1

STRENGTHENING OF LOAD BEARING FRAME WORK

OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING BEFORE AND AFTER
EARTHQUAKE




2

STRENGTHENING OF LOAD BEARING FRAME WORK
OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING BEFORE AND AFTER
EARTHQUAKE

A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
YAGNIK PATEL (100220106014)
HITESH PANCHAL (100220106040)
MEHUL SOLANKI (100220106053)
In fulfillment for the award of the degree
Of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
Civil Department

Government Engineering College, Patan
3

GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

4
We hereby certify that we are the sole authors of this project report and that neither any part of this UDP
project report nor the whole of the Project report has been submitted for a degree by other student(s) to
any other University or Institution.
We certify that, to the best of our knowledge, the current Project report does not infringe upon anyones
copyright nor violate any proprietary rights and that any ideas, techniques, quotations or any other
material from the work of other people included in our Project report, published or otherwise, are fully
acknowledged in accordance with the standard referencing practices. Furthermore, to the extent that we
have included copyrighted material that surpasses the boundary of fair dealing within the meaning of the
Indian Copyright (Amendment) Act 2012, we certify that we have obtained a written permission from the
copyright owner(s) to include such material(s) in the current Project report and have included copies of
such copyright clearances to our appendix.
We have checked the write up of the present Project report using anti-plagiarism database and it is in the
allowable limit. In case of any complaints pertaining to plagiarism, we certify that we shall be solely
responsible for the same and we understand that as per norms, University can even revoke BE degree
conferred upon the student(s) submitting this Project report, in case it is found to be plagiarised.
Team:-
Enrolment number

Name

Signature

100220106014 Patel Yagnik

100220106040 Panchal Hitesh

100220106053 Solanki Mehul




Place:- Guide:- M.D. Vakil
Date:- Sign:
4

CERTIFICATE

Date:

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled STRENGTHENING OF LOAD
BEARING FRAME WORK OF RESIDENTIAL BUILDING BEFORE AND
AFTER EARTHQUAKE has been carried out by YAGNIK PATEL, HITESH
PANCHAL and MEHUL SOLANKI under my guidance in fulfilment of the degree
of Bachelor of Engineering in CIVIL (8th Semester) of Government Engineering
College, Patan during the academic year 2013-14.






Guided by:- Head of the Department
Prof.,M.D.Vakil Prof., V.R.Patel


5

SELF-DECLARATION

We,

YAGNIK PATEL , HITESH PANCHAL and MEHUL SOLANKI the students of CIVIL
ENGINEERING Branch 100220106014, 100220106040, 100220106053 respectively enrolled
at Government Engineering College, Patan hereby certify and declare the following:


We have not purchased the solutions developed by any 3
rd
party directly and the efforts
are made by me/us under the guidance of guides.

The project work is not copied from any previously done projects directly.

The project work submitted by us is prepared by us and we fully understand the contents.
We will make best efforts to solve the problems given by the user/ industry. If the project
is in relay model we will share credits with the initial contributors.





















Names: YAGNIK PATEL, HITESH PANCHAL, MEHUL SOLANKI

Contact number: 9998887142, 9898382622, 8866131767




Date: Sign:/signs:
Place: Patan


6

INDEX


Chapter Page
1. Introduction.7
2. Strengthening Methods....9
Base Isolation....9
Jacketing...16
FRP Reinforcements......................24
3. Design Procedure for Strengthening of using ACI 440.2R-0831
4. Excel Program..39
5. Comparative study...53
6. Conclusion....54
7. References55






7

Chapter-1
INTORDUCTION


The casualties from the earthquakes suffered during the last decade have made it necessary to
control and access buildings that have been constructed without any regard to appropriate
seismic design characteristics. Earthquake poses an important challenge for the art and science of
structural engineering to construct safe structures by proper design procedures. The lack of
adequate knowledge of structural behaviour under seismic loads has claimed many lives and
caused extensive property loss for many decades.

Recent earthquakes in Bhuj and Jammu Kashmir demonstrated the power of nature and the
catastrophic impact of such power upon urban cities. Casualties and damage associated with
older buildings, which were designed and constructed using codes that are now known to provide
inadequate safety, are far worse than that for newer buildings which have been designed and
built in accordance with more stringent code requirements. Earthquake occurrence is uncertain
and can be possible partially for faults. The earthquake predictions cannot be eliminated by the
earthquake events. Therefore the earthquake resistant structure is the only solution for the
damaging effect of earthquake on structures.

With the improvements in the earthquake engineering for new construction, more recent effort
focused on the seismic behaviour of older reinforced concrete frames. The effort of evaluating
and improving seismic performance of building requires a detailed investigation of their
deficiencies with regard to strength, stiffness, deformation capacity. For such detail study of the
structure Performance based earthquake engineering is most essential.

Design for seismic resistance has been undergoing a critical reappraisal in recent years, with the
emphasis changing from strength to performance. However, over the past 25 years there has
been a gradual shift from this position with the realization that increasing strength may not
enhance safety, nor necessarily reduce damage. The development of capacity design principles
8

was an expression of the realization that the distribution of strength through a building was more
important than the absolute value of the design base shear. It was recognized that a frame
building would perform better under seismic attack if it could be assured that plastic hinges
would occur in beams rather than in columns (weak beam/strong column mechanism), and if the
shear strength of members exceeded the shear corresponding to flexural strength. This can be
identified as the true start to performance based seismic design, where the overall performance of
the building is controlled as a function of the design process.
Before going for the strengthening of structures it is essential to have an idea about the reasons
of failure of the structures and need of retrofitting. In case of reinforced concrete buildings it is
necessary to know about the failure pattern of structures. Generally R.C.C. buildings are
designed from a detailed analysis for dead, live and seismic loads. The reinforced buildings often
get damaged in earthquakes because of lack of good design and faulty reinforcement detailing
practice.


















9

Chapter-2
STRENGTHNING METHODS


1) BASE ISOLATION:-









10

INTRODUCTION

In recent years base isolation has become an increasingly applied structural design technique for
buildings and bridges in highly seismic areas. Many types of structures have been built using this
approach, and many others are in the design phase or under construction. Most of the completed
buildings and those under construction use rubber isolation bearings in some way in the isolation
system.
The ideas behind the concept of base isolation are quite simple. There are two basic types of
isolation systems. The system that has been adopted most widely in recent years is typified by
the use of elastomeric bearings, the elastomer made of either natural rubber or neoprene. In this
approach, the building or structure is decoupled from the horizontal components of the
earthquake ground motion by interposing a layer with low horizontal stiffness between the
structure and the foundation. This layer gives the structure a fundamental frequency that is much
lower than its fixed-base frequency and also much lower than the predominant frequencies of the
ground motion. The first dynamic mode of the isolated structure involves deformation only in the
isolation system, the structure above being to all intents and purposes rigid. The higher modes
that will produce deformation in the structure are orthogonal to the first mode and consequently
also to the ground motion. These higher modes do not participate in the motion, so that if there is
high energy in the ground motion at these higher frequencies, this energy cannot be transmitted
into the structure. The isolation system does not absorb the earthquake energy, but rather deflects
it through the dynamics of the system. This type of isolation works when the system is linear and
even when undamped; however, some damping is beneficial to suppress any possible resonance
at the isolation frequency.
The second basic type of isolation system is typified by the sliding system. This works by
limiting the transfer of shear across the isolation interface. Many sliding systems have been
proposed and some have been used. In China there are at least three buildings on sliding systems
that use a specially selected sand at the sliding interface. A type of isolation containing a lead-
bronze plate sliding on stainless steel with an elastomeric bearing has been used for a nuclear
power plant in South Africa. The friction-pendulum system is a sliding system using a special
11

interfacial material sliding on stainless steel and has been used for several projects in the United
States, both new and retrofit construction.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Many researchers have considered various aspects of ground-borne vibration and its effects on
buildings and their occupants, and several detailed studies have already been undertaken. Some
of the papers giving thought to Base Isolation of Buildings, Retrofitting of building by Seismic
Base Isolation and the study of structural response due to actual earthquake are studied and
abstract of the same are presented below.

Yeong-Bin Yang, Kuo-Chun Chang, Jong-Dar Yau
[2]
presented the philosophy behind
Seismic Isolation systems, basic requirements of Seismic Isolation systems and the design
criteria for Isolation devices like HDR, LRB & FPS. Example is provided to illustrate the
practical application of the design concept and a comparison is carried out for the three types of
bearings for the same project. It was concluded by the author that the procedures presented2.
Literature Review here serve merely as a key concept involved in initial sizing of the base
isolation systems. Extra care must be given in applying isolators to the rehabilitation of existing
buildings.
Rihui Zhang
[3]
presented basic concepts, modeling and analysis for an isolated structure.
Seismic Isolation and Energy Dissipation devices like elastomeric isolators, sliding isolators and
few dampers are presented. This is followed up by performance and testing requirements for
isolation devices. Design guidelines and design examples are presented, where the design
guidelines follow AASHTO guidelines for bridges and UBC guidelines for buildings. This
guideline contains general requirements for isolation, selecting proper isolation device, methods
of analysis, design displacement & design force. Recent development in this field and
application are presented. The author has made an attempt to introduce the basic concepts of
seismic isolation and supplemental energy dissipation devices and their history, current
developments, applications, and design related issues.
12

James M. Kelly
[11]
presented the ideas behind the concept of base isolation. In this approach the
building or structure is decoupled from the horizontal components of earthquake ground motion
by interposing a layer with low horizontal stiffness between the structure and the foundation.
Research and development on the use of natural rubber bearings for Isolating buildings from
earthquakes is presented. U.S. applications of base isolation are presented followed by
application of base isolation in Japan and finally the application of base isolation for nuclear
power plants is presented. From the research work carried out it was proved that research has
improved the effectiveness of isolators in decreasing problems of stability, roll-out, failure of
isolators, or unexpected response. The difficulties of manufacturing large isolators have
diminished. It was now possible to make bearings of large diameters, because of the research
work carried out.

Principle of Base Isolation
The principle of Seismic Isolation is to introduce flexibility at the base of a structure in the
horizontal plane. The system operates by decoupling the structure from the horizontal
components of earthquake ground motion by interposing a layer of low horizontal stiffness
between structure and foundation. By using Isolators the building is "decoupled" from the
ground motion of any earthquake and the transmission of seismic energy to the building is
dampened. This is done by lowering the vibration frequency, allowing the building to move or
displace, and lowering the shock acceleration of the seismic event thus reducing the tendency for
the upper floors to move faster than the lower floors.

13






Objective of Base Isolation

The objective of seismic isolation systems is to decouple the building structure from the
damaging components of the earthquake input motion, i.e. to prevent the superstructure of the
building from absorbing the earthquake energy. The entire superstructure must be supported on
discrete isolators whose dynamic characteristics are chosen to uncouple the ground motion.
Some isolators are also designed to add substantial damping. Displacement and yielding are
concentrated at the level of the isolation devices, and the superstructure behaves very much like a
rigid body.


Basic Elements of Base Isolation System

There are three basic elements in any practical Seismic Isolation system. They are:-
1. A Flexible mounting so that the period of vibration of the total system is lengthened
sufficiently to reduce the force response.
14

2. A damper or energy dissipater so that the relative deflections between the building &
ground can be controlled to a practical design level; and
3. A means of providing rigidity under low load levels such as wind and minor EQ.

Base Isolation:- Isolation layer is located on the base of building.

Advantages:
a. Minimal added structural costs.
b. Separation at the level of base is easy to incorporate.
c. Base of Columns may be connected by diaphragm.
D. Easy to incorporate back-up systems for vertical loads.

Disadvantage:
a. May require cantilever pit.

Basement Isolation:- Isolation layer located on the certain story of the basement.

Advantages:
a. No Sub-basement required.
b. Minimal added structural costs.
c. Base of columns connected by diaphragm at isolation level.
d. Back-up system for vertical loads provided by columns.

Disadvantage:
a. May require cantilevered elevated shaft below first floor level.
b. Special treatment required for internal stairways below first floor level.

Storey Isolation:- Isolation layer is located on the top of the first story or certain storey
of super structure.

15

Advantages:
a. Minimal added structural costs.
b. Economic if first level is for parking.
c. Back-up system for vertical loads provided by columns.

Disadvantages:
a. Special detail required for elevators and stairs.
b. Special cladding details required if first level is not open.
c. Special details required for vertical services.

Top Isolation:- Isolation layer is located on the top of the building. It is always used to add 1-
2 stories on the top of existing building for seismic retrofit.
















16

2) JACKETING:-











17

INTRODUCTION

Jacketing is the most popularly used method for strengthening of building columns. The most
common types of jackets are steel jacket, reinforced concrete jacket, fibre reinforced polymer
composite jacket, jacket with high tension materials like carbon fibre, glass fibre etc. The main
purposes of jacketing are:-
1. To increase concrete confinement by transverse fibre reinforcement, especially for circular
cross-sectional columuns.
2. To increase shear strength by transverse fibre reinforcement.
3. To increase flexural strength by longitudinal fibre reinforcement provide.

Such types of multi-shaped jackets provide a high degree of confinement by virtue of their shape
to the splice region proving to be more effective. Rectangular jackets typically lack the flexural
stiffness needed to fully confine the concrete. However, circular and oval jackets may be less
desirable due to:
(i) Need of large space in the building potential difficulties of fitting in the jackets with existing
partition walls, exterior cladding, and non-structural elements and
(ii) Where an oval or elliptical jacket has sufficient stiffness to confine the concrete along the
long dimension of the crosssection is open to question. The longitudinal fibers similar to
longitudinal reinforcement can be effective in increasing the flexural strength of member
although they cannot effectively increase the flexural capacity of building frames because the
critical moments are located at beam-column ends where most of the longitudinal fibers are
difficult to pierce through to get sufficient anchorage.



Strengthening of RC beam

Several methods are used for strengthening of beam like concrete jacketing, steel
jacketing, precast concrete jacketing, external prestressing and FRP wrapping. These
methods are explained as follows:


18

Concrete Jacketing

Concrete jacketing involves addition of a thick layer of RC in the form of a jacket, using
longitudinal reinforcement and transverse ties. Additional concrete and reinforcement contribute
to strength increase of section. General thickness of jacket is up to 100 mm. The stiffness of the
system is highly increased due to jacketing. For beam section stirrups are required to be anchored
in slab. For column longitudinal bars need to be anchored to the foundation and should be
continuous through the slab. Jacketing requires drilling of holes in existing column, slab, beams
and footings. After jacketing size, weight and stiffness of the column increase.




Concrete Jacketing




19



Methods of Concrete Jacketing


Method-A

In the illustration, Method A will accomplish efficient load transfer if the new portion is cast
with a bond breaker between the new and old concrete.

After most of the drying shrinkage has occurred, the ties that link the old and new concrete can
be installed.
20


The gap between the new portion of the column and the existing member (to be partially
supported by this column) can be filled with dry packing material.

This will allow the new material to share its portion of the load.


Method-B&C

When Methods B and C are used, extreme care should be exercised to select concrete mix
designs with very low shrinkage rates.

Pre placed aggregate concrete generally offers the lowest drying shrinkage; it is, therefore, an
excellent material for column enlargements.



Disadvatages

1. Increasing the size of the element, which make its usage very limited.
2. Difficult to construct in some active buildings such as hospitals, schools because of the
noise of equipments.
3. Needs shuttering, formworks, reinforced steel, concrete, concrete pumps, vibrators, etc.







21

Steel jacketing

In steel jacketing encasing the column with steel plates and filling the gap with a non-
shrink grout is carried out. Steel jacketing provides confinement to core concrete. Its
high youngs modulus causes the steel to take a large axial load. General thickness of
grout is 25 mm. Steel jacket is affected by corrosion and impact with coating
materials, so it is not used for columns in river, lake and seas. New longitudinal
reinforcement is set around the existing column, and precast concrete segments are set
around the new reinforcement. All segments are tied together by strands. After
injecting non-shrinkage mortar between the existing concrete and precast concrete
segment, prestressed force is introduced in the strands to assure the contact of the
segments.



Steel Jacketing

22

Research Significance


The need to strengthen beams for any structure may arise at any time from the beginning of the
construction phase until the end of the service life or when the structure is distressed. During the
construction phase, the strengthening of beam may be required because of,

Design errors
Deficient concrete production
Bad execution processes
Situations involving changes in the structure functionality
The development of more demanding code requirements

During the service life, the strengthening of beam in any structure may arise on account of,

An earthquake or other such natural calamity
An accident, such as collisions, fire, explosions, etc.
Distress in structure due to various physical and chemical factors

To overcome above related to functionality of beam for any structure, jacketing using additional
reinforcement may be carried out for its strengthening. Further, for the damaged beams during
their service life, the repairing of beams may be carried out by grouting and the beams
strengthening by jacketing. Less amount of research has been performed on techniques for
jacketing using dowel connectors alone, bonding agent alone, combined use of dowel connectors
and bonding agent and without using dowel connectors and bonding agent on smooth and
chipped surfaces of the beams. Also less amount of work has been done for comparing
performance of strengthened and repaired and strengthened beams by jacketing. For above
reasons the present work is aimed towards Study of Repaired and Strengthened RC beams using
different jacketing Techniques for smooth and chipped surfaces.



23


Objectives of Study


To study various parameters, following objectives are decided for the major project.

1) To evaluate the response of RC beam subjected to loading by measuring structural parameters
such as ultimate load, failure load, maximum displacement, strain variation, failure shape, crack
patterns, etc.

2) To study e activeness of jacketing on the beam using additional reinforcement.

3) To study e activeness of dowel connectors and micro-concrete, bonding agent and micro-
concrete, combination of dowel connectors and bonding agent and micro-concrete and without
dowel connectors and bonding agent and using only micro-concrete for jacketing of the beam.

4) To study the e activeness of above method jacketing when the beam surface is smooth as well
as chipped.

5) To evaluate e activeness of grouting for damaged beams before jacketing.
6) To determine bond strength between old and new concrete for smooth surface and chipped
surface of the beams.

7) To compare behavior of strengthened beams and repaired and strengthened beams for
evaluating efficiency of the jacketing method in case of beams.







24


3) FRP REINFORCEMENT:-












25

INTRODUCTION

The use of fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) as a construction material has increased in recent
years, primarily because of the non-corrosive nature and high tensile strength of the material.
Though the principle application of FRPs has been in the form of glass and carbon sheets for
retrofit and rehabilitation projects, FRP reinforcing bars are being considered as an alternative to
steel reinforcements for use in new reinforced concrete structures. A major challenge for using
FRP re-bars in seismically active regions remains to be their brittle failure characteristics.

Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcements have been used extensively as an alternative
reinforcement material to steel for new construction as well as for strengthening and repair of
existing structures. Strengthening of Reinforced concrete (RC) elements mostly use two methods
EBR (Externally Bonded Reinforcements) method and NSM (Near Surface Mounted) method.
Steel bars have resulted in several disadvantages including difficulty in handling at site and
possibility of corrosion at the adhesive-steel interface. Therefore, the strengthening of concrete
structure by bonding FRP bars to concrete surfaces using polymer adhesives is becoming an
effective way of improving performance of structures. FRP materials are lightweight,
noncorrosive, and exhibit high tensile strength. These materials are readily available in several
forms. FRPs are organized in a laminate structure. Each lamina (flat layer) contains an
arrangement of unidirectional fibers fabrics embedded within a thin layer of light polymer matrix
material.










26

Historical Background



In Europe, FRP systems were developed as alternates to steel plate bonding. Bonding steel plates
to the tension zones of concrete members with adhesive resins were shown to be viable
techniques for increasing their flexural strengths (Fleming and King 1967). This technique has
been used to strengthen many bridges and buildings around the world. Because steel plates can
corrode, leading to a deterioration of the bond between the steel and concrete, and because they
are difficult to install, requiring the use of heavy equipment, researchers have looked to FRP
materials as an alternative to steel. Experimental work using FRP materials for retrofitting
concrete structures was reported as early as 1978 in Germany (Wolf and Miessler 1989).
Research in Switzerland led to the first applications of externally bonded FRP systems to
reinforced concrete bridges for flexural strengthening (Meier 1987; Rostasy 1987).

FRP systems were first applied to reinforced concrete columns for providing additional
confinement in Japan in the 1980s (Fardis and Khalili 1981; Katsumata et al. 1987). A sudden
increase in the use of FRPs in Japan was observed after the 1995 Hyogoken Nanbu earthquake
(Nanni 1995).

Researchers in the United States have had a long and continuous interest in fiber-based
reinforcement for concrete structures since the 1930s. Development and research into the use of
these materials for retrofitting concrete structures, however, started in the 1980s through the
initiatives of the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Federal Highway Administration
(FHWA). The research activities led to the construction of many field projects that encompassed
a wide variety of environmental conditions. Previous research and field applications for FRP
rehabilitation and strengthening are described in ACI 440R and conference proceedings (Neale
2000; Dolan et al. 1999; Sheheta et al. 1999; Saadatmanesh and Ehsani 1998; Benmokrane and
Rahman 1998; Neale and Labossire 1997; Hassan and Rizkalla 2002; Shield et al. 2005).

The development of codes and standards for externally bonded FRP systems is ongoing in
Europe, Japan, Canada, and the United States. Within the last 10 years, the Japan Society of
27

Civil Engineers (JSCE), the Japan Concrete Institute (JCI), and the Railway Technical Research
Institute (RTRI) published several documents related to the use of FRP materials in concrete
structures.

The Canadian Standards Association (CSA) and ISIS have been active in developing guidelines
for FRP systems. Section 16, Fiber Reinforced Structures, of the Canadian
Highway Bridge Design Code was completed in 2006 (CAN/CSA-S6-06), and CSA approved
CSA S806-00.

In the United States, criteria for evaluating FRP systems are available to the construction
industry (ICBO AC125; CALTRANS Division of Structures 1996; Hawkins et al. 1998).



FRP consists of two main components:
1. Fibers.
2. Resin or Matrix.



28

Types of FRP Reinforcements

There are main three types of FRP Reinforcements available,
1. Carbon
2. Glass
3. Aramid



Installation of FRP bar


Materials used for installation of FRP bar are epoxy as binder material, white sand and FRP bar.
Pro-portion used for mixing is 1:6 for epoxy sand. Process of installation of the NSM FRP rods
started by cutting the grooves with specified dimensions into the concrete cover in the
longitudinal direction at the tension side and shear side of the beam depending upon the
strengthening conditions. A special concrete saw with a diamond blade is used to cut the
grooves. The remaining concrete lugs formed by sawing the concrete surface is then removed
using a hammer and a hand chisel in such a way that the lower surface became rough. The
grooves are cleaned using air brushing pressure to remove debris and fine particles so as to
ensure proper bonding between the filling material and the concrete. The groove dimensions. The
groove is half filled and the FRP rod is then placed inside and pressed lightly. This forces the
filling material around the FRP rod. More filling material is applied to fill the groove and the
surface is leveled. The beam is left for one week to ensure the filling material gains the adequate
strength.Epoxy is used as filling material.


29


FRP Bars




Preparation of Bond Test Specimens


The structural behavior of RC elements strengthened with NSM FRP rods needs to be fully
characterized, and bond is the first issue to be addressed. Bond is of primary importance since it
is the means for the transfer of stress between the concrete and the FRP reinforcement to develop
the composite action. The objective of this test is to investigate the bond strength between NSM
FRP rods and concrete by changing the bond length of FRP bar. For formation of groove, at the
time of casting of block, wooden plate is installed having size of 5d,10d and 15d on the surface
of block. concrete blocks and cubes. Purpose of casting of cubes is to compare bond strength of
concrete with HYSD bars and GFRP bars. Four cubes and six concrete blocks are cast for the
bond test. GFRP bar and HYSD bar are installed in center of cube at time of casting. Wooden
30

plate is installed in the concrete block. The view of the block after removing the woo den plate
The procedure of installation of the FRP bar is presented.




Details of Instruments


Load, displacement and strain for beam specimens are measured using hydraulic jack,
LVDT and electrical strain gauge respectively. Different instruments used in
experimental work are as follows:-


- LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transducer)
- De action dial gauge
- Hydraulic Jack
- Mechanical Strain Gauges
- Electrical Strain Gauges


LVDT(Linear Variable Differential Transducer)


LVDT is used to measure displacement of the RC column when the load is being applied on it.
LVDT is attached at the position where de action is to be measured in beam. Strength of the
LVDT sensors principle is that there is no electrical contact across the transducer position
sensing element for which the user of the sensor means clean data, infinite resolution and a very
long life. Figure4.21 shows LVDT.
31

De action dial gauge Dial gauge is used to measure displacement of a beam during the load
application. It is fitted in such a way that it touches point at which the measurement of de action
is required for the beam. Dial gauge is used for above application.


Hydraulic Jack

Hydraulic jack of 1000 kN capacity is used. It works based on Pascals principle.
Basically, the principle states that the pressure in a closed container is the same at all
points. The pressure is described mathematically by a Force divided by Area.
Therefore, if there are two cylinders connected together, a small one and a large one,
and a Force is applied to the small cylinder, it would result in a given pressure.




Mechanical Strain Gauges (DEMEC)

Mechanical strain gauges are known as DEMEC (Demountable Mechanical) strain
gauges. The DEMEC gauges consist of a digital dial gauge attached to an Invar bar. A
fixed conical point is mounted at one end of the bar, and a moving conical point is
mounted on a knife edge pivot at the opposite end. The pivoting movement of this
second conical point is measured by the dial gauge. A setting out bar is used to
position pre-drilled stainless steel discs which are attached to the structure using a
suitable adhesive. In this way, the strain changes in the structure are converted into a
change in the reading on the dial gauge. Figure 4.24 shows mechanical strain gauge.

The Model P3 Strain Indicator and a strain Recorder is a portable, battery-operated
instrument capable of simultaneously accepting four inputs from quarter- half- and
full- bridge strain-gage circuits, including strain-gage-based transducers. Designed for
use in a wide variety of physical test and measurement applications, the P3 functions
32

as a bridge amplifier, a static strain indicator, and a digital data logger. An extensive,
easy-to-use menu-driven user interface operates through a front-panel keypad to
readily configure the P3 to meet particular measurement requirements. Selections
include active input and output channels, bridge configuration, measurement units,
bridge balance, calibration method, and recording options, among others. Data,
recorded at a user-selectable rate of up to 1 reading per channel per second, is stored
on a removable multimedia card and is transferred by USB to a computer. Figure 4.25
shows P-3 strain indicator. A highly stable measurement circuit, regulated bridge
excitation supply, and precisely settable gage factor enable measurements of 0.1%
accuracy and 1 micro-strain resolution. Bridge completion resistors of 120, 350 and
1000 ohms are built in for quarter-bridge operation.



Properties of FRP Bars


FRP STEEL ALUMINIUM TIMBER
Corrosion Resistance High Low Medium Low
Strength High High High Low
Weigth Low High Low Medium
Electrical Conductivity Low High High Moderate
Thermal Conductivity Very Low High High Low
EMI/RFI Tranparency Yes No No Yes
Fabrication Easy Easy Moderate Easy
Life Cycle Cost Low Moderate Moderate High
Environmental Impact Low High High Low


33



Objectives

To study utility of NSM FRP reinforcement for strengthening of RC beams
To evaluate effectiveness of variation in number and diameter of GFRP reinforcement on
comparative flexural performance of RC beams
To study shear behavior of RC beams by incorporating GFRP reinforcement with variation
in diameter and spacing
To check suitability of incorporating GFRP reinforcement for improving performance of
damaged and undamaged beams compared to control beams
To evaluate maximum moment, load carrying capacity, displacement and strain
experimentally and compare with analytical calculations



Advantages of FRP

Corrosion Resistance.
Lightweight.
Ease of installation.
Less Finishing.
Less maintenance.
Ductility of FRP wrapped members improves dramatically.
They are ideal for external application.
They are extremely durable.
They are available in various forms: sheets, plates, fabric, etc.
They are available in long lengths that eliminates joints and splices.
They cure within 24 hours.
Anti-seismic behavior.
34

Literature Survey

Various techniques are available for strengthening of RC elements. Use of Fiber Reinforced
Polymer Composites is the most latest alternative for strengthening of RC elements. FRP
reinforcements have higher tensile strength compared to the steel rods. Use of FRP composites is
not limited to new construction, but they are also used to enhance the structures deficient in
shear information available in literature have been studied related to structural elements
strengthened using NSM FRP reinforcement.























35

Chapter- 3
Design Procedure for Strengthening of using ACI 440.2R-08


Example:-

A simply supported concrete beam reinforced with three No. 9 bars (See below fig.,) is located in
an unoccupied warehouse and is subjected to a 50% increase in its live-load carrying
requirements. An analysis of the existing beam indicates that the beam still has sufficient shear
strength to resist the new required shear strength and meets the deflection and crack-control
serviceability requirements. Its flexural strength, however, is inadequate to carry the increased
live load.










7.32 m
FRP
546
mm
609.6 mm
Elevation
Plan
36

Table:-1

Length of the beam, l 7.32 mm
Width of the beam, w 305 mm
d 546 mm
h 609.6 mm
fc 34.5 N/mm2
fy 414 N/mm2
Mn without FRP 361 kN-m
Bars = 28.6 mm

Table:-2

Loading/Moment Existing Loads Anticipated Loads
Dead loads wDL 14.6 N/mm 14.6 N/mm
Live load wLL 17.5 N/mm 26.3 N/mm
Unfactored loads (wDL + wLL) 32.1 N/mm 40.9 N/mm
Unstrengthened load limit (1.1wDL + 0.75wLL ) N/A 35.8 N/mm
Factored loads (1.2wDL + 1.6wLL) 45.5 N/mm 59.6 N/mm
Dead-load moment MDL 98 kN-m 98 kN-m
Live-load moment MLL 117 kN-m 176 kN-m
Service-load moment Ms 214 kN-m 274 kN-m
Unstrengthened moment limit (1.1MDL + 0.75MLL) N/A 240 kN-m
Factored moment Mu 304 kN-m 399 kN-m






The existing reinforced concrete beam should be strengthened with the FRP system described in
Table 15.4, specifically, two 12 in. (305 mm) wide x 23.0 ft (7 m) long plies bonded to the soffit
of the beam using the wet layup technique.

37


Table:-3

Thickness per ply tf 1.02 mm
Ultimate tensile strength ffu* 621 N/mm2
Rupture strain fu* 0.015 mm/mm
Modulus of elasticity of FRP laminates Ef 37,000 N/mm2



Solution:-

Procedure Calculation
Step 1Calculate the FRP system
design material properties

The beam is located in an interior space
and a CFRP material will be used.
Therefore, per Table 9.1, an
environmental reduction factor of 0.95 is
suggested.

ffu = (CE)*(ffu*)

fu = (CE)*(fu*)




ffu = (0.95)*(621 N/mm2)
= 590 N/mm2

fu = (0.95)*(0.015 mm/mm)
= 0.0142 mm/mm
Step 2Preliminary calculations

Properties of the concrete:
1 from ACI 318-05, Section 10.2.7.3

Ec = 57,000fc

Properties of the existing reinforcing
steel:

Properties of the externally bonded FRP
reinforcement:



1 = 1.05 0.05fc/6.9
= 0.80
Ec = 4700 (34.5)^1/2
= 27,600 N/mm2
As = 3(645) = 1935 mm2

Af = (2 plies)*(1.02 mm/ply)(305 mm)
38

Af = n*tf*wf

= 619 mm2
Step 3Determine the existing state of
strain on the soffit

The existing state of strain is calculated
assuming the beam is cracked and the
only loads acting on the beam at the time
of the FRP installation are dead loads. A
cracked section analysis of the existing
beam gives k = 0.334 and Icr = 2471
106 mm4

bi= {MDL(df kd)}/IcrEc


ebi = {(97.6)*[609.6 (0.334)*(546.1)]}/(2471
10^6)*(27.6)
= 0.00061
Step 4Determine the design strain of
the FRP system

The design strain of FRP accounting for
debonding failure mode fd is calculated
using

Because the design strain is smaller than
the rupture strain, debonding controls the
design of the FRP system.



efd = 0.41*[34.5/2*37000*1.02]^1/2
= 0.009 0.9(0.0142)
= 0.0128
Step 5Estimate c, the depth to the
neutral axis

A reasonable initial estimate of c is
0.20d. The value of the c is adjusted after
checking equilibrium.

c = 0.20d



C = (0.20)*(546.1)
= 109 mm
Step 6Determine the effective level
of strain in the FRP reinforcement

The effective strain level in the FRP may
be found from Eq. (10-3).

fe = 0.003[(df-c)/c] bi fd
Note that for the neutral axis depth



efe = 0.003*{(609.6-109.2)/109.2} 0.00061
0.009
fe = 0.0131 > 0.009
39

selected, FRP debonding would be in the
failure mode because the second
expression in this equation controls. If
the first expression governed, then
concrete crushing would be in the failure
mode.

Because FRP controls the failure of the
section, the concrete strain at failure c
may be less than 0.003 and can be
calculated using similar triangles:

c = (fe + bi)[c/(df-c)]

fe = fd = 0.009

c = (0.009 + 0.00061)*[109.2/(609.6-109.2)]
= 0.0021
Step 7Calculate the strain in the
existing reinforcing steel

The strain in the reinforcing steel can be
calculated using similar triangles
according to Eq. (10-10).

s = (fe + bi)[(d c)/(df c)]



s = (0.009 + 0.00061)*[(546.1-109.2)/(609.6-
109.2)]
=0.0081
Step 8Calculate the stress level in
the reinforcing steel and FRP

The stresses are calculated using Eq. (10-
11) and Eq. (10-9).

fs = Es*s fy

ffe = Ef*fe




fs = (200 kN/mm2)(0.0084) 0.414 kN/mm2

fs = 1.68 kN/mm2 0.414 kN/mm2

Hence, fs = 0.414 kN/mm2

ffe = (37 kN/mm2)(0.009) = 0.33 kN/mm2

Step 9Calculate the internal force
resultants and check equilibrium

Concrete stress block factors may be
calculated using ACI 318-05.
Approximate stress block factors may
also be calculated based on the parabolic
stress-strain relationship for concrete as




c =1.7*(34.5)/27,600
= 0.0021
1= [4(0.0021) 0.0021}/{6(0.0021) 2(0.0021)}
40

follows:

1= (4c c)/(6c 2 c)

1= (3c c c^2)/31c2

where c is strain corresponding to fc
calculated as

c=(1.7fc)/Ec

Force equilibrium is verified by checking
the initial estimate of c with Eq. (10-12).

C=(As fs+ Af ffe)/1 fc 1b

= 0.749
1 = {3(0.0021)*(0.0021) -(0.0021)*(0.0021)
/{3(0.749)(0.0021)*(0.0021)
= 0.886

c
=(1935.48*414+619*330)/(0.886*34.5*0.749*304.8)
= 149 mm 109 in. n.g.

So, Revise estimate of c and repeat Steps 6 through 9
until equilibrium is achieved.
Step 10Adjust c until force
equilibrium is satisfied

Steps 6 through 9 were repeated several
times with different values of c until
equilibrium was achieved. The results of
the final iteration are

1 = 0.786; 1 = 0.928;



C
=(1935.5*414+619*330)/(0.928*34.5*0.786*304.8)
= 131 ___OK

So, the value of c selected for the final iteration is
correct.
Step 11Calculate flexural strength
Components

The design flexural strength is calculated
using Eq. (10-13). An additional
reduction factor, f = 0.85, is applied to
the contribution of the FRP system.

Steel contribution to bending:
Mns= As fs ( d-1c/2)




FRP contribution to bending:

Mnf= Af ffe( d f- 1c/2)







Mns =( 1935.5*414) {(546.1) (0.786*131/2)
= 3.963 10^8 N-mm
= 396.3 kN-m

Mnf = (619*330) *{(609.6) 0.786*131/2}
= 1.140 10^8 N-mm
41



= 114 kN-m
Step 12Calculate design flexural
strength of the section

The design flexural strength is calculated
using Eq. (10-1) and Eq. (10-13).
Because s = 0.0083 > 0.005, a strength
reduction factor of = 0.90 is
appropriate per Eq. (10-5).

Mn = [Mns + fMnf ]






Mn = 0.9[396.3 kN-m + 0.85(114 kN-m)]
Mn = 443 kN-m Mu = 399 kN-m

So, the strengthened section is capable of sustaining
the new required moment strength.
Step 13Check service stresses in the
reinforcing steel and the FRP

Calculate the elastic depth to the cracked
neutral axis. This can be simplified for a
rectangular beam without compression
reinforcement as follows:

k = [(s* Es/ Ec + f* Ef/ Ec
)+2{ s* Es/ Ec + f* Ef* Ec
(df/d) }]^2 - (s* Es/Ec+ f* Ef/ Ec)

Calculate the stress level in the
reinforcing steel using Eq. (10-14) and
verify that it is less than the
recommended limit per Eq. (10-6).

fs,s = [{Ms + bi*Af*Ef*(df kd/3)}(d
kd)Es] / [As*Es*(d kd/3) + Af*Ef*(df
kd/3)*(df kd)]

fs,s 0.80fy









See EQUATION NOTE I (SI) after Step 14.

k = 0.343

kd = (0.343)(546.1 mm) = 187 mm




See EQUATION NOTE II (SI) after Step 14.

fs,s = 279 (0.80)*(410)

= 330 N/mm2

so, the stress level in the reinforcing steel is within
the recommended limit.

Step 14Check creep rupture limit at
service of the FRP

Calculate the stress level in the FRP
using Eq. (10-15) and verify that it is less
than creep-rupture stress limit given in


ffs = 0.278*(37/200)*{(609.6-187)/(546-187)}-
(0.00061)*(38)
42

Table 10.1. Assume that the full service
load
is sustained.

ff,s = fs,s(Ef/Es)*{(df-kd)/(d-kd)} biEf

For a carbon FRP system, the sustained
plus cyclic stress limit is obtained from
Table 10.1:

sustained plus cyclic stress limit =
0.55ffu

= 38 (0.55)*(590)
= 324 N/mm2

So, the stress level in the FRP is within the
recommended sustained plus cyclic stress limit.






EQUATION NOTE I (SI.):

k = [{0.0116*(200/27.6) + 0.00372*(37/27.6)}^2 + 2{0.0116*(200/27.6) +
0.00372*(37/27.6)609.6/546)}]^1/2 {0.0116*(200/27.6) + 0.00372*(37/27.6)}

EQUATION NOTE II (SI):

fs,s = [{273,912 + 0.00061*619*37*(609.6 187/2)}(546 -187)*200] / 1935*200*(546 187)
+ 619*37* (607 187/3)(607 187)

In detailing the FRP reinforcement, the FRP should be terminated a minimum of ldf, calculated
per Eq. (13-2), past the point on the moment diagram that represents cracking. The factored shear
force at the termination should also be checked against the shear force that causes FRP end
peeling, estimated as 2/3 of the concrete shear strength. If the shear force is greater than 2/3 of
the concrete shear strength, the FRP strips should be extended further toward the supports. U-
wraps may also be used to
reinforce against cover delamination.

43

Chapter-4

EXCEL PROGRAM
(SPREAD SHEET)
(Case I, II, III)














44

Length of the beam l (m) 7.32
Width of the beam w (mm) 305
d (mm) 546
h (mm) 609.6
fc' (N/mm^2) 34.5
fy (N/mm^2) 414
Mn (kN-m) 361
(mm) 28.6
Loading/moment Existing loads Anticipated loads
Dead loads wDL (N/mm) 14.6 14.6
Live load wLL (N/mm) 17.5 26.3
Unfactored loads (wDL + wLL) (N/mm) 32.1 40.9
Unstrengthened load limit (1.1wDL+ 0.75wLL) (N/mm) N/A 35.8
Factored loads (1.2wDL+ 1.6wLL) (N/mm) 45.5 59.6
Dead-load moment MDL (kN-m) 98 98
Live-load moment MLL (kN-m) 117 176
Service-load moment Ms (kN-m) 214 274
Unstrengthened moment limit (1.1MDL+ 0.75MLL) (kN-m) N/A 240
Factored moment Mu (kN-m) 304 399
Thickness per ply tf (mm) 1.02
Ultimate tensile strength ffu* (N/mm^2) 621
Rupture strain fu* (mm/mm) 0.015
Modulus of elasticity of FRP laminates Ef (N/mm^2) 37000
envirommental reduction factor CE 0.95
no. of plies n 2
k 0.334
Icr (mm^4) 2471000000
Es (kN/mm^2) 200
(Strength reduction factor) 0.9
f 0.85
s 0.0116
f 0.00372
Ec (kN/mm^2) 27.6
SPREADSHEET (Case I)
Loadings and corresponding moments
Manufacturers reported FRP system properties
Constants
45

f 0.85
s 0.0116
f 0.00372
Ec (kN/mm^2) 27.6
ffu (N/mm^2) 589.95
fu (mm/mm) 0.01425
Step 2Preliminary calculations
1 0.8
Ec (kN/mm^2) 27.60624929
As (mm^2) 1935
Af (mm^2) 622.2
bi 0.00073278
fd' 0.008765515
fd 0.008765515
c (mm) (change this to B81 for equilibrium, for iteration) 131.7547482
c (mm) initial value 109.2
fe' 0.010147555
fe 0.008765515
c 0.002618935
s 0.008234096
fs'(kN/mm^2) 1.646819228
fs (kN/mm^2) 0.414
Step 5Estimate c, the depth to the neutral axis
Step 6Determine the effective level of strain in the FRP reinforcement
Step 7Calculate the strain in the existing reinforcing steel
Step 8Calculate the stress level in the reinforcing steel and FRP
Step-1 : Calculate the FRP system design material properties
Step 3Determine the existing state of strain on the soffit
Step 4Determine the design strain of the FRP system
46


fs (kN/mm^2) 0.414
ffe (kN/mm^2) 0.324324071
Step 9Calculate the internal force resultants and check equilibrium
c' 0.002124519
1 0.782920472
1 0.927536022
c (mm) 131.2452285
Step-10 Iteration
Step 11Calculate flexural strength components
Mns (kN-m) 396.2373082
Mnf (kN-m) 112.6462378
Step 12Calculate design flexural strength of the section
Mn (kN-m) 442.7879493 OK
Step 13Check service stresses in the reinforcing steel and the FRP
k 0.313266218
f(s,s) (N/mm^2) 246.0336987 OK
Step 14Check creep rupture limit at service of the FRP
f(f,s) (N/mm^2) 26.36417511 OK














47

Spread sheet-2 (l=5m, load capacity=100%)
Enter the Length of the beam l (m) 5
Enter the Width of the beam w (mm) 305
d (mm) 546
Enter the height of the beam h (mm) 609.6
fc' (N/mm^2) 34.5
fy (N/mm^2) 414
Mn (kN-m) 361
(mm) 28.6

Loadings and corresponding moments
Loading/moment Existing loads
Anticipated
loads
Dead loads wDL (N/mm) 14.6 14.6
Live load wLL (N/mm) 17.5 17.5
Unfactored loads (wDL + wLL) (N/mm) 32.1 32.1
Unstrengthened load limit (1.1wDL+ 0.75wLL) (N/mm) N/A 29.185
Factored loads (1.2wDL+ 1.6wLL) (N/mm) 45.52 45.52
Dead-load moment MDL (kN-m) 45.625 45.625
Live-load moment MLL (kN-m) 54.6875 54.6875
Service-load moment Ms (kN-m) 100.3125 100.3125
Unstrengthened moment limit (1.1MDL+ 0.75MLL) (kN-m) N/A 91.203125
Factored moment Mu (kN-m) 142.25 142.25
Manufacturers reported FRP system properties
Thickness per ply tf (mm) 1.02
Ultimate tensile strength ffu* (N/mm^2) 621
Rupture strain fu* (mm/mm) 0.015
Modulus of elasticity of FRP laminates Ef (N/mm^2) 37000

Constants
envirommental reduction factor CE 0.95
no. of plies n 2
k 0.334
Icr (mm^4) 2471000000
Es (kN/mm^2) 200
(Strength reduction factor) 0.9
f 0.85
s 0.0116
f 0.00372
Ec (kN/mm^2) 27.6

48

Step-1 : Calculate the FRP system design material properties
ffu (N/mm^2) 589.95
fu (mm/mm) 0.01425

Step 2Preliminary calculations
1 0.8
Ec (kN/mm^2) 27.60624929
As (mm^2) 1935
Af (mm^2) 622.2

Step 3Determine the existing state of strain on the soffit
bi 0.000285753

Step 4Determine the design strain of the FRP system
fd' 0.008765515
fd 0.008765515

Step 5Estimate c, the depth to the neutral axis
c (mm) (change this to B81 for equilibrium, for iteration) 132.8539477

Step 6Determine the effective level of strain in the FRP reinforcement
c (mm) initial value 109.2
fe' 0.010479739
fe 0.008765515
c 0.0025223

Step 7Calculate the strain in the existing reinforcing steel
s 0.00784379

Step 8Calculate the stress level in the reinforcing steel and FRP
fs'(kN/mm^2) 1.568757932
fs (kN/mm^2) 0.414
ffe (kN/mm^2) 0.324324071

Step 9Calculate the internal force resultants and check
equilibrium
c' 0.002124519
1 0.775821531
1 0.924687402

49

c (mm) 132.8541693
Step-10 Iteration
Step 11Calculate flexural strength components
Mns (kN-m) 396.1105162
Mnf (kN-m) 112.6142989

Step 12Calculate design flexural strength of the section
Mn (kN-m) 442.6494033 OK
Step 13Check service stresses in the reinforcing steel and the FRP
k 0.313266218
f(s,s) (N/mm^2) 102.5784151 OK
Step 14Check creep rupture limit at service of the FRP
f(f,s) (N/mm^2) 11.72323325 OK













50

Spread sheet (l=10m, load capacity 75%)
Enter the Length of the beam l (m) 10
Enter the Width of the beam w (mm) 305
d (mm) 546
Enter the height of the beam h (mm) 609.6
fc' (N/mm^2) 34.5
fy (N/mm^2) 414
Mn (kN-m) 361
(mm) 28.6

Loadings and corresponding moments
Loading/moment Existing loads
Anticipated
loads
Dead loads wDL (N/mm) 14.6 14.6
Live load wLL (N/mm) 17.5 13.125
Unfactored loads (wDL + wLL) (N/mm) 32.1 27.725
Unstrengthened load limit (1.1wDL+ 0.75wLL) (N/mm) N/A 25.90375
Factored loads (1.2wDL+ 1.6wLL) (N/mm) 45.52 38.52
Dead-load moment MDL (kN-m) 182.5 182.5
Live-load moment MLL (kN-m) 218.75 164.0625
Service-load moment Ms (kN-m) 401.25 346.5625
Unstrengthened moment limit (1.1MDL+ 0.75MLL) (kN-m) N/A 323.796875
Factored moment Mu (kN-m) 569 481.5
Manufacturers reported FRP system properties
Thickness per ply tf (mm) 1.02
Ultimate tensile strength ffu* (N/mm^2) 621
Rupture strain fu* (mm/mm) 0.015
Modulus of elasticity of FRP laminates Ef (N/mm^2) 37000

Constants
envirommental reduction factor CE 0.95
no. of plies n 2
k 0.334
Icr (mm^4) 2471000000
Es (kN/mm^2) 200
(Strength reduction factor) 0.9
f 0.85
s 0.0116
f 0.00372
Ec (kN/mm^2) 27.6

51

Step-1 : Calculate the FRP system design material properties
ffu (N/mm^2) 589.95
fu (mm/mm) 0.01425

Step 2Preliminary calculations
1 0.8
Ec (kN/mm^2) 27.60624929
As (mm^2) 1935
Af (mm^2) 622.2

Step 3Determine the existing state of strain on the soffit
bi 0.001143011

Step 4Determine the design strain of the FRP system
fd' 0.008765515
fd 0.008765515

Step 5Estimate c, the depth to the neutral axis
c (mm) (change this to B81 for equilibrium, for iteration) 130.2218987

Step 6Determine the effective level of strain in the FRP reinforcement
c (mm) initial value 109.2
fe' 0.00990071
fe 0.008765515
c 0.002691627

Step 7Calculate the strain in the existing reinforcing steel
s 0.008593944

Step 8Calculate the stress level in the reinforcing steel and FRP
fs'(kN/mm^2) 1.718788762
fs (kN/mm^2) 0.414
ffe (kN/mm^2) 0.324324071

Step 9Calculate the internal force resultants and check
equilibrium
c' 0.002124519
1 0.78850619
1 0.928202679

52

c (mm) 130.2219016
Step-10 Iteration
Step 11Calculate flexural strength components
Mns (kN-m) 396.2668688
Mnf (kN-m) 112.6536841

Step 12Calculate design flexural strength of the section
Mn (kN-m) 442.8202502 Not OK
Step 13Check service stresses in the reinforcing steel and the FRP
k 0.313266218
f(s,s) (N/mm^2) 356.3336301 Not OK
Step 14Check creep rupture limit at service of the FRP
f(f,s) (N/mm^2) 35.16002075 OK












53

Chapter-5
COMPARATIVE STUDY

Results and conclusion
Case-1 Case-2 case-3

l=7.32m, Load
capacity (150%)
l=5m, Load
capacity (100%)
l=10m, Load
capacity (75%)
design flexural strength of the section
Mn (kN-m) 442 442 442
Factored moment Mu (kN-m) 399 142.25 481.5
service stresses in the reinforcing steel
and the FRP f(s,s) (N/mm^2) 278 102.58 356.33
Stress level limit (0.80*fy) 331.2 331.2 331.2
creep rupture limit at service of the FRP
f(f,s) (N/mm^2) 37.77 11.72 35.16
Sustained plus Cyclic stress limit
(0.55*ffu) 324.4065 324.4725 324.4725
Ok/Not ok? OK OK Not OK

Dark cells represents that the current design of beam will not sustain the given loads and moments and
would collapse












54

Chapter-6
Conclusion
As we can see from the result table that if we keep the length of beam 10m, then
even with only 75% load capacity, the beam will most likely collapse, and this is
because if we increase the length of simply supported beam, then even with low
load there will be very high bending moments present in the beam which if
crosses the critical value for a particular material and structure leads the beam to
collapse.

So while designing beams (with FRP) before or after earthquake, we have to
check whether we are putting supports at the safe distance or not, otherwise the
structure may collapse.

Use of FRP sheets indeed provide extra strength to the beam and must be
advisable to use in designing new or damaged structure. It is highly
recommended in earthquake prone areas.














55


Chapter-7
Reference


[1] A. Nadeem W.C. Tang, R.V. Balendran and H.Y. Leung. Flexural strengthening of
reinforced lightweight polystyrene aggregate concrete beams with near-surface mounted gfrp
bars. Building and Environment, pages 13811393, 2006.
[2] Raafat El-Hacha and Sami H. Rizkalla. Near-surface-mounted fiber-reinforced polymer
reinforcements for exural strengthening of concrete structures. ACI Structural Journal, V. 101,
No. 5,:717726, September-October 2004.
[3] J.A.O. Barros, S.J.E. Dias, and J.L.T. Lima. E cacy of cfrp-based techniques for the exural
and shear strengthening of concrete beams. Cement & Concrete Composites,, 29:203217, 2007.
[4] Khaldoun N. Rahal. Shear strengthening of damaged reinforced concrete beams using nsm
cfrp rods and rebars. pages 19.
[5] ACI 440R-96 (Reapproved 2002) State-of-the-Art Report on Fiber Reinforced Plastic (FRP)
Reinforcement for Concrete Structures.
[6] ACI 440.2R-08, Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems
for Strengthening Concrete Structures.
[7] ACI 318-08, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08) and
Commentary, An ACI Standard, Reported by ACI Committee 318, Copyright American
[8] www.isiscanada.com, ISIS Educational Module 3, An Introduction to FRP-Reinforced
Concrete.