to see related features from our archive,
go to www.waste-management-world.com
Editorial
Waste policy should be viewed not only as a matter of
environmental impact, but also resource efficiency,
writes Suzanne Arup Veltz
ISWA Annual Congresses
15 October 2006 Copenhagen, Denmark
2428 September 2007 Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Waste Site Stories
Drivinq Wcste Mcncqement tcwcrJs
5ustcincble Develcpment
I S WA A N N U A L C O N G R E S S 2 0 0 6
1 - 5 O C T O B E R , C O P E N H A G E N , D E N M A R K
I N T E R N AT I O N A L O V E R V I E W
E U I N S I G H T
I N T E R N AT I O N A L N E T WO R K
U N D E R S T A N D I N G O F I N N O V AT I O N
WWW. I S WA 2 0 0 6 . O R G
D E V E L O P I N G F U T U R E S T R AT E G I E S
The Congress tells the stories on how systems, institutions
and industries, in countries and cities, have adapted to the
new demands and targets placed upon the modern waste
management systems.
The Congress discusses the future needs for models in a
world of complexity, where the means of sustainability is
being questioned. In Europe the waste hierarchy, as a driver, is
today challenged by a life cycle thinking approach, for future
EU waste policy. This change of perspective has been introdu-
ced by the EU Commission, through the proposed revision of
the Waste Framework Directive, which is one of the key issues
of the Congress.
During the first day the Danish Waste Management
Association, DAKOFA, will have its annual meeting with simul-
taneous translation into English. The topic will be the pro-
gress of implementing the Danish Waste Strategy, subject to
debate among Danish politicians.
At Waste Site Stories you will meet
Ccnnie eJeqccrJ,
Danish Minister for the Environment
llcus 3cnJcm,
Mayor of Copenhagen, Environmental concerns
chcnnes 3lcllcnJ,
Member of the European Parliament
llcus 1cpjer,
Director- General of UNEP
Chris Allen,
EU Unit of Sustainable production
and consumption
1he lresiJent cj l5WA
5cnJrc Ccintrecu,
The World Bank
__________________________________
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A
few days ago, the UKs largest supermarket chain announced
that it gives away to its customers each year no fewer than
four billion plastic carrier bags. With a population of
60.4 million, thats over 65 bags for every single man, woman
and child in the country from this one retailer alone. (To that
companys credit, it announced the figures alongside some new
measures to help reduce the number of bags used.) The statistic is so
mind-boggling, it may take a moment for it to sink in.
What does a number like that mean? Certainly, its four billion plastic
bags for the UK waste industry to handle each year, in some way or
another. Yet its also a massive reflection on the way a society and an
economy works. Is the whole plastic bag phenomenon based on a set
of misunderstandings? Do the supermarkets believe they have to
provide the bags to retain customers? Do these UK shoppers believe
that these days a durable shopping bag is simply not something they
need or want in their lives? Most importantly, is anyone willing to take
responsibility for the plastic materials life-cycle?
Questions such as this are not new to readers of Waste Management
World. Some will be in countries such as Germany or Austria, which
years ago achieved a swing in consumer and retailer awareness in this
and many related issues. This SeptemberOctober edition of WMW
once again tackles the whole spectrum of waste solutions head-on. And
it has, for the first time, a special section dedicated to waste recycling
it looks at recycling of plastics, paper, electronic waste and end-of-life
vehicles, at numerous specific technological advances and wider
aspects such as all-important policy.
As our Special demonstrates, recycling and materials reclamation are
becoming an increasingly important means of managing materials
life-cycles, and the sector is advancing all the time. All the same,
without its partners reuse and reduction were not going to get very
far with tackling those plastic carriers.
Jackie Jones
EDITORIAL DIRECTOR
P.S. Starting in autumn 2006, WMW will have an increased web
presence, with many more features on-line. Remember to check in at
www.waste-management-world.com
From the Publishers
ISSN 1476-1394
The magazine for ISWA members
EDITOR: Suzanne Arup Veltz, ISWA General Secretariat
GROUP PUBLISHER: David McConnell
PUBLISHER EMERITUS: Edward Milford
EDITORIAL DIRECTOR: Jackie Jones
COMMISSIONING EDITOR: Guy Robinson
PRODUCTION EDITOR: Monique Tsang
TRANSPORT CORRESPONDENT: Malcolm Bates
DESIGN: Paul Cooper Design
PRODUCTION CO-ORDINATOR: John Perkins
PRODUCTION CONTROLLER: Julie Challinor
SALES MANAGERS: Terry Ash, James Walden
ADVERTISING: for information on advertising,
please contact Terry Ash or James Walden at
PennWell Corp. on +44 20 7387 8558 or
wmw@jxj.com
EDITORIAL/NEWS CONTACT:
Guy Robinson, e-mail: wmw@jxj.com
Published for the International Solid Waste
Association, Vesterbrogade 74, 3rd floor,
DK-1620 Copenhagen V, Denmark
Tel: +45 32 96 15 88
Fax: +45 32 96 15 84
web: www.iswa.org
Published by PennWell Corporation,
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web: www.waste-management-world.com
EDITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE/PRESS RELEASES:
Please send to Waste Management World at
wmw@jxj.com
2006 International Solid Waste Association. All rights
reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any
form or by any means, whether electronic, mechanical or
otherwise including photocopying, recording or any information
storage or retrieval system without the prior written consent of
the Publishers. While every attempt is made to ensure the
accuracy of the information contained in this magazine, neither
the Publishers, Editors nor the authors accept any liability for
errors or omissions. Opinions expressed in this publication are
not necessarily those of the Publishers or Editor.
SUBSCRIPTIONS: Members of the International Solid Waste
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Doppstadt CaIbe GmbH
Barbyer Str. 13
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www.doppstadt.com
or contact us:
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I
ve attended the conferences, laboured over the legislation,
been baffled by the big-budget capital expenditure, the
built-in obsolescence and marvelled at the monolithic feats
of engineering, yet I still come back to the same question: what
is so difficult about recycling material from our households
and businesses so that we avoid dumping the leftovers of our
lives in landfills or, even worse, putting it all through an ultra-
expensive system to eke out a little energy?
First things first. I am assuming that, in one way or
another, we are all trying to achieve the same goal: greater
than 75% diversion from landfill for the lowest possible price.
Most enlightened governments are encouraging,
demanding or compelling their societies to adopt regimes of
recycling to avoid landfill and divert waste to other uses.
Globally we have begun doing this. But my point is that we
need to have begun well.
What does this mean in practice? It is clear to me that
greater diversion from landfill cannot be achieved without
appropriate legislation and appropriate waste collection
services. Addressing these items sequentially, two pieces of
legislation are critical to the success of this solution:
Container deposit legislation. Under this system, a small
deposit is paid by the consumer when purchasing a drink,
to be refunded on return of the drinks container. This
form of extended producer responsibility reduces the
amount of packaging entering the waste stream. It has
proven to be effective in the State of South Australia,
which has solved many of the issues surrounding the
management of recyclables (except expanded polystyrene)
within the domestic waste and recycling regime.
Legislation to phase out and ultimately ban polyethylene film
shopping bags. Not only does this reduce litter generally,
but it also enhances the attributes of food organics
diversion when used in conjunction with biodegradable
film bags. Potential contamination by PE film is removed,
thus cleaning up food organics diversion. This would
go a long way to relieving the cause of methane in
our landfills.
Turning to waste collection, processing the vast majority of
household waste requires a four-pronged approach and
assumes source separation. (I havent seen an alternative that
convinces me to shift from this method.) Once again, we need
to begin well.
Wheelie bins
Three wheelie bins should be supplied to residents for three
different streams of domestic waste:
recyclables one 240-litre bin (collected every two weeks)
for cardboard, paper, plastics, glass and metal cans
green waste one 240-litre bin (collected every two
weeks) for garden organics and Bio Bags from the kitchen
residual waste one 140-litre bin (collected weekly or,
preferably, every two weeks) for the remaining
household waste.
Bio baskets
A bio basket and an annual supply of certified biodegradable
bags combine to form an essential ingredient for the kitchen
in any household. The bio basket is an open moulded basket
lined with corn starch (biodegradable) bags. The bags hold
food organics waste, which can then be transferred easily from
the kitchen to the garden organics wheelie bin.
Robotic collection
Robotic-arm collection vehicles (RACVs) are very efficient in
their collection characteristics and provide an excellent
platform for a clean collection that has less than 0.2%
contaminants in organics and 10%20% in dry recyclables.
The vehicles, also known as side-loaders, are purpose-built for
wheelie bin collections and feature a single operator
and CCTV to view and accept/reject contents of the bins,
thereby largely avoiding contamination of recycling and
organics streams.
Hard refuse
A continuous on call collection service for hard refuse should
be provided to the residential community up to six times per
year. Hard refuse is that fraction of the waste stream that
usually is delivered by the resident to a transfer station;
it includes non-putrescible items such as white goods,
large waste household items such as timber, iron, carpets and
old furniture.
What is the result from adopting this type of legislation and
collection? Well, the result is greater than 75% diversion from
landfill, quality saleable composts, and a high level of
recyclables available for direct re-manufacture or for export.
Furthermore, this does not require incineration, and can be
achieved for about 80 per household per year.
While this sounds ideal in theory, I should add a cautionary
note: of course, the support of governments, increased
efficiency in our industry and public education is vital to the
success of these methods of diversion. There will, no doubt, be
geographic and demographic obstacles to overcome, fine-
tuning to implement and new innovations and ideas to
incorporate. But we will have begun well. And as Aristotle once
said: well begun is half done.
GEOFF JOHNSTON is Chief Executive Officer of Eastern Waste
Management Authority Inc. (East Waste), Australia.
e-mail: geoff@eastwaste.com
To comment on this article or to see related features from our
archive, go to www.waste-management-world.com
Comment
Legislation is only the beginning to promoting landfill
diversion. A bolder step forward would be to set a waste
collection strategy too, writes Geoff Johnston
COMMENT Sept ember Oct ober 2006 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD
10
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The Ecodeco Solution Intelligent The Ecodeco Solution Intelligent The Ecodeco Solution Intelligent The Ecodeco Solution Intelligent The Ecodeco Solution Intelligent
T TT TTr ansf er St at i on ( I TS r ansf er St at i on ( I TS r ansf er St at i on ( I TS r ansf er St at i on ( I TS r ansf er St at i on ( I TS

) and ) and ) and ) and ) and
Bi ocubi Bi ocubi Bi ocubi Bi ocubi Bi ocubi

process for Resi dual process for Resi dual process for Resi dual process for Resi dual process for Resi dual
Fraction Fraction Fraction Fraction Fraction
The Ecodeco treatment system for
Resi dual Waste (Intel l i gent
Transfer Station ITS
) is a highly
innovative Mechanical-Biological
Treatment Plant that has been
designed to solve most of the
probl ems spri ngi ng from the
presence of putrescible substances
that makes the waste biologically
unstable, wet, contaminated with
pathogens, and generally strong
smelling in the medium term. This
represents a health risk in most of
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problem.
All the above mentioned problems
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Biocubi
Process
The Biocubi
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energy produced by the degradable
component of the waste during
the biological fermentation to
thermally sanitize and biodry all of
the Residual Fraction. This can be
achieved because, working under
controlled aerobic conditions, a
population of microorganisms
digests the easily biodegradable
materi al s of the waste. The
fermentation produces heat which
is used to evaporate the water
contained in the waste.
The resul ti ng dri ed waste
(Biodried Material) is hygienic,
odourl ess, and sui tabl e for
transport and storage. These
characteristics make the Biodried
Material extremely versatile and
hel p to devel op i nnovati ve
approaches to MSW treatment
since the obtained materials can
really be considered products to
be handled and used with the intent
to achieve maximum efficiency.
Intelligent Transfer Stations
(ITS
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Every ITS
plant is organized in
standard units, each capable of
processing between 60,000 and
75,000 tpa of Residual Waste. Due
to thei r si ze, these uni ts are
designed for a local scale of waste
treatment.
Each unit receives MSW in a fully
enclosed building. The waste is
tipped into receiving pits inside the
building and then shredded in
order to open the bags and obtain
a homogeneous materi al to
facilitate the aerobic fermentation
process. Then, automatic grabbing
cranes move the shredded waste
to the biodrying section, where it
is processed for 14 days. The
biological process is controlled
using a set of fans located on the
roof and a specially designed
perforated floor. The air flow through
the waste is adjusted by means of a
software that controls the process
temperature and the residual
process time.
All the saturated air extracted from
the building is treated by means of
biofilters located on the roof (so
as to minimize the plant footprint)
before it reaches the open air.
When the biodrying process has
been completed, the dried material
(about 75% of the incoming waste
since almost 25% is weight loss due
to water evaporati on) i s
automati cal l y sent to the
mechanical refinement section for
sel ecti on of materi al s and/or
Secondary Fuel production or just
for compaction.
Each waste handling operation is
completely remote controlled
usi ng programmabl e grabbi ng
cranes in the biodrying area and
conveyors in the refinement area.
The plant operators work in a
dedicated control room and never
come into contact with the waste.
The main building has a controlled
atmosphere with negative pressure
to avoid any odour emission.
Maintenance is generally required
mainly on mechanical components
of the refinement section, where
the equipment is not contaminated
by fresh waste.
Possible scenarios after MSW Possible scenarios after MSW Possible scenarios after MSW Possible scenarios after MSW Possible scenarios after MSW
treatment in ITS treatment in ITS treatment in ITS treatment in ITS treatment in ITS

plants plants plants plants plants
As an example of the versatility of
the obtained Biodried Material,
some possible scenarios after
treatment in the ITS
plants are
described below:
Scenario 1 (subj ect to l ocal
legislation): all of the Biodried
Material, without a further
mechanical selection, can be
sent to landfill with very low
environmental impact. During
landfill operation there is very
few bi ogas and l eachate
production since the waste is
dry, there are no animals and
no smell. In addition (as an
option), sector by sector, the
landfill can be completed, sealed
and then activated with water
for bi ogas producti on and
energy recovery (Activated
Bioreactor under controlled
conditions).
Scenario 2 all of the Biodried
Materi al , wi thout further
mechanical selection, can be
sent to a very efficient large-
scale waste to energy plant. The
location of the plant is a minor
i ssue si nce there are no
probl ems of l ong di stance
transport or storage.
Scenario 3 (subj ect to the
availability of a cement kiln): the
Bi odri ed Materi al can be
mechanically selected in the
refinement section of the ITS
plant in order to produce: very

high quality Secondary Fuel
(about 35-40% by weight with
Frog Island ITS
plant (East London UK) Treatment capacity: 180.000 t/y of MSW

ECODECO SOLUTION FOR MSW TREATMENT
regard to the treated MSW and
LCV of about 15.00020.000 kJ/
kg); metals and steel that can be
sent for recovery (about 25%);
optionally, some inerts (05%)
and a low quality compostable
fraction (010 %) and a final
residual fraction (about 1530%
accordi ng to the di fferent
options) that can be sent to a
l ow envi ronmental i mpact
landfill (the missing 2530% is
because of waste weight loss
due to evaporation during the
biological process).
Wi th thi s scenari o the
combusti on i s real l y very
efficient since in a cement kiln
the fuel is used only to produce
thermal energy (efficiency over
80%, compared with a mass
burning plant where efficiency
reaches onl y 2328%). In
addi ti on, there are no
combustion waste products as
they are incorporated in the
cement.
Intelligent T Intelligent T Intelligent T Intelligent T Intelligent Transfer Stations ransfer Stations ransfer Stations ransfer Stations ransfer Stations

in in in in in
the world the world the world the world the world
Many ITS
plants have been built

and are in operation in Italy, two
very big facility are now under
construction/testing in London, a
third one is under commissioning
in Scotland and other ITS
plants
are close to start in Spain for a
total treatment capacity of about 1
million tpa of MSW.
EngAttilio Piattelli
Technical Coordinator
Sistema Ecodeco UK L.t.d.
For more info:
relazioniesterne@ecodeco.it
www.ecodeco.it
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WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD Sept ember Oct ober 2006 NEWS
13
UK AND FRENCH GOVERNMENTS
CONFIRM PLANS FOR WEEE
UK Energy Minister Malcolm Wicks has
announced a timetable for implementing
the EC Directive on Waste Electrical and
Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in the UK.
The Directive will take effect from 1 July
2007, following a consultation period due
to run from 25 July to 17 October 2006.
Key proposals include the following:
a UK-wide Distributor Takeback
Scheme which will establish a network
of Designated Collection Facilities
enabling consumers to return their
used items for recycling or reuse
obligatory registration for producers
through approved compliance schemes
Authorized Treatment Facilities, which
will process WEEE and provide
evidence to producers on the amount
of WEEE received for treatment
accredited reprocessing/recycling
facilities who will provide evidence of
reprocessing to producers
an end-of-year settlement to ensure
producers are able to meet their
obligations via an exchange system
a voluntary approach for producers
to show the cost of handling
historical WEEE.
France will begin collecting and treating
WEEE from 15 November, reports ENDS.
Responsibility for WEEE treatment in
France has been given to four companies
Ecologic, Eco-systemes, ERP and
Recyclum. A national producers register
will be managed by the French
environment and energy agency, and will
be operational from September.
PAKISTAN FIRST LARGE-SCALE
COMPOSTING PLANT
In a push to move away from landfill and
incineration, Pakistan has established and
officially opened its first large-scale
composting plant (reports the countrys
The News on Sunday). The Lahore plant
was imported from Belgium and will
News
transform around 20% of the citys waste,
or around 1000 tonnes of waste per day
into 250 tonnes of organic compost.
DETAILED POLICY STATEMENT
ON EFW URGENTLY NEEDED
CIWM
A detailed UK Government policy
statement on the recovery of energy from
waste is now urgently needed, says CIWM
(the UKs Chartered Institute of Wastes
Management). Recent documents, such as
the Waste Strategy Review Consultation
and the Energy Review, have offered
some encouragement but have been
extremely short on detail, particularly
compared with the type of information
that has emerged on other types of
energy production.
Since this statement was made, the
results of the Waste Strategy Review
Consultation have been published by
DEFRA (the Department for Food,
Environment and Rural Affairs). These
include emphasis on waste prevention
and education, as well as the need to
simplify regulation and make costs more
transparent. In terms of energy from
waste, incineration remains controversial
with many opponents (mainly through
campaign letters); however, many of those
responding directly to the question see it
as a viable option, provided options
higher up the hierarchy are exhausted
first. The department received 4017
responses during the consultation period.
NEW STANDARD RELEASED FOR
RECYCLED PAINT
The Product Stewardship Institute (PSI)
and Green Seal, Inc., USA have
announced the completion of a US-wide
Green Seal environmental standard for
recycled-content latex paint. The standard
is aimed at assuring consumers that
recycled paint, in addition to being
NEW US PROGRAMME TO COLLECT MERCURY
SWITCHES FROM AUTOMOBILES
A new industry-funded US programme has been announced for recovering mercury
switches from vehicles before they are dismantled and melted for recycling. The
agreement was reached after years of research, advocacy and coalition-building by
Environmental Defense and Ecology Center, working closely with the vehicle
dismantlers, vehicle shredders, steelmakers, states, the auto industry and the US
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Over the past 30 years, domestic automakers have installed over 200 million
mercury switches containing over 200 tonnes of mercury in vehicles in
convenience lighting and braking applications. When these switches are not
removed prior to recycling, the mercury is released to the environment during the
steel-melting process, threatening public health. Auto switches from pre-2003
automobiles currently represent the largest manufacturing source of mercury air
emissions, surpassed only by two combustion sources: coal-fired power plants and
industrial boilers.
Environmental Defense and Ecology
Center work on this issue nationally
through the Partnership for Mercury-Free
Vehicles. Other members of the
Partnership include the Steel
Manufacturers Association, the Institute
for Scrap Recycling Industries, the Steel
Recycling Institute and the Automotive
Recyclers Association.
Send your news to WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD e-mail: wmw@jxj.com
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NEWS Sept ember Oct ober 2006 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD
14
environmentally beneficial, can perform
as well as virgin paint, both in terms of
ease of application as well as quality and
longevity of finish.
Recycled paint incorporates unused
paint collected from consumers as
well as excess from the original paint-
manufacturing process, thereby reducing
the disposal of paint. Americans generate
between 50 and 130 million gallons
(227590 million litres) of leftover paint
each year.
The standard will be available at
www.greenseal.org/certification/
environmental.cfm and
http://www.productstewardship.us/
displayPage.php?pageid=75.
RECYCLING IN VICTORIA,
AUSTRALIA
According to Sustainability Victoria,
Victorians recovered a record
5,427,662 tonnes of waste in 20042005,
representing 55% of the total solid waste
stream. Its highlights for this period ran as
follows:
Victorian recycling saved more than
78 million GJ (about 22 TWh) of
energy, 52,096 million litres of water,
and prevented more than 4 million
tonnes of greenhouse gases being
emitted into the atmosphere.
Victorias current reprocessing capacity
is predominantly local, with 89% of
material recovered being converted
into new products by Victorias
reprocessors. The remainder was
exported overseas or interstate for
reprocessing.
Metals recovered for reprocessing
reached a new record high of 1,157,203
tonnes. Strong global demand led to
this increase of 12% over 20032004.
Aided by the new Visy Recycling glass-
sorting facility in Binder, glass recovery
in Victoria experienced strong growth,
increasing by 19% to a total recovery of
102,661 tonnes.
Victorias reprocessing industries
contributed roughly AUS$114 million
(US$87 million) to the States economy
in terms of capital investment and
expenditure on R&D. This is a 43%
increase over the 2003/04 financial year.
US EPA CRACKS DOWN ON
LANDFILLS IN PUERTO RICO
The US Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA) intends to order three municipalities
to close current operations at their
improperly run landfills in Puerto Rico.
EPA inspections have revealed that the
Toa Baja, Aguadilla and Santa Isabel
landfills do not have required protections
and should be closed to minimize any
risks they may pose to surrounding
communities. Earlier this year, the EPA
notified the municipalities of Vega Baja
and Florida that they must close down
current operations at their landfills.
It is my intention to work hand-in-hand
with the municipalities and also the
Puerto Rico government to find a solution
to the pervasive landfill problem, said
Alan J. Steinberg, EPA Regional
Administrator.
CHALLENGING TIMES FOR UK TO
MEET WASTE DIVERSION GOALS
There is a significant risk that local
authorities in England will fail to reduce
the amount of biodegradable waste sent
to landfill by enough for the UK to meet
EU targets, according to a report by
Parliaments spending watchdog. Meeting
the EU targets requires a reduction of at
least 3.5 million tonnes of biodegradable
waste sent to landfill by 2010, and a
further 3.7 million tonnes by 2013.
A report from the National Audit Office
estimates that, if no further action is taken
beyond that already planned, local
authorities will miss the 2010 target by
approximately 270,000 tonnes (equivalent
to the waste produced by some
225,000 households) and the 2013 target
by almost 1.4 million tonnes (equivalent
to the waste of some 1.2 million
households).
BOOST FOR TV RECYCLING IN
THE UK
A 1.5 million (2 million) plant to recycle
the UKs scrap TV and computer monitors
has opened in north-west England, and
claims to be the first of its kind in the
world. The plant, which is fully
operational from mid-August, recycles
scrap CRTs (TV and computer monitors)
using a completely dry process with
no chemicals.
Waste-
to-energy
so|ut|ons
Now you can generate low-cost
electricity and thermal power
using alternative fuels such as
methane from landflls and
sewage digesters. Cummins
Power Generation delivers
complete energy solutions
including design, installation
and even management of your
on-site power system.
To see our
waste-to-energy projeots
around the world, vlslt
www.oummlnspower.ooml
energysolutlons
Our energy worklng for you.
TM
Shown: Canary lsland waste treatment plant,
Scotland landfll, UK landfll
2006 Cummins Power Generation
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A|ways re||ab|e
At Cummins Power Generation, our reputation for
reliability comes from more than our products. lt's
also earned by every person who touches your
power system solution. From application engineering
to manufacturing, customer service to local
distributor support, you can expect excellence from
us every time. And you can depend upon the energy
of our people to provide on-site power whenever,
however and wherever you need it.
To see our rellablllty ln aotlon,
read our oustomers storles at
www.oummlnspower.oom
Our energy worklng for you.
TM
2006 Cummins Power Generation
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BOMAG Hellerwald 56154 Boppard, Germany Tel. +49 6742 100-0 Fax +49 6742 3090 e-mail: info@bomag.com www.bomag.com
The Heavyweight Champion.
The BC 1172 RB refuse compactor defends its title on the largest waste disposal sites.
For the highest level of waste disposal site productivity, put the BC 1172 RB in the ring! The combination of higher weight, greater pushing force and a
superior wheel cleaning system guarantee the best possible use of valuable disposal site areas. The BC 1172 RB weights in at 55 tonnes and flattens
everything in sight. Even with high volumes of waste, it doesnt throw in the towel. Efficient hydrostatic drive reduces fuel consumption, while wire
cutters and dual scraper bars keep wheels clean for optimum compaction results. The special oscillating articulated joint keeps all four wheels on the
ground for outstanding traction. A sealed belly pan prevents waste from entering the engine compartment.
The BC 1172 RB heavyweight champion of waste disposal sites. Typically BOMAG Best for Compaction.
2
4
8
2
0
6
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0
5
Old televisions are broken down into
their three most basic parts glass,
graphite and lead and the recycled
materials are shipped to manufacturing
giant Samsung for reuse as new TV
screens. Merseyside company Global
Environmental Recycling Company
Limited and German firm GWG are behind
the 1.5 million initiative, which is
planned to be rolled out across Europe,
the US and Canada.
Bob Shepherd, Managing Director of
Global Environmental Recycling,
commented: This is a major breakthrough
for the recycling world there has been
nothing like this before and we already
have recycling specialists crying out
to be involved.
ROHS COMPLIANCE
Arena Solutions, a leading provider of on-
demand product life-cycle management
software, has announced the results of its
ongoing RoHS Readiness Survey. This
covers the ability of manufacturers to
comply with the European RoHS Directive,
which came into effect on 1 July 2006.
The Directive stipulates that six chemical
substances lead, cadmium, mercury,
hexavalent chromium, PBB
(polybrominated biphenyls), and PBDE
(polybrominated diphenyl ethers) are no
longer allowed to be used in products
manufactured or sold in the EU.
According to the survey, 83% of
respondents were at severe to high risk of
not being able to demonstrate compliance
or due diligence for RoHS based on their
documentation management capabilities.
The research also highlighted that 59% of
respondents do not have a good
understanding of the regulations or how
to demonstrate compliance and due
diligence.
In contrast, the results of a survey
conducted by Global Sources (published
in February 2006) on the readiness issue
in the Far East indicated that 93% of
electronics manufacturers in mainland
China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and South
Korea were expecting to comply with the
RoHS Directive by the July deadline.
HONG KONG LANDFILLS UNDER
PRESSURE
According to China Daily, Hong Kong
waste loads are growing at a much faster
rate than its population. The citys
municipal solid waste loads have
increased by about 3% a year over the
past decade, while its population has
grown by just 0.9%. The three existing
landfills are under tremendous pressure
because of current consumerist lifestyle.
Current predictions suggest that the
landfills will be full in 610 years and that
another 400 hectares of landfill space will
be needed to meet waste disposal needs
up to 2030.
in brief
Germany simplifies waste monitoring
regulations
Germanys federal cabinet has approved an
ordinance simplifying requirements for the
monitoring of waste. The new regulations are
intended to reduce bureacracy, improve
efficiency and better align German rules with
EU ones.
Worms to the rescue?
Cape Towns famous Mount Nelson hotel has
its own worm farm to help slash waste and,
ultimately, tackle climate change, reports
Planet Ark. The worms, commonly known as
red wrigglers or tiger worms, are housed in
specially designed crates and are fed
vegetable leftovers from the kitchen and
pricey restaurant tables. Their fluid
excrement, or worm tea, is carefully
harvested and used as a prized fertilizer in the
hotels rolling gardens, where peacocks
parade on manicured lawns. Their other
by-product, vermicast, is a rich compost.
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17
E-WASTE BUSINESS IS BOOMING
Electronic Recyclers, an electronic recycling firm in Fresno,
California, has indicated that it has become the first company in
the United States to surpass US$1 million of electronic waste in
one month. Red Herring, a media company which covers
technology and financial news, reports that in July Electronics
Recyclers recycled 2.3 million pounds (over 1000 tonnes) of
computer monitors, CRT screens, LCD screens, plasma screens,
laptops and televisions,
with revenues totalling
US$1.1 million. At the same time
ReCellular, a cellphone recycling
company based in Dexter,
Michigan, announced that it
recycled nearly 50% more
phones in California in July,
compared with June, after a
state law requiring cell phones to
be recycled went into effect.
NEW UK PLAN TO ENCOURAGE A GREENER
WASTE INDUSTRY
A new initiative to encourage the waste management industry,
including landfill operators and waste treatment plants, to
improve their environmental performance has been announced
by the UK Environment Agency.
Liz Parkes, Head of Waste Regulation at the Environment
Agency, said: The Waste Management Sector Plan has been
developed by the Environment Agency with the Environmental
Services Association, the largest trade body in the sector. This
Plan shows how we are working in partnership with the waste
management industry in England and Wales to help look after
the environment and achieve a greener business world.
The plan sets out the environmental and wider impacts of the
waste management sector and identifies the following 10
objectives:
lessen the impacts of climate change by reducing greenhouse
gas emissions
reduce the consumption of raw materials by promoting the
use of waste as a resource
improve and protect the environment by working to reduce
the number of pollution incidents
take steps to tackle waste crime and illegal operators
improve data on waste production and management
enhance natural habitats around waste management sites
work to risk-based regulatory and environmental
management systems
improve relationships between the Environment Agency,
industry and the wider community
ensure there is a sustainable and competent waste
management industry and regulator
improve health and safety by reducing accidents and injuries.
US BATTERY COLLECTION INCREASING
The non-profit Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation
(RBRC) has announced its collection data for the first
six months of 2006, reporting that a total of 2.4 million pounds
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With excellent fuel efficiency due to low operating engine
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C200 range is designed to deliver maximum uptime and
unbeatable productivity. Forklift technology steering, a
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The C200 range from Johnston. Maximum performance
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Tel: +44 (0)1306 884722
E-mail: enquiries@johnstonsweepers.com
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Waste
management
Exc|us|ve|y postgraduate and one o the top
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through part-t|me study, need a techno|ogy update or are
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re: WMW01/10.
T: +44 {0) 1234 754086
E: appIiedsciences@cranheId.ac.uk
W: www.cranheId.ac.uk/sas/waste
* Cc|o|||c|s aoo|,.
De|a||s c| aoo||ca||c|.
Fundng avalable*
from the same period in 2005.
RBRCs successful collection growth is
due largely to the expansion of collection
sites through its retailers, businesses,
communities and public agency
participation. Since January, RBRC has
experienced a 10% increase in
participation by adding 4466 new
collection sites to its current roster of over
30,000 sites.
EVENTS ON THE HORIZON
The coming months include a host of
international events that WMW will be
exhibiting at, including (amongst others):
RWM, 1214 September, UK; Wastecon
2006, 1921 September, US; Entsorga-
Enteco, 2427 October, Germany;
Ecomondo, 811 November 2006, Italy,
and Pollutec, 28 November 1 December,
France. And the fields covered are
broadening. For example, Entsorga-Enteco
covers waste management and recycling,
water and liquid waste, incineration and
renewable energy, local authority and
environmental services, technology and
logistics, air quality control and emissions
protection, health and safety at work and
noise protection, and research and
organization. For a full list of events, see
the diary on page 94.
(over 1000 tonnes) of rechargeable
batteries were collected in the US and
Canada through its Call2Recycle
programme an overall 6.4% increase
in brief
City of Toronto averts sludge crisis
The city of Toronto, Canada averted a crisis
with an eleventh-hour solution to dispose of
the citys 75,000 annual tonnes of sludge,
according to the Waste Business Journal.
With just one day before its contract with
Republic Services expired, the city inked
deals with two Canadian composting firms
Environmental Management Solutions Inc.
and Ferti-Val Inc.
Novelis joins EPA climate leaders
programme
Novelis Inc. has announced that its North
American organization is participating in the
US EPAs Climate Leaders programme.
Climate Leaders presents an opportunity for
Novelis to continue its voluntary efforts to
conserve energy and reduce its greenhouse
gas emissions, share best practices and
promote co-operation between industry and
government, said Kevin Greenawalt,
President, Novelis North America.
MERGERS AND
ACQUISITIONS
CONSORTIUM TAKES OVER THE
TSR GROUP
A bidding consortium has purchased
the TSR Group, a leading company in
the German market specializing in the
recycling of steel scrap and
non-ferrous metals. The consortium
consists of Remondis AG & Co. KG
(60% of the shares), Cronimet (20%)
and Alfa Acciai (20%).
The TSR Group employs more than
1500 people both in Germany and
abroad and will have a turnover of
more than 1.7 billion this year. The
parties have agreed not to disclose
details about the purchase price or the
contract. The takeover must still be
approved by the Federal Cartel Office.
AVERY WEIGH-TRONIX BUYOUT
European Capital S.A. SICAR has
invested 123 million (US$157million)
in the One Stop Buyout of Avery
Weigh-Tronix Holdings Limited, a
leading designer and manufacturer of
weighing equipment and solutions to
industrial and food retail customers
worldwide.
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Recycling
Recycling
SPECIAL
SEPTEMBEROCTOBER 2006
policy
WEEE
ELV
paper
packaging
waste minimization
collection and transport

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www.pollutec.com
nov. 28
th
dec. 01
st
LYON
EUREXPO
FRANCE
22
nd
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION
OF ENVIRONMENTAL EQUIPMENT,
TECHNOLOGIES AND SERVICES
Env i ronment c api t al
2
0
0
6
In association with:
The key global meeting for environment professionals,
Pollutec Lyons brings together 2,400 exhibitors covering
a range of sectors, equipment, technologies and services
and 65,000 industrialists, local authority managers
and specifiers for 4 days of outstanding business opportunities.
Contact: Promosalons (UK) Ltd
Tel: +44 (0)20 8216 3100
Fax: +44 (0)20 8447 1146
e-mail: enquiries@promosalons.co.uk
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WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD Sept ember Oct ober 2006 RECYCLI NG SPECI AL
21
Shining examples
I
n todays consumer-oriented world, the waste and scrap
industries are vital to health and commerce. While they
share common burdens such as public perception (or
occasional misperception) and quality, environmental, and
health & safety (QEH&S) issues they must also be
recognized as distinct. In the scrap industrys general view,
the scrap industry reprocesses materials for new uses, while
the waste industry removes materials that have no further use
and no intrinsic or recoverable value. The importance of this
distinction is exemplified in the boxed text below.
In the words of Robin Wiener, President of ISRI (the
Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries), Scrap is not
waste and recycling is not disposal. Successful policy will
make this distinction in order to ensure that electronic
recycling continues to attract investment and thus sustain
and increase overall recycling capacity.
The commercial implications of this distinction are
significant and, as a result, both industries require a separate
framework tailored to their respective market conditions and
targeted to support long-term development.
In order to optimize our ability to handle the apparently
limitless stream of material for recycling and disposal, both
the scrap and waste industries must constantly seek ways to
more efficiently segregate scrap and waste into their
appropriate streams. Confidence is paramount; and this can
be manifest in different forms.
A healthy market depends on public confidence in the
final output from the plant. Operators rely on a regulatory
framework that supports their industry. And industry
employees should feel confident that they are working in a
safe environment.
Shining examples
Setting standards for scrap recycling
by Frank Cozzi
Expansion of the scrap industry requires appropriate
guidelines to secure the health and safety of
employees, while market confidence will be bolstered
by having suitable recycling standards that recognize
the value of the material and the individual nature of
this industry.
E-waste or E-scrap?
The Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries, Inc. (ISRI) recently
played host to the US Under Secretary of Commerce for
Technology, Robert C. Cresanti, as he announced the release of
a new study entitled Recycling Technology Products: An
Overview of E-Waste Policy Issues.
Despite praise for the overall study, ISRI was concerned by
use of the term e-waste in the report. It suggests the term
e-scrap would more accurately describe recyclable materials
from electronic devices. The report acknowledges the existence
of both terms.
The Commerce Department study hopes to promote
market-based solutions to electronics recycling issues, said
ISRIs President Robin Wiener. Yet one of the greatest
challenges faced in this industry is the improper designation of
recyclable materials as waste, often leading to legislative
and regulatory complications that are unnecessarily
burdensome to recycling.
The consequences of labelling recyclable materials as
waste were demonstrated by ISRI in a letter to Senator
Jeffords of Vermont, sponsor of the Recycling Investment
Saves Energy (RISE) Act. The letter states that because
recycling is perceived by some as a waste activity, burdens
such as obtaining proper and adequate insurance for what
recyclers really do rather than what others think recyclers do is
a real problem. In one case, an insurance carrier did not renew
a policy because the carrier determined incorrectly that the
recycling industry was engaged in waste treatment activities.
The entire letter can be read at www.isri.org/jeffords
Scrap is not waste and
recycling is not disposal
MAIN PHOTO Metallic scrap waiting to be recycled. A distinction should be made
between scrap and recycling. PHOTO: ERP
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Shining examples
Securing a safe workplace
The US Bureau of Labor Statistics, which lumps our industries
together for many of their statistical tables, ranks our industries,
combined, as the fifth most dangerous industry in the US labour
force when accidental deaths are tabulated.
This level of risk is unacceptable. Naturally our industries
pose certain inherent potential hazards, but there is simply no
excuse for any workplace to be unsafe. It is vital to recognize and
acknowledge these potential hazards and to establish work
practices to effectively manage them in a way that protects
employees and others from harm.
Accidents, injuries and deaths in the workplace are costly
burdens on the industry, in medical claims, lost time, and
damage to facilities and equipment. Expensive as they are,
however, those costs pale in comparison to the loss of life or
limb. The number-one goal, each and every day, must be to do
all we can to ensure that every employee returns to their family
at the end of the day as whole and uninjured as they were
when they reported to work that morning. For the scrap
industry, this comes in the form of a commitment to process
scrap materials safely, or not at all.
Waste management is
ranked as the fifth most
dangerous industry in the US
Standards for retreading tyres in Europe
In April 2006, the European Commission announced new
standards for the tyre-retreading process that will help to
secure the quality of such tyres, bolster confidence in this
market and reduce the amount of tyres ending up in the
waste stream.
All newly retreaded tyres sold in the EU must now align
with the requirements of UNECE Regulations (United
Nations Economic Commission for Europe). These
regulations introduce similar standards of safety and quality
control for retreaded tyres as for new tyres.
Retreading is a frequent practice, particularly for some of
the heavier vehicle categories like trucks, buses and trailers.
More than 50% of these vehicles currently run with
retreaded tyres on the streets of the EU. Setting safety
requirements will also enhance the use of retreaded tyres.
PHOTO: EDWARD MILFORD
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Shining examples
The need for new standards
The prevalence of workplace injuries is just one of many
indicators suggesting the need for new standards standards that
provide the framework for a comprehensive management system.
In todays world, manufacturers must be able to meet the demand
for more content-specific materials. Meeting these specifications
requires better quality standards for the input materials supplied
by the scrap industry. Addressing these quality-related issues,
while managing compliance with mandatory safety and
environmental regulations, can be a monumental task. Different
sectors are responding to this challenge in different ways. Two
examples are shown in the boxes to the left and right.
RIOS a new standard
ISRI has embraced this challenge by creating the Recycling
Industry Operating Standard (RIOS). RIOS is an integrated
system designed to help the scrap-recycling companies
manage their QEH&S issues in a single, unified manner. It is
the only integrated system developed specifically for the
scrap-recycling industry.
Standards are nothing new, particularly to the European
community. For nearly 60 years, the International Organization
for Standardization (ISO) has been the recognized leader in
creating and managing standards in a variety of areas. ISO
standards are recognized worldwide. Their impact has helped
many companies improve industrial and manufacturing
operations to the point that many consuming industries have
come to require suppliers to implement various standards.
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New EPA standards for handling cathode ray tubes
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is
streamlining the federal hazardous waste management
requirements for cathode ray tubes (CRTs) and CRT glass
destined for recycling. These simplified standards aim to
increase the collection and recycling of CRTs.
EPA Assistant Administrator Susan Bodine commented:
A discarded CRT represents an opportunity lost. This rule will
help encourage the reuse and recycling of CRTs, which puts
these resources back to productive use, rather than into the
nations landfills.
Under the new regulations, used, unbroken CRTs are not
regulated as hazardous waste unless they are stored for more
than a year. And used, broken CRTs are not regulated as
hazardous waste as long as certain good-housekeeping
practices are followed.
PHOTO: NJ DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
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Shining examples
Similarly, RIOS seeks to provide a roadmap to help scrap
recyclers excel in QEH&S areas by eliminating inefficiencies,
problems, regulatory violations and accidents that can affect
their current profitability as well as their future viability.
RIOS is based on the essential elements of ISO 9001 for
quality, ISO 14001 for environment, and OHSAS 18001 for
health and safety. Each of these programmes is recognized for its
individual strength and depth, but their template is intentionally
broad in order to address a host of manufacturing issues.
RIOS is industry-specific. It excels because it eliminates
duplicative efforts that are found in separately implementing
ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and OHSAS 18001, thus making it less
expensive and less time-consuming to implement as well as
better designed to address these issues in our real-world
operations. RIOS is designed to be functionally equivalent to all
three standards and can be a viable QEH&S management system
for even the smallest scrap recycling company.
ISRI has spent many years developing RIOS. A considerable
part of that development process was dedicated to the creation
of a unique guide to help users with implementation. While
individual companies can use RIOS to self-certify in order to
improve operations, RIOS provides for third-party certification
that will allow companies to market themselves using the RIOS-
certified label.
RIOS has been recognized by the ANSI-ASQ National
Accreditation Board, the US accreditation body for management
systems. The programme is currently undergoing test
implementation at a handful of scrap
facilities in the US.
RIOS will help the scrap industry meet
our goals of an industry-specific QEH&S
programme that, when implemented, will
result in cleaner, safer, better managed
plants and yards, with an anticipated side
result of improved profitability. Further, attention to these
important issues polishes the image of our entire industry.
The future of any industry depends on continuous
improvement, regulatory compliance, and attention to quality,
safety and standards. We expect RIOS to quickly become the
roadmap to the future for the scrap-recycling industry.
For more information on ISRI and RIOS, visit the websites
at www.isri.org and www.rios4qehs.org.
Frank Cozzi is Chair of the Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries,
Inc., US.
e-mail: frankc@cozzigroup.com
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Marks of distinction
N
ikes swoosh; McDonalds Golden Arches; the three-
second Intel Inside chimes. All three examples conjure
up images, emotions and connotations that companies
have carefully planned and orchestrated. Corporations perceive
their brands as valuable commodities, in some cases more
valuable than the product or services that the company sells. But
for electronic products at end-of-life, the intense focus on brand
identity is turning out to have an unintended consequence: it is
also a financial liability.
Why would brands come up in a discussion about waste
management? Brand ownership has become a critical
component of two state-level electronics recycling management
systems in the US, which rely on producer responsibility. In
such systems which were pioneered in Europe but are now
spreading globally the original manufacturer or producer is
responsible for financing all or part of the costs associated with
the products recycling and disposal. In most but not all cases,
financial responsibility is based on companys share of the waste
stream. These return shares for individual companies are
commonly determined by counting brands returned in the
collection systems followed by assignment of those brands to the
responsible company.
Because of the complex arrangements between contract
manufacturers, suppliers and distributors, identifying the actual
producer (or manufacturer) can be difficult and is sometimes
not possible. Brand identification, however, utilizes readily
visible information and is therefore easier to implement and
track. But with some governments now mandating producer
recycling responsibility, the effort to build a trusted and
desirable brand, affix it to a product, and complete a sale will
lead to future costs when that product is finally returned for
recycling in five, 10, or even 20 years. And these additional costs
must be accounted for when planning future business
development and associated infrastructure.
Orphans and unknowns
Examining current data on return shares leads to several
interesting observations. For one, many brands returned today
were made by companies that are no longer around. These
products are usually referred to as orphans in electronics
recycling programmes, and the number of brands that fall into
this category is only now becoming clear.
Another observation is that a significant percentage of
returned products have no brand at all and therefore classified
as unknown in return share studies. In fact, unknown ranks
higher than any identified brand of desktop computer returned
in household collection programmes in most studies reviewed by
the National Center for Electronics Recycling (NCER). Many of
these units are likely made by white box manufacturers who for
many years assembled and sold unbranded desktop computers
using off-the-shelf components.
Both unknown and orphan brands must still be recycled
under producer responsibility systems, and it is up to
policymakers and system designers to decide how to apportion
these costs often to existing manufacturers.
Defining the terms
Because orphan and white box products factor so heavily into
these systems, it is critical to have clear definitions and criteria
for these designations. Orphan products have been defined in
state legislation in the US as a device for which its manufacturer
cannot be identified or is no longer in business and has no
successor in interest. The critical component to this definition is
whether the brand/company has a successor in interest. As state
governments in the US are discovering, the process for
determining which company should be responsible for an
Who pays for electronics recycling?
by Jason Linnell
Producer responsibility is a principle increasingly
being adopted for funding WEEE management in
many parts of the world. But who exactly is the
producer? In the US, for instance, the producer is
identified via the brand label, but even so, its not just
a simple matter of doing a count.
MAIN PHOTO It is not possible to trace the manufacturers of white box units, but
they still need to be recycled. PHOTO: NATIONAL CENTER FOR ELECTRONICS RECYCLING
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individual brand particularly some of the smaller market
brands can be lengthy and complicated.
For many years, white box companies have represented a
significant portion of computer market. During recent years,
estimates by market research firm IDC and others place white
box sales in the 25%35% range for desktops and just under 10%
for laptops. Because the brand is not the main selling point for
these systems, these builders would many times use off-the-shelf
components and computer housings with a customized brand
label or without a brand label altogether hence the name white
box. When the name on a brand label provides the basis for
assigning responsibility under mandatory recycling systems, the
difficulty in tracking brand name to producer could cause many
of these products to be misclassified as orphans.
Taken together, poor identification or misclassification of
orphan and white box products leads to an uneven playing field
for manufacturers and brand owners attempting to comply with
returns-based producer responsibility recycling mandates. In the
US, the National Center for Electronics Recycling and state
governments in Maine, Maryland and Washington are working
towards identifying and classifying brands of computers, laptops,
monitors and televisions to implement legislated programmes
and ensure that covered companies are complying with those rules.
Emerging US electronics recycling systems
How are the issues of brand identification and orphan products
playing out in the electronics recycling systems in the US?
California has a law that creates an advanced recycling fee (ARF)
of US$6, $8 or $10 that is paid by the consumer at the point of sale.
The California law has no provision for orphan or unidentifiable
products due to the fact that funds collected for recycling are
used for all returned, covered electronic devices regardless of the
original producer. However, white box manufacturers are affected
by a provision requiring all covered products to have a brand label.
Similarly, the Maine programme covers TVs, computer
monitors and laptop computers under a law passed in 2004.
Under Maines approach, however, the funding for the system is
shared between product manufacturers and local governments.
Local governments collect from Maine households (waste
electronics generated by businesses are not covered), and deliver
the collected products to a state-approved consolidator. These
consolidators count the number of brands from each
manufacturer, and then send each manufacturer a bill for the
amount that their brands represent, plus an additional amount
for orphan products. In Maine, a white box manufacturer would
be responsible for any of its laptops that are returned to the
designated consolidators. Maine no longer allows the sale of a
covered device unless a visible, permanent label clearly
identifying the manufacturer of that device is affixed to it. This
labelling requirement also applies to desktop computers even
though manufacturers are not currently responsible for funding
the recycling of these products.
The Maryland law was passed in 2005 and it sets up a five-
year pilot programme for recycling desktop computers, laptops
and computer monitors. Under the programme, manufacturers
of these products must register with the State and pay an annual
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Florida Electronics Brand Distribution Study (ongoing)
Hennepin County Consumer Electronics Brand Tally (2004,
Minnesota)
Good Guys Electronics Take-back Pilot Project (2004,
Washington State)
Staples Reverse Distribution Pilot (2004, New England states).
While some programmes have tallied brands for different
electronic devices, the main products surveyed are televisions,
monitors, desktop and laptop computers. The number of
reported units varied substantially across different programmes,
with Hennepin County providing the largest sample size and the
Staples Pilot the smallest. For example, by the time of
the February 2006 update, Hennepin County reported
12,827 monitor units with attributable brands, Florida 7850 and
Staples 1090.
Something very interesting becomes clear upon examining
these data not every brand comes in at the same percentage
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fee of $5000. If the manufacturer implements a take-back
programme, the fee is reduced to $500 after the first year. There
is no provision or need to identify brands or orphan products
under this system. Like California and Maine, manufacturers of
covered products are required to label the product with the
manufacturers name or the manufacturers brand label.
Washington State is the most recent state to legislate a
producer responsibility system for recycling electronics. Like
Maine, the law would require manufacturers to finance the
recycling of their products returned, and thus requires brand,
manufacturer and orphan identification. The legislation places
restrictions on the ability of white box manufacturers to employ
a recycling programme independent of the standard plan
established for most producers of covered electronics.
What the research on brand data reveals
There are four major electronics collection studies in the US
where brands have been counted:
TABLE 1. Top brands identified for returned electronic equipment. SOURCE: NCER NATIONAL RETURN SHARE ESTIMATES, MARCH 2006
(www.electronicsrecycling.org/cdr/BrandSorting.aspx)
Desktop computers Laptop computers Computer monitors Televisions
Brand Percentage Brand Percentage Brand Percentage Brand Percentage
Unknown 15.7% Dell 17.8% Apple 11.8% RCA 12.6%
Dell 11.4% Compaq 15.1% Dell 8.5% Zenith 10.5%
Apple 9.3% Apple 13.2% Compaq 7.2% Sony 6.9%
Compaq 7.9% IBM 12.8% Gateway 6.1% Panasonic 5.3%
IBM 7.5% Toshiba 7.1% Packard Bell 5.1% GE 4.7%
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in each location. For example, across the three programmes
reporting monitor data, the largest single returned brand of
monitors was Apple, representing 4.9% in the Florida
programme, 11.6% in Hennepin County, and 18.8% in the
Staples Pilot. These data seem to indicate that Apple has had
historically stronger sales in the Northeast region than in
Florida. However, the return share represented here is higher
than Apples market share in the US. Except for the large
percentage of unknown in the desktop category, the top
brands in each of the four product categories are well known
brands (see Table 1).
These data show the implications for Dells recent
announcement that it is launching a free service to recycle any
Dell product on a worldwide basis. If a system were in place to
collect all of the desktop computers, laptop computers and
monitors, Dell would collect the largest number of laptops of any
competitor, but not desktops or monitors due the Hewlett
Packards combined share for the HP and Compaq brands
(16.3% of desktops and 11.1% of monitors).
Calculations matter
It is also important to know the assumptions behind any return
share calculation. Is the percentage based on the number of units
returned in a particular product category, or the weight? Are the
percentages just for one product category, or are units or weight
combined across product categories? These distinctions can have
a great impact on how large each companys share is, and
therefore its financial obligation in specific states.
Table 1 was calculated using a methodology developed by
the NCER that averages the return shares of each brand
within a product type such as laptops calculated for each
collection programme. This was done to minimize regional
differences that could be exacerbated by a single, large sample.
The NCER data set also includes all reported brands, including
those considered by Maine as misidentified or orphan brands
which lowers the percentages for all identified, established
brands. In the Maine programme, return share estimates were
developed adding unit counts across programmes. Which
method produces the more accurate reflection of a company
return share is a matter of debate.
Brand recording is great, but how do you find
the manufacturer?
Recording brand information is a seemingly simple task. Search
the front of the product and record the name as it appears.
However, data entry errors can and do occur, and there are
several instances where the actual brand of the product may not
be identifiable or obvious. For example, for many years some
companies have branded different technologies used across
different whole product brands. This is not the overall brand of
the product, but it has been recorded as such in several studies.
Sonys Trinitron brand is a good example. The Trinitron
technology has been licensed to other manufacturers for use in
their branded products, and therefore may appear on certain
televisions, but Sony would not be held responsible for all
products bearing the Trinitron label.
Once a list of brands is scrubbed for accuracy, the next step
for certain state regulators is finding the actual manufacturer. In
the case of the state of Maine, as of June 2006, 278 brands have
been registered by 123 manufacturers. There are several
hundred other brands that have yet to be identified as belonging
to any particular manufacturer or officially designated an
orphan. The process for identifying manufacturers is relatively
straightforward, but can lead to some dead-ends. In Maine, the
Some frequently asked questions
How do you identify the brand?
Usually visible on the outside of the product, but other
markings can be misleading.
What if no brand label is apparent?
The product may be an unknown brand that would be
financed just like an orphan product under a producer
responsibility system.
How are orphans handled?
First, a regulatory body must decide which brands are
indeed orphans, and which brands have a responsible
manufacturer. Once the official orphan brands have been
counted, current manufacturers usually finance their
recycling based on their return share.
Brand identification is not a simple process for the many desktop computers that
are either unbranded or whose brand owner no longer exists
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Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) uses available
data and reference sources with information on brand history
and ownership. If the DEP finds evidence that the most recent
responsible manufacturer went out of business with no successor
in interest, the brand is deemed an orphan. Orphan
determination is fundamentally a regulatory task and therefore
best suited for a government agency.
It should also be noted that the hundreds of brands yet to
be identified collectively represent only a fraction of total
returns (e.g., <10% of total televisions), with most of these
smaller brands yielding an individual return share well below
1%. For example, there are 24 different television brands that
constitute approximately 86% of all returned televisions.
The remaining 412 brands each have a return share below
1%, with most of them well below 1%. For monitors, the
impact is greater in that there are only 16 brands with more
than a 1% return share, and these 16 brands represent
approximately 73% of all returned monitors. That means that
there are 658 brands under 1% each, but that represent 27%
of returns collectively.
Challenges for the future
Tracking brand responsibilities for all historic/returned
products is a challenge as this information is not readily
available for all brands. Improved brand/producer
identification procedures are required to bring producers of
smaller quantities of products into financing systems similar
to Maines and Washingtons. In the US at least, the data on
which to base brand return share and orphan share are
limited in both quantity and geographic coverage. These
limited data suggest that regional variations in product
returns for individual brands may be commonplace. Thus,
small changes in source data and the methodology for
developing a particular brands return share can produce
significant variations in a manufacturers financial
responsibility in returns-based electronics recycling systems.
The implications of brand counting and producer
responsibility do not stop at the manufacturer. In the US and
globally, governments are pushing to separate these products
from the municipal solid waste stream, and use non-
government revenue to pay for their recycling. In the near
future, those companies in the waste management industry who
wish to handle used electronics for recycling may need to add
brand counting or even physical sorting to their capabilities.
Those who can record this information and carry out these
functions in the most accurate manner at the least cost will be
the ones manufacturers seek out to fulfil their producer
responsibility obligations.
Jason Linnell is Executive Director, National Center for Electronics
Recycling, US.
e-mail: jlinnell@electronicsrecycling.org
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The fine print
T
he European paper industry is under no legal obligation to
recycle paper and board products other than packaging.
However, recycling in this sector is done on a significant
scale, and more than half of the paper consumed in Europe is
now made from recovered paper. A central driver for this activity
has been the European Declaration on Paper Recycling,
published by the Confederation of European Paper Industries
(CEPI) in 2000.
The first target in the Declaration, reaching a 56% recycling
rate, was set for the period 20002005. This target was
successfully met in 2005, the progress being monitored by the
European Recovered Paper Council (see box below). Both the
stability and confidence in the European recovered paper market
have been created by now and recovered paper has become a
sought-after commodity on the global market. Paper recycling
has also gained a lot more political credibility during the
commitment period, helped by increased knowledge on fibre
flows and clear best practices in quality management of
recovered paper.
Industry trends: a growing market
Throughout the Declaration period, the rate of growth in paper
recycling in Europe has been roughly twice as rapid as the growth
of paper production. A total of 46.6 million tonnes of paper were
recycled in Europe in 2005. This is an impressive increase of 24%
(or 9 million tonnes) compared with 1998, the base year against
which the target was set. Several European countries are already
recycling on a higher level than Japan, a classic benchmark in
paper recycling (see Figure 1).
Europes paper recycling rate is particularly impressive when
one considers that the rate only includes the volume that is
recycled into new paper in Europe. Some paper is recycled into
other products such as construction materials, and a growing
volume of paper is exported for recycling to countries outside
the EU; for example, the UK is a net exporter of recovered paper
with around 3.3 million tonnes in 2005 (see Figure 2).
Furthermore, other recovery options, such as use in energy
generation, are not accounted for in the recycling rate (see
Figure 3 for broad trends in this sector).
The co-operation of the different industries along the paper
chain has been key to establishing a confident market. By
working together, these stakeholders have reinforced the good
functioning of the paper loop, which is essential to the recycling
process. This, in turn, has made possible the heavy investment
on new recycling capacity, thereby also offering a stronger
foundation for new collection services.
The fine print
Aligning paper-recycling policy with practice
by Jori Ringman
Paper recycling in Europe has already reached 56%,
meeting a target set in the European Declaration on
Paper Recycling. But the full potential for recycling
moving toward the European Commissions vision of
a recycling society will only be met when the
different views of policymakers, authorities and
industry are reconciled.
The European Recovered Paper Council (ERPC)
The European Recovered Paper Council (ERPC) was set up
after the launch of The European Declaration on Paper
Recycling in November 2000, with the aim of monitoring the
progress made towards meeting the targets set out in the
European Declaration. In the second Declaration (September
2006), the industry pledges to further improve its
environmental performance and increase the recycling rate
to 66% (+/1.5%) by 2010.
The ERPC consists of several industry organizations
along the paper value chain, as well as the European
Commission Directorates General for Enterprise and
Environment, who act as Observers. The ERPC monitors the
progress of the Declaration openly and transparently, and
co-ordinates the joint work to achieve the set targets. See
also www.paperrecovery.org
MAIN PHOTO Recovered paper and board are sought-after commodities for
remanufacturing into new paper, not only in Europe but also for export overseas.
PHOTO: STORAENSO
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The fine print
The industries have also worked together to maintain and
improve the quality of recovered paper; industry guidelines were
developed and issued during the lifetime of the Declaration.
Efforts have also been made to identify previously untapped
sources of recovered paper, such as streams that were landfilled
or incinerated; these will be explored in a little more detail later
in the article.
But, despite this clear success, the industry is not content to
rest on its laurels. A new and more ambitious Declaration has
been prepared for 20062010.
Raising the bar
The new European Declaration, launched in September 2006,
has set a target recycling rate of 66% for 2010. The Declaration
was approved by a large number of industry organizations along
the paper value chain and covers 27 EU Member States plus
Norway and Switzerland. Achieving this would mean that
demand for recovered paper increases by almost 10 million
tonnes in 2010 compared to 2004.
When setting such targets, it is important to consider the
percentage of paper that can actually be collected and recycled.
If we take into account paper that cannot be collected (such as
paper kept in archives and libraries) or not recycled (such as
toilet paper and kitchen rolls), then the maximum theoretical
recycling rate for paper would be 81% instead of 100%. In
practice, however, an ecological and economic optimal level of
recycling is somewhere lower than that.
In many European countries, recovered paper collection and
recycling have already reached levels where further increase can
only be marginal. In contrast, most new EU Member States have
started on much lower levels and will still be growing fast in
many years to come, both in consumption of paper and
recycling. On average, the utilization of recovered paper in
Europe is expected to continue growing at a rapid rate over the
next five years.
Meeting new challenges and maintaining
standards
To date, the European list of standard grades of recovered paper
(EN643), published in 2001, has been the cornerstone of the
recovered paper market in Europe, and this is likely to remain
the case for the foreseeable future. That said, the quality of
recovered paper will deteriorate unless clear guidance is given as
to how to handle its collection. In parallel, quality demands on
the finished paper continue to increase with the rapid
technological development of the publishing, printing and
packaging industries. This radically challenges the operational
framework of the paper and board industry, and the issue
becomes particularly acute as most easy sources of paper have
now been tapped.
The European paper industries issued the Responsible
C
o
l
l
e
c
t
i
o
n
r
a
t
e
(
%
)
Asia
Oceania
Western Europe
Latin America
Eastern Europe
Africa
North America
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 5000 10,000 15,000
Net trade (thousand tonnes)
FIGURE 1. Collection rate and net trade of recycled paper in 2004.
The size of each bubble indicates the relative collection volume of
recycled paper in each country. SOURCE: PYRY, 2006
1000 500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Austria
Sweden
Spain
Slovakia
Hungary
Netherlands
Czech Republic
Norway
Finland
Poland
Portugal
Italy
Switzerland
Ireland
Denmark
France
Germany
Belgium
UK
2005 2000
Trade balance (thousand tonnes)
FIGURE 2. Trade balance of recovered paper by country
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1
9
9
1
1
9
9
2
1
9
9
3
1
9
9
4
1
9
9
5
1
9
9
6
1
9
9
7
1
9
9
8
1
9
9
9
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
3
2
0
0
4
2
0
0
5
Recycling in paper mills Net trade in recovered paper
Non-recoverable Other recycling/recovery or final disposal
A
m
o
u
n
t
(
m
i
l
l
i
o
n
t
o
n
n
e
s
)
FIGURE 3. Evolution of paper consumption and recovery in CEPI countries
While reliable sourcing lies
at the start of the process,
changes are needed at all
points in the supply chain
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The fine print
Sourcing and Supply Guidelines (CEPI 2006) earlier this year.
These provide general guidance on sourcing and recovery
applications, and list best-practice information along each step
of the paper recovery chain. They complement the legal
framework and CEN standard EN 643, as well as other voluntary
industry standards such as quality control guidelines and good
manufacturing practice guidelines. CEPI intends to review the
guidelines regularly (beginning in 2007) with the aim of
strengthening them both in ambition and in the number of
signatories from industry suppliers. European paper mills are
expected to progressively use these guidelines when selecting
suppliers of recovered paper. And, in time, meeting them is likely
to become a fundamental element of the customersupplier
relationship. This will not happen overnight, but suppliers need
to start addressing any shortcomings now.
While reliable sourcing lies at the start of the process,
changes are needed at all points in the supply chain these
include changes to both the practical arrangements for the
collection, storage and transportation of recovered paper and to
the overall management systems. The European Declaration
provides a natural framework for discussing these issues jointly
with other relevant stakeholders in order to find cost-efficient
solutions.
Ongoing research will continue to yield advances that
support more efficient use of recovered fibres and lower
environmental impacts throughout the life-cycle of the material.
Two key areas are systematic work on quality management and
more knowledge on fibre flows. Furthermore, a European
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The main sources and applications of
recovered paper
Recovered paper originates from households (40%),
commercial and industrial sources (50%) and offices (10%).
In 2005 the collection from European households and offices
grew at the rate of 5%, and these sources, not fully tapped
yet, offer the greatest scope for increasing paper recycling.
Applications for recovered paper are summarized in Figure
A, with approximately two thirds of the material currently
being used to produce corrugated board and newsprint.
Newsprint
19%
Office papers and other
papers for printing
8%
Corrugated board
45%
Cardboard
7%
Wrapping, other
packaging
10%
Paper and pulp in
household and sanitary
products
7%
Others
4%
FIGURE A. Use of recovered paper in CEPI countries by sector, 2005
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The fine print
identification system for recovered paper will begin within the
next few years. Such an identification system would have two
strands: it would satisfy the needs of authorities to track the
recovery route of used paper and help to develop the raw
material market where sources can be identified as necessary.
An evolving framework
Recycling makes a vital contribution to Europes sustainable
development, economically as well as environmentally, creating
jobs and saving energy and natural resources. The European
Commission has stated its aim to make Europe a recycling
economy and decouple economic growth from environmental
impacts. The paper-recycling industry is already familiar with
both aims.
In principle, the EU is in favour of recycling, but
stakeholders remain concerned over the administrative burdens
caused by the EUs policies. In practice, the current legal
framework for paper and board recycling presents discrepancies
and contradictions that result in an additional burden for
industry without any added environmental benefits.
For example, recovered paper and board is recognized as a
secondary raw material by EN 643, but legally speaking it is
waste. This leads to a dichotomy in paper recycling: for the
industry it is part of an industrial process in paper manufacturing,
whereas for the authorities it is purely a recovery matter in the
field of waste management.
An even more vital question will be how the balance between
material recycling and energy generation is to be set. With
increased cost from requirements such as the European
chemicals regulation REACH, the paper industry will not be able
to compete with subsidized biomass producers. Incentives for
energy recovery are still allowed, in particular for the promotion
of renewable energy sources, which are driven by quantitative
national green energy targets. The signs of market distortions
are already visible.
Municipalities may be tempted to opt for short-sighted
lowest cost solutions unless European rules give clear guidance
on promoting source-separated collection and material recycling
of used paper.
Jori Ringman is Recycling Director at The Confederation of
European Paper Industries (CEPI).
e-mail: j.ringman@cepi.org
Further reading
For more detailed information on the environmental benefits of
paper recycling over other recovery options, we suggest the
European Environment Agencys study on Paper and cardboard
recovery or disposal? Review of life-cycle assessment and
costbenefit analysis on the recovery and disposal of paper and
cardboard (EEA Technical report No 5/2006)
http://reports.eea.europa.eu/technical_report_2006_5/en/technic
al_report_5_2006.pdf
Advances in paper-recycling technology
Paper machines have become bigger and faster over the
past years. Modern paper recycling mills can consume
600,000 tonnes of recovered paper yearly.
Near infra-red and other inspection technologies are
enhancing the early stages of the recycling process,
raising throughput rate and output quality.
The recyclability and de-inkability of paper and board
products are increasing as a result of ongoing research
and development, enabling more material to be reused
in paper-making.
Inside the Braviken paper mill in Sweden. Paper-recycling technologies
have been improving over the years. PHOTO: HOLMEN PAPER
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States lead the way
A
merica does not have a national recycling law. Instead,
America has a national solid waste management law
called the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA). But in spite of its name, RCRA has little to do with
resource conservation and even less with resource recovery.
Although the US Congress has not passed a recycling
legislation, state laws have transformed recycling in the United
States. How has this come about? This article examines the nature
of recycling legislation at both national and state levels, and
reviews the goals that are shaping the countrys recycling landscape.
Recycling laws at the federal level
Americans produce a large amount of garbage: approximately
360 million tonnes a year, according to a recent survey.
1
Americans also recycle and compost approximately
100 million tonnes of solid waste every year. While the overall
recovery rate (of about 30%) is less than
that found in many other countries,
this nevertheless represents a significant
increase from two decades ago.
Before the advent of federal and state
solid waste legislation, recycling was
driven purely by market forces. Prior to
Earth Day in 1970, America recycled well under 10% of its waste.
Municipal collection programmes were non-existent. Paper was
often collected in paper drives organized by Boy Scouts and
similar groups. Family-owned scrap dealers bought paper and
metal scrap based on the demand by end markets for additional
raw materials.
Americas first federal solid waste law, the Solid Waste
Disposal Act (SWDA), didnt even mention recycling. SWDA was
a 1965 amendment to the original Clean Air Act. The law
created a small federal solid waste office with some research and
grant authority.
Eleven years later, Congress passed the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), which remains the
cornerstone of federal solid waste and recycling legislation.
RCRA abolished open dumps and required the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) to write regulations for hazardous waste
management and guidelines for solid waste disposal. The
hazardous waste regulations were written by the end of the
1970s, but the landfill rules were another decade in the making
and did not come into effect until 1991.
In spite of RCRAs title, the law did little to encourage
recycling except to require EPA to write regulations that would
increase federal purchases of products made with recycled
content. Even that responsibility was ignored for years as EPA
concentrated on hazardous waste regulations and then landfill
disposal rules. In the early years of RCRA, EPA had a small but
active recycling programme. Federal grant funds financed
Americas first multi-material kerbside collection recycling
programmes (in the state of Massachusetts) along with other
recycling projects. EPA published how-to manuals and sponsored
kerbside recycling workshops throughout the country. However,
the recycling office was closed in 1981.
The rationale behind RCRA
RCRA is unique among national environmental legislation in its
declaration that solid waste collection and disposal remained a
responsibility of state and local governments. While the federal
government retained oversight authority over state solid waste
management programmes, the states remained the primary
States lead the way
Pioneering recycling efforts in the US
by Chaz Miller
Americas recycling rate has doubled over the past
15 years, but this has occurred in the absence of a
federal law on recycling. Instead, state legislation and
local support have been leading the action.
MAIN PHOTO Waste collection is the responsibility of state and local
governments. PHOTO: NSWMA
RCRA allowed the states to enact solid
waste regulations that were more
stringent than the federal criteria
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States lead the way
initiators of solid waste and recycling laws and the chief enforcers
of landfill regulations. Other environmental laws dont place this
emphasis on local control. Congress realized that air and water
pollution, for instance, could easily travel across state lines. The
states were not given primary responsibility for regulating air
and water pollution. However, local governments traditionally
managed solid waste, and their garbage was, and still is, usually
landfilled or burned in nearby facilities.
Significantly, RCRA allowed the states to enact solid waste
regulations that were more stringent than the federal criteria.
While many states choose to adopt the federal rules as written by
EPA, others chose to impose additional requirements on
landfills. For instance, the EPA landfill rules require a single
composite liner for landfills. Pennsylvania and several other
states, however, require a double composite liner at landfills. As
a result, states and local governments are free to enact whatever
solid waste and recycling laws they choose, so long as those laws
are at least as stringent as the federal laws. In the absence of
federal recycling laws, the states have free run.
Although the RCRA has been amended several times since it
was originally passed in 1976, none of the amendments covered
recycling. The last major attempt to enact Federal recycling
legislation occurred in 1992. That bill would have imposed a
number of recycling requirements upon packages, but lacked
enough support to come to a vote in either house of Congress
The legislation, known as Multi-Option Packaging Strategy
(MOPS), passed a House sub-committee but never was voted on
by the whole committee nor was considered by the Senate.
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Legislation after the garbage barge
In the 15 years since 1991, little of substance has been enacted
at the state level. While between 200 and 300 recycling bills
are introduced into state legislatures every year, most of them
die quickly. Generally the laws that are passed are minor
tweaks to existing legislation. Californias recycling laws are so
complicated that every year the state leads the nation in the
number of recycling bills introduced and passed. Typical of
state action was Marylands decision in 2000 to create a
voluntary 40% waste diversion goal. Marylands goal includes
a 5% credit for source-reduction activities such as backyard
compost pile and grass cycling programmes. (Grass cycling
occurs when mown grass is left on the lawn and not placed on
compost piles or put in the garbage bins.) Hawaii passed a
bottle bill in 2004, but attempts to impose container deposits
in other states have failed. Delaware is currently considering a
source separation law, but it is unlikely to pass this year. E-
waste is the wild card. Six states have enacted statewide
electronics product recycling laws. If enough states require e-
waste recycling, the Federal Congress will step in and pass a
national bill to ensure consistency among the states. (For
more information on WEEE recycling in the US, see article
starting on page 25).
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States lead the way
State recycling legislation
After the RCRA went into effect, the states moved quickly to
establish management programmes for hazardous and solid
waste. They moved less quickly on recycling. With the exception
of bottle bills, most states did nothing on recycling until the late
1980s. During the 70s and 80s, many state legislatures
considered requiring a deposit on beer and soft drink bottles and
cans. The goal of the legislation was to prevent container litter
and encourage recycling. By the end of the 1980s, 10 states
mandated a deposit. Notably, container recycling has higher
rates in those states than in the non-deposit states.
Two states, Rhode Island and New Jersey, took a more
comprehensive approach to recycling in the mid-80s. Both are
small, densely populated states with a significant shortage of
available land for landfills. In response, they developed
trailblazing mandatory recycling legislation. While their
approaches differed slightly, they required local governments to
offer recycling programmes for a number of materials (at first,
this was usually newspaper, glass bottles and metal cans). State
officials worked closely with local governments to establish the
programmes. Rhode Island went so far as to build a materials
recovery facility in 1990 to process the recyclables.
The efforts in those states were bolstered by kerbside
recycling programmes that started collecting newspaper in 1970
after Earth Day. In 1976 the first multi-material programmes
began collecting cans and glass bottles in addition to
newspapers. Over the next decade, the number of kerbside
programmes slowly grew until more than 600 were in operation
throughout the United States (with most of the programmes in
the Northeastern or the West Coast states).
And then, in March 1987, a barge loaded with over 2700
tonnes of New York solid waste set sail for a landfill in South
Carolina. Refused permission to unload in that state, the
garbage barge sailed forlornly around the south-eastern coast,
never allowed to stop and unload. The Flying Dutchman of
garbage became a media event. With the absence of a federal
recycling law, the states stepped into the void. By 1991, 39 states
and the District of Columbia had passed recycling legislation.
The only states that hadnt were mostly sparsely populated states
in the intermountain west and the Great Plains that had low
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Kerbside recycling programmes have dramatically boosted recycling rates in
the US . PHOTO: NSWMA
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States lead the way
tipping fees for landfills. EPA reopened its recycling office in
response to the national demand to do something about waste.
Different types of state legislation
Generally, state recycling legislation falls into one of three
categories:
2
mandatory source separation
planning for recycling
providing an opportunity to recycle.
Mandatory source separation laws, which are found in seven
states and the District of Columbia, require local governments to
mandate the separation of at least three materials from the waste
stream for recycling. These laws often exclude smaller towns
from the source separation requirement. In one state, the source
separation requirement only applies to office paper and
corrugated boxes generated by businesses. Recycling
programmes in the source-separation states became examples of
success, and New Jersey and Rhode Island officials became
fixtures at state recycling conferences, explaining how their laws
had succeeded.
Not all states wished to mandate source separation at the
local level. Many states opted to require local governments to
develop recycling plans and to meet state recycling or waste
reduction goals. For instance, Maryland set a 20% recycling goal
for 1994 for urban counties and a 15% goal for rural counties.
States varied in how aggressively they enforced the recycling
goals. California was the most aggressive in this regard. The
Golden States recycling law established a 50% waste diversion
goal by 2000. Local governments were to submit recycling,
source reduction and composting plans indicating how the
diversion goal would be met. The law includes a US$10,000 a
day fine that can be assessed against jurisdictions that fail to meet
the goal. In reality, few local governments are even threatened
with the fine. Most want to co-operate with state mandates.
However, in a few instances, California state officials have
threatened to levy fines against local governments that showed
no interest in meeting their legal responsibilities.
In the middle are the dozen states that required local
governments to provide an opportunity to recycle. While this
seems to be more aggressive than just a recycling plan and a state
goal, in fact, the recycling requirement could be met by a
kerbside collection programme or a drop-off centre.
Having outlined the three main types of legislation, one
should note that state policy does not always fit within these
categories. For example, Wisconsin does not have recycling
goals. Instead it has a complex system that bans the landfilling of
common recyclables such as newspaper, aluminium or steel cans,
and glass bottles, and then rewards those local governments that
meet recycling targets. Rural and urban counties are given
differing collection targets for these recyclables, with the targets
lower in rural counties (82.4 pounds or 37.4 kg per person
recycled each year) than in urban areas (106.6 pounds or 48.4 kg
per person recycled each year). A local government or group of
governments, called a Responsible Unit in the Wisconsin law,
that meets the target collection rate has an effective recycling
programme and is exempt from the disposal ban.
US recycling goals
In 2005 the US EPA announced a 35% national recycling goal by
2008. This modest goal was set after the EPA determined that
America was recovering through recycling or composting about
30% of our municipal solid waste. Forty-two states also have
recycling or waste diversion goals. Most are voluntary. Some
come with dates, such as Massachusetts goal of achieving 70%
waste reduction by 2010. None of the goals was established on a
rigorous analysis of how material could be recycled. Instead they
are the result of political compromise and hope. Eighteen states
have goals to recycle or divert 50% or more of their waste. The
other states have set lower goals.
Conclusion
In summary, federal recycling legislation does not exist in
America. Instead, state legislation has played a dynamic role in
transforming recycling from a supply- and demand-driven
business to a legislated reality.
Not surprisingly, the states with the most aggressive
requirements, such as New Jersey and California, tend to have
the highest recycling rates. Americas recycling rate has doubled
to 30% in the 15 years since 1990, when states began to actively
promote recycling. State laws wouldnt stay in effect if it wasnt for
widespread support for recycling at the local level. As long as
collection programmes are efficient and economical, that
support will continue.
Chaz Miller is Director of State Programs at the National Solid
Wastes Management Association
e-mail: cmiller@envasns.org
web: www.nswma.org
Notes
1. Garbage in America, Biocycle magazine, April 2006, Table 3.
2. Recycling in the States, National Solid Wastes Management
Association, published every year from 19881993.
Requirements for recycling differ by state. PHOTO: NSWMA
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Pass the parcel
A
town of 100,000 inhabitants collecting 100% of its
household recyclable packaging waste could recycle
780 tonnes of steel, 200 tonnes of aluminium, 470 tonnes
of plastics, 2300 tonnes of paper and 2200 tonnes of glass per
year.
1
This thought-provoking statistic encapsulates the broad
scope for materials recovery from packaging waste, and hints at
the challenge faced by the waste management industry.
Packaging unpacked
Generally speaking, there are three main types of packaging:
sales packaging surrounding the product and informing a
customer about the product
secondary packaging used to group a number of products
together
transit packaging including items such as pallets and
shrink wrap. Two companies that specialize in transit
packaging are shown in the box below.
In material terms, packaging can be commonly divided into the
following components: plastics, metal (steel and aluminium),
glass, wood, paper and board. While it is impossible to cover all
types of packaging within the confines of one article, there is
scope to highlight the diversity of variables in this sector by
examining one material type in greater detail.
Plastic packaging
Having settled on plastics as the sample material, let us first get
a sense of scale in this sector.
According to the British Plastics Federation (BPF), 50% of
Europes food is packaged in plastics and the plastics industry
employees 74,000 people in the UK alone [with a sales value of
2.75 billion (4 billion)]. Furthermore, data from the
European Association of Plastics Recycling and Recovery
Pass the parcel
Unwrapping the field of packaging waste
by Guy Robinson
Packaging is big business. So too is packaging waste.
Recent statistics on different types of packaging
suggest a diverse and busy future for the waste
industry, driven by evolving legislation and aided by
new systems and technologies.
MAIN PHOTO The many types of packaging materials produced and used have a
large potential for recycling
Transit packaging
Cross Wrap Oy a company based in Finland manufactures
automatic stretch-wrap packing machines, in particular for
wrapping bales of waste and recyclable materials. According to
Ms Satu Kivel, Managing Director for the company, wrapped
bales reduce the cost of handling, transport, storage and
labour, and are environmentally friendly since the film is made
of recyclable polyethylene. Wrapped bales can be stored or
transported as required, without litter or smell. Cross Wraps
machines are already in operation at approximately 100 sites
in 24 different countries worldwide and, since 1994, they have
wrapped over 20 million tonnes of waste materials.
Blagden Packaging specializes in the production,
reconditioning and distribution of steel drums and other
industrial packaging. Headquartered in Rumbeke, Belgium, it
employs 1700 people in nearly 35 service and production
centres across Europe and Asia. On 31 March 2006 it completed
the purchase of the container and closure division of Hong
Leong Group Singapore, thus widening its reach outside Europe.
An interesting aspect of the companys business is that it
offers the Blagden Return Service to its customers in Europe,
where used industrial packaging is collected and processed at
their reconditioning sites in accordance with environmental
and regulatory requirements. In this scheme, Blagden uses its
own European distribution and collection network to collect
suitable used packaging regardless of whether Blagden
supplied the packaging or not.
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Organisations (EPRO) suggest the use of plastics
packaging is increasing, though consumption figures
vary (from 11 kg/person in Finland to 24 kg/person in Spain).
In terms of recycling activity, EPRO states that
approximately 1.8 million tonnes of plastics packaging were
collected for recycling by its members in 2004. And according
to Applied Market Information Ltd (AMI) Europes largest
plastics recycling group is the Ravago group, which is
estimated to reprocess in excess of 200,000 tonnes of waste per
year at plants in Belgium, France, Germany, Spain and Italy.
What is plastic packaging and where does it come from?
Plastic packaging comes in all shapes and sizes from bottles
and plastic film to crates and drums and a broad range of
materials are used to develop these applications. For example,
PET (polyethylene terephthalate) and HDPE (high-density
polyethylene) are both commonly used to make different
types of bottle.
The majority of plastics produced today are termed
thermoplastics, meaning that they soften when heated.
Generally speaking, thermoplastics are easier to recycle than
thermoset plastics. Polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP),
polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are all commonly
recycled, though recovery can be made more complex by a
product being comprised of more than one type of polymer.
AMI has recently carried out a survey of over 1000 plastics
recyclers in Europe. Data from this survey is available in their
new report AMIs guide to the plastics recycling industry in
Europe. The report focuses in particular on companies active in
mechanical recycling of thermoplastics.
According to the companies surveyed by AMI, the most
important source of raw materials for recyclers is the industrial
market, with nearly 90% of companies taking materials from it.
In contrast, less than 10% of the companies sourced waste from
the agricultural sector. Around 30% of companies recycle
commercial or post-consumer household waste.
Managing plastic packaging waste
There are two preferred routes for managing plastic packaging
waste:
recycling: divided into mechanical recycling and feedstock
recycling (chemical reprocessing)
incineration with energy recovery.
In simple terms, for a single, sorted plastic waste stream,
mechanical recycling is usually the favoured option, whereas
energy recovery is more commonly used to handle mixed plastic
waste or plastics that are difficult to recycle.
EPRO indicates that more than 50% of plastic packaging is
recovered for energy in countries like Sweden, Denmark, Norway
and Belgium. But it is interesting to note that this is not an
either or situation, since EPRO also indicates that Belgium is
currently leading the pack in terms of recycling, having achieved
a rate of 32% (through a nationwide system for collection of
plastic bottles, beverage cartons, etc., and a producer-backed
company taking care of all transport packaging).
Recycling levels for plastics can be lower than for other
waste streams because of the high volume-to-weight ratio. This
makes collection services less efficient unless, of course, the
services include an element of on-site treatment, such as a
mobile plastics shredder being tested by Axion Recycling Ltd
in a project funded by the UKs Waste & Resources Action
Programme (WRAP). (Axions experience to date has found
the service is commercially viable on material such as
domestic water and gas pipes commonly HDPE but the
The most important source
of raw materials for
recyclers is the industrial
market
PET recycling
The Packaging Waste Directive (2004/12/EC) stipulates that
most European Member States must recycle 22.5%
minimum of plastics packaging waste by 2008.
During the past 10 years the demand in western Europe
for PET used in soft drinks and water bottles has grown
from about 800,000 tonnes to 2.3 million tonnes (see
Figure A). The main drivers behind this growth (circa
10% per annum on average) have been PETs light weight,
transparency, burst strength and its properties as a gas
barrier.
PET accounted for 14% of the 16 million tonnes of
plastics packaging used in 2004 and 30% of the PET was
collected. PETCORE has recently announced that European
post-consumer PET collection rates reached 796,000 tonnes
in 2005, a 15.1% increase over the previous year. Germany,
France and Italy account for 60% of the European recycling
via deposits, a green dot scheme and a product recycling
levy. Switzerland has a high level of returns as a result of an
advanced disposal fee.
In 2004 circa 75% of the reclaimed PET was recycled by
mechanical means into fibres, sheeting, strapping and
bottles (mainly non-food). In future, more attention may be
drawn to chemical recycling and waste-to-energy as the
price of crude oil continues to climb.
by Rob Crawshaw, Consultant, Plastics Europe
Water
32%
Carbonated soft drinks
29%
Refillable drinks
2%
Other drinks
10%
Food 7%
Sheeting for formed
packaging for food
15%
Non-food
5%
FIGURE A. The PET market in Europe, 2005
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Passion for Shredding weima.com
SITA Deutschland Bautrans, Karlsruhe Sperzel, Frankfurt Lang, Gaggenau
Leading RDF-Producers choose WEIMA. Again and again.
High productivity, low energy consumption, extremely low wear costs: WEIMA shredding and granula-
tion technology sets standards in RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) production. And that goes with service
that includes absolutely everything from individual plant planning advice, right up to technical support.
Leading companies choosing WEIMA:
New. PreCut by WEIMA.
WEIMA rounds off its EBS series for RDF production with the new and powerful pre-shredder.
With immediate effect, you can now receive WEIMA shredding and granulation solutions
for all stages of RDF processing.
Visit us:
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Pass the parcel
case has yet to be proven in the UK for packaging materials
such as larger food containers and crates.)
The boxes on p.40 and opposite page offer further data
on these two disposal routes, focusing (respectively) on
PET recycling and thermal treatment of mixed plastic waste.
Packaging waste generation and recovery
Let us now broaden the discussion of recovery rates to cover all
types of packaging. A useful overview of packaging generation
and recovery rates in Europe was published by the European
Environment Agency (EEA) in 2001. Data extracted from this
review are included in Table 1. Unsurprisingly, recovery rates
vary considerably.
More recently, on 1 June 2006, the Steel Recycling Institute
announced that the recycling rate for the worlds most recycled
packaging material steel increased to 63% in the US for
2005. And in the UK, DEFRA (the Department for Environment,
Food and Rural Affairs) released its 2005 figures indicating that
74.2% of paper packaging in the whole UK waste stream was
recycled, 52% for glass, 28.2%, for aluminium, 51.4% for steel
and 54.6% for wood.
These data give some insight into the level of recycling
currently being achieved. But what about the underlying
mechanisms? What is driving recycling in this sector?
Packaging waste management
In common with other waste streams, packaging waste
management systems depend on the interplay between the
general public, industry and government.
Clearly the general public needs to be educated about the
potential for recycling packaging waste and encouraged to
avoid the easy option of disposal in mixed waste bins. The
supply of plastic waste into the recovery chain relies
on such education. (A useful information sheet on
packaging waste is available at www.wasteonline.org.uk)
But while motivating public participation is important, such
Substitute Fuels -
Processing Systems
Size reduction
Conveying
Separating
www.l -rt.com
The specialist in
RDF-Shreddi ng
(Refuse Derived Fuels)
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Packaging waste management
systems depend on the
interplay between the public,
industry and government
TABLE 1. Packaging waste generation, recycling and recovery in Europe, 2001.
SOURCE: ADAPTED FROM EEA REPORT
2
Austria Denmark Ireland Italy UK EU-15
Total packaging waste 1097 1029 820 11,262 9314 64,876
generation 2001
(thousand tonnes)
Recycling 64 50 27 46 42 53
(EU target 2001 = 25%)
Recovery 73 90 27 51 48 60
(EU target 2001 = 50%)
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Pass the parcel
Green fuel from plastic waste
In its Resource Conservation Challenge action plan 2005, the
US EPA announced its intention to increase plastic wrap
recovery/diversion from 6.6% to 19% by 2008. By implication
the remainder is primarily sent to landfill. Non-degradable
plastic forms a significant proportion of solid waste in landfills
throughout the world. One potential solution for diverting this
type of waste in the future is pyrolysis.
Dutch-based environmental technology company
EnvoSmart Technologies has recently acquired the sole sales
and distribution rights for the ThermoFuel system within a
large part of Europe from the Australia-based
company Ozmotech. The ThermoFuel system uses
pyrolysis, catalytic converting and distillation to
produce a clean-burning, high-energy diesel fuel.
John Bouterse, CEO of EnvoSmart Technologies
explains: A major benefit of the process is its
ability to handle post-consumer and post-industrial
unwashed and unsorted waste plastics. This means
that heavily contaminated plastics such as
recaptured domestic plastics with a wide variety of
residues (including oil and/or foods), silage wraps,
trickle tapes, laminates and multi-layer films, can
be treated without difficulty.
A ThermoFuel plant can process up to 20 tonnes
of waste plastics per day and is compliant with EU
and UK emission and standards requirements. For
each tonne of plastics, the plant produces up to
930 litres of distillate, which can be used as fuel for diesel
burners, trucks and buses, etc.
John Bouterse continues: although the fuel produced with
the ThermoFuel system complies with the EN590 standard, it
is still based on a fossil origin. As a result we call it green
diesel and not biodiesel. In the current political situation,
we do not comply with the European guidelines set out to
stimulate biofuels; however, we believe that the global market
should adapt accordingly and support all alternative energy
solutions.
EnvoSmarts catalytic converter produces a high-energy fuel from plastic waste
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action would be fruitless unless the demand for recycled
products (such as new packaging materials or garden furniture)
is also nurtured. In part this depends on the consistent
production of quality recyclate. Principally this means effective
sorting by the waste industry. A case study from one company
specializing in sorting equipment is shown above.
The third key stakeholder in this system is government. In
Europe the Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive is a key
legislative tool in this sector, and is one of the few European
Directives to contain directly measurable targets.
Ten years after adoption of this Directive, the EU Council
and Parliament have asked the European Commission to report
on progress. As an aid to preparing its report, the EC
commissioned two studies, and EUROPEN (the European
Organization for Packaging and the Environment) actively
participated in the stakeholder consultations for both. The EC
has yet to release its findings of this review; however, EUROPEN
has made its own evaluation and recommendations. This report
is available at www.europen.be and includes some interesting
findings. For example:
The Directive is succeeding in meeting its environmental
objective as more than 60% of used packaging is now
diverted from landfill, leading to (among other benefits) a
reduction of greenhouse gas emissions of 25 million tonnes
of CO
2
equivalent. Industry-funded recovery schemes have
been the major contributing factor to this success in most
countries.
The volume of packaging placed on the market has been
decoupled from GDP growth in Europe.
Member States have been permitted to adopt national
legislation specifically targeting beverage packaging in a
discriminatory way. This has led to increasingly complex
and unmanageable regulation, in direct conflict with the
spirit and aims of the EU Commission Better Regulation
initiative.
EUROPENs recommendations include amongst others the
need for urgent action to safeguard the internal market and fair
competition objective of the Directive, and to prevent any further
erosion of the Directives harmonization goals.
Industry outlook
How can one summarize such a diverse field? An easy conclusion
to draw is that packaging is big business. The value of Chinas
packaging industry output reached over US$50 billion last year,
up 22.4% year on year, according to Shi Wanpeng, President of
the China Packaging Federation. And the waste management
industry is growing in parallel, having to move quickly to offer
sustainable solutions and much-needed processing capacity.
Packaging waste sorting
The use of automated sorting systems in the recycling
industry has seen a steady upswing since the mid-1990s. The
earliest systems were all based on one type of identification
technology NIR (near-infrared) spectroscopy which delivers
characteristic ranges for different materials, enabling the
system to distinguish between such waste products as
beverage cartons, various kinds of plastics and mixed paper.
NIR systems were originally used in sorting facilities to
reclaim secondary raw materials from the packaging
collected by Germanys DSD recycling system. As
installations increased, so did confidence in the new
technology, with the result that people soon began to
consider other potential applications.
In addition to sorting mixed plastics into different
polymers, the idea that PET and polyethylene bottles
could be separated by colour began to attract interest
outside Germany. Today, colour sorting is handled by
camera-based colour image processing systems or
special high-resolution colour sensors.
From 2001, further development produced systems
that are used to separate the de-inking fraction from
waste paper streams. These systems have new sensors
(CMYK) that recognize the colour quality of printed
materials. Combining the new sensors with advanced
NIR and camera technology gave the industry the
high-capacity systems that it deploys in this field today.
Over the past few years, discussions have focused
on extending the flexibility of sorting facilities to
handle fundamentally different tasks. The new TiTech
VisionSort sensor technology is equally suitable for sorting
secondary fuels, separating PET colours and de-inking
fractions or extracting recyclable materials from waste-
packaging streams. The modular sensor concept makes it
possible to deliver either a basic system that copes with
current sorting requirements and can be upgraded later, or a
system that can handle all potential applications right from
the start.
Tom Eng, Sales & Marketing Manager, TiTech
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Pass the parcel
The design of the packaging material itself is also evolving to
take account of its own life-cycle impact. In addition to initiatives
that support reusable packaging, designers are increasingly
turning to biodegradable products, such as:
Creative Edge Packaging hopes to transform the ready-meal
tray market in the UK and Europe with its new
environmentally friendly alternative. The company uses
bagasse (waste from sugar cane once the juice is extracted)
as its raw material, which is biodegradable.
Green Mountain Coffee Roasters and International Paper
have launched a hot beverage cup made from corn, which is
also biodegradable. They claim that Americans last year
used 14.4 billion hot beverage cups, which would circle the
earth 55 times when placed end-to-end; and if all those
cups used a corn-based lining, the saved oil could heat
8300 homes each year.
However, not all packaging is evolving with sustainability in
mind. According to a new report from NonMarkets LC, the
global smart packaging market will grow to US$4.8 billion in
2011 and reach $14.1 billion in 2013. The report, titled Smart
Packaging Markets: 20062013, indicates that the arrival of a
broad range of printable electronics is making smarter
packaging possible. This can range from using chip-based RFID
(radio-frequency identification) tags which combat
counterfeiting, to time or temperature indicators on food
produce. One wonders how this trend will impact on materials
recovery and how the waste industry will respond to a blend of
packaging that is part-polymer and part-WEEE. Let us hope that
advances in packaging technology do not move at such a speed
that the infrastructure developed to recover materials cannot
keep up.
Guy Robinson is Commissioning Editor of WMW.
e-mail: wmw@jxj.com
Notes
1. Derived by the Bio Intelligence Service from Canadean &
BCME, 2002, and Performance, feasibility and cost of
different collection systems, Coopers & Lybrand, 1995.
2. Effectiveness of packaging waste management systems in
selected countries: an EEA pilot study, European
Environment Agency, 2005, www.eea.eu.int.
The design of packaging
material is evolving to
take account of its own
life-cycle impact
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New Books on Bioenergy
from Earthscan
New Books on Bioenergy
from Earthscan
The world is on the verge of an unprecedented increase in the production and use of
biofuels for transport. The combination of rising oil prices, issues of security, climate
instability and pollution, deepening poverty in rural and agricultural areas, and a host
of improved technologies, is propelling governments to enact powerful incentives for
the use of these fuels, which is in turn sparking investment.
Biofuels for Transport is a unique and comprehensive assessment of the opportuni-
ties and risks of the large-scale production of biofuels, which demystifies complex
questions and concerns, such as the food v. fuel debate. Global in scope, it is fur-
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The authors conclude that biofuels will play a significant role in our energy future, but
warn that the large-scale use of biofuels carries risks that require focused and imme-
diate policy initiatives.
Biofuels for Transport
Global Potential and Implications for Energy and Agriculture
By The Worldwatch Institute
(Hbk ISBN 1844074226 | 49.95 | January 2007)
Responding to the need for reliable and detailed information on biomass
consumption and supply and overcoming the lack of standardized measurement
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biomass resource base, the tools to assess the resource and the pros and cons of
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herbaceous biomass, biomass supply and consumption and remote sensing
techniques.
International case studies, ranging from techniques for measuring tree volume to
transporting biomass, help to illustrate step-by-step methods and are based on
field work experience. A set of technical appendices offer a glossary of terms,
energy units and other valuable resource data.
The Biomass Assessment Handbook
Bioenergy for a Sustainable Environment
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(Hbk ISBN 1844072851 | 49.95 | August 2006)
For more information or to order, simply visit www.earthscan.co.uk or call us on +44 (0)20 7387 8558
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Emotional attachment
L
andfills around the globe are overloaded with fully
functional appliances freezers that still freeze and toasters
that still toast their only crime being a failure to sustain an
emotional attachment to their users. Waste of this nature can
thus be seen as a symptom of a failed relationship, split by one
single yet profoundly universal inconsistency
consumer desires relentlessly grow and flex while
material possessions remain relatively frozen in time.
This incapacity for mutual evolution renders most
products incapable of sustaining a durable
relationship with their users. The mountain of electronic and
electrical waste this single inconsistency generates is
unsustainably large, and comes at increasing cost to both the
natural world and manufacturers who fail to meet the
forthcoming legislative demands of the European WEEE Directive.
The conventional model of durability and waste
Few would contest that the principal endeavour of durability is
to optimize objects functional lives. As a result it is natural for
most designers to focus on the objects survival in their design
methodologies. In these somewhat superficial scenarios,
durability is distinguished purely by a products physical
endurance, whether cherished or discarded; engineers
triumphantly celebrate as fully functioning hairdryers emerge
from a five-year landfill hiatus. Is this durable product design,
or simply the designing of durable waste? Landfills bloat with
strata upon strata of durable goods, slowly living out their tough
robust existences beneath ten thousand tonnes of like-minded
scrap. It therefore appears clear that there is little point
designing physical durability into consumer goods, if the
consumer has no desire to keep them. In addition, product
failure is essentially characterized by blown circuits, stress
fractures and a host of other technical and physical glitches; in
attending solely to physical ageing, invaluable alternative
renderings of durability are overlooked.
If we are to develop new ways of working in compliance with
Developing lasting relationships with our belongings
by Jonathan Chapman
These days, a products physical longevity will not
prevent it from being thrown away if the owner no
longer wants it. To avoid unnecessary waste of
otherwise useful goods, is it time we should start to
form emotional bonds with them?
MAIN PHOTO Denim jeans have supported emotionally durable relationships
for decades. ALL PHOTOS: KATHERINE ANNE ROSE 2005
Waste of this nature is a symptom
of a failed relationship
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WEEE legislation, we must begin by breaking away from the
physical model of durability and product longevity, to
develop greater understanding of the sustainability of
empathy, meaning, desire and other metaphysical factors that
influence the duration of product life.
Sustainable design is symptom-focused
In the last 40 years, countless strategic approaches to sustainable
design, from the bizarre to the banal, have circulated the more
progressive creative ponds. Many of these approaches focus
purely on specific stages of the product life-cycle; these are
generically referred to as Design for X (DfX) strategies. These
DfX strategies including design for disassembly, design for
recycling and design for reuse are increasingly deployed by the
white goods, electronics and automotive sectors where legislative
demand for waste minimization such as WEEE is mounting fast.
Other popular strategies include alternative energies, from solar
to human power, sourcing local materials and processes,
collapsible objects to conserve landfill space, supply chain
management, zero emissions, compostable products and a
growing interest in edible packaging to name but a small
handful. Despite their apparent diversity, in their current guise
sustainable design methodologies lack philosophical depth,
adopting a symptom-focused approach comparable to that of
western medicine.
Many healthcare professionals candidly admit that western
medical practice is frequently more concerned with the
suppression of undesirable symptoms than with the actual
restoration of health per se. If a patient has a headache for
example, a western doctor will most likely prescribe drugs to
mask the pain, with little regard to what may be causing the
discomfort. However, experienced Chinese medical practitioners
state that over 50% of headaches are caused by the bodys
inability to detoxify as a result of mild dehydration, and are
Outcasts in an age of innovation
In a world where innovation is expected, material culture
has adopted an expendable and sacrificial persona. Tonight,
a flat-screen Trinitron TV lies face down, discarded like a
spent cigarette in the wet space between pavement and
road; an abandoned refrigerator stands outcast in a dark
suburban alleyway, while an Apple Macintosh from the
beige era garnishes a skip filled with construction rubble.
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airOr preci=icr ir ervircrrertal
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thus curable by simply drinking a large glass of water. For decades
the consumer machine has raged forth practically unchanged,
leaving designers to attend the periphery, healing mere
symptoms of what is in essence a fundamentally flawed system.
Amidst the frantic scramble to comply with forthcoming
demands of legislation such as WEEE, the root causes of the
ecological crisis we face are often overlooked; meanwhile
consumers continue wastefully
on, but now they do so with
recycled materials instead of
virgin ones. Indeed, sustainable
design has developed a tendency
to focus on the symptoms of the
ecological crisis rather than the
actual causes. In consequence,
deeper strategic possibilities are overlooked which, if developed,
might build further value into existing waste-minimizing
methodologies. By failing to understand the actual drivers
underpinning the human consumption and waste of goods,
sustainable design resigns itself to being a peripheral activity,
rather than the central pioneer of positive social change that it
potentially could be.
Emotionally durable design
Products with emotionally durable characteristics already exist,
and in surprising numbers. For example, jeans may be
described as emotionally durable; purchased like blank
canvases, jeans are worked on, sculpted and personified over
time. Like a second skin they are lived in, faded and bulged by
our experiences. Jeans are like familiar old friends; the
character they acquire provides reflection of ones own
experiences, taking the relationship beyond user-and-used to
creator-and-creature. To intensify the sense of creation further,
people rip their jeans, cut them with knives, scrub them with a
yard brush, bleach them and throw paint over them. One
woman in New Jersey takes the notion of customization a step
further by driving a pick-up truck over her pair, all to intensify
and personalize the accumulation of patina.
On a more technological note, the fast-growing industry of
domestic robotics is all too aware of the crucial role that
emotional durability plays in the nurturing of lasting
subject/object relationships; global giants like Sony, Honda and
Samsung invest substantial capital into the research and
development of digital products that users are likely to nurture
durable emotional attachments to.
Launched on-line in 1999, Aibo (Artificial Intelligence
roBOt) comes with six basic emotions happiness, anger,
sadness, dislike, fear and surprise and four basic urges to love,
Amidst the scramble to comply with the
demands of legislation, the root causes of
the ecological crisis are often overlooked
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explore, move and be recharged that begin lightly to scratch
the complex surface of human behavioural ambiguity, though
its emotional capabilities are still quite primitive. Several
product generations later in 2001, the Aibo ERS-220 popped
its head out of the Sony kennel, bringing with it a 75-word
vocabulary and an onboard camera with which to take its own
photographs. It also uses a combination of lights with which it
communicates its moods and also expresses itself quite strongly
to the owner. It can also learn tricks and react to complex voice
commands, and has numerous sensors enabling appropriate
feedback in response to petting (or lack of
petting in the more neglectful cases).
Furthermore, the nature of interaction
that occurs between an ERS-220 and its
owner shapes the growth of its character
and temperament. To make things even
more interesting, it cannot be reset and so
must be lovingly raised from a naive pooch to a wise old hound.
This places a certain parental responsibility on the owners
shoulders, coercing them to tread carefully and treat their new
companion well in order to avoid ending up with an adolescent
rogue instead of the subservient robo-pup so fondly dreamt of.
WEEE and the economics of product life extension
The steady increase in legislation such as the WEEE Directive
continues to turn up the heat on designers and manufacturers,
the pressure to be ecologically accountable is increasing fast.
However, when set against the commercial backdrop of
continually newer and shinier things, a discussion on product
life extension and desirable ageing strategies appears
somewhat impromptu; when considering the future extension
of product longevity, the underlying question might still
therefore be: how can the economy survive if we only sell one
unit per consumer?
This would seem at first to be a valid question. To suggest
that consumers should keep what they have and for longer
grates harshly against the current model of global capitalism.
Yet in allowing consumers to develop a degree of empathy with
the products they own, you automatically nurture a visceral
empathy with that particular brand. The felt sense of empathy
resonates deeply within consumers perceptions of a particular
corporations core values, and this is vigorously influential
over both the intensity and longevity of relationships that
consumers establish with a particular brand.
Turnover can still be generated long after an product has
been sold through upgrade, repair and servicing, for
example and for this reason those at boardroom level should
cease to recoil in terror at the very thought of extending
product lifespans; on the contrary, if revenue can be generated
6
th
International Electronics Recycling Congress
17 19January 2007, Hamburg, Germany
The leading experts in the field of electronics recycling will meet and discuss about:
How do electronics manufacturers close the recycling loop?
Challenges of the systems & recycling industry
Country reports of US, Asian and European markets
Round table and presentations about REACH and RoHS
Keynote Speakers from the industry and autorities will present updates about regula-
tions and policies as well as challenges of the international trading of WEEE scrap.
The participants have the opportunity to visit a leading copper smelter or a successful
electronics recycling plant.
For further information, please contact:
ICM AG, International Congress & Marketing, Schwaderhof 524, 5708 Birrwil, Switzerland
Phone +41 62 785 10 00, Fax +41 62 785 10 05, info@icm.ch, www.icm.ch
Congress program and registration form available now at www.icm.ch
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To suggest that consumers should
keep what they have grates harshly
against the model of global capitalism
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long after a product has been sold without the need for
further costly manufacturing, resource extraction, energy
consumption, atmospheric pollution and waste it can only
be regarded as a more lucrative destiny for corporate
visionaries to pursue. Furthermore, this period of
engagement between subject and object may be reframed as
the greatest means for businesses to generate further
turnover, while also reducing the unnecessary volumes of
production, consumption and waste that have become so
characteristic of the modern world.
Legislation such as the WEEE Directive is beginning to
engage industry in re-evaluating the importance of product
life considerations. At present, products designed for take-
back are generally geared toward economical disassembly and
recycling/reuse, but this has proven to come at a significant
cost to producers. Largely as a result of the WEEE Directive,
waste will become an economically detrimental practice for
business; failure to accommodate the demands of the WEEE
Directive and other waste-minimizing legislation in future
concepts will incur added costs, making these forthcoming
policies dangerous things to ignore.
It is therefore imperative that we pioneer new ways of
working that empower industry to act with the degree of freedom
that it has become so accustomed to, while avoiding the costly
breach of environmental legislation.
Jonathan Chapman is Senior Lecturer at University of Brighton, UK.
e-mail: J.A.Chapman@brighton.ac.uk
This article is based on the authors book Emotionally Durable
Design, published by Earthscan, June 2005. His forthcoming
book: Designers, Visionaries and Other Stories will be published in
summer 2007. Visit: www.earthscan.co.uk
www.lubo.nl
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Lubo Screening & Recycling Systems b.v.
P.O. Box 2222, 7801 CE Emmen, The Netherlands
Tel. +31 (0)591 66 80 80, Fax +31 (0)591 66 80 88, info@lubo.nl
Extending product life reduces waste and can be an economically sound move
for businesses
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German-British Chamber of Industry and Commerce,
6th Floor, Carolyn House, Dingwall Road,
Croydon, Surrey CRO 9XF,
Tel. +44 (0)20 8681 8166, Fax +44 (0)20 8681 8028,
E-Mail: koelnmesseuk@msn.com
Cologne, 24 27October 2006
www.entsorga-enteco.com
The International Trade Fair for Waste Management and
Environmental Technology
Entsorga-Enteco 2006 will cover the entire international spectrum of
waste management and environmental technology.
Entsorga-Enteco stands for innovative products, technologies, system
and services providing the greatest expertise in environmental
protection and recovery.
Entsorga-Enteco serves the growing demand of commercial and
municipal decision-makers from all over the world.
Entsorga-Enteco offers the all-encompassing services of Koelnmesse.
Think global, act local.
Todays technology for tomorrows environment.
Save tim
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oney!
Buy tickets and register online
at www.entsorga-enteco.com
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Gearing up for future needs?
W
e share a continually shrinking planet in travel and
commercial terms, yet many of us are proud of our
local or national traditions and either do not want, or
would actively resist, change for its own sake. But in the
commercial world, thats not to say we cant learn from other
markets or sectors. Lets consider the whole business of recycling
and composting. Use whatever figures you like, but these sectors
are set to double over the next few years as landfill space gets
ever scarcer. Were never likely, as a society, to recycle 100% of our
waste. But recent statistics suggest that, without constraints on
large multinational food and beverage producers, the volume of
waste packaging looks set to continue in an upward spiral
despite moves by some countries to encourage deposit
returnable bottles and other containers.
So its only right to assume that, if collections of recyclable
materials are to form an increasingly large part of our waste
collection operations, the vehicles used on such services must be
at least as efficient as those currently used on current domestic
and trade waste rounds (routes), rather than less so.
Have we lost our way?
And yet a review of the various bodies and handling systems
designed to meet recycling needs tends to suggest otherwise.
True, the market for recyclable materials handling systems is a
much younger market than that for normal compaction refuse
collection vehicles (RCVs) even if history shows us that
recycling and separating reusable resources such as newspaper
and cardboard is hardly a new idea. Maybe the difference was
that in the 1930s, 1950s or 1960s recycling was desirable but
optional, whereas today its increasingly essential.
The worrying fact today is that, though its easy enough to
justify the cost of a high-specification, purpose-built RCV against
a cheaper alternative, the actual utilization of some specialist
recycling units is still very low. Couple this with sometimes poor
payloads (a load of plastic bottles is unlikely to cause an overload)
and it begs the question, has recycling efficiency already lost its way?
This is a worrying situation from the point of view of those
specifying a vehicle. You could be sitting in an office anywhere
Gearing up for future
needs?
Truck transmissions could be at the centre of a new round of
productivity in recycling
by Malcolm Bates
US-based Allison has a large slice of the global
market for automatic gearboxes in refuse collection
vehicles. Now the company looks to convert
operators of hooklifts, skip trucks and other units
used on recycling duties to the virtues of automatic
gearboxes.
MAIN PHOTO Could the operational benefits of fully automatic gearboxes apply to
bulk waste transfer and the collection of recyclables two more operations that
require large trucks to work in congested urban streets? LEFT Construction
equipment, loading shovels, telehandlers and articulated dump trucks like these
JCB units, fitted with hooklift equipment for the disposing of waste on rough
landfill haul roads, all now use either fully automatic, hydrostatic or power shift
transmissions. It would be unthinkable to build such a machine with a manual
transmission and conventional clutch
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from the US to China and picking out a compaction body and
hopper for domestic or trade waste collection from the pages of
an equipment buyers guide. You might have one or two
problems regarding power take-off (PTO) provision if using
locally-sourced chassis in some markets, but generally speaking,
the end product would be pretty similar, and quite possibly from
the same manufacturer, wherever youre located on the planet.
Going back to national characteristics, generations of
Americans have been happy to let the gearbox make up its own
mind and do the shifting automatically rather unlike the
Italians, say, who love to play with at least five gears in the latest
sporty car. Whats the connection to the waste industry? Well,
while most of the trucking industry around the globe has stayed
with manual range-change and splitter gearboxes on long
distance trucks, drivers of RCVs have had the benefit of selecting
the drive button on their Allison World Series automatic
gearboxes and concentrating on the traffic, where the loading
crew is located, parked cars, playing children and the countless
other distractions that make the job so demanding.
Time to think automatically?
Over the last two or three vehicle generations, the higher first
cost cost of specifying automatic gearboxes (not always of Allison
manufacture, but this US-based company dominates the market)
can be fully justified by offering reduced downtime, improved
safety and less operator fatigue. And yet? Take a look at the
vehicles specified for recycling or bulk waste hauling or on
hooklift or demount body operations involving scrap, green
waste or composting operations. The vehicles handling an
increasing proportion of the overall waste mountains we all
create dont tend to feature the same high levels of specification.
In fact, anything goes.
Is there a particular reason for this? Or is it because the
recycling vehicle fleet is still seen very much as a less-than-
essential add-on and is sometimes the responsibility of a totally
different department? Clearly this situation cannot be allowed to
continue.
Some very unsuitable body/chassis/cabs have come about in
the name of recycling. Considering how recycling is already well
on track to becoming a front line service, its essential that
vehicle specifications likewise get up to front line standards.
Starting point
The starting point could be that all recyclable vehicle operations
should draw on the best-practice aspects of current-generation
RCVs. Indeed, many argue that the best vehicle for collecting all
types of recyclable material is the very same RCV currently used to
pick up mixed household and trade waste. After all, the basic
design is well proven. It works well enough under most global
conditions. Crews are familiar with its operation. And going back
to utilization figures, when a normal compaction-type RCV isnt
being used to pick up recyclable materials, it can be used to pick
up general waste. So if one unit goes down, substituting it for
another basically standard machine
should cause no problems. In most
cases, the opposite doesnt apply to
specialist recyclable units.
And if that argument stands up? In
most developed markets, that RCV will
come with an automatic gearbox. This
might add to the initial cost by as
much as $10,000, but will more than
justify itself by performing well over an
extended period with little downtime.
Interestingly, there is another
factor to consider. In the past, and
certainly in the US market, there was
The actual utilization of
some specialist recycling
units is still very low
LEFT Swedish truck manufacturer Scania has been at the forefront of co-operation
with Allison Transmission to enable fully automatic gearboxes to be incorporated
as on-line build items to help keep costs down. This fully automatic Scania Low
Entry is used as a factory dock shunter by famous Swedish retailer Ikea
BELOW LEFT Allison Transmission, the leading supplier of automatic gearboxes for
world markets, is looking for wider markets in bulkwaste and recycling vehicles.
Gear shift patterns are selected to suit differing operational demands PHOTO:
ALLISON TRANSMISSION BELOW RIGHT While many of the worlds truck-makers have
introduced their own intelligent semi-automatic gear-change options on manual
gearboxes, fully automatic gearboxes look set to continue as the equipment of
choice amongst waste collection service operators as they have a proven record
of reliability PHOTO: ALLISON TRANSMISSION
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a distinct difference between widespread auto box provision in
lighter duty vans and light trucks, RCVs and trucks used for
urban distribution against manual transmissions in heavy-duty
line haul trucks. That position has now shifted since the
widespread provision of what could best be called semi-
automatic clutch manual gearboxes.
As the electronics have become more intelligent, so the
ability of these systems to make up- and down-shifts at just the
right moment, without the driver having to take either a hand
off the wheel or place a foot on the pedal, has grown
considerably to the point where most are, with the exception
of a clutch pedal-induced initial take-off, almost entirely
fully automatic in use.
Semi-auto option?
With most European truck ranges now almost entirely made up of
such semi-auto transmissions, could such options enjoy success in
the wider waste and recycling market? Especially as they are often
ABOVE LEFT The hooklift/skip loader bulk waste and recyclable materials sector is
the next major market that could benefit from automatic gearboxes. This 6 x 4
Scania hooklift truck/trailer combination is part of a fleet used on a 120 km shuttle
service taking laden RCV pod units to a UK disposal site. Rush-hour traffic can
dramatically increase both drive train and driver stress factors. Both can, it is
claimed, be reduced by automatic transmissions ABOVE Whats the situation with
medium-duty vehicles such as this stillage-based recycling unit based on a
DAFPaccar chassis? Here the problem can be more complex as the cost of a
fully automatic gearbox is greater in relation to the cost of the complete vehicle.
Increased demand (and customers from the recycling sector asking for the
feature) has already started to reduce costs and speed up chassis build time
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only a little more expensive than standard manual shift gearboxes
and almost entirely considerably cheaper than a full auto option.
Certainly, a semi-auto intelligent shift gearbox is a better bet
than a straight manual transmission for many operations. Semi-
autos retain full engine braking (not possible on full auto boxes),
which is a major safety advantage in hilly districts. But the semi-
auto doesnt have such a good record for on/off highway
applications where the clutches and electronics are more likely to
fail or cause loss of traction.
Perhaps none of these issues would warrant a detailed
analysis were it not for the fact that there is clearly a major
difference in the purchasing patterns between say conventional
RCVs (99.9% fully automatic) and recycling vehicles, skip
trucks, hooklifts and refuse bulkers
where the percentage of fully
automatic trucks currently in
service hardly registers on the dial.
This has been spotted by the
biggest global manufacturer of fully
automatic gearboxes, US-based
Allison Transmission. Starting this
month and being rolled out in Europe during 2007, Allison is
busy asking European waste and recycling operators why they
buy the transmission specifications that they do, and what it
would take for them to consider buying a fully automatic truck?
Clearly, high up the list is whether the customers chassis
manufacturer of choice is prepared to build a chassis with a third
party component rather than their own manual or semi-auto
options. Until very recently, the answer to that was often a
resolute no. And to make matters worse for potential customers,
the specialist custom truck brands have all but been wiped out by
mergers and closures.
Change of policy?
But according to David Crowther, a UK-based waste industry
specialist for Allison Transmission, there are firm signs of that
policy changing. Operators of semi-auto gear box trucks working
on waste operations have experienced problems of overheating on
multiple stop/start and off-highway operations, and drivers
suddenly find the unit will shut down to protect itself. Being stuck
on a landfill haul road as a result of not being able to shift quickly
from forward to reverse without losing momentum can be bad
enough, but the effects of losing drive entirely at a key moment
doesnt bear thinking about, he suggests.
The case of Scania is also worth noting if we were looking for
a further example of the softening of this policy from major,
world-class truck chassis manufacturers. Thanks to a new
production system and flexible team working methods, it is now
much easier for large manufacturers like Scania to build widely
different specifications on the same production line. As we
highlighted in the last issue of Waste Management World, this,
coupled with a modular design approach, enables
high-horsepower tractor units for central or southern European
customers to be built on the same lines as a fully automatic
gearbox, low cab truck for urban distribution, or waste collection
duties in Sweden, the UK or other widely differing markets.
With one of the most successful semi-auto shifts (now
standard on most heavy duty specification chassis), Scania might
have been the last to wish to encourage customers to go for fully
automatic Allison boxes. But Scania has engineered its cab
dashboard panels to enable existing control stalks to take the
auto box mode selector, thus doing away with the need to modify
the cab interior. It sounds a small step, but it has major benefits.
The plan?
Allison Transmission is out to persuade users in the scrap, waste
and recycling industry to switch to fully automatic trucks on
safety, productivity and reliability grounds. It is already looking
closely to see how its dealers and agents in the major European
markets can identify suitable applications (starting in the US and
Europe, but expanding from there).
There are a number of taboos that need addressing,
suggests David Crowther. First that fully auto trucks are worse
off-highway than manual gearbox trucks. But probably the
biggest issue will be over residual values. Where there is a resale
value on a refuse collector, it would be true to say that an auto
box specification will have a resale value while, in most markets,
There is a major difference in the
purchasing patterns between conventional
RCVs and recycling vehicles, skip trucks,
hooklifts and refuse bulkers
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a manual gearbox machine will not. Currently the reverse is true
when it comes to skip trucks, hooklifts and other units used on
recycling, so theres still a long way to go.
But does the argument stand up? Certainly a reduction in
drive line abuse and failure, reduced driver fatigue and a
reduction in repetitive strain injury cases are worth considering.
The next phase is probably going involve Allison Transmission
working with various truck chassis manufacturers to put suitable
demonstration vehicles out into the market place.
Id say that, at the very least, you should be prepared to be
convinced.
Malcolm Bates is Transport Correspondent of
Waste Management World.
e-mail: wmw@jxj.com
ABOVE, LEFT TO RIGHT Lower down the weight classes, unladen chassis weight is
an increasingly important consideration. Like many others, Isuzu offers a semi-
auto gearbox with, in effect, almost fully automatic characteristics while retaining
engine braking. This EasyShift system is now standard in markets such as the UK,
where this NTM compaction unit is working in the hire/rental market Letting the
electronics do the work. The author put the Isuzu EasyShift system through
extensive stop/start tests and was unable to beat it. The small shift lever has two
modes automatic shift and clutch-less driver-determined shifting Isuzu
competitor Mitsubishi-Fuso units are widely used in waste, recycling and satellite
unit applications, but no factory-fitted automatic gearshift option has been
available. This Canter 7.5 tonner, fitted with a Garwood compaction body/hopper,
has an Allison automatic gearbox fitted off-line for evaluation purposes. It is seen
here on test by the author in the hilly Pennine district of northern England
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The route to compliance
A
utomotives have been recycled for many years primarily
because of the intrinsic value of the cars metal content.
While this is an important driving force, the reach of
recycling has been limited, and significant quantities of scrap from
end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) have still found their way into landfills.
Pressure over the last 25 years has been increasing to impose
a minimum level on the amount of a vehicle that is recycled and
to ensure that related recycling activity is undertaken in a
sustainable manner. In Europe, this resulted in the development
of a legislative tool known as the ELV Directive to address
both of these issues.
Officially published in October 2000, the ELV Directive
stipulates that, from January 2006, 80% of a vehicle must be
retrieved for recycling while another 5% must be collected and
used in energy-recovery processes. By 2015, these targets rise to
85% for recycling plus an additional 10% for energy recovery.
How is Europe responding to these targets? The opening of
the section on current status in an official report,
1
published in
November 2005, reads as follows:
Although most Member States have transposed the Directive and
communicated their transpositions to the Commission, steps to achieve
effective implementation are far from complete today, even though the
first targets set for reuse, recycling and recovery are to be met not later
than 1 January 2006.
And the concluding point in this section states that:
Some of the new Member States may not, however, be able to develop
their systems quickly enough to meet the 2006 targets on time.
This suggests that Europe is struggling to improve on the status
quo. By referring to the UK position, this article endeavours to
explore some of the underlying issues.
How can we move up a gear?
It was generally accepted that 75% of a car was recycled already,
a figure roughly equivalent to the general metal content of a car.
These figures were proven by trials undertaken by the Sims
Group on behalf of the UK Department of Trade and Industry.
With this in mind, what steps are needed to increase the recycling
rates to the levels sought by European legislation?
Presently, the UK Government gives a 1% allowance for fuel,
while other fluids, tyres and battery from the vehicle take this
additional figure up to approximately 5%. However, this means
that there is still a 5% shortfall to the 85% threshold.
Apart from the metals, the next biggest constituent part of a
vehicle is plastic, and this is the next targeted product. At the
moment, there are no proven technologies to bridge that gap
and so, consequently, companies are exploring their own ways to
recover plastics. Interestingly, one of the few countries at the
moment where the 85% minimum is being reached is the
Netherlands, where historic taxes have meant that there is a
national fund to help subsidize the further recycling of vehicles.
However, it will not be long before other countries reach the 85%
level, without relying on the state subsidy of recycling and the
UK is leading that push for change.
ELV recycling in the UK
by Derek Campbell
European legislation is pushing for 85% of the content
of end-of-life vehicles to be recycled. EU countries are
already on average recycling about three-quarters,
but to maximize the recycling potential, investments
on technologies and tighter enforcement are needed.
The UK situation points to some of the obstacles.
MAIN PHOTO Metals, which make up roughly 75% of a car, have the largest
recycling potential, and plastics comes next FACING PAGE The recovery of scrap
from vehicles needs to be done through authorized, experienced outlets
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Authorized treatment facilities
The new legislation has created a need for investment in the
recycling process, purchasing bespoke equipment and setting up
site infrastructure to achieve the requirements of a license for an
authorized treatment facility.
Now, vehicles at the end of their lives have to be recycled via
an authorized treatment facility (ATF). This means that in
addition to dismantling an ELV, the plant must also remove
hazardous residues before the car passes further down the
recycling chain.
Once an ELV reaches an ATF, its battery is immediately taken
out. The components that are then removed include tyres, all
fluids including engine oil, gearbox oil, hydraulic oil in shock
absorbers, fuel, anti-freeze and windscreen wash. Holes are
drilled into the petrol pump, engine sump and gearbox to
facilitate this, with oils being drained or sucked out of the vehicle.
In addition, lead balancing weights and any component with
mercury content (which is used in some internal vehicle switches)
are also removed. All of these products are then handled by an
authorized trader for onward recycling and processing. In
addition, other hazardous elements of the ELV are also dealt with
at this point, including seat-belt pretensioners and air bags,
which include explosive devices in them and have to be either
safely removed or set off in the car in a controlled manner before
the car goes for further reprocessing.
Therefore, there has been a need for significant investment
at the ATF level. Specialist equipment needed includes shock
absorber tools, liquid removal systems, machinery to detonate air
bags safely, as well as specialist surfaces that will not absorb fluids.
Therefore, as a society, we have moved a long way from just
crushing cars. Yet, we still have a long way to go.
All part of the process
Once the ELV has been processed, it may then be crushed on site
at the ATF, and afterwards taken to a large shredder facility (the
UK has approximately 1200 ATFs and 37 shredders). Once
crushed, most ELVs have to travel some distance on the back of
a commercial vehicle to get to the shredder, and on from there
for further processing. Consequently, it is more cost-effective for
the ELV to be crushed into as small a size as possible, in order to
make transportation as efficient as possible.
Once at the shredder, all of the ferrous metal and the heavy
fraction the heavier waste products such as aluminium, copper
and brass are recovered. The heavy fraction is then sent to
dense media plants, of which there are four in the UK, for the
recovery of non-ferrous metals. These non-ferrous metals are
included in the 75% metal content already recovered from the
vehicle.
The process is then left with the light fraction the plastics,
fibre, internal carpets and other light materials from a vehicle.
The light fraction would have gone to landfill; however, with the
drive to reach the 85% target, there are increasing investigations
on recovering this fraction in order to improve the recycling
rates. Presently the recycling of light fraction and plastics from
ELVs is not happening to any significant extent. However,
intensive research in this area continues and breakthroughs, it is
hoped, are round the corner.
Everything must go
The international trade in recycled products from a vehicle is
huge. In terms of the ferrous metals, recycled material either
stays in the UK or goes abroad, to as far afield as China and
Taiwan. There is also a thriving scrap metals market from the UK
to continental Europe, particularly to Spain. There are no issues
with regard to the reuse of steel and fatigued metal and the
recycled metals from cars go through an arc furnace where it is
turned into new, pure steel, before re-entering the system.
Indeed, there is more of a drive, environmentally, to add
more electric arc furnaces to the steelmaking process. They are
six times more environmentally friendly than conventional
oxygen furnaces so it pays twice for a car to be recycled and
then to re-enter the manufacturing process, rather than steel
being made from new.
Elsewhere, non-ferrous metals are joining their ferrous
cousins on the international trade stage and much of this
export business from the UK is being done with China,
particularly with regard to aluminium.
Other materials recycled from a car tend to be consumed
domestically. For instance, tyres have a multitude of uses,
including carpet underlay, retreaded or remould tyres and
even in the construction of new, improved sea defences.
However, the biggest user of old
tyres is the cement industry, where
they are used as a fuel in cement
kilns. Indeed, the metal residue in a
tyre, both radial and cross-ply, is a
positive benefit to the kilns, where it might hamper the tyres
prospective use in other applications.
Nevertheless, the domestic market is saturated with tyres (in
the UK at least) and recently the Landfill Regulations have
aided the UKs drive towards the recycling of old vehicle rubber.
It has brought about a ban on the landfilling of shredded tyres,
as well as whole tyres. This is a step forward but unfortunately,
the legislation does not provide an answer for the 60,000 tonnes
of shredded tyres currently waiting to be recycled.
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There is a need for significant investment
in authorized treatment facilities
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The one other main area of product left from the recycling of
a car is waste oil. This is generally treated domestically, one
example being recycled for use with industrial burners. However,
this market needs to grow to cater for the increasing volume of
waste oil, and therefore it is imperative for the system to recycle
more of this increasingly expensive and finite fossil fuel.
The road blocks ahead
There are a number of obstacles to optimizing an ELV recycling
system. One important aspect is the lack of public knowledge
about how to dispose of their old cars correctly see box below.
In addition, a major challenge in the UK is the lax vehicle-
licensing system. It is still possible in the UK to sell a car for cash
and accept at face value the name and address that the new
owner gives. People can therefore purchase cars providing
fictitious names, or giving someone elses details. Consequently,
this weakness in the system has allowed up to two million falsely
registered cars to be on the UKs roads. These vehicles are also
not taxed, not insured, probably havent passed the Ministry of
Transports vehicle safety test and possibly not safe. And there is
no way to trace their ownership if they are illegally disposed of
or scrapped.
Furthermore, the ELV Directive prescribes for the issuing of
a Certificate of Destruction (CoD) when a vehicle is delivered by
its last owner to an ATF to be scrapped. Only ATFs are allowed
to issue such certificates. In the UK, however, the last owners of
unwanted cars have no need to obtain a certificate because there
is no penalty if they do not. Therefore, they have no incentive to
deliver their vehicle to an ATF.
Who fought the law
While most law-abiding last owners will indeed ensure that this
happens, the lack of a robust system actually encourages
unscrupulous last owners (such as the two million anonymous
ones) to take their unwanted cars to an illegal operator to be
scrapped. Why is this? The answer is simple. An ATF has
facilities to properly de-pollute vehicles and it has undertaken to
assist the UK in achieving the prescribed recycling targets. These
activities, however, come at a cost. The professional operator can
rarely match the prices offered for ELVs by illegal operators who
have no intention of incurring the cost of either de-polluting the
vehicle or attempting to reach the recycling targets.
Everyone knows that illegal operators exist in the ELV sector.
Yet, the UKs Environment Agency has limited resources and
support mechanisms to effectively control these people. Many of
them treat environmental fines, which are generally small, as a
business expense. If they are closed
down by the EA, which can involve a
lengthy process, there is nothing to stop
them starting up again around
the corner.
The only way that the ELV
regulations can be made to work
effectively is through the adoption of a robust licensing system
that ensures every car is registered to its legitimate owner and
that a financial penalty is applied to the last owner of the vehicle
should they fail to obtain a CoD from an ATF.
All parties involved in the implementation of the ELV
Directive continue to debate practical issues concerning its
introduction. And in the UK, the supply chain, including central
government, the vehicle manufacturers and the recycling
industry, is now working together to enable it to take its place at
the top of the responsible ELV-recycling nations table.
Note
1. Stakeholder Consultation on the Review of the 2015 targets
on reuse, recovery and recycling of end of life vehicles,
Final Report, November 2005, available at
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/elv_index.htm
Derek Campbell is ELV and Business Development Manager at
Sims Group UK Limited.
e-mail: dcampbell@uk.sims-group.com
Informing the public
Encouraging more people to dispose of their cars in an
environmentally friendly manner is something that everyone
agrees is necessary. However, more can be done to tell the
public about how to go about recycling vehicles that have
come to the end of their lives.
In order to play its part in that learning process, the Sims
Group has developed www.recycleyourcar.co.uk a website
that provides the public with information and access to their
nearest ATF, as well as help with the process of how to deal
with an ELV. All facilities listed on the site are approved by
the UK Environment Agency and have to demonstrate strict
adherence to the ELV legislation.
ELV regulations can only be made to
work effectively through the adoption of
a robust licensing system
An appropriate vehicle-licensing system can prevent unscrupulous owners from
disposing of their cars illegally
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WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD Sept ember Oct ober 2006
A compact guide to
landfill operation
Machinery, management and misconceptions
T
he period from 1960 to the current day has been an era of unprecedented
change in how we think about, manage and regulate solid waste. Significant
drivers behind these changes including more rigorous environmental
legislation range from a better understanding of the environmental
ramifications of waste to negative public opinion on certain treatment
options. Lets face it, who wants to live next to a landfill? Not me, right? But
why is this?
Is there a fundamental belief that we are putting our health at risk, or is there a
basic misunderstanding of how a landfill works and how a well managed landfill can
be both environmentally and financially viable? My instinct would tell me its the latter.
A multitude of elements contribute to successful landfill management: the
geological make-up of a site, landfill design, liner technology, type of waste, water
content, etc. But one of the more common misperceptions is the general idea that solid
waste management is a simple, low-tech, unskilled industry. In reality nothing could be
further from the truth.
Modern landfill management
There are three significant issues that should be considered:
the importance of achieving high waste compaction densities
the vital role management plays in running a modern sanitary landfill
choosing the best equipment to accomplish the task.
Landfill operators tread a fine line. They have to maximize operation efficiency with the
least cost while also ensuring worker safety and promoting a positive public perception
of the site. Understanding the importance of compaction, properly managing site
operation, and choosing the right equipment are all indispensable for the job.
by Richard Bliss
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A compact guide to landfill operation
High waste compaction densities
Achieving high waste compaction densities is fundamental
to managing a modern sanitary landfill. High compaction
density is the means by which owners maximize the return
on their infrastructure investment. The infrastructure
investment is fixed and the incremental operating costs of
achieving high densities are small relative to the additional
volume and revenue the site can accommodate. Good
compaction improves safety by providing a stable surface
upon which the machinery and people work. A dense waste
mass also reduces the major nuisance factors of vectors
(rodents), odour, blowing paper and surface-water
contamination. Luckily the how to of achieving high
compaction densities are few and straightforward.
The onion skin approach
Thin layers improve the crushing action of the compactor
and permit increased machine travel speeds due to reduced
rolling resistance. Studies have demonstrated up to an 8%
increase in machine coverage (due to increased speed) on a
0.6-metre layer versus a 0.9-metre layer. Thin layers cause
less wear and tear on the machine, which translates to less
maintenance cost, less downtime, therefore less revenue loss
and less fuel consumption.
Multiple compactor passes
Waste becomes compacted when a force (the weight and
motion of the compactor) moves over it, crushing out the
air voids, shredding the material and binding it to other
waste. By running over the waste in one direction one
machine pass and returning along the same tracks a
second pass waste rebound is minimized as the structure
of the waste breaks down. This action degrades the waste,
improving compaction. Most operators will move over by
one wheel width (right or left) and continue to compact
across the new layer. This technique assures total coverage
of the new layer with four machine passes. To make sure
you are achieving the best possible compaction, adopt an
attitude of keep moving. All waste is different
and may require modified compaction and
shredding techniques. The utilization of a
keep moving attitude will lead to more
complete compaction at higher density levels.
This thought process is especially helpful
during peak periods.
Operate in patterns
If the working face of the landfill is relatively
large, it may be difficult to tell where a
compactor has made a pass and where it
hasnt. Complete and uniform compaction is
important because, in its absence, there will
be soft spots under the surface. Soft spots will
be hidden by subsequent layers of waste and
eventually lead to differential settling of the
landfill surface. In addition to the safety
hazards of soft spots, differential settling
robs the landfill of air space. There is a theory
that, over time, all waste in the landfill becomes
completely compacted by the weight of the mass above it.
Studies in North America demonstrate that if waste is
placed and covered before being completely compacted,
air space can be lost and is never recovered. Differential
settling, which is the inevitable result of soft spots, will
require expensive post-closure repairs in landscaping,
involving the hauling of additional cover dirt, and often
repairing torn liners. It is particularly egregious to suffer
these additional expenses at a time when the site is
generating no revenue.
To achieve uniform compaction, operators should
operate the machines in a defined pattern. A pattern is
defined as a set sequence of operations. This set
sequence, either individually or as a team, should cover
the entire area before adding a new layer. This organized
approach helps reduce confusion and cycle times while
yielding more complete compaction and the reduced risk
of soft spots.
It is worth reiterating that compaction is achieved
through compression, binding and shredding of materials.
The look of the compacted surface can be deceiving. A
well finished look (neat and even) on a layer of
compacted material may present the appearance of total
compaction while hiding future problems. Again, thick
layers may compact only on top and some materials
appear compacted when they are not. Thin layers, proper
passes and covering the whole area with a pre-planned
pattern before adding more waste, is the only method that
will assure complete compaction.
A keep moving attitude will
lead to more complete
compaction
ABOVE LEFT Proper landfill compaction maximizes the use of a landfills capacities and thereby
reduces costs ABOVE RIGHT A track-type loader handling cover material. Landfill equipment incur
large costs, so it is important to choose the right one ALL PHOTOS: CATERPILLAR
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The constituents of the waste will influence compaction.
An increasing level of biowaste diversion and increasing
percentages of packaging, paper and plastics (even with
high rates of recycling) have caused waste streams entering
landfills in western Europe to become drier. Dry waste is
more difficult to shred and structurally break down unless
there is adequate surface or ambient moisture. One way to
overcome this obstacle is to blend moist waste loads with the
dry material. This blending process is a worldwide
management challenge that operators, spotters and
supervisors face every day.
Management framework, tips and tools
As previously mentioned, the general public has a variety of
misperceptions about waste management professionals
importance and the complexity of their work. Most people
tend to focus their attention on more pleasant endeavours
than waste management, which is often perceived as
distasteful. This stance can be instantly changed, however,
when plans are announced to site a new landfill or expand
an existing landfill somewhere in the region. The notice
serves as a trumpet call, rallying otherwise docile and amiable
individuals to mortal combat against a supposed evil and
deceitful enemy. Thus the B.A.N.A.N.A concept (Build
Absolutely Nothing, Anywhere Near Nobody) is born.
A great deal of this fear and suspicion comes from a lack
of understanding of the sophistication and dedication of
todays waste management professional. A well managed,
unobtrusive landfill requires all the management acumen
and sophisticated tools of any modern complex business.
Protecting the environment and thereby the local
population, assuring the safety and well being of employees,
and running an efficient site that complies with all legal and
environmental requirements are number-one priorities for
the waste management team. If done correctly, the site will
generate good returns for the owners (if a private
enterprise) or minimize financial burden to the general
public (if a public enterprise).
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Landfill management: in brief
Waste compaction is a primary responsibility of the landfill
management team. Its fundamental for protecting the
environment and the surrounding population. Optimum
compaction increases the life expectancy of the landfill by
maximizing the use of available space. Its also a clear
indicator of a well managed landfill.
Landfill management is a complex and demanding task.
It requires all the skills of any sophisticated management
function with significant consequences for failure. New
high-tech management tools can be applied to reduce risk
and increase efficiencies.
Machine selection decisions are vitally important to the
financial and operational success of a landfill. Work with a
knowledgeable machine supplier with waste specific
arrangements and a proven track record.
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66
The financial landscape
The upfront infrastructure costs of a
modern sanitary landfill quickly get to
millions of euros. Once the landfill is
constructed, the largest single variable
cost is the procurement and operation
of a sizeable fleet of equipment. The
main types of equipment used in
landfill management are as follows:
landfill compactors
track-type tractors
track-type loaders
hauling units (articulated trucks or
on-highway trucks)
hydraulic excavators
wheel loaders.
Some landfill managers prefer to hold in-house all the
peripheral requirements of supporting a modern mobile
equipment fleet, such as routine maintenance, oil
sampling, scheduled machine rebuilds, warehousing of
spare parts, etc. That said, landfill applications have
proven to be one of the most destructive and demanding
applications for heavy equipment. And the harsh nature of
the work plus the worldwide scarcity of qualified diesel
mechanics have caused many managers to look to their
equipment suppliers to provide these
services on a cost-effective, contractual
basis. TM&R (total maintenance and
repair) contracts with the equipment
provider have become common, if not
the norm, for the industry. This allows
the landfill management team to focus
their talents on the primary goal of an environmentally
compliant operation. It also means maintenance costs can
be managed through negotiation and budgeted well in
advance.
Filling to the brim
The fill sequence is extremely important and a key
management requirement. Occupying available air space in
the most efficient manner involves multiple variables. The
fill sequence should:
minimize costs related to hauling distances for cover
material
keep dozing distances short
construct large areas for use during rainy seasons, while
assuring that internal slopes are maintained. This
allows surface water to flow away from the waste mass,
enabling operations to continue uninterrupted
regardless of the weather.
Managers must be constantly vigilant to maintain smooth
daily operations while also being mindful of the final
profile of the site. Rehandling of waste material or
inefficient use of cover material are both expensive
propositions that are obviously to be avoided.
One new 21st-century management tool available to the
modern landfill manager is the use of GPS (global
positioning system) technology in the daily operation of
the site. This technology, although new to landfill
applications, has been successfully used by large
earthmoving contractors and mines for a decade.
One such technology, the Caterpillar CAES system, is
accurate to 2 cm in altitude. Machine operators have a
display screen in the cab that tells them when the machine
has achieved maximum compaction because there is no
further shrinkage in the waste from additional passes. In a
track-type tractor, it assures that the operators know when
theyve spread the cover soil to the exact specification.
Methane headers, flare vents, drainage pipes and other
obstacles are clearly identified on the screen, eliminating
the risk of accidentally running over and destroying them.
The software ties into the site-engineering software and
enables the management to construct the landfill according
to the site design and verify it on a real-time basis. GPS can
replace much of the intuition of landfill management with
real-time data, providing managers and regulators with
facts rather than opinion.
Machine selection
Choosing the right machine for the task is extremely
important particularly in landfills because of the uniquely
harsh conditions. Prime production machines such as
compactors and track-type tractors are vital in meeting
daily production demands and complying with regulatory
requirements. Choosing the wrong type or size of machine
is a mistake that will cost the operation year after year.
Considerations in waste equipment design include
Choosing the wrong type or size of
machine is a mistake that will cost the
operation year after year
GPS technology can help operators determine the extent of compaction in different parts of the site. Shown
here are the instrument panel and in-cab screen for one such application
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operator safety, increased heat transfer capability and the
special guarding of vulnerable components (such as
hydraulic cylinders, fuel tanks and moving parts in the
undercarriage and transmission). Modifications to
equipment from suppliers such as Caterpillar have evolved
over years of close collaboration with large waste
management companies. Eventually these modifications
became so extensive that specialized waste-handling
configurations emerged as a means of standardizing
arrangements and saving individual customers the expense
of multiple, cumulative, single modifications. Waste-
handling configurations are the result of years of hard
lessons learned and should not be taken lightly by
procurement managers.
The multitude of variables involved in making the
proper machine choice makes it a very difficult topic for
brief discussion, but two key guidelines worth noting are as
follows:
Track-type tractors are for dozing, landfill compactors are for
compacting. The more you can apply this principle in
daily operations, the better your results will be from
both a production and cost standpoint. Working
together, tractors and compactors can accomplish
more as a system than as independently working units.
Track-type loaders are extremely versatile and can be
used in many varied waste applications in all kinds of
weather. Landfills of 500 tonnes/day or less should
seriously consider track loaders, it could be the only
machine needed. Versatility and capability of working
alone also make track-type loaders an attractive
machine for larger operations as well.
Standard machines will not survive on the landfill for long.
Operators will benefit from working with equipment
suppliers who have a broad range of waste-specific
machines and an in-depth understanding of the
customers requirements. With this in mind, it makes
sense to discuss the relevant waste requirements with
potential equipment suppliers and check that they
understand your business and offer equipment to meet
your needs.
Another good tip is to visit other landfills, observe the
equipment being used (and not being used because theyre
down) and ask the manager for an honest appraisal of
performance. They say learning from our mistakes is a sign
of intelligence, learning from others mistakes is a sign of
wisdom. Be wise its less costly!
Richard A. Bliss is Specialty Markets Segment Manager
for Europe, Africa and Middle East at Caterpillar SARL,
Geneva, Switzerland.
e-mail: Bliss_Richard_A@cat.com
67
Reliable, Trouble-Free Operation
Excellent Manoeuvrability
Superior Compaction
Superior Traction
KEEPING IT SIMPLE BUILDING IT STRONG
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Al-Jon House, Regent Street
Rochdale, OL12 0HQ
Tel: +44 (0) 1706 640 256
Fax: +44 (0) 1706 640 298
Web: www.csjaljon.com
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BI OWASTE WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD Sept ember Oct ober 2006
Biogas takes to the road
Swedens Vxtkraft project shows the way ahead
S
weden has declared its intention of becoming completely independent of oil
in the coming 2030 years. How? More plants like the new one at Vsters
offer one route here a community is replacing oil products with transport
fuel made from its own biowaste resources. This is a fine project, but is by no
means unusual in Sweden, where many buses and other vehicles bear the
label run on biogas and toll motorways have signposts saying toll-free for
biofuelled vehicles.
The beauty of this particular system is that it takes separated household biowastes,
together with a grass crop grown and harvested by local farmers, and generates biogas
for use as a vehicle fuel in the nearby city of Vsters, while surplus gas is used in a
combined heat and power plant to provide electricity which feeds into the grid, and
heat for the local district heating system.
Sweden requires all its municipalities to draw up waste management plans with
goals, strategies and action plans to improve the handling of waste from an
environmental point of view. The municipalities within this region of Sweden, to the
west of Stockholm, take an active share in the regional waste management planning,
along with the regional waste management company, VafabMilj. Planning
encompasses issues such as waste avoidance and minimization, information and
education activities, economic incentives such as differentiated waste handling fees,
source separation, collection and transport of waste and waste fractions. Reuse,
material recovery and energy utilization of clean, source-separated waste fractions are
high priorities. The residual waste is source-separated into two parts. The first is a
high-quality fraction containing wet organic waste, mainly food residuals, for biological
waste treatment in combination with energy utilization if possible. The other is a
residual, high calorific-value residual waste fraction for incineration in waste-to-energy
plants these produce electricity, but in addition the heat is often used within a
municipalitys district heating system.
Since 2005, biowastes and energy crops from Vsters in Sweden have been treated in
an integrated biogas plant. The outcome? Fuel equivalent to 2.3 million litres of petrol
each year for all the citys buses and waste trucks and 500 other vehicles, generation of
heat and power, and valuable fertilizers for local farms. Surely this remarkable project
could serve as a role model for other towns around the globe.
by Jackie Jones
P R O J E C T P R O F I L E
Many toll
motorways in
Sweden have
signposts
saying toll-free
for biofuelled
vehicles
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Keeping the waste green
Households in the district covered by the Vxtkraft plant
are not obliged to separate their waste. They have the
option of participating in the source separation scheme,
which means that their biowaste is collected for processing
at the plant. However, if they prefer, they can compost it
themselves, or put it out with other kitchen waste for
treatment in a waste-to-energy plant. The voluntary nature
of the arrangement minimizes the risk of the biowaste being
contaminated by other wastes in unmotivated households.
The households that do sign up to separate their
biowaste sign a written agreement with the municipality,
committing themselves to separating the waste in
accordance with instructions from the municipality (it also
gives the municipality the right to do occasional checks if
required).
Of the 144,000 households in the region, approximately
90% participate in the scheme, with another 7% carrying out
home composting. Only 3% choose not to separate their waste.
In the bag
Households are provided with special brown paper bags for
the biowaste, and these are printed with sorting instructions
to serve as a reminder. The only permissible contents are
food leftovers, garden waste, wilted flowers, pot plants and
household paper. Householders place the filled bags in
special ventilated plastic bins. In apartment blocks there are
special bins in the refuse chamber or separate recycling
houses (where newspapers, glass, etc. are also placed for
collection). Waste from institutional kitchens is handled in
the same way (sludge from grease separators in
commercial/institutional kitchens is collected in slurry
exhauster vehicles and delivered straight to the plant.)
Benefits on the farm
Seventeen local farmers are co-owners of Svensk Vxtkraft
AB. Together they account for 20% of the share capital.
These farmers are also contracted for cultivation of the ley
crops used in biogas production. This is a grass crop with a
high percentage of clover under EU regulations it may be
grown on set-aside land. It should, though, be part of the
regular crop rotation, usually undersown in a cereal crop of
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in oil plants for harvest in spring. Svensk Vxtkraft provides
guidelines for the undersowing, fertilizing and crop
management.
The crop is cut at the same time that cattle silage is being
made. Svensk Vxtkraft sends in contractors to do this. The
crop is wilted and then chopped finely,
then fed into giant plastic bags or tubes
each up to 90 metres in length, stored
adjacent to the biogas plant.
The farmers receive high-quality
fertilizer in two forms: first a liquid
fertilizer, which can be pumped and
applied to the fields using a conventional slurry-spreader;
second, a solid fertilizer. Both of these are delivered to the
farms by the company. Its early days yet, but it is anticipated
that these digestion residuals will replace the use of mineral
fertilizers on approximately 1500 hectares of cereals.
Liquid and solid digestates from the biogas plant are
accepted as fertilizers in organic farming under EC
regulations and when the decision to build the plant was
made, it was a precondition that the digestates should be
71
Capacity from 10 to 100 tonnes
Specialized classifying and sorting
Superior end product quality
Fractions by your choice
Reliable, cost-effective operation
Optimal return on your investment
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installation to reduce to small fraction on a
single pass or a comprehensive turn-key
processing plant - Call us!
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The victorious TYRANNOSAURUS
strikes at waste turning it into valuable fuel

or other recycling products efficiently and economically!
The victorious TYRANNOSAURUS
strikes at waste turning it into valuable fuel

or other recycling products efficiently and economically!
Two TYRANNOSAURUS
crushers waiting for the third one to complete

the worlds biggest household waste processing plant in Italy.
12. - 14.9.2006
Hall 17
Stand 743
24. - 27.10.2006
Hall 6D
Stand B-065
P.O. Box 32
FI-26101 Rauma, Finland
www.bmh.fi
Agent in Germany: Recycling Solutions GmbH
Mr. Michael Ralfs, phone 0173 6870017
UK Agent: Cape Machinery International
Mr. David Hennessey, phone 07886 552286
Digestion residuals will replace the use
of mineral fertilizers on approximately
1500 hectares of cereals
FACING PAGE Buses and other heavy vehicles are filled up with the biofuel produced at the plant ABOVE LEFT Ley crop being collected from the field
ABOVE RIGHT The crop is then packed and stored in plastic bags, each up to 90 metres long ALL PHOTOS: SVENSK VXTKRAFT
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72
accepted by the appropriate Swedish bodies for use in
conventional cereal production and in organic farming.
Regular quality checks are carried out.
The plant itself
The anaerobic digestion plant is located on the edge of
Vsters, at Gryta. The schematic of the plant (see Figure 1)
shows the many processes. In brief, waste trucks unload the
source-separated organic waste in the receiving hall of the
biogas plant. Stored silage is also brought in here from the
store. The solid material is then diluted and mixed, in three
turbomixers, into a slurry with process water (10% solid
matter). The slurry is then screened before passing into one
TABLE 1. KEY DATA
Incoming substrates to the biogas plant (per year)
Source-separated organic waste from households and 14,000 tonnes
institutional kitchens dry matter content of 30%
Liquid waste (grease trap removal sludge) 4000 tonnes
dry matter content of 4%
Ley crop from contracted area of 300 hectares 5000 tonnes
dry matter content 35%
Production (per year)
Biogas from biogas plant 15,000 MWh
Biogas from sewage plant 8000 MWh
Upgraded biogas to fuel quality
Energy 23,000 MWh
Equivalent to petrol 2.3 million litres
Digestion residuals (fertilizers)
Solid dry matter of 25%30% 6500 tonnes
Liquid dry matter 2%3% 15,000 tonnes
AGROPTI-gas
In 2003, the Vxtkraft project became an EU demonstration
project within the AGROPTI-gas 5th framework programme,
adding national and international partners into the project.
These partners co-operate in the demonstration, evaluation
and dissemination of the project.
AGROPTI-gas is divided into various parts:
demonstration including purchasing, building and
start-up of the systems
analyses of the socioeconomic effects of the project
analyses of the handling systems for ley crop and
digestion residuals
evaluation of the technical and biological processes
dissemination of findings.
Project partners are Svensk Vxtkraft, JTI (Swedish Institute
of Agricultural Engineering), SDU (University of Southern
Denmark), FAL (Federal Agricultural Research Centre,
Germany), BAI (Bulgarian Association of Investors),
LRF (National Federation of Swedish Farmers) and the
Municipality of Vxj.
See www.agroptigas.com for further information.
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BI OWASTE
of three sanitizer tanks, where it is kept at 70C
for one hour (usually one of the tanks is in the
process of being filled, one is treating slurry,
and the other is in the process of being
emptied). After being sanitized, the slurry is
pumped into the digester. This has a volume of
4000 m
3
and has no moving parts inside the
digestate is mixed by compressed biogas.
Gas is produced at a rate of 250350
Nm
3
/hour. The gas immediately goes through
a compressor, and the bulk of it passes into the
gasometer (some is fed back into the digester
to mix the next lot of digestate). The
gasometer regulates the flow of biogas to the
on-site upgrading plant, and acts as storage for
up to 800 m
3
of pressurized biogas.
The primary uptake of the biogas is in the
town as a vehicle fuel (see below), and any
excess is used in an on-site gas-engine heat
and power plant that supplies the town.
Occasionally, further excess gas has to be
flared off, as its longer-term storage is
impractical.
Scrubbing up
Biogas from the anaerobic digester at Gryta goes through
an upgrading process. So does a smaller amount of biogas
(150250 Nm
3
/hour) from an existing digester at the
towns sewage treatment plant, which is delivered the few
kilometres to the Gryta site by pipeline.
Upgrading of the raw biogas to fuel quality is done
with pressurized water in a scrubber column. At a pressure
of 1012 bar, any carbon dioxide and other impurities are
73
Visit us! Fair Entsorga-Enteco 24. - 27. 10. 2006 hall 6, stand C64 - D69
Sutco RecyclingTechnik GmbH & Co. KG
Britanniahtte 14
D-51469 Bergisch Gladbach
Phone +49 (0) 2202-2005-01
Fax +49 (0) 2202-2005-70
info@sutco.de
www.sutco.de
recyclingtechnik
Ein Unternehmen
der Ludden & Mennekes Gruppe
Visit us! Fair Entsorga-Enteco 24. - 27. 10. 2006 hall 6, stand C64 - D69
Facilities for clean environment
shredder
deep
bunker
light fraction
heavy fraction
wet crushing
screen rake
sand trap
turbomixer
suspension
buffer tank
sanitation 70C 1 hour
solid digestate
6500 tonnes/year
process
water
buffer
process water
digester
silage
feeder
silage 5000 tonnes/year
gas storage
to gas-upgrading plant
flare
biogas compressor
walking floor
sieve
over-flow
liquid digestate
15,000 tonnes/year
liquid/semi-liquid organic waste
4000 tonnes/year
biowaste 14,000 tonnes/year
sieve
centrifuges
FIGURE 1. Plant schematic. SOURCE: SVENSK VXTKRAFT
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74
absorbed in the water. Purified biogas (methane) is
collected at the top of the column. When it leaves the
scrubber, the process water is fed into a flash tank, where
the pressure is reduced to 24 bar in order to recover any
methane in the water recovered methane is fed back to
the inlet of the compressor. (The loss of methane in the
process is guaranteed to be less than 2%, and is normally
expected to be less than 1%.)
The used water is regenerated in a stripper column,
where degassing of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulphide
is carried out at atmospheric pressure with air that is
blown through the column. (Before the gas is blown into
the atmosphere it is treated to avoid any odour problems.)
When working at full capacity, the fresh water demand is
calculated at under 1 m
3
/hour.
Throughout the process, an advanced measurement
and surveillance system monitors the system and the
quality of the gas.
Biogas on the road
The treated gas is then piped to filling stations in the
middle of town.
Europes leading competence in
environmental technologies
Composting Systems
Tunnel Windrow Line
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Process Technologies
for Mechanical-Biological Treatment (MBT) of MSW as
- Tunnel Composting System
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Pre-treatment facilities as front-end of
Waste to Energy plants (WtE)
Material Reclamation Facilities (MRF) for
Kerbside Collected Dry Recyclables, e.g. DSD, Green Dot
Industrial, Commercial and/or Mixed Solid Waste (MSW)
Refused Derived Fuel (RDF) as fluff or pellets
Construction & Demolition Waste
Paper & Cardboard Wood/Biomass
Documents and Data Carriers Tyres and other solid waste
Planning, Design, Manufacturing, Installation, Software
and Service from one company
HORSTMANN GmbH & Co. KG
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Loher Busch 52 Bad Oeynhausen D-32545 Germany
Tel. +49 5731 794-0 Fax +49 5731 794-216
recyclingtechnik@horstmann-group.com
www.horstmann-group.com
ABOVE LEFT Organic waste is diluted and mixed with process water into a slurry in three turbomixers ABOVE RIGHT In the digester, mixing of digestate is done by
compressed biogas
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Local biogas is sufficient to supply at least 40 city buses,
10 refuse-collection vehicles and some 500 cars and light
transport vehicles (a back-up supply of LNG is kept, in
case the supply of biogas should falter temporarily). The
biogas system offers:
fast refuelling of buses and refuse collection vehicles
less than 5 minutes
very high availability due to:
double high-pressure compressors with 1000%
redundancy
few critical components in the fuelling system
LNG reserve
large high-pressure storage
ability to refuel up to 40 buses without use of
high-pressure compressors
a public filling station for cars and other small vehicles.
A little history
It was farmers near Vsters who first came up with the
idea of a biogas plant using ley crops, back in 1990. In
1995 the idea came up of doing this in combination with
biowaste. Planning work for the biogas plant began in
earnest in 1998, and the Svensk Vxtkraft AB company
was set up in April 2003, its owners being local farmers
(20%), the Swedish farmers federation (20%), the local
energy company (40%) and the local waste management
company (40%).
Planning was finished in September 2003, and Svensk
Vxtkraft decided to go ahead with the project. In November
2003, it became a demonstration project within the EU
AGROPTI-gas programme (see boxed text on page 80). The
first production of vehicle fuel started in October 2004, using
biogas from the sewage treatment plant. A few months later,
in July 2005, the biogas plant was taken into operation.
Jackie Jones is Editorial Director of Waste Management
World.
e-mail: wmw@jxj.com
75
Main contractors and financial support
The biogas plant was supplied and installed by Ros Roca
International AS (www.rosroca.de); The upgrading plant
and fuel system by YIT Vatten och miljtechnik (www.vit.fi);
and the gas pipelines and liquid digestate storage by
Lindesberg Grus och Maskin.
The Vxtkraft project is carried out with financial
support from the Local Investment Programme and the
European Union (5th Research and Technological
Development Programme). The farmers participation
in the project is sponsored by Sparbanksstiftelsen Nya
and LRF.
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WASTE-TO-ENERGY
77
A plant for all seasons
Alternative fuel production in Olpe, Germany
T
he shortage of landfill space throughout Europe and the recognition that
landfilling is not a sustainable long-term solution for waste management
have prompted many countries to adopt landfill bans, at least for
biodegradable waste. In addition, waste is increasingly being recognized as a
resource in terms of both material and energy. This has resulted in a huge
increase in processing capacity for alternative fuels.
Although the volumes processed are increasing dramatically, the sale and use of
alternative fuels are dragging well behind. Disposal companies are having trouble
finding a market, particularly for lower-quality alternative fuels.
Generating fuel from waste
Waste for alternative fuel production usually arises from one of two sources. Mono-
fractions are processed from separated waste and partial fractions from mixed waste.
The source type determines, to a large extent, the form of the plant used for processing
the material.
While mono-fractions can be processed into alternative fuel without further pre-
treatment, mixed waste has to be first separated by preliminary mechanical processing
into fractions that are suitable (or not) for alternative fuel processing. Examples of
suitable fractions include paper, cardboard, textiles and plastic films.
Flexible handling of the material stream and the use of the best possible processing
technology enable production of quality-assured alternative fuel, with a corresponding
increase in the opportunity to secure sustainable sales. Quality assurance is central to
the success of this technology.
The SITA plant in Olpe, Germany
In November 2005, SITA Umwelt Service GmbH, a subsidiary company belonging to
the SITA Group, commissioned a new plant for preparation of alternative fuels in
Olpe, Germany. With a total capacity of approximately 80,000 tonnes per year, the
Solid waste with high calorific value can be processed to produce alternative fuels that
replace primary energy sources in cement and power stations. A new plant in Germany
exemplifies this technology and is able to accept both mixed and pre-treated waste.
by Harald Hoffmann
P R O J E C T P R O F I L E
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WASTE-TO-ENERGY Sept ember Oct ober 2006 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD
78
plant began full operation in February 2006.
The design of the plant takes into account the varying
characteristics of the waste to be processed. It is divided into
two separate halls, located alongside each other.
Hall one: direct processing
Direct processing of highly calorific mono-fractions of
known composition takes place in the first hall. This waste,
originating from trading and industrial companies, is
usually delivered by lorry in bulk containers. The material
emptied from the containers is conveyed by means of
feeding wheels along a conveyor belt into the hopper of a
WEIMA WFC 2500 FineCut granulator (see textbox on
p. 80).
The waste is introduced to the granulator in a controlled
way with the aid of a vibrating post-pressure device and is
subsequently granulated between the rotor and stator
blades. It is then delivered via free-fall through the
perforations (diameter = 30 mm) of a sieve located
underneath the rotor. In this way, a material fraction is
obtained with a particle size of approximately 20 mm.
Residual polyvinylchloride (PVC) and other heavy
constituents are then removed from this material fraction,
leaving the lighter materials (higher calorific fractions) to
be used as refuse-derived fuel (RDF).
RDF is ideally characterized by:
high and consistent energy content
chlorine content of less than 0.3% by weight
a particle size of approximately 20 mm.
Different types of RDF are distinguished primarily by
granulate size. A predictable, more uniform end product is
achieved by mixing RDF from mono-fractions as
appropriate with the RDF from other mono-fractions
and/or mixed-fractions.
Hall two: mechanical pre-treatment
The second hall in the Olpe plant is used for separating
mixed waste into two main fractions one that is suitable for
the production of alternative fuel and one that is not. The
suitable fraction is processed through preliminary
granulation into a particle size of 200300 mm, deposited
into containers, and transported by lorry to the first hall
(approximately 50 metres away). This refined fraction can
then be mixed with the RDF from mono-fractions as
appropriate. The fraction that is not suitable the mid-
calorific fraction is usually disposed of by incineration.
The rationale behind this approach
The main advantage of this approach is that treated waste
can be fed directly into the system (without requiring
further pre-treatment) in addition to standard mixed waste.
The plant therefore offers flexibility in treating waste from
different sources. It can also offer capacity to other sites that
may be full or unable to process a certain type of waste.
In addition, it is possible to optimize the energy content
of the final product; low-energy fractions can be enriched
with high-energy fractions and an overall optimum energy
content set. The energy content of processed alternative
fuel lies in the range of 19,00025,000 kJ/kg.
SITAs waste treatment plant in Olpe, Germany produces alternative fuels from
solid waste with high calorific value
The plant offers flexibility
in treating waste from
different sources
Dieselstrasse 5-9, D-21465 Reinbek / Hamburg
Phone: +49 (0)40 - 727 71 - 0, Fax: +49 (0)40 - 727 71 - 100
KAHL plants
for the production
of fluff and pellets
as alternative fuels
Kahl machines are used for the
compaction of by-products from
plants for mechanical/biological
waste treatment and in mechanical
waste treatment plants themselves.
The conditioned residual waste is
sold in the form of pellets or fluff.
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We are experts in waste water and sludge treatment and for many years have offered
solutions to turn waste sludge into a valuable end product.
For this we use future-oriented technologies, from thickening, dewatering and
drying to thermal utilization. Why not get to know what the leading system supplier has
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Tel: +43 316 6902-2990, Fax: +43 316 6902-453
E-mail: environ@andritz.com
Internet: www.andritz.com
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WASTE-TO-ENERGY Sept ember Oct ober 2006 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD
80
Market outlook
Germany is playing a pioneering role in Europe and
perhaps worldwide with its ban on the landfilling of
untreated waste. As a consequence, its capacities for the
production of RDF are increasing. However, some
producers are finding a problem obtaining a market for
their product. As time goes by the market may consolidate
and the market indicators may change, for example, as a
Continuous Emissions Monitoring Process Control Data Management
Opsis AB Box 244 SE- 244 02 Furulund, Sweden Tel: +46 (0)46 72 25 00
Fax: +46 (0)46 72 25 01 E-mail: info@opsis.se URL: http://www.opsis.se
Our main tasks are to burn waste
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monitoring equipment
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According to the EC Directive 2000/76/EC
The WEIMA granulator
At the heart of the Olpe treatment plant is the WFC 2500
FineCut granulator. Its rotor has a diameter of 800 mm, with a
working width of 2500 mm. This large surface area offers a
mechanism for dissipating the heat generated by friction, thus
preventing processed plastics (and other materials) from
melting.
The electromechanical drive has a power rating of 250 kW
at a rotation speed of 160320 revolutions per minute (rpm).
The machine runs continuously and has an output of
approximately 68 tonnes per hour. Constant operation is vital,
according to Heiner Biermann, the
manager of the Olpe facility: Our
production runs practically around
the clock. This requires robust
engineering and good technical
support.
The life of the blades is
approximately 150 hours when
using conventional blade steel.
Extensive trials have confirmed that
blade life can be increased to
500 hours with the use of a hardened metal. The blades can
be reversed and adjusted precisely to maximize efficiency.
Central lubrication prevents damage to the rotors bearings.
Maintenance of the entire plant takes place on a weekly
basis (each Saturday). Heiner Biermann adds: several
maintenance operations, such as setting the cutting gaps and
changing the blades, can be performed very quickly due to the
good access via hydraulically operated contamination and
inspection flaps. The sieve, which is segmented and made of
Hardox metal, only needs changing once a year.
BELOW LEFT The granulator used at the plant BELOW The rotor with blades
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result of the ever-increasing price of fossil fuels. (To read
more about the demand for RDF in Germany, see two
articles in the MayJune 2006 issue of Waste Management
World .)
The primary markets for these alternative fuels
are the power and cement industries. The European
Cement Association (CEMBUREAU) recently released
position papers on when a waste ceases to be a waste,
the European Commissions Thematic Strategy on
the Prevention and Recycling of Waste, and the revision
of the Waste Framework Directive.
CEMBUREAU comments that the use
of waste in the production of clinker is
undoubtedly a recovery operation of both
the energy and material content.
However, it believes that neither the thematic strategy nor
the revised Waste Framework Directive should lead to a
wholesale declassification from the waste status, thus
enabling operators to bypass relevant waste legislation.
For wastes to be considered as alternative fuels,
CEMBUREAU states that they should:
be processed in a recovery operation for use as
substitutes for raw virgin materials and fuels
be intended for use in a specific, well defined
installation or process
meet technical specifications and requirements
be processed under environment and health standards
at least equivalent to those achieved under the current
waste legislation
be subject to quality control
perform well as alternative fuels demonstrating a
long-term positive record in technical, environmental
and health terms
This position sets a challenge for the waste industry, which
must show it can deliver reliable alternative fuel. Both the
cement industry and power plants will not purchase the fuel
if they think that their business will be compromised. By
working more closely with these industries, there is greater
scope for developing this market, as well as offering much-
needed treatment capacity for diverted waste.
Harald Hoffmann is Sales Director at WEIMA
Maschinenbau GmbH, Isfled, Germany.
e-mail: Harald.Hoffmann@weima.com
81
Brouwerstraat 38 Ridderkerk 2984-AR NL TEL: +31 (180) 480-855 FAX: +31 (180) 416-500
With the high demand for power, Plant Managers are
under continuous pressure to operate their plants at
optimal capacity. Key plant component life spans are
continually diminishing each year. Conventional
methods of repair/replace only consume resources
and lessen productivity of the overall plant.
Corrosion/Erosion attack reduces equipment
performance, reliability and in extreme cases; leads
to unexpected failures and shutdowns.
Our Hi-Performance weld metal overlay can be
used to restore your confidence and protect against
unplanned outages.
Hi-Performance weld metal overlay and Spiral Wound cladded tubes are
trademarks exclusive to SMS Global, Inc.
The waste industry must show it can
deliver reliable alternative fuel
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COLLECTI ON AND TRANSPORT
83
Getting more for less
New vacuum sweepers offer more productivity for less driver fatigue
H
ave you ever wondered what processes are involved when a major motor
vehicle manufacturer introduces a new design of car, panel van or truck?
Such are the demands placed on manufacturers to confirm to various road
traffic regulations, exhaust emissions and crash test standards that its a
wonder designers and stylists ever manage to make the end result to look
even remotely attractive.
Over the last couple of months, Ive been testing a number of new trucks and
lighter-duty commercials and have been struck by how well theyve been packaged.
But a better driver environment (manufacturer-speak for nice new cab) and
ergonomic control layouts arent there just to look good. Theyre essential in busy,
overcrowded highways so that the driver can work safely without fatigue.
Good design and how new improved driver environments might be put into
production and whether the technology should be shared with other production
partners around the world have become as significant for manufacturers as meeting
legislative demands and emission standards. Though you might think all this would
slow down new product development, the exact opposite seems to be the case.
After a flurry of design activity resulting in several new generations of machine over
the last five years or so (most notably from German-based manufacturer Hakowerke),
I had expected the market for small vacuum sweepers to flatten out while the other
players took stock and maybe considered a round of product rationalization and even
mergers, before climbing the commercial mountains outlined above all over again.
True, there have been some mergers and rather dramatic realignments since we last
looked at highway and precinct sweepers in any detail in Waste Management World
JanuaryFebruary 2006. But even so, the end results havent been as negative in terms
of customer choice as was predicted. By most established criteria, the takeover of UK-
based Johnston Sweepers by Swiss-based Bucher Schrling could have resulted in job
cuts in the UK, a streamlining of the extensive combined product lines and the
rationalization of key components and fabrications. When a major brand takes over its
closest rival, dual branding often results in the closure of at least one design
Even though the global market for compact and purpose-built skid sweepers is highly
competitive, three new designs underline how important it is for end-users to keep up to
speed on new developments.
by Malcolm Bates
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COLLECTI ON AND TRANSPORT Sept ember Oct ober 2006 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD
84
department and an overall loss of market share. Some of
that may happen in the future, but in the case of Johnston,
the reverse currently seems to be the case. More resources
have been put into product development and theres a new
confidence in the future. Following the announcement of
the new C200 Compact back in the spring, the whole
Johnston product range is now less than four years old.
Looking beyond first cost
If youre operating vacuum sweeping machines and are
looking to meet future operational demands, its going to
be even more essential to look past the initial purchase price
(the first cost) and consider added value features that may
influence whole life costs. Manufacturers have finally caught
on to the fact that a driver environment with air
conditioning (full climate control cant be long in coming),
precise and easy-to-use controls, and the ability to work a
whole shift without fatigue are key factors in the purchasing
decision. Comfort is no longer a luxury, its a health-and-
safety must have.
You could argue that such matters have always been at
the heart of the process. But based on the time I recently
spent on three new models of vacuum sweeper, Id say the
improvements you can expect today, as each new generation
of sweeper is announced, makes the notion of buying or
costing a sweeper over its maximum working life worth
examination.
Contract hire might not be the accepted convention in
all world markets, but getting more spec for your budget
makes the idea of using this option to ensure that front line
machines are to the latest design and meet the latest
emissions standards on noise, vibration and exhaust an
increasingly compelling one. Even if finding another use for
an existing four-year-old machine is going to be far from easy.
Starting work
So, lets get specific. While driving down to the Johnston
plant at Sittingbourne in southern England to try out the
latest C200 Compact, I reflected on the fact that the
original Compact machine was designed and built in the
same town by Babcock Sweepers in the 1980s and that I was
then the first outsider to drive the prototype out of the
shop for an earlier magazine test. The machine became
part of the Johnston product range a few years later and,
over the last two decades, the Compact has been
progressively improved with more refined power, machine
suspension and numerous other changes.
Before sitting down at my keyboard to write this, I
looked up my notes on that initial product test all those
years ago to check on my first impressions then to see how
they compared to my first impressions of the new C200. The
cabin interior of the original machine consisted almost
entirely of untrimmed steel panels, with little or no
attention to sound deadening. The controls, although easy
to use, were basic. And I made a note about asking the
company directors about the wisdom of not having included
some form of chassis suspension from day one. It was, I was
told, being considered in the future. How right they were
it was more than a decade before basic rubber suspension
became available. And the Compact was well into its third
decade before the full Glide suspension to automotive
standards became an option!
Thankfully there will be no such drift on the new C200.
While it retains much of the original concept in terms of size
and major component configuration, Johnston designers
have done enough for the C200 to justify its new tag. True,
the 2 m
3
hopper, its overall layout and the location of the
2.8-litre VM diesel power unit (Euro-4 versions will come on
stream this month) are very much as before. The original
Compact chassis terminated at the front axle, resulting in
the cab being cantilevered out from it with the brushes
suspended from the cab floor. On the C200, the chassis
extends under the cab and has the sweep gear mounted
directly to it, while the cab is positioned on four rubber
mounts to reduce noise and vibration.
Much improved
The new arrangement is therefore far more logical. It might
not sound much like rocket science and, indeed, it isnt.
But it makes a major improvement to the driver
environment. But what really amounts to a bonus and is
absolutely in line with our theme of more for less is the
fact that, on the new C200, the brush design features a
comprehensive break-back protection system to help
ensure machines can continue working after hitting
obstructions during normal sweeping in city precincts.
Obviously there are limits to the abuse any machine can take
without damage, but again, the new system is much
improved over the old.
But if these specification upgrades are worth having,
they are as of nothing compared with the new cab interior.
Speaking personally and from a design viewpoint, I dont
find the outside of the all-new C200 cab especially attractive
but I cant fault the increased shoulder room, the flat cab
floor with new trap-viewing windows and the deep front
screen inside.
With a brand new cab design, numerous specification enhancements and the use
of ABS body panels, the Johnston C200 is designed to be a compact sweeper for
world markets
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There are countless reasons
for choosing an Econic.
Mercedes-Benz Econic the rising Star in Europe!
Special work requires special
tools. Which is why we have de-
veloped the Econic. As a real special
vehicle for waste collection and
municipal traffic, it has all the
characteristics you would expect of
such a vehicle. An ergonomic driver
cabin design that allows easy entry
and exit, and the power train using
economical and eco-friendly diesel
or natural gas engines are further
outstanding features of the Econic.
For more information about Econic
visit www.mercedes-benz.com/econic
Low entry
Electronic self-levelling
system
Natural Gas
Engine
available
a
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a
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+ 200 mm
60 mm
1
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COLLECTI ON AND TRANSPORT Sept ember Oct ober 2006 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD
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The new layout has been made possible by doing away
with the centre console design and rerouting the central
pick-up tube to the fan. Tinted glass and a much-improved
air conditioning system meant that I never gave heat
another thought until I got stuck in a motorway traffic jam
on the way home!
The combination of a much improved cabin with the
Johnston palm rest joystick control for the sweep gear and
the same J-Plex multi-function screen for most of the other
functions and machine status controls works well. Johnston,
like many specialist manufacturers, has found it difficult to
embrace the advantages of CAMbus and the drive-by-wire
technologies that are now an everyday feature of the
mainstream automotive world. But they have done so and
the company is fully aware that it needs to offer the same
levels of specification in a compact sweeper as are expected
in a car or truck.
Customer driven?
After several hours of sweeping on urban highways, tight
residential streets and in the town centre shopping precincts
with very acceptable levels of performance, it was time to
see how the new C200 performed in transit mode. A fast,
safe transit speed is often the hardest criterion to achieve
for the designer of a compact sweeper and the market is full
of good, not so good and quite frankly dangerous products
that are physically unable to meet such demands.
In the new C200, the foot pedals (brake and hydrostatic
go control) are positioned on the same level to make it easy
for the driver to cover the brake if need be. If I were being
critical, a simple angled footrest brace for the otherwise
unemployed left foot would aid comfort.
Its another small thing but Johnston, like many
manufacturers of purpose-built skid sweepers, use small
and cheap cab door mirrors. I know the C200 comes with
a standard rear-view CCTV camera, but the distraction of
the driver having to look so far off the centre line of vision
to find the door mirrors could be avoided by mounting the
rear-view mirrors bus fashion ahead of the front screen so
they can be viewed through the wiper-swept area of the
front screen.
But if cab space and low levels of noise and vibration
matched with a proven record of reliability and efficiency
are the main factors when making the choice between one
design of compact sweeper over another, the new C200 is
off to a flying start. Its already in production and large
orders from hire/rental companies in the UK are an
excellent vote of confidence.
Seeing double?
Having looked in detail at some of the complex issues
behind the design of one new purpose-built vacuum
sweeper, how hard must it be to simultaneously launch two?
Thats exactly what occurred recently at French-based
manufacturer, Mathieu Yno. There are some interesting
parallels with the position of Johnston Sweepers to consider
while also taking into account aspects that might come
under the heading of Vive ldifference.
Like Johnston, Mathieu Yno has been on the receiving
end of recent corporate changes. But thankfully, like
Johnston, the company looks set to benefit from them. Now
part of the increasingly influential Fayat Group (which also
includes construction machinery giant Bomag), Mathieu
Yno has benefited from the Groups financial muscle and
design experience. At first glance there may not perhaps be
common ground between the cab design of a road roller
and a compact sweeper, but there most definitely is in terms
of ergonomics and cab control systems. Not that the existing
designs of the companys Azure sweepers and Aquazura
pavement wash scrubber/driers were unattractive. Its just
that the new generation Azura Concept 2000 compact and
the totally new Grand Azura 4000, which takes Mathieu Yno
into a new market segment, are so much better.
Is there any tangible benefit in trendy design or funky
styling? Its a question thats often asked. We are, after all,
talking about machines with a very basic function in life. In
my view, yes there is. Any single machine that adds to the
environment from a visual viewpoint rather than detracting
from it, or just blending in is saying to residents look, Im
out here sweeping your streets in exchange for your taxes.
ABOVE LEFT A new break-back system for the leading front brushes has been
designed by Johnston to reduce damage while sweeping in tight precincts
ABOVE The new Mathieu Yno Azura Concept 2000 (on right) and Grand Azura 4000
are the scene of much activity prior to their UK launch at the annual CIWM event
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SENNEBOGEN Maschinenfabrik GmbH
Hebbelstrasse 30 D-94315 Straubing
Tel.: +49 (0) 9421/540-144 / 146 / 150
Fax: +49 (0) 9421/ 43882
E-Mail: marketing@sennebogen.de www.sennebogen.com
850
HD Crawler Cranes Crawler Cranes Handling Machines Telescopic Cranes Harbour Cranes Truck Cranes
Optimum all-round visibility and safety thanks to elevating, tilting cab!
High overall loads at large working radius and reach heights
State of the art load-sensing hydraulic-system
Robust, very service-friendly design
Convincing benefits:
Leading through Innovation
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Sept ember Oct ober 2006 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD
88
On a driver level, any machine that looks good and feels
good to drive is going to do more work, suffer less abuse
and break down less often than one that doesnt.
On these criteria alone, both new Azuras should claim
an increased market share especially if it can be shown
that they have gained enhanced reliability and toughness
from the Bomag connection.
New brush system
So what are the new Azuras like to drive? The Azura
Concept 2000 replaces the existing 2 m
3
Azura sweeper and
is already in production. Powered by a 3.3-litre VM four-
cylinder turbocharged diesel (with a Cummins 97/68/CE low
emissions option), the new Concept 2000 has a sweep width
of 12502450 mm, controlled by an in-cab joystick.
But unlike most designs of compact sweeper, Mathieu
Yno machines have previously featured a trailing brush
design that required a different technique from the driver.
Recognizing that world markets might prefer an alternative,
there is a completely new reversible system with the new
Concept 2000. That is to say, the brushes can be used in the
trailing position or flicked through 180 so the actual brush
runs ahead of the mounting axis. Having this facility allows
the driver maximum versatility in being able to hook
debris out from between parked cars and make a clean
sweep in cul-de-sacs without leaving the cab and resorting to
the use of a broom and shovel though a crew member can
be accommodated should this work method be preferred.
But again, like the Johnston C200, the cab interior is the
main area of improvement on the new Azura. Although
roughly the same size as the original Azura, the new model
has more space and features some really clever design
touches not least of which is the over-the-shoulder view
of the windows aft of the cab door B-post. These are fitted
on both sides, so work whether the machine is left-hand
steer for the UK and Australian/Japanese markets or right-
hand steer for other markets.
Also as with the new Johnston product, both Azuras
utilize plastics body panelling that is designed to take the
www.hako.com
I want more.
Give me Hako!
Selecting a machine means selecting a
partner. Hako not only stands for top tech-
nology, it also guarantees top service before,
during and after purchase. Make a positive
start. Have a free cost/benefit analysis and
a free machine demonstration local to you.
For more information please call
1
+49 4531 806 311
Hako. Your streets and
communal areas are your
business card. We help
to keep them clean.
Hako-Werke GmbH
Dept. SDIC 66
Hamburger Str. 209-239
D-23843 Bad Oldesloe
Fax: +49 4531 806 338
e-mail: info@hako.com
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knocks and shocks of urban use and be easily replaced
when they dont! In many ways, Mathieu Yno designers
have made more of this by creating a bold side elevation
and a curved tail that would have been very hard to create
in sheet metal. The overall effect is stunning.
Big news
So what of the Grand Azura 4000? Any new machine that
takes a well known manufacturer into new territory had
better be good. After just a few minutes behind the wheel of
the Grand Azura 4000, it was clear that a great deal of effort
had gone into making it a machine that drivers will like.
Using a 4 m
3
hopper with, like the smaller Azuras, a
two/four-wheel steering capability which mechanically locks
out when in transit mode, the Grand Azura 4000 is
essentially twice the size of the smaller model. Maximum
gross weight of the Concept 2000 is 4.2 tonnes with a 460-
litre water capacity, while the Grand Azura 4000 is offered
in either 7.5 tonnes or 10 tonnes gross weight. The design
of the Grand Azura is identical at both weights; the rating
purely reflects differences in driver licensing in some
markets.
The complexity of legislation facing the designers of
new cars and trucks is nothing compared with the
complexities of a purpose-built sweeper. The Azura
Concept 2000 has to be offered in 25, 40 and 50 km/hour
maximum speed capabilities to meet specific national
regulations in different markets; the Grand Azura 4000 is
available in 25, 50 and 80 km/hour versions for the same
reasons. With a 4 m
3
hopper and a street wash water tank
capacity of 750 litres, that weight can take a lot of stopping
at higher travel speeds. So its nice to see that four-wheel
disc brakes are there to get a grip and offset the urge from
the Iveco 110 kW, 3.9-litre diesel engine.
Theres a lot of weight behind a laden Grand Azura
4000, but the size of the machine soon shrinks as the
driver learns how to get the best out of it. On the other
hand, payloads can remain usefully large at 5 tonnes.
89
SALES AND PURCHASE
OF USED CLEANING VEHICLES AND TRUCKS
Clean Mat Trucks BV
P.O. Box 170 6660 AD Elst (Gld) The Netherlands
Tel +31 (0)24 348 13 00 Fax +31 (0)24 348 27 22
E-mail: info@cleanmat.eu Internet: www.cleanmat.eu
Garbage trucks; 160 pcs on stock Container trailers; 2- and 3-axles
Container portal trucks Sludge gulpers; 10 pcs on stock
Street sweepers; 10 pcs on stock Small garbage trucks; 10 pcs on stock
Tippers; 10 pcs on stock
Street sweepers mid and small size;
20 pcs on stock
Trucks with XL loading cranes
Container trucks with loading cranes;
2-, 3- and 4-axles
Container trucks; 2-, 3- and 4-axles;
40 pcs on stock
Trekkers with or without loading cranes
FACING PAGE Both new Azuras feature a two/four-wheel steering system and
four-wheel drive for maximum stability and agility. Both models also feature novel
side-viewing windows, aft of the door B-post, to boost driver vision at road
junctions ABOVE Four-wheel steer sweeper designs need to pay special attention
to rear swing clearance. No such problem with the new Grand Azura 4000 the
rear end is neatly rounded to avoid contact damage
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COLLECTI ON AND TRANSPORT Sept ember Oct ober 2006 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD 90
Conclusion
It could be argued that the ground-breaking high-quality
designs from Hakowerke or the technical innovation from
Scottish-based manufacturer Applied Sweepers followed on
from where the standard-setting Schmidt Swingo left off,
and kick-started this new design surge. But its a fact that
good-quality design and a bit of style are now an intrinsic
part of the decision-making process when it comes to
selecting a new purpose-built suction sweeper.
The bottom line is that its a buyers market. Theres lots
of new kit out there to choose from and, as most new
designs offer more than current generations now in service,
now looks like a good time to raise your game.
Malcolm Bates is Transport Correspondent of
Waste Management World.
e-mail: wmw@jxj.com
ABOVE LEFT The Grand Azura 4000 takes Mathieu Yno into the same territory as
Bucher, Johnston and American-owned Ravo ABOVE As the latest round of this
design revolution was started by Hakowerke, we can assume this innovative
manufacturer has no intention of standing still in the near future. As Hakowerke
also owns Multicar and produces the Tremo, could its next move be to produce a
larger model too?
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E
nvironmental concerns are pushing for an increasingly
streamlined process of waste disposal, treatment,
neutralization and recycling. In some regions, while waste
treatment capacity is trying to catch up with an increasing
demand, it has become necessary to store solid waste in waste
bunkers before treatment. The potential for fires in storage
areas is a key concern for plant operators.
Waste stored temporarily in bunkers is potentially
flammable. Fires can result from self-combustion, heat
development due to pressure, spontaneous chemical reactions
between the waste materials, and build-up of methane gas. The
need for fire prevention becomes even more acute for
installations with a waste shredder: sparks formed during the
shredding of metal and other solid parts can react with
methane gas, resulting in an explosive cocktail scattering
around the entire waste bunker.
Waste bunker fires can be hazardous not only for operators
but also the environment. In addition to the fire and its
emissions, the heavily contaminated water used in firefighting,
which hampers the further processing of the waste, has to be
disposed of as well. Furthermore, it is difficult to reach
potential fire spots still dangerously smouldering somewhere in
a large and deep bunker.
PREVENTING FIRES WITH INFRARED
Options for fire prevention and detection include laser-based
scanning and infrared camera. In particular, infrared cameras
are an excellent tool, provided they offer some basic features,
namely the ability to:
detect and clearly visualize nascent hot spots through
smoke and dust
measure and indicate temperature
control pre-defined areas continually
raise an alarm when a temperature threshold is passed.
CASE STUDY
Fire prevention systems are installed by specialized system
integrators. One such leading integrator on the market is the
technology company m.u.t GmbH, based near Hamburg,
Germany. One of the areas that m.u.t. has specialized in is early
fire detection for air and land transportation carriers and
thermal treatment plants.
m.u.t. offers a complete solution including planning,
installation, software, hardware and maintenance. It has
installed more 40 infrared camera-based early fire detection
systems in waste bunkers across Europe. Preliminary planning
is the hardest part of the job, says Werner Hagedorn, Account
Manager for the early fire detection products. We have to
define the best place to install the camera, divide the entire
waste bunker in zones and ensure that the minimum surface
area required for detecting hot spots (commonly 30 x 30 cm in
Germany) is covered by the camera.
FLIR Systems, an infrared camera manufacturer based in
Sweden and the US, introduced its ThermoVision A40-M fix-
mounted camera in 2002. Since then, m.u.t has integrated the
camera into all its waste bunker installations and into ARTUS,
its early fire detection software suite.
The A40 camera offers a spectral range of 7.513 m, which
allows monitoring through smoke and dust. One A40 camera,
mounted on a pan stilt and placed in an appropriate protective
housing, is able to inspect a surface of up to 2000 m
2
. The
camera registers the surface temperature of the waste,
comparing it to the maximum temperature defined by the
waste bunker operator.
The m.u.t. engineers divide the bunker surface in zones
depending on the size of the waste bunker. The camera checks
every zone subsequently and its FireWire output provides
temperature information and infrared imaging to the crane
operators monitor screen in real-time. Operator can also steer
the camera from their working place. Three alarm levels
marked by visual as well as sound alarms warn the crane
operator of substantial temperature differences on the waste
surface in a particular zone. The waste is then mixed and
turned, transferred to another zone, or carried directly to the
oven for combustion.
Although every pixel of the infrared camera detector
measures a temperature value, the m.u.t engineers have chosen
a temperature measurement based on a 3 x 3 pixel grid. They
considered 2 x 2 pixels as inadequate and unreliable:
3 x 3 pixel secures additional measurement accuracy and
consequently a clearer image contrast, while excluding false
alarms, says Volker Meliss, Marketing Director at m.u.t.
The ThermoVision A40 does all the measurements, says
Hagedorn, and its measurement accuracy and reliability are
excellent. But above all, there is no need for a camera with a
cooled detector for such applications as waste bunker
inspections: the A40-M has an uncooled detector and needs
virtually no specific maintenance.
Peter Smorscek works at FLIR Systems, Belgium.
e-mail: Peter.Smorscek@flir.be
TECHNOLOGY NEWS
T E CHNOL OGY NEWS
Caught on camera
The risk of fire becomes increasingly significant as more waste heads into temporary storage. Infrared cameras
can help control this risk, writes PETER SMORSCEK
LEFT TO RIGHT The ThermoVision A40
infrared camera, shown here in its
protective housing, can be installed in
waste bunkers to detect fire risk PHOTO:
M.U.T GMBH The camera checks every
zone of the waste bunker surface The
infrared image shows hot spots in the
waste that have a danger for spontaneous
self-combustion and fire
Sept ember Oct ober 2006 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD
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ISWA information
For more information, please check the ISWA website at
www.iswa.org, where you will find details of
conferences, listings of events and a registration form
The ISWA International Waste Manager
(IWM) programme was launched in
September 2005. The programme is
designed to provide an internationally
recognized certification for individual
professional waste managers based on
their academic achievements and
practical work experience. The
certification is awarded at three levels
intermediate, advanced, international
depending on how applicants meet the
ISWA criteria.
The stages involved in achieving
ISWA International Waste Manager
status can be summarized as follows:
Completion of an application form
describing the applicants education
and practical work experience to
ensure they meet ISWAs basic
requirements.
Preparation of a detailed personal
report on the applicants academic
education, training and practical
work experience. In the report, they
can explain their professional
approach to waste management and
indicate how they meet ISWAs criteria.
Participation in a professional review
interview either in person or
electronically.
A commitment by the applicant to
follow ISWAs Code of Ethics and to
undertake a life-long programme of
Continuous Professional
Development.
Register to the programme at
www.iswa.org
ISWA International Waste Manager
Biological waste treatment survey is
the latest updated version of the
publication on status and trends in
biological treatment by the ISWA
Working Group on Biological Treatment.
The first version of the publication
dates back to 1996 and the new version
is based on a revised survey.
The publication contains information
on the general, legal and economic
aspects for waste management and
especially biological treatment.
Furthermore, it contains more detailed
information on composting, anaerobic
digestion, MBT (mechanicalbiological
treatment), and the outlets for the
products from biological treatment. The
survey is available at the ISWA on-line
bookshop for downloading as PDF.
95 pages; price: 30
Biological Treatment of Waste
(WGBTW)
5 October 2006 Copenhagen,
Denmark (technical tour)
Collection & Transportation
Technology (WGCTT)
1415 September 2006 Budapest,
Hungary
2627 April 2007 Hamburg,
Germany
Communication & Social Issues
(WGCSI)
Denmark
1920 April 2007 Edinburgh,
Scotland, UK
Economic Analyses for Sustainable
Development (WGEASD)
None set
Hazardous Waste (WGHW)
2021 November 2006 Antwerp,
Belgium
MachApril 2007 Italy
Healthcare waste (HCW)
Legal Issues (WGLI)
5 October 2006 Copenhagen
Recycling & Waste Minimization
(WGRWM)
Sanitary Landfill (WGSL)
September 2007 Amsterdam,
the Netherlands
Thermal Treatment of Waste
(WGTT)
89 November 2006 Austria
New ISWA publication
I SWA I NFORMATI ON Sept ember Oct ober 2006 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD 92
Working groups meeting schedule 20062007
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WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD Sept ember Oct ober 2006 I SWA I NFORMATI ON 93
The Board
30 September 2006 Copenhagen,
Denmark
Denmark
13 January 2007 Bangalore, India
14 April 2007 Singapore
23 June 2007 Turkey
22 September 2007 Amsterdam, the
Netherlands
Scientific & Technical Committee
Denmark
9 January 2007 telephone meeting
1213 April 2007 Singapore
2122 June 2007 Turkey (to be
confirmed)
Managing Editors (ME)
Denmark
Editorial Board (EB)
Denmark
Managing Directors Network (MD)
Denmark (together with Pre-General
Assembly)
EU/DG Environment
None set
www.iswa.org
Committee meeting schedule 20062007
ISWA is looking for new Members therefore please
recommend ISWA to people you meet through your work, at
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When you make your sales speech you could mention
that ISWA offers:
the magazine Waste Management World
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several newsletters
10 Working Groups
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certified training through the International Waste Manager
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the special benefits you find useful in your daily work.
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below, or send the details of the new member to
bbh@iswa.dk and the Secretariat will do the follow-up.
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Join ISWA now, and be a part of an international network
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application form below to become a member of ISWA.
Send or fax this application to:
ISWA General Secretariat
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DK-1620 Copenhagen V, Denmark
Tel: +45 32 96 15 88 Fax: +45 32 96 15 84
ISWA MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION
Name:
Company:
Address:
City:
Country:
Telephone:
Fax:
e-mail:
TYPE OF MEMBERSHIP (2006 FEES)
Organization Member
Gold Member 1870
(one representative in all Working Groups, link from ISWA home page
to Gold Members home page and listing in Waste Management World)
Silver Member 1095
(access to have one representative in all Working Groups)
Individual Member:
Regular 184
Developing Country 71
Student 46
Online 50 (must be registered online)
You can sign up for all ISWA Memberships online at the ISWA Shop on
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DI ARY Sept ember Oct ober 2006 WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD
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2006
WASTECON 2006
Bridging the Gap
Cape Town, South Africa
58 September 2006
The Institute of Waste
Management of Southern Africa,
PO Box 79, Allens Nek,
Roodepoort 1737,
South Africa
Tel: +27 21 559 4574
Fax: +27 21 559 4574
e-mail: cebisa@caxtons.co.za
web: www.iwmsa.co.za
RWM 2006
Birmingham, UK
1214 September 2006
Lucy Van Renselar,
Emap Mclaren,
19th Floor, Leon House,
233 High Street, Croydon,
Surrey, CR0 9XT, UK
Tel: +44 20 8277 5713
Fax: +44 20 8277 5128
e-mail: lucy.vanrenselar@emap.com
web: www.rwmexhibition.com
ORBIT 2006 Large
International Biowaste
Conference
Weimar, Germany
1315 September 2006
European Compost Network,
PO Box 22 29,
D-99403 Weimar,
Germany
Tel: +49 25 22 96 03 41
Fax: +49 25 22 96 03 43
e-mail: info@compostnetwork.info
web: www.orbit2006.de
Metalriciclo 2006
Brescia, Italy
1416 September 2006
Federica Zaccaria, Edimet Spa,
Via Corf 102, 25124 Brescia, Italy
Tel: +39 0302421043
Fax: +39 030223802
e-mail: federica.zaccaria@edimet.com
web: www.edimet.com
Wastecon 2006
Charlotte, North Carolina,
USA
1921 September 2006
Liesl Smith, SWANA, PO Box 7219,
Silver Spring, MD 20907, USA
Tel: +1 800 467 9262
Fax: +1 301 589 7068
e-mail: lsmith@swana.org
web: www.swana.org
ISWA World Congress
2006
Copenhagen, Denmark
15 October 2006
Dakofa, Vesterbrogade 74,
3rd Floor, DK-1620 Copenhagen V,
Denmark
Tel: +45 3296 9022
Fax: +45 3296 9019
e-mail: iswa@iswa.dk
web: www.iswa.org
PROMA 2006
International Environment
Exhibition
Bilbao, Spain
36 October 2006
Ana Beln Palencia,
Bilbao Exhibition Centre,
PO Box 468,
48080 Bilbao, Spain
Tel: +34 94 428 54 00
Fax: +34 94 442 42 22
e-mail:
bec@bilbaoexhibitioncentre.com
web:
www.bilbaoexhibitioncentre.com
Local Authority Network
Meeting: the Transport of
Waste and Recyclables
London, UK
16 October 2006
Claire Appleby, London Remade,
1 Quality Court, Chancery Lane,
London WC2A 1HR, UK
Tel: +44 20 7061 6380
e-mail: claire@londonremade.com
web: www.londonremade.com
SWET 2006 The 3rd
Shanghai International
Solid Waste Equipment &
Technology Exhibition
Shanghai, China
1719 October 2006
Shanghai International
Exhibition Co Ltd, 8/F, OOCL Plaza,
841 Yan An Zong Road,
Shanghai 200040, China
Tel: +86 21 62792828
Fax: +86 21 65455124
e-mail: info@siec-ccpit.com
web: www.siec-ccpit.com/
exhibition/swet&cet.htm
Entsorga-Enteco
Cologne, Germany
2427 October 2006
Koelnmesse GmbH,
Messeplatz 1,
D-50679 Kln, Germany
Tel: +49 1805 242858
Fax: +49 221 821 991390
e-mail:
entsorga@visitor.koelnmesse.de
web: www.entsorga-enteco.com
Eco Expo Asia
International Trade Fair
on Environmental
Protection
Hong Kong
2730 October 2006
Messe Frankfurt (HK) Ltd,
3506, China Resources Building,
26 Harbour Road, Wanchai,
Hong Kong
Tel: +852 2802 7728
Fax: +852 2598 8771
e-mail:
info@hongkong.messefrankfurt.com
web: www.ecoexpoasia.com
EPIF 2006 Eco-Products
International Fair 2006
Singapore
31 October 2 November
2006
Enterprise Promotion Centres Pte
Ltd, 1003 Bukit Merah Central,
#0210, 159836, Singapore
Tel: +65 6278 2538
Fax: +65 6278 7518
e-mail: joannetan@epc.com.sg
web: www.epif06.com
WasteMINZ 18th Annual
Conference and Expo
Christchurch, New Zealand
79 November 2006
WasteMINZ, Private Box 31 580,
Milford, Auckland 1309,
New Zealand
Tel: +64 9 486 6722
Fax: +64 9 486 3722
e-mail: info@wasteminz.org.nz
web: www.wasteminz.org.nz
WASMA 2006 The 3rd
International Specialized
Exhibition & Forum
Diary
Send details of your event to WASTE MANAGEMENT WORLD e-mail: wmw@jxj.com
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Moscow, Russia
710 November 2006
Asiya Husainova,
MVK Holding Company,
1 Sokolnichesky val, Hall 4,
Moscow, 107113, Russia
Tel: +7 495 995 05 94
e-mail: har@mvk.ru
web: www.wasma.ru
Ecomondo 2006
Rimini, Italy
811 November 2006
Daniela Bernab,
Rimini Fiera S.p.A.,
Via Emilia, 155,
47900 Rimini, Italy
Tel: +39 0541 744 217
Fax: +39 0541 744 295
e-mail: d.bernabe@riminifiera.it
web: www.ecomondo.com
ISWA Workshops at
Ecomondo
Landfill Methane to Markets
Specialized Workshop
7 November (all day)
Healthcare Waste, a Technical
and Legislative Workshop
8 November (pm)
WEEE: Managing Systems
Comparison at the European Level
9 November (pm)
Some European Models for
Integrated Waste Management
10 November (am)
Contact ISWA Italia for more
information.
Tel: +39 0 541 744271
e-mail: info@iswa.it
WRF06 World
Recycling Forum
Shanghai, China
1417 November 2006
ICM AG, Schwaderhof 524,
5708 Birrwil, Switzerland
Tel: +41 62 785 10 00
Fax: +41 62 785 10 05
e-mail: info@icm.ch
web: www.icm.ch
IX International Waste
Management Symposium
Zagreb, Croatia
1518 November 2006
Marija Novosel,
ZGOS d.o.o.,
Zeleni trg 3, Zagreb,
Croatia
Tel: +385 1 6183 106
e-mail: marija.novosel@zgos.hr
1st European Bioplastics
Conference
Brussels, Belgium
2122 November 2006
European Bioplastics e.V.,
Marienstr. 1920,
10117 Berlin, Germany
Tel: +49 30 28482 350
Fax: +49 30 28482 359
e-mail: conference@
european-bioplastics.org
web: www.conference.
european-bioplastics.org
China Eco Expo
Beijing, China
2830 November 2006
Global Eco Expo,
15030 Ventura Blvd,
Sherman Oaks,
CA 91403, USA
Tel: +1 818 906 2700
Fax: +1 818 986 5890
e-mail: info@ecoexpo.com
web: www.ecoexpo.com
Pollutec 2006
Lyon, France
28 November
1 December 2006
Promosalons (UK) Ltd
Tel: +44 20 8216 3100
Fax: +44 20 8447 1146
e-mail: enquiries@promosalons.co.uk
web: www.pollutec.com
Canadian Waste &
Recycling Expo
Mississauga, Ontario,
Canada
2930 November 2006
Messe Frankfurt Inc.,
1600 Parkwood Circle, Suite 515,
Atlanta, GA 30339, USA
Tel: +1 770 984 8016
Fax: +1 770 984 8023
e-mail: info@usa.messefrankfurt.com
web: www.usa.messefrankfurt.com
VENICE 2006 Biomass
and Waste-to-Energy
Symposium
29 November 1 December
2006
Venice, Italy
Eurowaste srl,
Via Beato Pellegrino, 23,
I-35137 Padova, Italy
Tel: +39 049 8726986
Fax: +39 049 8726987
e-mail: eurowaste@tin.it
web: www.venicesymposium.it
11th Annual Composting
Association Annual
Conference
Brighton, UK
67 December 2006
The Composting Association,
Avon House, Tithe Barn Road,
Wellingborough,
Northamptonshire NN8 1DH
Tel: +44 870160 3270
Fax: +44 870160 3280
e-mail: events@compost.org.uk
web: www.compost.org.uk
2007
IERC 2007 6th
International Electronics
Recycling Congress
Hamburg, Germany
1719 January 2007
Tel: +41 62 785 10 00
Fax: +41 62 785 10 05
e-mail: info@icm.ch
web: www.icm.ch
US Composting Councils
14th Annual Conference
and Trade Show
Orlando, Florida, USA
2124 January 2007
Stuart Buckner, US Composting
Council, 4250 Veterans Memorial
Highway, Suite 275,
Holbrook, NY 11741, USA
Tel: +1 631 737 4931
Fax: +1 631 737 4939
e-mail: buckstop@vdot.net
web: www.compostingcouncil.org
genera 07 Energy and
Environment
International Trade Fair
Madrid, Spain
28 February 3 March 2007
IFEMA Feria de Madrid,
Parque Ferial Juan Carlos I,
28042 Madrid, Spain
Tel: +34 91 722 30 00
Fax: +34 902 22 57 88
e-mail: genera@ifema.es
web: www.genera.ifema.es
The 22nd International
Conference on Solid
Waste Technology and
Management
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First to STEINERT then on to
ENTSORGA!
Presenting new sensor
sorters and featuring on-site
equipment demonstrations.
Share the festivities at
STEINERT one day before
ENTSORGA, on October 23,
2006
Registration is free.
RSVP: +49 221 4984 177
or e-mail:
steinert.open@steinert.de
For further informations:
www.steinert.de
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Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, USA
1821 March 2007
Ronald L. Mersky,
Conference Chair,
Department of Civil Engineering,
Widener University,
1 University Place,
Chester, PA 19013-5792, USA
Tel: +1 610 499 4042
Fax: +1 610 499 4461
e-mail: solid.waste@widener.edu
web: www.widener.edu/solid.waste
IARC2007 7th
International Automobile
Recycling Congress
Amsterdam,
the Netherlands
2123 March 2007
Tel: +41 62 785 10 00
Fax: +41 62 785 10 05
e-mail: info@icm.ch
web: www.icm.ch
Waste to Energy
International Exhibition &
Conference for Energy
from Waste and Biomass
Bremen, Germany
910 May 2007
Andrea Rohde, Messe Bremen,
Theodur-Heuss-Allee 2123,
28215 Bremen, Germany
Tel: +49 421 3505 377
Fax: +49 421 3505 340
e-mail: rohde@messe-bremen.de
web: www.wte-expo.de
WasteExpo 2007
Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
2227 May 2007
WasteExpo, PRIMEDIA
Business Exhibitions,
11 River Bend South,
Stamford, CT 06907, USA
Tel: +1 203 358 9900
Fax: +1 203 358 3751
e-mail:
registration@primediabusiness.com
web: www.wasteexpo.com
5th International Trade
Fair and Congress on
Waste Management,
Recycling and
Environmental
Technologies
Moscow, Russia
29 May 1 June 2007
SIBICO International Ltd, POB
#173, Moscow, 107078, Russia
Tel: +7 495 782 1013
Fax: +7 495 225 5986
e-mail: waste-tech@sibico.com
web: www.waste-tech.ru
RWM 2007
Birmingham, UK
1113 September 2006
Lucy Van Renselar,
Emap Mclaren, 19th Floor,
Leon House, 233 High Street,
Croydon, Surrey, CR0 9XT, UK
Tel: +44 20 8277 5713
Fax: +44 20 8277 5128
e-mail: lucy.vanrenselar@emap.com
web: www.rwmexhibition.com
ISWA World Congress
2007
Amsterdam, the
Netherlands
2428 September 2007
Congrex Holland BV, P.O. Box 302,
1000 AH Amsterdam,
A.J. Ernststraat 595,
1082 LD, Amsterdam,
the Netherlands
Tel: +31 20 504 02 05
Fax: +31 20 504 02 25
e-mail: iswa2007@congrex.nl
web: www.iswa2007.org
11th International Waste
Management and Landfill
Symposium
Sardinia, Italy
15 October 2007
Valeria Zampalocca,
EuroWaste Srl,
Via Beato Pellegrino, 23,
35137 Padova, Italy
Tel: +39 049 8726986
Fax: +39 049 8726987
e-mail: eurowaste@tin.it
web: www.sardiniasymposium.it
WASTECON 2007
Reno, Nevada, USA
1618 October 2007
SWANA,
P.O. Box 7219, Silver Spring,
MD 20907-7219, USA
Tel: +1 800 467 9262
Fax: +1 301 589 7068
e-mail: info@WASTECON.org
web: www.swana.org
Ecomondo 2007
Rimini, Italy
2427 October 2007
Daniela Bernab,
Rimini Fiera S.p.A.,
Via Emilia, 155,
47900 Rimini, Italy
Tel: +39 0541 744 217
Fax: +39 0541 744 475
e-mail: d.bernabe@riminifiera.it
web: www.ecomondo.com
6th International Electronics Recycling 50
Congress, Hamburg
Amandus Kahl GmbH & Co. KG 78
Andritz 79
Babcock & Wilcox Vlund 76
Bano srl 23
Binder+Co AG 48
BMH Wood Technology 71
Bomag 16
Caterpillar SARL 2
CHS Group 49
Clean Mat Trucks BV 89
Cranfield University 18
Cross Wrap Oy IBC
CSJ Al-Jon Ltd 67
Cummins Power Generation 14, 15
Degussa AG 1
Doppstadt Calbe GmbH 9
Earthscan 46
Ecodeco 12
Ecomondo 2006, Rimini 62
Eldan Recycling A/S 26
Entsorga-Enteco, Cologne 52
Frutiger & Co. 55
Gicom b.v. 75
Goudsmit Magnetics Systems BV 29
Haas Recycling 72
Hako-Werke 88
Hammel Recyclingtechnik GmbH 68
Hamos 29
Heil Europe Ltd 82
Holmen Paper Ltd 34
Horstmann GmbH & Co. KG 74
HSM Pressen GmbH + Co. KG 45
ISWA Annual Congress 2006, Copenhagen 7
Johnston Sweepers Ltd 17
Komptech GmbH 5
Lindner Recyclingtech 42
Loglift Jonsered Oy AB 56
Lubo Screening & Recycling Systems b.v. 51
M&J Industries A/S IFC
Macpresse Europa 37
Mercedes-Benz 85
NAUE GmbH & Co. KG 65
NTM AB 57
Opsis AB 80
PELLENC Selective Technologies 30
Pttinger Entsorgungstechnik 24
Pollutec 2006, Lyon 20
Powerscreen International Ltd 11
Presona AB 33
Proma 2006, Bilbao 70
Rambll Energy & Environment OBC
Ravo 90
Rheinbraun Brennstoff GmbH 18
RTT Systemtechnik GmbH 27
Sennebogen Maschinenfabrik GmbH 87
SMS Global Inc 81
Steinert Elektromagnetbau GmbH 95
Sutco RecyclingTechnik GmbH & Co. KG 73
Tana Oy 22
Toratec GmbH 36
Vecoplan Maschinenfabrik GmbH 43
vm-tec 24
Weima 41
Welger Recycling Engineering GmbH 36
Advertisers index
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Knowledge taking people further
Ole Poulsen, Project Director
Ramboll Waste-to-Energy, Copenhagen, Denmark, tel. +45 4598 6000
waste-to-energy@ramboll.dk
www.ramboll.dk/wte
It is always a thrill to watch your plans materialize. As project manager for
the planning and implementation of a new 15 t/h waste-to-energy plant in
Trondheim, Norway, I presently advise the client during the construction
phase and co-ordinate between electromechanical and civil works supplies.
This is what we do in Ramboll Waste-to-Energy---
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Knowledge taking people further

Ole Poulsen, Project Director

Environmentally Friendly Separation

process uses the

plant in order to produce: very

plant (East London UK) Treatment capacity: 180.000 t/y of MSW

plants have been built

collection and transport

The Power in Sorting

WIRE TYING UNIT

Conquering The World TYRANNOSAURUS

Conquering The World

strikes at waste turning it into valuable fuel

strikes at waste turning it into valuable fuel

crushers waiting for the third one to complete

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