Antenna Design of HF-RFID Tags With High Power Requirement: P. Scholz, C. Reinhold, W. John, U. Hilleringmann

Introduction Model Simulation & Measurement Conclusion
Antenna Design of HF-RFID Tags with High

Power Requirement
P. Scholz
1,2
, C. Reinhold
1,2
, W. John
2
, U. Hilleringmann
1
1
University of Paderborn
Department of Electrical Engineering
Sensor Technology Group, Germany
2
Fraunhofer IZM
Departement Advanced System Engineering
Paderborn, Germany
September 6, 2007
Institut fr Elektrotechnik
und Informationstechnik
Sensorik
Prof. Dr.-Ing. U. Hilleringmann
Advanced
System
Engineering
Scholz, Reinhold, John, Hilleringmann - UPB/IZMase OHD 2007 Valence 1/15
Outline
1
Introduction
2
Modelling of the RFID System
Antenna Parameters
Transformed Transponder Impedance
Maximisation of the Coupling
Maximisation of the Quality Factor
System Approach
3
Simulation and Measurement Results
Test Setup for an 80 mW Tag
4
Conclusion
Motivation
1
New RFID Applications with
high power consumptions
Passive RFID with display
RFID with embedded
sensors
2
Power transmission must be
understood
Aim 1: Maximisation of
the eciency
Aim 2: Field emission
should be minimised
Motivation
1
RFID with embedded
sensors
2
understood
the eciency
should be minimised
Motivation
1
RFID with embedded
sensors
2
understood
the eciency
should be minimised
Motivation
1
RFID with embedded
sensors
2
understood
the eciency
should be minimised
Motivation
1
RFID with embedded
sensors
2
understood
the eciency
should be minimised
Motivation
1
RFID with embedded
sensors
2
understood
the eciency
should be minimised
Introduction Model Simulation & Measurement Conclusion Antenna Parameters Trans. Impedance System Approach
System Overview
Typical Setup of inductive coupled coils
Reader Unit
IC
Transponder
Matching
Network
System constraints
HF RFID system incorporate inductive coupled antennas
Power and data transmission in the near eld
Weakly coupled transformer concept
System Overview
Reader Unit
IC
Transponder
Matching
Network
System constraints
System Overview
Reader Unit
IC
Transponder
Matching
Network
System constraints
System Overview
Reader Unit
IC
Transponder
Matching
Network
System constraints
System Overview
Reader Unit
IC
Transponder
Matching
Network
System constraints
Antenna Parameters 1
Analytical Solutions:
Analytical solution only available
for simple geometries
r
1
x
I
1
r
2
Inductances depending on
the spatial arrangement and
geometry of the coils
Example Mutual Inductance:
M = f(r
1
, r
2
, x)
(circular coils, same axes,
homogeneous ux)
Coupling factor: k =
M
L
1
L
2
r
1
x
I
1
r
2
M = f(r
1
, r
2
, x)
homogeneous ux)
M
L
1
L
2
r
1
x
I
1
r
2
M = f(r
1
, r
2
, x)
homogeneous ux)
M
L
1
L
2
r
1
x
I
1
r
2
M = f(r
1
, r
2
, x)
homogeneous ux)
M
L
1
L
2
r
1
x
I
1
r
2
Numerical Solutions:
Complicated structures analysed
via FEM, FDTD, MoM, PEEC
F
t
r
as Hen y
L
1
R
1
C
P
C
S
R
0
I
1
V
0
Reader
Z
T
=

2
k
2
L
1
L
2
R
2
+ jL
2
+
1
1/R
L
+jC
2
e. g. [RFID Handbook]
2
0
k
2
0
L
1
d
2
+ j
Approximation equation
d
2
=
1
Q
2
damping factor;
=

detuning
L
1
R
1
C
P
C
S
R
0
I
1
V
0
Reader
Matching
Network
Source
Z
T
=

2
k
2
L
1
L
2
R
2
+ jL
2
+
1
1/R
L
+jC
2
2
0
k
2
0
L
1
d
2
+ j
d
2
=
1
Q
2
damping factor;
=

detuning
R
L
C
2
L
2
R
2
L
1
R
1
V
2
I
2
C
P
C
S
R
0
I
1
V
0
Reader Transponder
Z
T
=

2
k
2
L
1
L
2
R
2
+ jL
2
+
1
1/R
L
+jC
2
2
0
k
2
0
L
1
d
2
+ j
d
2
=
1
Q
2
damping factor;
=

detuning
R
L
C
2
L
2
R
2
L
1
R
1
V
2
V =jwM I
I1 2
V =jwM I
I2 1
I
2
C
P
C
S
R
0
I
1
V
0
Inductive
Coupling
Reader Transponder
Z
T
=

2
k
2
L
1
L
2
R
2
+ jL
2
+
1
1/R
L
+jC
2
2
0
k
2
0
L
1
d
2
+ j
d
2
=
1
Q
2
damping factor;
=

detuning
L
1
R
1
C
P
C
S
R
0
I
1
V
0
Reader
Transformed
Transponder
Impedance
Z
T
Z
T
=

2
k
2
L
1
L
2
R
2
+ jL
2
+
1
1/R
L
+jC
2
2
0
k
2
0
L
1
d
2
+ j
d
2
=
1
Q
2
damping factor;
=

detuning
L
1
R
1
C
P
C
S
R
0
I
1
V
0
Reader
Transformed
Transponder
Impedance
Z
T
Z
T
=

2
k
2
L
1
L
2
R
2
+ jL
2
+
1
1/R
L
+jC
2
2
0
k
2
0
L
1
d
2
+ j
d
2
=
1
Q
2
damping factor;
=

detuning
L
1
R
1
C
P
C
S
R
0
I
1
V
0
Reader
Transformed
Transponder
Impedance
Z
T
Z
T
=

2
k
2
L
1
L
2
R
2
+ jL
2
+
1
1/R
L
+jC
2
2
0
k
2
0
L
1
d
2
+ j
d
2
=
1
Q
2
damping factor;
=

detuning
L
1
R
1
C
P
C
S
R
0
I
1
V
0
Reader
Transformed
Transponder
Impedance
Z
T
Z
T
=

2
k
2
L
1
L
2
R
2
+ jL
2
+
1
1/R
L
+jC
2
2
0
k
2
0
L
1
d
2
+ j
d
2
=
1
Q
2
damping factor; =

detuning
Transformed Transponder Impedance - Comparison
-0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Normalized detuning frequency n
T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
d

T
r
a
n
s
p
o
n
d
e
r

I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

(
W
)

Re{Z }
T
Re{Z }
T,approx
Im{Z }
T
Im{Z }
T,approx
Approximation in
good agreement with
original equation
Approximation
becomes real at
resonance
R
T
=
0
k
2
L
1
Q
2
Tag power is linear
related to R
T
Maximisation of
k
2
L
1
and/or Q
2
-0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
d

T
r
a
n
s
p
o
n
d
e
r

I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

(
W
)

Re{Z }
T
Re{Z }
T,approx
Im{Z }
T
Im{Z }
T,approx
Approximation in
good agreement with
original equation
Approximation
becomes real at
resonance
R
T
=
0
k
2
L
1
Q
2
Tag power is linear
related to R
T
Maximisation of
k
2
L
1
and/or Q
2
-0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
d

T
r
a
n
s
p
o
n
d
e
r

I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

(
W
)

Re{Z }
T
Re{Z }
T,approx
Im{Z }
T
Im{Z }
T,approx
Approximation in
good agreement with
original equation
Approximation
becomes real at
resonance
R
T
=
0
k
2
L
1
Q
2
Tag power is linear
related to R
T
Maximisation of
k
2
L
1
and/or Q
2
-0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
d

T
r
a
n
s
p
o
n
d
e
r

I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

(
W
)

Re{Z }
T
Re{Z }
T,approx
Im{Z }
T
Im{Z }
T,approx
Approximation in
good agreement with
original equation
Approximation
becomes real at
resonance
R
T
=
0
k
2
L
1
Q
2
Tag power is linear
related to R
T
Maximisation of
k
2
L
1
and/or Q
2
-0.2 -0.15 -0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
T
r
a
n
s
f
o
r
m
e
d

T
r
a
n
s
p
o
n
d
e
r

I
m
p
e
d
a
n
c
e

(
W
)

Re{Z }
T
Re{Z }
T,approx
Im{Z }
T
Im{Z }
T,approx
Approximation in
good agreement with
original equation
Approximation
becomes real at
resonance
R
T
=
0
k
2
L
1
Q
2
Tag power is linear
related to R
T
Maximisation of
k
2
L
1
and/or Q
2
Energy maximum
Sufficient bandwidth
for communication
S
o
n
d
a
in
d
u
c
a
e
L
e
c
r
y
t
n
c
(
H
)
2
o
r
m
z
e
u
n

q
u
c
y
n
N
a
l
i
e
d

d
t
n
i
g
f
r
e
e
n

I
n
d
u
c
e
d

v
o
l
t
a
g
e

|
U
|

(
V
)
2
Number of
turns
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Maximum Quality
Factor
Maximum Load
Voltage
Turn conguration
for energy
maximum:
N
opt
= f(R
20
, L
20
, R
L
)
Energy maximum
Sufficient bandwidth
for communication
S
o
n
d
a
in
d
u
c
a
e
L
e
c
r
y
t
n
c
(
H
)
2
o
r
m
z
e
u
n

q
u
c
y
n
N
a
l
i
e
d

d
t
n
i
g
f
r
e
e
n

I
n
d
u
c
e
d

v
o
l
t
a
g
e

|
U
|

(
V
)
2
Number of
turns
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Maximum Quality
Factor
Maximum Load
Voltage
Turn conguration
for energy
maximum:
N
opt
= f(R
20
, L
20
, R
L
)
System Approach
Aim: Maximum power delivered to tag for given current I
1
(limited by regulations)
1
Maximising the coupling by optimising the coil geometry for a
desired orientation
Maximising the transponder coil area
Optimising the reader antenna geometry (max. k
2
L
1
)
2
Determine the optimum number of turns of the transponder
coil
3
A single winding for the reader coil to keep the quality factor
low
4
Design the reader matching network in order to deliver
maximum power from the source
System Approach
1
1
desired orientation
2
L
1
)
2
coil
3
low
4
System Approach
1
1
desired orientation
2
L
1
)
2
coil
3
low
4
System Approach
1
1
desired orientation
2
L
1
)
2
coil
3
low
4
System Approach
1
1
desired orientation
2
L
1
)
2
coil
3
low
4
System Approach
1
1
desired orientation
2
L
1
)
2
coil
3
low
4
System Approach
1
1
desired orientation
2
L
1
)
2
coil
3
low
4
Introduction Model Simulation & Measurement Conclusion Test Setup for an 80 mW Tag
Test Setup
R =300 W
L
C =820 pF
2
R =30 mW
2
L =530 nH
1
R =240 mW
1
V
2
I
2
C =120 pF
3
C =170 pF
4
R =50 W
0
I
1
V =7.4 V
0
M(r)
C =730 pF
5
L =168 nH
2
R =1.8 kW
P
Model of a
commercial available
reader
Output Power of
275 mW, matched to
the uncoupled case
Transponder should
be provided with
80 mW (V
2
= 4.9 V)
x
y
z
(x ,0,0)
Tag
x
5
.
4

c
m
9
c
6
.

m
2
m
1

c
1
2
c
m

4 mm
1 mm
x
y
z
x
5
.
4

c
m
9
m
6
.

c
1
2

c
m
1
2

c
m
4 mm
1 mm
(x ,0,0)
Tag
(a) Parallel Arrangement (b) Rectangular Arrangement
Fig.: Orientation of the coils for two
test scenarios
Test Setup
R =300 W
L
C =820 pF
2
R =30 mW
2
L =530 nH
1
R =240 mW
1
V
2
I
2
C =120 pF
3
C =170 pF
4
R =50 W
0
I
1
V =7.4 V
0
M(r)
C =730 pF
5
L =168 nH
2
R =1.8 kW
P
Model of a
reader
Output Power of
275 mW, matched to
the uncoupled case
Transponder should
be provided with
80 mW (V
2
= 4.9 V)
x
y
z
(x ,0,0)
Tag
x
5
.
4

c
m
9
c
6
.

m
2
m
1

c
1
2
c
m

4 mm
1 mm
x
y
z
x
5
.
4

c
m
9
m
6
.

c
1
2

c
m
1
2

c
m
4 mm
1 mm
(x ,0,0)
Tag
test scenarios
Test Setup
R =300 W
L
C =820 pF
2
R =30 mW
2
L =530 nH
1
R =240 mW
1
V
2
I
2
C =120 pF
3
C =170 pF
4
R =50 W
0
I
1
V =7.4 V
0
M(r)
C =730 pF
5
L =168 nH
2
R =1.8 kW
P
Model of a
reader
Output Power of
275 mW, matched to
the uncoupled case
Transponder should
be provided with
80 mW (V
2
= 4.9 V)
x
y
z
(x ,0,0)
Tag
x
5
.
4

c
m
9
c
6
.

m
2
m
1

c
1
2
c
m

4 mm
1 mm
x
y
z
x
5
.
4

c
m
9
m
6
.

c
1
2

c
m
1
2

c
m
4 mm
1 mm
(x ,0,0)
Tag
test scenarios
Test Setup
R =300 W
L
C =820 pF
2
R =30 mW
2
L =530 nH
1
R =240 mW
1
V
2
I
2
C =120 pF
3
C =170 pF
4
R =50 W
0
I
1
V =7.4 V
0
M(r)
C =730 pF
5
L =168 nH
2
R =1.8 kW
P
Model of a
reader
Output Power of
275 mW, matched to
the uncoupled case
Transponder should
be provided with
80 mW (V
2
= 4.9 V)
x
y
z
(x ,0,0)
Tag
x
5
.
4

c
m
9
c
6
.

m
2
m
1

c
1
2
c
m

4 mm
1 mm
x
y
z
x
5
.
4

c
m
9
m
6
.

c
1
2

c
m
1
2

c
m
4 mm
1 mm
(x ,0,0)
Tag
test scenarios
Measurement results
Parallel arrangement
0 5 10 15 20 25
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
Distance between the coils x
Tag
(cm)
P
o
w
e
r

(
W
)

P
Source,sim
P
RL,sim
P
RL,meas
P
R1,sim
P
RP,sim
Measurement results
Rectangular arrangement
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
Distance between the coils x
Tag
(cm)
P
o
w
e
r

(
W
)

P
RL,sim
P
RL,meas
Conclusion
1
Characterisation of the inductive link
2
Inductance parameters can be extracted by analytical and
numerical methods and optimised
3
System model of the energy transmission for inductive coupled
RFID-Systems was presented and discussed
4
Approximation formulae for the transformed transponder
impedance
5
Power at dierent network elements was presented and
analysed for varying turn numbers and coupling factors
6
A consecutive planning for an optimum system design was
outlined
7
Measurement results were presented and compared with
simulation results
Conclusion
1
2
3
4
impedance
5
6
outlined
7
simulation results
Conclusion
1
2
3
4
impedance
5
6
outlined
7
simulation results
Conclusion
1
2
3
4
impedance
5
6
outlined
7
simulation results
Conclusion
1
2
3
4
impedance
5
6
outlined
7
simulation results
Conclusion
1
2
3
4
impedance
5
6
outlined
7
simulation results
Conclusion
1
2
3
4
impedance
5
6
outlined
7
simulation results
Antenna Design of HF-RFID Tags with High
Power Requirement
P. Scholz
1,2
, C. Reinhold
1,2
, W. John
2
, U. Hilleringmann
1
1
University of Paderborn
Department of Electrical Engineering
Sensor Technology Group, Germany
2
Fraunhofer IZM
Departement Advanced System Engineering
Paderborn, Germany
September 6, 2007
Institut fr Elektrotechnik
und Informationstechnik
Sensorik
Prof. Dr.-Ing. U. Hilleringmann
Advanced
System
Engineering

Antenna Design of HF-RFID Tags With High Power Requirement: P. Scholz, C. Reinhold, W. John, U. Hilleringmann

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Introduction Model Simulation & Measurement Conclusion

Antenna Design of HF-RFID Tags with High

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