Chapter 5: Motion

5.1 Motion of Vehicles on Land

1. Vehicles on land either powered with or without engine.
2. Without engine (bicycle) pedal-driven two wheeled land vehicle.
3. With engine driven by internal combustion, piston moved up and down when
ossils uels are burnt. (!"p# cars$ lorries$ vans).
5.1.1 The Four Stroke Petrol Engine
1. %ontains & cylinders.
2. 'nternal combustion engine.
3. (ses petrol as uel.
&. !ach stro)e wor)s in a cycle.
*. 'n a complete cycle$ cran)shat will ma)e 2 revolutions
%hemical energy -+ ,eat energy -+ -inetic energy
Induction Stroke(intake)
'nta)e valve opens$ e"haust valve closes.
.iston moves down$ low pressure in cylinder.
.etrol-air mi"ture enters the cylinder through inta)e valve rom carburetor.
'nta)e valve will close when piston reach lowest position.
o!"ression Stroke
'nta)e and e"haust valves close.
.iston moves up / compresses petrol-air mi"ture (10* o original volume).
Spark plug produces spar)s when piston reaches highest position.
%ran)shat ma)es a complete revolution.
Po#er Stroke (co!$ustion)
'nta)e and e"haust valves close.
Spark plug ignites uel.
Explosion occurs.
,ot gases e"pand / push piston down.
1oving piston turns cran)shat and drives car ahead.
E%haust Stroke
'nta)e valve close$ e"haust valve open.
.iston moves up$ burned gas pushed out through e"haust valve.
!"haust valve close when piston reached highest position.
%ran)shat ma)es another complete revolution (2
nd
revolution).
5.1.& The Four Stroke 'iesel Engine
1. %ontains our cylinders$ have uel inector instead o spar) plug.
2. (se diesel as uel.
3. 2here is no carburetor.
&. 'n a complete cycle$ cran)shat will ma)e 2 revolutions
%hemical energy -+ ,eat energy -+ -inetic energy
Induction Stroke (intake)
'nta)e valve opens$ e"haust valve closes.
.iston moves down$ low pressure in combustion space.
'nta)e valve closed when piston reaches lowest position.
3tmospheric pressure causes the air suc)ed into the combustion space
through inta)e valve.
o!"ression Stroke
'nta)e and e"haust valves close.
.iston moves up to compress the air inside the combustion space (101* o
original space$ temperature raised to **4
4
%.)
5iesel sprayed into cylinder through fuel injector when piston reaches
highest position.
Po#er Stroke
'nta)e and e"haust valves close.
5iesel-air mi"ture burns and explosion occurs.
,ot gases e"pand and push piston down.
!"haust valve open when the piston reaches lowest position.
E%haust Stroke
'nta)e valve closes$ !"haust valve opens.
.iston moves up$ burned gas pushed out through e"haust valve.
!"haust valve will close when the piston reaches highest position.
5.1.( The T#o Stroke Petrol Engine
1. 6nly have 2 stro)e (upward & downward stro)e).
2. (sed in motorccle & lawnmowers.
3. !iston act as "al"e to open and close the inta)e tube$ e"haust tube and
transer tube.
&. %ran)shat ma)es one revolution in a complete cycle.
*. #ess powerful than &-stro)e engine.
)"#ard Stroke
.iston move upwards to open inta)e tube$ close e"haust tube / transer
port.
.etrol-air mi"ture drawn into cylinder and compressed by upward piston.
'gnition occurred.
3t the same time$ petrol-air mi"ture drawn into cran)case or ne"t cycle.
'o#n#ard Stroke
.iston moves downward due to hot hair e"pansion. !"haust tube /
transer port open$ inta)e valve closes.
7urned gas pushed out through e"haust tube.
.etrol-air mi"ture drawn into cylinder through transer port or ne"t cycle.

5.1.* o!"arison $et#een Petrol Engine and 'iesel Engine
8imilarities
1. 7oth are internal combustion four$stroke engine.
2. %ran)shat ma)es % re"olutions in a complete cycle.
3. %ombustion o uels causes the expansion o e"haust gases$ energy
obtained is used to move the components in engine.
5ierences
Petrol &'E# 'iesel
s!all + light S()E *& E+,(+E $ig + hea,-
Mi%ture of air and "etrol
S'-S./+CES (+ .0E
C1#(+2E3 .ir onl-
Fire s"arks fro! s"ark "lug (,+(.(*+
/igh te!"erature fro! air
co!"ression
Less "o#erful + less efficient
E+,(+E !*4E3 &
E&&(C(E+C1 More "o#erful + !ore efficient
Light ,ehicles 'S/,E /ea,- ,ehicles
5.& S"eed0 Velocit- and .cceleration
1. 8peed is the rate o change o distance with time.
Speed 5 2istance tra"elled 6m7 8 .ime taken 6s7
- (nit # m s
$9
or km h
$9
- a scalar 9uantity
2. Velocity is the change o displacement with time.
:elocit 5 2isplacement 6m7 8 .ime taken 6s7
- (nit # m s
$9
or km h
$9
- a vector 9uantity $ has both magnitude and direction.
3. 3cceleration is the rate o change o velocity with time.
/cceleration 5 Change in "elocit 6m s
$9
7 8 .ime inter"al 6s7
- (nit# m s
-2
- a vector 9uantity
&. When the velocity o an ob:ect decreases$ its rate o change is )nown as
deceleration.
5.( Inertia
1. the resistance o an ob:ect to a change in its original state o conditions.
2. the larger mass o an ob:ect$ the greater its inertia value.
3. !"amples # - aeroplane need long way to ta)e o and landing to overcome its inertia.
- a ship need to o its engine a ew )ilometers away beore arrive at :etty.
- passengers :er)ed orward when the bus stopped suddenly.
&. Seat belts, headrests and airbags are installed in vehicles as saety eatures based
o concept o inertia#
(a) Seat belts e"ert pulling orces on passengers to prevent them being thrown
towards the interior part o vehicle.
(b) 0eadrests help protect the nec) o the driver and the passengers o the
vehicle.
(c) /ir bags prevent drivers and passengers rom hitting the steering and
dashboard.
5.* Mo!entu!
1. the product o its mass and velocity.
Momentum 5 Mass x :elocit
-2he greater mass o an ob:ect$ the greater its momentum
-2he aster o an ob:ect moves$ the greater its momentum.
2. measured in )g m s
-1
0 ; s$ it is a vector 9uantity.
3. 1omentum is applied in the ollowing#
(a) 2he speed and weight limits or heavy vehicles.
(b) 2he bumpers installed in the ront and rear parts o vehicles.
(c) 2he use o the piledri"er$ the machine used to push heavy posts into the
ground.
&. 2he .rinciples o %onservation o 1omentum
.otal momentum before collision 5 .otal momentum after collision
$ Conditions: 6 m5mass, u5initial "elocit, "5final "elocit7
(a) !lastic collision
- m/u/ ; m-u- 5 m/"/ ; m-"-
- -inetic energy conserved
- 6b:ects separated ater collision.
(b) 'nelastic collision
- m/u/ ; m-u- 5 6m/ ; m-7"
- -inetic energy not conserved
- 6b:ects stic) and move together ater collision
(c) !"plosion
- m-"- 5 $ 6m/"/7
- momentum is <ero because ob:ects are stationary.
- ob:ects move in opposite direction.