Fa Dakin History

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FADAK
in
HISTORY

By
S h a h e e d M u h a m m a d B a q ir As-S a d r

Translated By
Ab d u lla h Al-S h a h in

I n tro d u ctio n
7
Th e m e th o d o f th e b o o k
8
A S u m m a ry a b o u t th e ch a p te rs o f th e b o o k
9
A wo rd o n th e ca se
1 2
M y ro le in th is re visio n
1 4
Th e a u th o r's fo re wo rd
1 6

C H AP TE R O N E
O n Th e S ce n e O f Th e R e vo lu tio n

P re fa ce
1 7
Th e e n viro n m e n t o f th e e ve n t
2 0
Th e to o ls o f th e re vo lu tio n
2 2
Th e ro u te o f th e re vo lu tio n
2 7
Th e wo m e n
2 8
A P h e n o m e n o n
2 8

C H AP TE R TWO
Fa d a k I n I ts R e a l An d S ym b o lica l M e a n in g
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Th e Lo ca tio n
3 1
Fa d a k in its first sta ge s
3 2
D u rin g th e ru le s o f I m a m Ali
3 2
D u rin g th e re ign o f th e U m a yya d s
3 3
D u rin g th e Ab b a sid re ign
3 5
Th e S ym b o lic a n d M a te ria l va lu e o f Fa d a k
3 7

C H AP TE R TH R E E
Th e H isto ry O f Th e R e vo lu tio n

Th e m e th o d o f stu d yin g h isto ry
3 9
Ap p ra isin g th e h isto ry o f th e first I sla m ic a ge
4 1
With a l-Aq o a d in h is stu d y
4 8
Th e in ce n tive s o f th e re vo lu tio n
5 3
Th e in ce n tive s o f th e first C a lip h 's situ a tio n
5 6
Th e p o litica l d im e n sio n s o f th e ca se o f Fa d a k
5 7
Th e C a se o f Fa d a k in th e o b je ctive circu m sta n ce s
6 5
Th e d e a th o f th e le a d e r; Th e P ro p h e t
6 5
Th e ca se o f S a q e e fa a n d I m a m Ali's situ a tio n
6 8
An a lysis o f th e situ a tio n in th e ca se o f S a q e e fa
7 9
Wh y d id m e n o t p ro te st with th e P ro p h e t's tra d itio n s?
1 0 1
P e a ce fu l C o n fro n ta tio n
1 0 7

C H AP TE R FO U R
Ligh t Fro m Th e Fa tim ite S p e e ch

Th e G re a tn e ss o f th e le a d in g P ro p h e t
1 1 5
G re a tn e ss o f I m a m Ali a n d h is E xce lle n ce s
1 1 7
A C o m p a riso n b e twe e n I m a m Ali's situ a tio n s a n d th e o th e rs
1 1 9
Th e ru lin g p a rty
1 2 4
Th e gre a t se d itio n
1 2 7

C H AP TE R FI VE
Th e C o u rt O f Th e B o o k

Ab u b a k r's situ a tio n o n th e P ro p h e t's in h e rta n ce
1 3 7
Th e va ria tio n s o f Ab u B a k r's Tra d itio n
1 4 1
Th e re su lt o f th e a rgu m e n t
1 6 1
Th e m a tte r o f d o n a tio n
1 7 6


INTRODUCTION

I n th e N a m e o f Alla h , th e B e n e ficie n t, th e M e rcifu l

P ra ise b e to Alla h , th e Lo rd o f th e u n ive rse a n d b le ssin g a n d p e a ce b e o n th e
m a ste r o f th e p ro p h e ts a n d m e sse n ge rs, P ro p h e t M u h a m m a d , a n d o n h is p u re
p ro ge n y a n d h is e xce lle n t co m p a n io n s. Ab o u t th e a u th o r a n d th e b o o k : Fadak in
History wa s th e firstlin g sch o la rly wo rk b y th e m a rtyre d I m a m M u h a m m a d B a q ir a s-
S a d r. I t wa s re a lly, a cco rd in g to th e h isto rica l p e rio d , in wh ich it wa s writte n , a u n iq u e
stu d y b e ca u se it re lie d o n m o d e rn scie n tific m e th o d s in in ve stiga tin g th e d e ta ils a n d
th e d o cu m e n ts re la te d to th e ca se .
1

I t e n ga ge d th e re a d e r in a d e b a te th a t wa s p ro fo u n d , lo gica l a n d e xa ct. I f yo u
e xa m in e th e stu d ie s p u b lish e d a t th a t tim e h a lf a ce n tu ry a go o r in th e la te r p e rio d ,
co n ce rn in g su ch se n sitive S U P je cts, yo u will re a lize d wh a t a scie n tific a n te ce d e n ce
a n d a h isto rica l a ch ie ve m e n t th e m a rtyre d I m a m h a d a ch ie ve d in th is stu d y. I t wa s n o
wo n d e r, fo r th e m a rtyre d S a yyid a s-S a d r's ge n iu s gu sh e d o u t wh e n h e wa s to o yo u n g.
H is ta le n ts d e ve lo p e d ra p id ly to e q u ip th e I sla m ic lib ra ry with h is o rigin a l stu d ie s in
d iffe re n t fie ld s o f k n o wle d ge a n d th e S h a ria . H e wa s a d e vo te d ju risp ru d e n t, a p io u s
m u jta h id a n d a n o n e su ch b rillia n t. H e e n rich e d th e I sla m ic th o u gh t a n d su p p lie d it
with th e e le m e n ts o f vita lity. I n fa ct, it m a y n o t b e a n e xa gge ra tio n to sa y
____________
1 - I t is th e ca se o f Fa d a k , wh ich will b e e xp la in e d in d e ta ils la te r o n .
( 8 )

th a t I m a m a s-S a d r wa s a livin g th e sis o f th e re vive d I sla m . H e a ssu m e d in te lle ctu a l
a n d jih a d re sp o n sib ilitie s th a t n o o n e d id lik e h im e xce p t ve ry fe w o th e rs a lo n g th e
h isto ry o f I sla m . H e wa s in co n tin u o u s jih a d a n d p e rse ve rin g e ffo rt in o rd e r to fre e th e
th o u gh t o f th e u n ive rsa l a rro ga n ts a n d th e ir a ge n ts u n til h is h o ly life wa s cro wn e d
with m a rtyrd o m in th e wa y o f Alla h a n d I sla m .

TH E M E TH O D O F TH E B O O K

Th e m a rtyre d S a yyid u se d a scie n tific m e th o d in th is b o o k Fa d a k in H isto ry. H e
th o u gh t th a t h e h a d to u se th is m e th o d in su ch h isto rica l stu d ie s th a t h a d p o litica l
co n ce p ts. Th is m e th o d d e p e n d e d o n o b je ctivity, wh ich h e re fe rre d to b y sa yin g (to b e
im p a rtia l), e xa m in a tio n a n d scru tin y (d e lib e ra te n e ss in ju d ge m e n t) a n d th e n to b e
fre e in th in k in g. I m a m a s-S a d r co n sid e re d th e se th in gs a s b a sic co n d itio n s to b u ild a
co m p a ct h isto ric co n stru ctio n m u st co n ta in a wid e scru tin y o f e ve ry S U P je ct o f th a t
p a st tim e h isto rica lly a n d so cia lly a cco rd in g to th e ge n e ra l a n d p riva te life in th e
re ligio u s,m o ra l, so cia l a n d p o litica l life ."
1

I f th is wo u ld b e th e a im o f su ch h isto rica l stu d ie s, wh ich wo u ld b e its ge n e ra l
fra m e , so I m a m a s-S a d r d re w th e a tte n tio n to th e n e ce ssity o f " th a t th is scru tin y m u st
b e a cq u ire d fro m th e re a l life o f
____________
1 - S e e ch a p .3 .
( 9 )

p e o p le a n d n o t fro m a wo rld in ve n te d b y a ffe ctio n a n d fa n a ticism o r b y b lin d
wo rsh ip p in g a n d im ita tio n " . Th e n h e p u t a co n d itio n fo r th a t scru tin y n o t to d e p e n d o n
a d e via te im a gin a tio n to ra ise th e b a d to th e to p a n d to issu e in co rre ct re su lts
a cco rd in g to th a t. Th a t th e m a rtyre d S a yyid co n firm e d th e n e ce ssity o f k e e p in g to th e
e sse n ce o f th e scie n tific re se a rch a n d le a vin g a wa y o u r e m o tio n a n d b a d in h e rita n ce .
H e d re w th e h isto rica l stu d ie s, wh ich wo u ld m a k e a h isto ria n a s a n o ve list d e rivin g
fro m h is o wn m in d n o t fro m th e h isto ric e ve n ts. Th e a sp e cts o f th is m e th o d sh o we d
th e S a yyid 's e a rly d e e p co n scie n ce o f th e fu n d a m e n ta ls a n d b a sic co n d itio n s o f th e
scie n tific re se a rch a rm in g h im se lf with th e scie n tific lo gic, b e in g e n th u sia stic a b o u t
th e tru th a n d clin gin g to wh a t h e co u ld d e rive fro m th e re a l e ve n ts. I n a ll o f th a t h e
d e p e n d e d o n wh a t th e h isto rica l d o cu m e n ts h a d re co rd e d . Th e n h e co n clu d e d
a cco rd in g to th e a ccu ra te fu n d a m e n ta ls a n d p rin cip le s.

A S U M M AR Y AB O U T TH E C H AP TE R S
O F TH E B O O K

I m a m a s-S a d r d iscu sse d th e ca se o f Fa d a k a cco rd in g to th e Fa tim ite
1
p e rsp e ctive ,
wh ich re fe rre d to its ra m ifie d d im e n sio n s in re la tio n to th e a sp e cts o f th e I sla m ic life
a n d th e la te r a ge s. S o h e co n sid e re d it (th e ca se o f Fa d a k ) a s co m p re h e n sive
re vo lu tio n . H e d iscu sse d th e b a ck gro u n d o f th e ca se a cco rd in g to th e gre a t m e m o rie s
o f h e r fa th e r, p ro p h e t M u h a m m a d (s), circu itin g in h e r
____________
1 - C o n ce rn in g Fa tim a h , th e p ro p h e t's d a u gh te r(s).
( 1 0 )

m in d . Th e n sh e ca m e to a b itte r p h e n o m e n o n su rgin g with u n lim ite d o rd e a l a n d
se d itio n . All th a t m o tiva te d h e r to sq u a wk a n d to a n n o u n ce h e r sta rt to co n fro n t. Th e n
S a yyid a s-S a d r m o ve d to th e se co n d ch a p te r (Fadak in its real meaning and symbolic
meaning). H e d e fin e d Fa d a k a n d m o ve d with it th ro u gh th e su cce ssive h isto rica l
p e rio d s sin ce it wa s e xto rte d fro m Fa tim a h (s) u n til wh a t b e ca m e o f it a t th e la st d a ys
o f Ab b a sid re ign . Th e n h e m o ve d to th e th ird ch a p te r (the history of the revolution), in
wh ich h e ta lk e d a b o u t th e re vo lu tio n , d e fin in g th e co n d itio n s o f th e re se a rch a n d th e
m e th o d o f writin g th e b io gra p h y o f th e in d ivid u a ls a n d th e u m m a . H e co m m e n d e d
th e first I sla m ic a ge a n d its gre a t a ch ie ve m e n ts. Th e n h e d iscu sse d a l-Aq q a d 's
1
b o o k
Fa tim a a n d th e Fa tim ite s. H e criticize d a l-Aq q a d fo r h is fu tile tre a tm e n t o f th e ca se o f
Fa d a k a n d h is a tte m p t to lim it it in a n a rro w co rn e r a cco rd in g to th e lo gic o f
u n th o u gh tfu l wo rsh ip a n d b lin d im ita tio n o f th e b a d in h e rite d tra d itio n s with o u t u sin g
h is m in d .
Afte r th a t th e S a yyid trie d to e xp la in th e d im e n sio n s o f Fa d a k th a t it wa s n o t a
d isp u te a b o u t a ce rta in m a tte r o r a n e xto rte d p ro p e rty b u t it wa s m u ch gre a te r th a t.
H e sa id ; " We fe e l, if we stu d y th e re a l h isto ry o f th e ca se o f Fa d a k a n d its d isp u te s,
th a t it h a d a sp e cts o f a re vo lu tio n , wh o se m o tive s we re a va ila b le . We n o tice th a t
th o se d isp u te s in th e ir re a lity a n d m o tive s we re a s re vo lu tio n a ga in st th e ru lin g
p o licy ..." Th e n h e ga ve a lo gica l ju stifica tio n b y sa yin g: " I f yo u stu d y wh a te ve r yo u lik e
o f th e h isto rica l d o cu m e n ts a b o u t th is ca se , will yo u fin d th a t th e re wa s a d isp u te
a b o u t a p ro p e rty? O r will yo u fin d a d isa gre e m e n t
____________
1 - An E gyp tia n Write r.
( 1 1 )

a b o u t Fa d a k in its lim ite d m e a n in g o f p o sse ssio n o r yie ld s o f a p ie ce o f la n d ?
ce rta in ly n o t! I t wa s th e re vo lu tio n a ga in st th e re ign a n d th e o u t cry, b y wh ich Fa tim a
(s) wa n te d to p lu ck u p th e co rn e rsto n e , o n wh ich h isto ry wa s b u ilt a fte r th e d a y o f
sa q e e fa
1
..." H e re S a yyid a s-S a d r b e ga n to o b se rve th e e ve n ts h a p p e n e d b e fo re th e
d a y o f S a q e e fa . H e e xp re sse d I m a m Ali's situ a tio n s, wh ich h e h a d d o n e lo ya lly fo r th e
sa k e o f I sla m .
I n a n o th e r ch a p te r I m a m a s-S a d r d iscu sse s Fa tim a 's a d d re ss b e fo re th e p u b lic. H e
a n a lyse s a n d co n d e m n s th e p u rp o se s o f th e o p p o n e n ts a n d th ro u gh th a t h e sh o ws
I m a m Ali's ch a ra cte ristics a n d situ a tio n s, wh ich m a d e h im th e o n ly o n e , wh o
d e se rve d th e first ru lin g p o sitio n a n d th e in te lle ctu a l a n d p o litica l a u th o rity o ve r th e
I sla m ic u m m a .
Th e n h e co n clu d e s th e b o o k with a ch a p te r title d with th e co u rt o f th e b o o k , in
wh ich h e d iscu sse s th e ca se o f Fa d a k sh o win g its d e ta ils a n d a m b igu ite s. H e
p ro vo k e s th e d e e p p a ra d o xe s, o n wh ich th o se , wh o p re ve n te d Fa tim a h e r ce rtifie d
righ t, d e p e n d e d . H e d e p e n d s in a ll o f th a t o n th e h o ly Q u ra n a n d th e S u n n a a n d
a cco rd in g to th e lo gic o f tru th a n d fa irn e ss.
Th u s wa s a su m m a ry a b o u t th e ch a p te rs o f th e b o o k , in wh ich th e re a d e r will fin d a
we ll-ve rse d a n a lysis a n d se d a te a rgu m e n ts in a n e lo q u e n t m e th o d with k e e p in g to
th e co n d itio n s a n d re q u ire m e n ts o f th e im p a rtia l re se a rch .
____________
1 - I t wa s th e d a y wh e n th e p ro p h e t (s) d ie d a n d th e co m p a n io n s ga th e re d in th e sa q e e fa (sh e d ) o f B a n i
S a 'id a to ch o o se th e ca lip h , in fa ct to se ize th e ca lip h a te h u rrie d ly a s lo n g a s th e H a sh im ite s (th e p ro p h e t's
fa m ily ) we re b u sy with th e p ro ce d u re s o f th e b u ria l.
( 1 2 )

A WO R D O N TH E C AS E

Th e ca se o f Fa d a k a cco rd in g to Fa tim a 's o p in io n wa s n o t ju st a m a tte r o f a gift
e xto rte d fro m h e r h a n d b e ca u se o f so m e re a so n s fa b rica te d a n d ju stifie d b y th e
sta te , b u t it wa s m u ch m o re se rio u s ju stifie d b y th e sta te , b u t it wa s m u ch m o re
se rio u s th a n th a t. I t fo rm e d a d a n ge ro u s in itia tive in th e fa te o f th e isla m ic
e xp e rim e n t, wh ich th e p ro p h e t (s) h a d strive n b itte rly to b u ild o n th e righ t sh a ria a n d
th e b a se s o f ju stice , th a t sta te a n d e xp e rim e n t, wh ich th e p ro p h e t (s) wa n te d to
sp re a d a ll o ve r th e wo rld a n d a lo n g th e a ge s.
Th e gra vity wa s wh e n th e e lite sta te sm e n , wh o we re su p p o se d to b e re sp o n sib le to
sa fe gu a rd th is n e w e xp e rim e n t, we n t h u rrie d ly to wa rd s th e in sta n ta n e o u s ga in s a n d
trie d to se ize th e le a d in g p o sitio n s with o u t p a yin g a n y a tte n tio n to th e e sta b lish e d
p rin cip le s a n d th e tru e tra d itio n s. Th a t le d , b e fo re a ll, to o p e n th e d o o r wid e ly in fro n t
o f th e o p p o rtu n ists a n d th e co ve to u s p e rso n s o r a s Aa 'ish a , th e p ro p h e t's wife , sa id :
" Th e ca lip h a te , th e n , will b e ga in e d b y e ve ryo n e , wh e th e r h e wa s p io u s o r d isso lu te ."
1

Th e re fo re a z-Z a h ra '
2
co n fro n te d th is m a tte r in o rd e r n o t to le t su ch fe a re d re su lts
h a p p e n .
H e n ce th e a im o f e vo k in g th e ca se o f Fa d a k wa s to e n ligh te n th e u m m a , th e
le a d e rs a n d th e p u b lic o n th e te rrib le d a n ge rs th a t wo u ld o ccu r if th e y k e p t o n th is
wa y. S h e d e cla re d th a t b y sa yin g: " B y Alla h , it
3
wa s im p re gn a te d so wa it u n til it b e a rs
th e n m ilk its b lo o d ... th e n th e y will p e rish wh o sa y
____________
1 - R e fe rs to a s-S a yo u ti's b o o k a d -D u rr a l-M a n th o o r vo l.6 , p .1 9

2 - O n e o f Fa tim a 's su rn a m e s.

3 - S h e re fe rre d to th e situ a tio n o f th e ru le rs a n d th e p u b lic.
( 1 3 )

fa lse th in gs a n d su cce sso rs will k n o w wh a t b a d th e e a rlie r o n e s h a ve e sta b lish e d . B e
a t e a se a n d wa it re la xe d ly fo r th e se d itio n . R e jo ice a t a sh a rp swo rd , ge n e ra l
co m m o tio n a n d d e sp o tism , wh ich will m a k e yo u r victu a ls so in sign ifica n t a n d yo u r
ga th e rin g se p a ra te ..."
1

I n th e ligh t o f th a t, we ca n se e th e e n th u sia sm th a t S a yyid a s-S a d r h a s a n d th e
se rio u s fe e lin g th a t is m o ve d in sid e h im wh e n h e a n a lyze s, d iscu sse s a n d co n clu d e s
(a cco rd in g to th e Fa tim ite th o u gh t) o u t o f h is ca re fo r th e p u rity o f isla m .
Th e m a rtyre d S a yyid , a lo n g th e re se a rch , p ra ys Alla h to b le ss th e co m p a n io n s a n d
a p p re cia te s th e ir e xp lo its fo r th e sa k e o f isla m , b u t a t th e sa m e tim e h e d o e s n o t se e
a n y o b je ctio n in th a t b e ca u se th e m o st im p o rta n t th in g a n d th e wo rth ie r to b e
re ga rd e d is th e sa fe ty, th e ge n u in e n e ss a n d th e p u rity o f th e isla m ic e xp e rim e n t. I f
so m e o n e wa n ts to p ro te st a n d h e h a s th e righ t to d o so - h e will o b lige u s to S U P m it.
B e sid e s, h e will b e a ga in st th e tru th . Le t u s h e re , fo r e xa m p le , re m in d o f th e sa yin g o f
th e ca lip h O m a r a b o u t K h a lid b in
2
a l-Wa le e d re la te d to th e ca se o f M a lik b in
N u wa yra . Th e C a lip h O m a r sa id to Ab u B a k r: " k h a lid 's crim e b u t th a t d id n o t co n vin ce
O m a r, wh o p re se rve d it in h is m in d u n til h e b e ca m e th e C a lip h th e n h e d e p o se d
K h a lid a cco rd in g to th a t ve ry ca se .
S o we a re n o t o b lige d to a cce p t e ve ry in te rp re ta tio n . S p e cifyin g th e fa u lts,
re co rd in g th e e ve n ts a n d e xa m in in g th e m will, u n d o u b te d ly, k e e p
____________
1 - R e fe r to I b n Ab u Ta h ir Ta yfo o r's b o o k B a la gh a t a n -N issa ', p .3 3 .

2 - (B in ) m e a n s: (th e so n o f ) a n d (B in t) m e a n s: (th e d a u gh te r o f).

3 -At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h , vo l. 2 , p .2 8 0 .
( 1 4 )

u s a wa y fro m th e b a d re su lts. Th a t will b e fo r th e b e n e fit o f th e u m m a a n d ge n u in e ss
o f I sla m .
Th is wa s e xa ctly th e a im , wh ich le d u s to d o th e scie n tific in q u iry fo r th is stu d y.
An a lysis o r co n clu sio n m e n tio n e d in th is stu d y wa s a cco rd in g to th e re a lity o f th e
fa m o u s e ve n ts,th e re lia b le so u rce s a n d th e co n d u cts o f th o se ce rta in co m p a n io n s.
I t will b e cle a r fo r th e re a d e r th ro u gh th is in q u iry th a t th e re is n o ra sh n e ss in a
sa yin g, n o d iscrim in a tio n in a th o u gh t a n d n o a n y co n clu sio n with o u t e vid e n ce s.

M Y R O LE I N TH I S R E VI S I O N

Th e b o o k Fa d a k in H isto ry wa s p u b lish e d twice ; th e first e d itio n wa s b y a l-
H a yd a riyya p re ss th a t wa s o wn e d b y th e p io u s S h e ik h M u h a m m a d k a d h im a l-K u tu b i
in h o ly N a ja f in 1 3 7 4 AH / 1 9 5 5 a d , wh ich wa s a go o d e d itio n a n d h a d a fe w m ista k e s
a n d se co n d wa s p u b lish e d so m e ye a rs la te r b y D a r a t-Ta 'a ru f in B e iru t. I d id n o t fin d
a n y o th e r e d itio n s. B e ca u se th e H a yd a riyya e d itio n wa s m o re a ccu ra te a n d S a yyid a s-
S a d r h im se lf h a d re a d it, so i d e p e n d e d o n it a s th e so u rce .
I ch e ck e d a n d ve rifie d th e ve rse s a n d th e tra d itio n s a ga in st th e ir so u rce s a n d i
d o cu m e n te d th e re fe re n ce s o f S a yyid a s-S a d r a n d p o st-fixe d th e m with th e wo rd " th e
m a rtyr" to d istin gu ish th e m fro m th e re fe re n ce s, n o te s a n d a d d itio n s, wh ich we re fit
to b e m e n tio n e d . I n a ll o f th a t, I re fe rre d to th e re lia b le b o o k s a n d so u rce s o f o u r
S u n n i b ro th e rs in o rd e r to co n firm th a t th e fa cts wh ich we re q u o te d we re b a se d o n
th o se so u rce s. Afte r th a t i h a d to d e cla re th a t tru th fu ln e ss o f a n a lysis a n d k e e p in g
( 1 5 )

to th e scie n tific m e th o d in p re se n ta tio n , d iscu ssio n a n d co n clu sio n we re a m o n g th e
ch a ra cte ristics o f th e m a rtyre d S a yyid 's a p p ro a ch in th is stu d y.
Fin a lly, wh ilst th a n k in g Alla h fo r gra n tin g m e su cce ss to d o th is wo rk , I p ra y H im to
m a k e it e xclu sive ly fo r H is sa k e a n d i p ra y H im to gra n t su cce ss to th o se , wh o wo rk in
a l-G h a d ir C e n tre o f th e I sla m ic S tu d ie s to se rve o u r d e a r I sla m a n d th e te a ch in gs o f
th e p ro p h e t a n d h is fa m ily (s). P ra ise b e to Alla h first a n d fin a lly.
D r. Ab d u l Ja b b a r S h a ra ra
D o cto ra te in I sla m ic a n d R e ligio u s stu d ie s

( 1 6 )

TH E AU TH O R 'S FO R E WO R D

D e a r re a d e r:

Th is is a wo rk th a t i se ize d th e o p p o rtu n ity o f o n e o f o u r h o lid a ys in o u r sp le n d id
u n ive rsity -th e U n ive rsity o f H o ly N a ja f- to a p p ly m yse lf to stu d y o n e o f th e isla m ic
h isto ry p ro b le m s. I t wa s th e p ro b le m o f Fa d a k a n d h isto rica l d isp u te th a t to o k p la ce
b e twe e n Fa tim a a z-Z a h ra ' (p e a ce b e o n h im ). M a n y th e m e s a n d co n clu sio n s fo rm e d
in m y m in d . I wro te th e m d o wn o n se p a ra te p ie ce s o f p a p e r. Wh e n i fin ish e d stu d yin g
th e d o cu m e n ts a n d i fo u n d th a t wh a t wa s writte n o n th o se p ie ce s o f p a p e r wa s fit a s
d ra ft fo r a su fficie n t stu d y fo r th e ca se . I b e ga n to re fin e it a n d o rga n ize it in to
ch a p te rs, wh ich b e ca m e a s a sm a ll b o o k . I d e cid e d to k e e p it a s a m e m o ra n d u m to
re fe r to wh e n i wo u ld n e e d it. I t re m a in e d with m e fo r m a n y ye a rs a s a p o in t o f m y
in te lle ctu a l life a n d a s re m in d e r o f th e d a te , in wh ich i sta rte d to write it d o wn , u n til
th e virtu o u s S h e ik h M u h a m m a d k a d h im a l-K u tu b i, th e so n o f S h e ik h S a d iq a l-K u tu b i,
a sk e d m e to give it to h im to p rin t. I S U P m itte d to h is wish a p p re cia tin g h is fa vo rs o n
th e Ara b ic a n d I sla m ic lib ra ry. H e re it is n o w b e fo re yo u .
Th e a u th o r


CHAPTER ONE

ON THE SCENE OF
THE REVOLUTION

Here it is before you. Take
it as if it is prepared for
you. It will dispute with you
on the Day of Resurrection
What a fair judge Allah is
on that day and the master
is Muhammad and the
appointment is the Day of
punishment, on that Day
shall they perish who say
false things.

P R E FAC E

S h e sto o d u p with n o d o u b t a b o u t wh a t sh e e n d e a rvo re d to p ro ve a n d with n o fe a r
in h e r gre a t situ a tio n .N o h e sita tio n cro sse d h e r m in d ,fo r sh e wa s ve ry se rio u s a b o u t
wh a t sh e h a d d e cid e d to d o .N o o b se ssio n o f wo rry o r co n fu sio n o ccu re d to h e r.H e re
sh e wa s n o w o n th e to p with h e r n o b le a m b itio u s p la n a n d h e r d e fe n sive wa y.S h e wa s
b e twe e n two d o o rs with n o tim e to h e sita te .S h e h a d to ch o o se o n e o f th e m a n d sh e
d id . S h e ch o o se th e m o re tirin g wa y,wh ich wa s ch a lle n gin g fo r a la d y to wa lk o n ,d u e
to h e r p ysica lly we a k e r
____________
1 - Fa tim a (s)
( 1 8 )

n a tu re . Fo r it wa s fu ll o f d ifficu ltie s a n d stre ss a n d re q u ire d co u ra ge , e ffe ctive o ra to ry
p o we r,a n d th e a b ility to fo rm u la te th e e sse n ce o f th e re vo lu tio n in to wo rd s.
I n d e e d it re q u ire d a gre a t sk ill to sh o w th e in d ign a tio n a n d to criticize th e e xistin g
co n d itio n s in a wa y th a t give s th e wo rd s a m e a n in g o f life a n d a ch a n ce o f e te rn a lity
to m a k e th e wo rd s a s th e so ld ie rs o f th e re vo lu tio n a n d its e te rn a l su p p o rt in th e
h isto ry o f th e fa ith .I t is th e fa ith a n d th e d e a th d e fia n ce fo r th e sa k e o f th e tru th th a t
m a k e th e we a k so u ls gre a t a n d give p o we r to th e fru stra te d sp irits with o u t a n y
h e sita tio n o r fe e b le n e ss. H e n ce th is re vo lu tio n a ry la d y ch o se th is wa y, wh ich fitte d
h e r gre a t so u l a n d h e r d e te rm in e d p e rso n a lity to wa rd s re se rvin g th e tru th a n d strivin g
fo r its sa k e .
S h e wa s su rro u n d e d b y h e r m a id s a n d fe llo w-wo m e n lik e th e sca tte re d sta rs
ga th e rin g in d iso rd e r. Th e y we re a ll to ge th e r with th e sa m e ze a l a n d th e sa m e a n xie ty.
Th e ir le a d e r wa s a m o n g th e m re ve iwin g wh a t a n o b le risin g sh e wo u ld a tte m p t to d o .
S h e wa s tryin g to p re p a re th e e q u ip m e n ts a n d th e su p p ly fo r th a t. As sh e we n t fu rth e r
in h e r re ve iw, sh e b e ca m e m o re ste a d fa st a n d th e p o we r o f b o ld e r in h e r m o ve m e n t
a n d in h e r ru sh to d e fe n d th e ro b b e d righ ts. S h e b e ca m e m o re a ctive in h e r a d va n ce
a n d m o re co u ra ge o u s in h e r gre a t situ a tio n a s if sh e h a d b o rro we d h e r gre a t
h u sb a sn d 's h e a rt to fa ce h e r d ifficu lt circu m sta n ce a n d wh a t th e fa te b ro u gh t to h e r
with . R a th e r it wa s wh a t Alla h h a d d e cid e d to try h e r with th a t te rrib le tra ge d y th a t
co u ld sh a k e th e gre a t m o u n ta in s. S h e wa s, a t th a t te rrib le m o m e n t wh e n sh e p la ye d
th e ro le o f th e d e fe n sive so ld ie r, lik e a gh o st
( 1 9 )

u n d e r a clo u d o f b itte r so rro w. S h e wa s p a le , fro wn in g, b ro k e n h e a rte d , d e p re sse d ,
fa in t, we a k , e xh a u ste d b u t in h e r so u l a n d m in d th e re wa s a glim p se o f h a p p in e s a n d
re m n a n t o f co m fo rt. N e ith e r th is n o r th a t we re fo r e n jo yin g a sm ilin g h o p e o r
ca lm n e ss with a swe e t d re a m o r e xp e ctin g a go o d re su lt. Th a t glim p se wa s a glim p se
o f co n te n t with th e th o u gh t o f re vo lu tio n a n d th a t we re fo r e n jo yin g a sm ilin g h o p e o r
ca lm n e ss with a swe e t d re a m o r e xsp e ctin g a go o d re su lt. Th a t glim p se wa s a
glim p se o f co n te n t with th e th o u gh t o f re vo lu tio n a n d th a t co m fo rt wa s co n fid e n ce o f
su cce ss. I n th e in sta n ta n e o u s fa ilu re th e re m igh t b e a la te r gre a t su cce ss. E xa ctly it
wa s. A n a tio n ro se to sa n tify th is re vo lu tio n a n d to im ita te th is gre a t la d y's sta b ility
a n d co u ra ge o u sn e ss.
H e r th o u gh ts in th a t situ a tio n to o k h e r to th e n e a r p a st, to th e h a p p y life wh e re h e r
fa th e r wa s still b re a th in g a n d th e ste a d y p o le o f glo ry th a t th e wo rld o b e ye d a n d
S U P m itte d to . An d p e rh a p s h e r th o u gh ts le d h e r to re m e m b e r h e r fa th e r h u ggin g h e r,
su rro u n d in g h e r with h is sym p a th y a n d sh o we rin g h e r h is k isse s, wh ich sh e wa s
a ccu sto m e d to a n d we re h e r su ste n a n ce e ve ry m o rn in g a n d e ve n in g.
Th e n sh e ca m e to b e fa ce d with a d iffe re n t tim e . H e r h o u se th a t wa s th e la n te rn o f
ligh t, th e sym b o l o f p ro p h e th o o d a n d th e sh in in g ra y so a rin g to wa rd s th e H e a ve n h
wa s th re a te n e d fro m to m e to tim e .H e r co u sin , th e se co n d m a n in isla m , th e ga te o f
th e p ro p h e t's k n o wle d ge ,
1
h is lo ya l vizie r
2
a n d h is
____________
1 - Acco rd in g to th e fa m o u s p ro p h e tic tra d itio n (I a m th e city o f k n o wle d ge a n d Ali is its ga te ). R e fe r to Ab u
N a 'e e m 's H ilya tu l-Awliya ', vo l.1 , p . 6 4 As-S a yo u ti's ja m i'u l-ja wa m i', At-Ta rm ith i's S a h ih a n d re fe r to a t-Ta j
a j-ja m i' lil-U so o l fe e Ah a d e e th a r-R a so o l o f S h e ik h M a n so u r Ali N a ssif, o l.3 p . 3 3 7 .

2 - With re fe re n ce to th e tra d itio n (Th is-re fe rrin g to Ali'-is m y b ro th e r, m y vizie r a n d m y su cce sso r a m o n g
yo u ...). R e fe r to th e fu ll tra d itio n in a t-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h , vo l.3 p .2 1 8 -2 1 9 a n d Ta fse e r
( 2 0 )

p ro m isin g Aa ro n ,
1
wh o wo u ld n o t se p a ra te with h is p u re b e gin in g
2
fro m th e b le sse d
b e gin in g o f th e p ro p h e t a n d h is gre a t h o p e a t th e e n d ,fin a lly wo u ld lo se th e ca lip h a te
a fte r th e p ro p h e t a n d wh o wa s th e p ro p h e t's su p p o rte r a t th e b e gin in g a n d h is gre a t
h o p e a t th e e n d ,fin a lly wo u ld lo se th e ca lip h a te a fte r th e p ro p h e t (s).H is m o ra le ,wh ich
th e H e a ve n a n d th e e a rth co n fe sse d , wa s d e m o lish e d a n d h is gre a t d e e d s b e ca m e
irre sp e ctive a cco rd in g to so m e crite ria fa b rica te d a t th a t tim e .
H e re sh e crie d b itte rly. H e r cryin g wa s n o t o f th a t so rt th a t a p p e a re d o n th e
lin e a m e n ts. I t wa s th e a go n y o f th e co n scie n ce , th e su ffe rin g o f th e so u l a n d th e
tre m o r o f th e re gre ts in th e b o tto m o f th e h e a rt. Te a rs flo we d fro m h e r glo o m y e ye s.
H e r sto p d id n o t la st lo n g. S h e ru sh e d lik e a fla m in g sp a rk su rro u n d e d b y h e r
co m p a n io n s u n till sh e re a ch e d th e stru ggle fe ild . S h e sto p p e d h e r e te rn a l sto p a n d
d e cla re d h e r wa r, in wh ich sh e u se d wh a te ve r sh e wa s a llo we d to u se a s a M u slim
Wo m a n .H e r fre sh re vo lu tio n wa s a b o u t to d e vo u r th e ca lip h a te b u t th e circu m sta n ce s
we re a ga in st h e r a n d th e o b sta cle s in cre a se d in fro n t o f h e r.

TH E E N VI R O M E N TS O F
TH E E VE N T

Th a t wa s th e ve ra cio u s Fa tim a , th e d a u gh te r o f th e p ro p h e t, th e d e ligh t o f h is e ye ,
th e e xa m p le o f
____________
1 - R e ge rd in g th e tru e tra d itio n (o Ali, a re yo u n o t p le a se d to b e fo r m e a s Aa ro n wa s m o se s ,e xce p t th a t
th e re is n o t p ro p h e t a fte r m e ) .R e fe r to a l-B u k a ri 's sa h ih vo l.4 p .1 8 7 3 a n d a t-ta j a j ja m i o f sh e ik m a n so u r
Ali N a ssif, vo l.3 , p .3 3 3

2 - R e fe r to N a h ju l b a la gh a ,se rm o n n o .1 9 2 p .3 0 0 -3 0 2 ,ch e ck e d b y D r.S U P h i a s-sa h ih . I m a m a li sa id :(yo u
h a ve k n o w m y p o sitio n to th e p ro p h e t in clo se re la tio n a n d sp e cia l ra n k . H e p u t m e in h is la b wh e n wa s a
ch ild ... wh e re th e re wa s n o a sin gle h a u se h a vin g m u slim s e xce p t th a t h a u se , wh ich ga th e re d th e p ro p h e t,
k h a d e e ja (th e p ro p h e t's first wife ) a n d m e . I sa w th e ligh t o f a n ge l a n d sm e lt th e sce n t o f th e
p ro p h e th o o d ...)
( 2 1 )

in fa llib ility, th e ra d ia n t h a lo a n d th e re m a in d e r o f th e p ro p h e t a m o n g th e m u slim s, o n
h e r wa y to th e m o sq u e .S h e lo st th e fa th e r, wh o wa s th e b e st a t a ll in th e h isto ry o f
m a n k in d , th e m o st sym p a th e tic, th e m o st co m p a ssio n a te a n d m o st b le sse d .Th is wa s
a ca la m ity th a t co u ld m a k e th e o n e e fflicte d with , ta ste th e b e tte rn e ss o f d yin g a n d
fin d d yin g swe e t a n d d e ligh tfu l h o p e . Th u s wa s Fa tim a wh e n h e r fa th e r le ft to th e
b e tte r wo rld a n d h is so u l fle w to p ra d ise p le a se d (with Alla h ) a n d ( Alla h ) we ll-p le a se d
(with h im ).
Th e b itte r e ve n ts d id n o t ce a se . S h e fa ce d a n o th e r ca la m ity, wh ich h a d gre a t e ffe ct
o n h e r p u re so u l a n d it m o ve d h e r so rro w sn d grie f. I t wa s n o t le ss th a n th e first
ca la m ity.I t wa s th e lo st o f th e glo ry, wh ich th e gra n d h a d gra n te d to th e p ro p h e t's
fa m ily a lo n g h isto ry.Th a t glo ry wa s th e le d e rsh ip o f U m m a . Th e h e a ve n h a d d e cid e d
th a t M o h a m m a d 's fa m ily wa s to ru le h is U m m a a n d h is S h ia b e ca u se th e y
(m o h a m m a d 's d e csce n d e n ts) we re h is e xa m p le a n d d e riva tive s.B u t th e o p p o site
a cco u n t tu rn e d th e le a d e rsh ip a n d th e ru le wa y fro m th e re a l p o sse sso r a n d
a p p o in te d ca lip h s a n d e m irs in ste a d .
1

____________
1 - Th e h e a ve n h a d d e cid e d th a t Ali a n d th e o th e r p u re m e m b e rs o f th e p ro p h e t's fa m ily we re to h a ve th e
le a d e rsh ip a n d th e im a m a te o f th e U m m a .Th e re wa s a b ig ste p o f e d u ca tio n a l a n d in te lle ctu a l p re p a ra tio n
fo r su ch le a d e rsh ip a n d ca lip h e t. I n fa ct th e re wa s a cle a r m e th o d th a t its ste p s su cce e d e d in th is wa y.I t
wa s co n firm e d b y th e h o ly Q u ra n a n d S u n n a th a t d id n o t le t a n y wa y d o u b t.R e fe r to The origin of the
Shiism and the shia by Imam as-sadr a n d e d ite d b y Ab d u l ja b b a r sh a ra ra .we p ro ve d b y n u m b e rs,
e vid e n ce s a n d te xts th is fa ct with re fe re n ce to th e re lia b le so u rce s a n d tru e tra d itio n o f o u r su n n i b ro th e rs.
Also re fe r (fo r e xa m p le )to a t-ta b a ri 's Ta re e k h vo l.3 p .2 1 8 -2 1 9 , a s-sa yo o ti's Ta re e k h a l-k h u la fa (h isto ry o f
th e ca lip h s ) p .1 7 1 , ib n h a ja r's a s-sa wa 'iq a l-M u h riq a ,p .1 2 7 a n d th e su m m a ry o f ib n Assa k ir's ta re e k h b y
ib n m a n d h o u r, vo l.1 7 , p .3 5 6 a n d fo llo win g p a ge s).
( 2 2 )

With th is a n d fa tim a (s) lo st th e h o lie st p ro p h e t a n d fa th e r a n d th e m o st e n te rn a l
ch ie fd o m a n d le a d e rsh ip in a n o ve rn igh t.S o h e r grie f-strick e n so u l se n t h e r to wa r a n d
it's fie ld s a n d m a d e h e r u n d e rta k e th e re vo lu tio n a n d k e e p o n it. U n d o u b te d ly ,a n yo n e
e lse wh o h a d th e sa m e p rin cip le s a n d b e lie fs co u ld n o t h a ve d o n e wh a t sh e d id o r
strive n in jih a d lik e h e r with o u t b e in g a n e a sy p re y fo r th e ru lin g a u th o rity th a t h a d
re a ch e d a t th a t tim e th e p e a k o f S U P d u a l a n d se ve rity. Th e re wa s b la m e fo r wa vin g,
a ccu ssa tio n fo r sa yin g a n d p u n ish m e n t fo r d o in g
1
. I t wa s n o t d iffre n t fro m wh a t we
n o wa d a ys m igh t re fe r to m a rtia l la ws. Th a t wa s n e ce ssa ry fo r ru le rs in th o se d a ys to
su p p o rt th e ir b a se a n d to fix th e ir stru ctu re .B u t sin ce th e d e fe n d in g re b e l wa s th e
d a u gh te r o f m o h a m m a d (s) ,a p ie ce o f h is so u l
2
a n d h is flo u rish in g im a ge , sh e wo u ld
b e k e p t sa fe u n d a u b te d ly b a ca u se o f th e h o lly p ro p h e th o o d o f h e r fa th e r a n d a lso th e
re sp e ct a n d o th e r a sp e ct o f wo m a n in isla m th a t sa fe gu a rd e d h e r fro m h a rm .

TH E TO O LS O F TH E R E VO LU TI O N

Fa tim a (s) fle w b y th e win gs o f h e r sa cre d th o u gh ts to th e h o rizo n o f h e r p a st a n d
th e wo rld o f h e r gre a t fa th e r ,wh ich tu rn e d , a fte r h e r fa th e r jo in e d h is lo rd ,to a
sh in in g m e m o ry in h e r so u l. I t su p p lie d h e r e ve ry m o m e n t with fe e lin gs,sym p a th y a n d
e d u ca tio n .I t ro u se d in h e r jo y a n d e a se . E ve n if sh e wa s la te a fte r h e r fa th e r in th e
a cco u n t o f tim e .
____________
1 - R e fe r to th e e ve n t o f S a q e e fa in a l-ta b ri's Ta re e k s vo l.2 , p .2 4 4 a n d se e wh a t h a d h a p p e n e d o n th a t d a y .
o n e wa s th e sa yin g o f th e se co n d ca lip h (o m a r) :" k ill sa 'a d b in o b a d a ..."

2 - th e p ro p h e t sa id : " fa tim a is a p a rt o f m e . Wh o e ve r h u rts h e r su re ly h u rts m e ..." re fe r to a t-ta j a l-ja m i' lil
o sso o l vo l.3 p .3 5 3 a l- b u k h a ri's sa h ih vo l 1 .5 p .8 3 tra d itio n o n 3 2 3 a n d m u slim s sa h ih vo l.4 p .p 1 9 0 2
tra d itio n n o .2 4 9 3 .
( 2 3 )

S h e d id n o t se p a ra te fro m h im in th e a cco u n t o f so u l a n d m e m o ry. S o sh e h a d in sid e
h e r a n in e xh a u tib le p o we r, a m o tive fo r a swe e p in g re vo lu tio n , wh ich n e ve r we n t o u t,
ligh t fro m th e p ro p h e th o o d o f m o h a m m a d a n d th e so u l o f m o h a m m a d ligh tin g h e r
wa y a n d gu id in g h e r to th e righ t p a th .
Fa tim a (s) d e se rte d th e wo rld ly life wh e n th e re vo lu tio n o f h e r so u l rip e n e d a n d
tu rn e d with h e r fe e lin gs to wa rd th e m e m o ry th a t still live d in sid e h e r so u l to ta k e
fro m it a to rch o f ligh t fo r h e r d iffcu lt stu a tio n .S h e b e ga n ca llin g :
C o m e b a ck to m e sce n e o f h a p p in e ss,fro m wh ich I wo k e u p to fin d u n h a p p in e ss
th a t ca n n o t to le ra te ... .
C o m e to m e o yo u d e a re st a n d m o st b e lo ve d o n e to m e . Ta lk to m e a n d sh e d o n
m e so m e o f yo u r d ivin e ligh t a s yo u u se d to d o to m e b e fo re .
C o m e b a ck , m y fa th e r. Le t m e co n ve rse with yo u if th a t will re lie ve yo u . Le t m e
re ve a l to yo u m y grie fs a s I a lwa ys u se d to d o .Le t m e te ll yo u a b o u t th o se sh a d e s,
wh ich p re se rve d m e fro m th e fla m e o f th is wo rld .N o w I n o lo n ge r h a ve a n y. S h e sa id
a fte r th e d e a th o f h e r fa th e r:
Th e re we re a fte r yo u co n flictin g n e ws a n d m isfo rtu n e s,
I f yo u we re h e re ,n o m isfo rtu n e wo u ld h a p p e n .
1

C o m e b a ck to m e o m e m o rie s o f m y d e a r p a st to te ll m e yo u r a ttra ctive sp e e ch
a n d m a k e m e h e a r e ve ry th in g to a n n o u n ce m y wa r with n o le n ie n cy a ga in st th o se ,
wh o a sce n d e d -o r th e p e o p le m a d e th e m a sce n d -th e m in b a r a n d th e p o sitio n o f m y
fa th e r a n d th e y d id n o t p a y a n y a tte n tio n to th e
____________
1 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a o f ib n Ab u H a d e e d ,vo l.1 6 , p .3 1 2
( 2 4 )

righ ts o f th e p ro p h e t's fa m ily o r to th e sa n ctity o f th e h o ly h o u se to p re ve n t it fro m
b u rn in g
1
a n d fro m b e in g d e stro ye d . R e m in d m e o f m y fa th e r 's sce n e s a n d b a ttle s .
d id n o t h e te ll m e o f k in d o f h e ro ism a n d jih a d
2
o f h is b ro th e r a n d so n -in -la w (Ali), h is
p re o rity o n a ll h is o p p o n e n t a n d h is ste a d fa stn e ss b e sid e th e p ro p h e t (s) in th e m o st
d ifficu lt h o u rs a n d th e m o st vio le n t figh t, fro m wh ich so a n d so h a d fle d a n d th e b ra ve
d e siste d
3
to b re a k in to ?wa s it righ t a fte r th a t to p u t Ab u -b a k r o n th e m in b a r o f th e
p ro p h e t a n d to b rin g d o wn Ali fro m wh a t h e d e se rve d ?!
O m y fa th e r's m e m o rie s,te ll m e a b o u t Ab u -b a k r.I s n o t h e th e o n e , wh o m th e d ivin e
in sp ira tio n d id n o t e n tru st with th e a n n o u n cin g o f a ve rse to th e p o lyth e ists
4
a n d
ch o se Ali fo r th e ta sk ? D id th a t
____________
1 - with re fe re n ce to th e th re a t o f b u rn in g th e h o u se o f fa tim a (s).re fe r to a l-im a m a we s-siysa b y ib n
Q u ta yb a p .1 2 ,a t-ta b a ri's ta re e k h vo l.1 .2 p .2 3 3 a n d sh a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a b y ib n Ab u l H a d e e d vo l.1 . 6 p . 4 7 -
4 8 .th e y m e n tio n e d th a t o m a r b in a l-k a tta b co m e to th e h o u se o f fa tim a with a gro u p o f An sa r (th e p e o p le
o f m e d in a , wh o b e lie ve d a n d a ssiste d th e p ro p h e t in h is m issio n wh e n h e a n d h is co m p a n io n s, e m igra te d
fro m m e cca to m e d in a ) a n d m u h a jire e n (th e p ro p h e t's co m p a n io n s ,wh o e m igra te d fro m m e cca to
m e d in a ) a n d sa id " I swe a r b y h im ,in wh o se h a n d m y so u l is, e ith e r yo u co m e o u t to p a y h o m e ge (to Ab u
B a k ) o r I will se t fire to th e h o u se with wh o e ve r in sid e it"

2 - R e fe r to a t -Ta b a ri's ta re e k h vo l.2 p .2 5 a n d 6 2 -6 6 wh e n im a m Ali (s) k ille d ta lh a b in u th m a n th e b e a re r
o f th e p o lyth e ists. B a n n e rs ... a n d k ille d a ll th e b e a re rs o f th e b a n n e r .th e p ro p h e t (s) sa w gro u p o f
p lyth e sists .h e sa id to Ali : " Atta ck th e m ! " Ali a tta ck e d th e m , sca tte re d th e m a n d k ille d Am r a j-Ju m a h i .
th e p ro p h e t sa w a n o th e r gro u p o f p o lyth e sists .h e sa id to Ali " Atta ck e d th e m " Ali a tta ck e d th e m ,
sce rtte re d th e m a n d k ille d sh a yb a b in m a lik .G a b e rie l sa id to th e p ro p h e t: " O m e sse n ge r o f Alla h ,it is th is
th e re a l a sista n ce . " Th e p ro p h e t sa id : " H e is fro m m e a n d I fro m h im ." G e b rie l sa id : An d I fro m yo u b o th ..."

3 - R e fe r to th e tra d itio n n a rre te d b y sa 'd b in Ab u wa q q a s m e n tio n e d in m u slim 's sa h ih ,vo l.4 p . 1 8 7 3 , a t-
Ta rm ith i's S a h ih vo l .5 p .5 9 6 a n d b in H a ja r's a s-sa wa 'iq a l-m u h riq a . th e y a ll co n firm e d th is m e a n in .

4 - With th e re fa re n ce to th e sto ry o f su ra o f B a ra 'a .re fe r to I m a m Ah m a d 's m u sn a d vo l.1 p .3 a n d a z-
Z a m k h sh a ri's k a sh sh a f vo l.2 p .2 3 4 it wa s m e n tio n e d th a t: " wh ile Ab u B a k r wa s o n h is wa y to wa rd s
(m e cca ) in o rd e r to in fo rm o f th e su ra o f B a ra 'a ,G e b rie l ca m e d o wn a n d sa id to th e p ro p h e t; " O
m o h a m m a d ,n o o n e is to in fo rm o f yo u r m issio n b u t a m a n o f yo u r fa m ily. so yo u se n d Ali ..." Also re fe r to
a t-Ta rm ith i's sa h ih vo l.5 , p .5 9 4 .
( 2 5 )

m e a n b u t Ali th e n a tu ra l re p re se n ta tive o f I sla m , wh o wa s to u n d e rta k e a ve ry ta sk
th a t th e p ro p h e t m igh t n o t b e fre e fro m h is m a n y d u tie s to d o h im se lf?
I re m e m b e r we ll th a t critica l d a y wh e re a gita to rs a gita te d wh e n m y fa th e r
a p p o in te d Ali a s e m ir o f m e d in a a n d h e wa n t o u t fo r wa r. Th e y p u t fo r th a t e m ira te
1

wh a te ve r in te rp re ta tio n s th e y lik e d .B u t Ali wa s ste a d fa st lik e a m o u n ta in .Th e rio ts o f
th e rio te rs d id n o t sh a k e h im .I trie d to m a k e h im fo llo w m y fa th e r to te ll h im wh a t
p e o p le fa b rica te d . At la st h e fo llo we d th e p ro p h e t. Th e n h e ca m e b a ck b e a m in g
b righ tly a n d sm ilin g b ro a d ly. H a p p in e ss ca rrie d h im to h is b e lo ve d sp o u se to b rin g
go o d n e ws to h e r n o t in th e wo rd ly m e a n in g b u t in a m e a n in g o f h e a ve n . Ali to ld h o w
th e p ro p h e t re ce ive d h im , h e we lco m e d h im a n d sa id to h im : " yo u a re to m e a s Aro n
wa s to m o se s b u t th e re will b e n o p ro p h e t a fte r m e ."
2
M o se s' Aa ro n wa s h is p e rtn e r
I n h is ru le ,th e I m a m o f h is u m m a a n d wa s p re p a re d to b e h is su cce sso r. a n d so
m o h a m m a d 's Aa ro n h a d to b e th e wa li o f th e m u slim s a n d th e ca lip h a a fte r
m o h a m m a d (s).
Wh e n sh e a rrive d a t th is p o in t o f h e r flo win g th o u gh ts,sh e crie d o u t th a t th is wa s
th e re ve rsa l, o f wh ich Alla h h a d wa rn e d in H is sa yin g: (And Mohammad is no more
than an apotles have; the apostles have
____________
1 - At-Ta b ri's Ta re e k h vo l.7 p .1 8 2 a n d 1 8 3 a n d AL- B id a ye h we n N ih a ye o f ib n k a th e e r a d -d a m a sk i
vo l.7 p .3 4 0 fo r m o re d e ta ils.

2 - At- Ta j a j-Ja m i'lil-o sso o l o f sh e ik h m a n so u r Ali N a ssfi vo l.3 p .3 3 2 m u slim 's sa h ih vo l.4 a n d a n -N a ssa 'e i
k h a ssa 'iss p .4 8 -5 0 .
( 2 6 )

already passed away before him; if then he dies or is killed will you turn back on your
heels? 3;144) S o o n th e p e o p le tu rn e d b a ck o n th e ir h e e ls a n d we re o ve rco m e b y th e
p re -isla m ic th in k in g,wh ich th e two p a rtie s (th e m u h a jire e n a n d th e An sa r) e xch a n ge d
in th e S a q e e fa
1
wh e n o n e o f th e m sa id : " We a re th e p e o p le o f glo ry a n d stre n gth a n d
m o re in n u m b e r." Th e o th e r re p lie d : " Wh o will d isp u te with u s a b o u t th e ru le o f
m o h a m m a d wh ile we a re h is a ssista n ts a n d fa m ily?"
2
Th e h o ly b o o k a n d su n n a h
fa ile d in fro n t o f th o se crite ria . sh e b e ga n to sa y:
O p rin cip le o f m o h a m m a d , wh ich flo we d in m y ve in s sin ce I wa s b o rn , lik e th e
b lo o d in th e ve in s. O m a r, wh o a tta ck e d yo u (p rin cip le s) in yo u r h o u se in m e cca , wh ich
th e p ro p h e t h a d m a d e a s a ce n te r fo r h is m issio n , a tta ck e d th e fa m ily o f m o h a m m a d
in th e ir h a u se ( in m e d in a ) a n d se t fire to it o r wa s a b o u t to d o so ...
3

O m y gre a t m o th e r's so u l, yo u h a ve th o u gh t m e a n e te rn a l le sso n in th e life o f
isla m ic stru ggle b y yo u r gre a t jih a d b e sid e th e m a ste r o f th e p ro p h e t. I will m a k e m y
se lf a s a n o th e r k h a d e e ja fo r Ali in h is p re se n t o rd e a l.
4

H e re I a m , m y m o th e r. I h e a r vo ice in th e
____________
1 - A b ig sh e d ,in wh ich th e m u h a jire e n a n d th e An sa r ga th a re d in a fte r th e d e a th o f th e p ro p h e t (s) to
d e cid e wh o wo u ld b e th e ca lip h a fte r th e p ro p h e t

2 - R e fe r to a t-ta b a ri's Ta re e k h vo l.2 p .2 3 4 a n d th e fo llo win g p a ge s a n d sh a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a b y Ab u l
H a d e e d vo l.6 .p .6 -9 .

3 - R e fe r a fte r to a t- Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h vo l.1 2 p .2 3 4 . H e m e n tio n e d th a t ib n H a m e e d h a d sa id :
'O m a r b in a l-k a tta b ca m e to a li's h o u se a n d th e re we re so m e m e n o f m u h a jire e n in sid e it a n d sa id " I
swe a r b y Alla h th a t I will b u rn th e h o u se with yo u o r co m e o u t to p a y h o m a ge .

4 - R e la tin g to th e stu a tio n o f k h a d e e ja (th e p ro p h e t 's wife ),in wh ich Alla h h a d glo rifie d h e r wh e n sh e
a ssiste d th e p ro p h e t in t h is o rd e a l with Q u ra ish wh e n th e y co n sid e re d h im a s lia r.
( 2 7 )

d e p th o f m y so u l p ro m p tin g m e to sta n d a ga in st th e ru le rs.
I will go to Ab u b k r to sa y to h m : " yo u h a ve d o n e a m o n stro u s th in g. H e re it is
b e fo re yo u . Ta k e it a s if is p re p a re d fo r yo u . it will b e d isp u te with yo u o n th e d a y o f
R e su rre ctio n . wh a t a fa ir ju d ge Alla h is o n th a t d a y a n d th e m a ste r is m u h a m m a d
a n d th e a p p o in tm e n t is th e D a y o f p u n ish m e n t"
1
a n d to d ra w th e a tta n tio n o f th e
m u slim s to th e b a d e n d s o f th e ir d o in g a n d th e d a rk fu tu re th e y b u ilt with th e ir o wn
h a n d s a n d to sa y to th e m : " I t wa s im p re gn a so wa it u n til it b e a rs th e n m ilk its b lo o d ..
th e n th e y will p e rish wh o sa y fa lse th in gs a n d th e su cce sso rs will k n o w wh a t b a d th e
e a rlie r o n e s h a ve e sta b lish e d ."
2

Th e n sh e ru sh e d in to th e fie ld o f a ctio n h a vin g in h e r so u l th e p rin cip le s o f
m u h a m m a d ,th e sp irit o f k h a d e e ja th e h e ro ism o f Ali a n d gre a t p ity fo r th e u m m a
th a t it m igh t fa ce a d a rk fu tu re .

TH E R O U TE O F TH E R E VO LU TI O N

Th e wa y, wh ich th e re vo lu tio n a ry la d y to o k ,wa s n o t lo n g b e ca u se th e h a u se , fro m
wh ich th e sp a rk n o t lo n g b a ca u se o f th e h a u se , fro m wh ich th e sp a rk a n d fla m e o f
th e re vo lu tio n we re a m itte d , wa s th e h a u se o f Ali. I t wa s ca lle d ,a cco rd in g to th e
p ro p h e t (s), th e h a u se o f th e p ro p h e th o o d . I t wa s a tta ch e d to th e m o sq u e .
3
N o th in g
sp a re te d th e m e xce p t o n e wa ll. S o sh e m igh t e n te r th e m o sq u e fro m th e d o o r,wh ich
b e twe e n th e m (th e m o sq u e a n d th e h o u se ) a n d le a d in g to th e m o sq u e
____________
1 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.1 6 , p .2 1 2 .


3 - As it wa s m e n tio n e d b y Ah m a d b in H a n b a l in h is m u sn a d vo l.4 p .3 6 9 a n d ib n k a th e e r in h is Ta re e k h
vo l.3 p .3 5 5 th a t so m e o f th e p ro p h e t's co m p a n io n s h a d d o o rs (o f th e ir h o u se s ) o p e n e d to th e m o sq u e .th e
p ro p h e t o rd e re d to b e clo se d e xce p t th e d o o r o f Ali's h o u se .
( 2 8 )

d ire ctly o r sh e m igh t e n te r fro m th e ge n e ra l ga te o f th e m o sq u e .I t is n o t im p o rta n t fo r
u s wh ich wa y sh e p a ssa e d , wh e re a s I th in k it wa s th e ge n e ra l ga te o f th e m o sq u e
b e ca u se th e h isto rica l d e scrip tio n o f h e r re vo lu tio n a ry m o ve m e n t fe e ls o f th a t .H e r
e n te rin g fro m h e r sp e cia l d o o r d id n o t le t h e r wa lk in th e m o sq u e o r to p a ss a wa y
b e twe e n h e r h o u se a n d th e m o sq u e so h o w co u ld th e n a rra to r d e scrib e h e r ga i th a t it
wa s e xa ctly lik e th e ga it
1
o f th e p ro p h e t? so h e r wa lk wo u ld n o t le a d h e r to th e ca lip h
b u t it wo u ld b e gin fro m th e re b e ca u se if so m e o n e ca m e in to th e m o sq u e , wh ile th e
n a rra to r co n sid e re d h e r co m in g in to th e ca lip h a fte r h e r wa lk in g. Th is co n firm e d
wh a t we th o u gh t.

TH E WO M E N

Th e n a rra tio n sh o we d th a t Fa tim a wa s a cco m p a n ie d b y h e r m a id s a n d so m e o f h e r
fe llo w wo m e n .
2
S h e ca m e with th e wo m e n in o rd e r to d ra w th e a tte n tio n o f p e o p le
a n d to m a k e th e m n o tice h e r p a ssin g th a t wa y with th a t n u m b e r o f wo m e n to ga th e r
in th e m o sq u e a n d to cro we d wh e re h e r d e stin a tio n wa s to b e to k n o w wh a t sh e
wa n te d to sa y o r to d o . H e n ce th e tria l wo u ld b e o p e n in fro n t o f th e p u b lic in th a t
d istu rb e d m ilie u .

A P H E N O M E N O N

I t wa s m e n tio n e d th a t th e ga it o f Fa tim a (s) wa s e xa ctly th e sa m e a s h e r fa th e r's
ga it.We h a ve th e o p p o rtu n ity to p h ilo so p h ize th is a ccu ra te im m ita tio n . I t m igh t b e h e r
n a tu re with o u t
____________
1 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a vo l.1 6 , p .2 1 1 .

2 - S h a rh N a h ju l B la la gh a vo l.1 6 , p .2 1 1 .
( 2 9 )

a n y a ffe cta tio n o r sp e cia l in te n t. I t wa s u n lik e ly fo r sh e a ccu to m e d to im m ita tin g h e r
fa th e r in sa yin gs a n d d o in gs.O r sh e m igh t d o th a t o n p u rp o se wh e n sh e im m ita te d
th e e xa ct ga it o f h e r fa th e r to p ro vo k e th e fe e lin gs o f p e o p le a n d th e se n tim e n ts o f
th e p u b lic to ge t th e ir m in d s b a ck to th e n e a r p a st,to th e h o ly re ign o f th e p ro p h e t a n d
th e sm ilin g d a ys, wh ich th e y sp e n t u n d e r th e sh a d o we d o f th e gre a t p ro p h e t.B y th a t
sh e trie d to so fte n th e ir fe e lin gs a n d to p a ve th e wa y fo r th e ir h e a rts to a cce p t h e r
gla rin g in vita tio n a n d to give so m e su cce ss to h e r d e sp e ra te o r se m i-d e sp e ra te try.
H e n ce yo u se e th a t th e n a rra to r h im se lf wa s m o ve d b y th is ca s k n o win gly o r
u n k n o win gly a n d th a th is a ffe ctio n p ro m p te d h im to re co rd a ccu ra te ly th e ga it o f
Fa tim a (s).
I t wa s a b le sse d cry b y Fa tim a th a t wa s lo o k e d a fte r b y th e H e a ve n .I t wa s,a t its
b e gin in g,th e p o in t a t wh ich sh e sla u gh te re d righ t wa s fo cu se d a n d th e d e sp e ra te try
a ro u n d wh ich sm ile s o f h o p e sp re a d a n d th e n tu rn e d , a fte r its e n d .to b itte r glo o m ,
rigid d e sp a ir a n d su rre n d e r im p o se d b y th e p o e p le 's live s in th o se d a ys.
U n lik e th e o th e r re vo lu tio n s,it wa s th e re vo lu tio n th a t th e re b e l d id n o t wa n t a n
im m e d ia t re su lt fo r a s m u ch a s to b e re co rd e d a s a re vo lu tio n b y itse lf a n d to b e
m e n tio n e d b y h isto ry in p ro m in e n t lin e s.An d it wa s! I t e xp re sse d th e in te n t co m p le te ly
with n o d e fe ct. I n d e e d th is wa s wh a t h a p p e n e d th a t we th in k it su cce e d e d e ve n
a p p a ra n tlyit fa ile d a s we will e xp la in la te r in o n e o f th e ch a p te rs o f th is b o o k .


CHAPTER TWO

FADAK IN ITS REAL AND
SYMBOLIC MEANING

Yes, Fadak was in our
hands out of all what was
under the sky but some
people felt greedy for it and
others without themselves
from it.
(Fa tim a 's h u sb a n d )
Am iru l M u 'm in e e n
1

TH E LO C ATI O N

Fa d a k wa s a villa ge in H ija z. B e twe e n fa d a k a n d M e d in a th e re wa s a d ista n ce o f
two d a ys.I t wa s a je wish la n d in th e b e gin in g o f its h isto ry.
2
I t wa s in h a b ite d b y so m e
Je ws u n till th e se ve n th ye a r o f h ijra wh e n Alla h ca st te rro r in to th e ir h e a rts a n d th e y
m a d e p e a ce with th e p ro p h e t b y givin g h im a h a lf o f Fa d a k .Also it wa s m e n tio n e d
th a t th e y ga ve h im th e e n tire Fa d a k .
3

____________
1 - N a h ju l B a la gh a ; Arra n ge d b y S U P h i a s-S a h ih ,p .4 1 6

2 - M u 'ja m u l B u ld a n b y Ya q o u t a l-H a m a wi,vo l.4 p .2 3 8 -2 3 9 .

3 - R e fe r to Fu to o h u l B u ld a n b y a l-B a la th e ri p .4 2 -4 6 to se e th a t th e p e o p le o f Fa d a k a n d m a d e p e a ce with
th e p ro p h e t fo r th e h a lf o f Fa d a k a n d th a t it wa s a p u re p ro p e rty o f th e p ro p h e t b e ca u se h e d id n o t ge t it
b y wa r to b e co n sid e re d a s b o o ty fo r th e M u slim s.I n p a ge 4 6 th e a u th o r sa id : " I n two h u n d re d a n d te n h ijra
th e Ab b a sid ca lip h a l-M a 'm o o n h in H a ro o n a r-R a sh e e d p a id it b a ck to th e Fa tim ite s.H e wro te to h is wa li o f
M e d in a Q a th m b in Ja 'fa r o rd e rin g h im to d o th a t.
( 3 2 )

FAD AK I N I TS FI R S T S TAG E S

Th e isla m ic h isto ry o f Fa d a k sta rte d fro m th a t wh e n it b e ca m e a p ro p e rty o f th e
p ro p h e t (S ) b e ca u se it wa s n o t p o sse sse d b y wa r.
1
Th e n th e p ro p h e t d o n a te d it to
Fa tim a .
2
I t re m a in e d in Fa tim a 's p o sse ssio n u n till h e r fa th e r d ie d .
3
Th e n th e first
ca lip h (Ab u B a k r) sn a tch e d it fro m h e r a cco rd in g to th e a u th o r o f a s-S a wa 'iq u l
M u h riq a a n d b e ca m e a s p a rt o f th e ge n e ra l fin a n ce a n d so u rce o f th e sta te in co m e .
Wh e n O m a r b e ca m e th e ca lip h , h e ga ve fa d a k b a ck to h e irs'
4
o f th e p ro p h e t (s).I t
re m a in e d in th e p ro p h e t h e irs h a n d s u n till O th m a n b e ca m e th e ca lip h . H e to o k it
fro m its re a l p o sse sso rs a n d gifte d it to M a rwa n b in a l-H a k a m .
5
Th e n h isto ry ign o re d
th e m a tte r o f Fa d a k a fte r O th m a n with o u t m e n tio n in g a n yth in g a b o u t it fro m M a rwa n
a m o n g a ll th e o th e r th in gs th a t th e U m a yya d s h a d p lu n d e re d d u rin g th e re ign o f th e ir
ca lip h O th m a n .

D U R I N G TH E R U LE S O F I M AM ALI

S o m e o f th o se ,wh o d e fe n d e d Ab u B a k r co n ce rn in g th e m a tte r o f Fa d a k ,m e n tio n e d
th a t I m a m Ali d id n o t re co rve r Fa d a k a n d h e le ft it fo r th e M u slim s fo llo win g th e sa m e
wa y o f Ab u B a k r, so if I m a m Ali k n e w th a t Fa tim a 's a lle ga tio n (o f Fa d a k ) wa s tru e , h e
wo u ld n o t d o th a t!
I d o n o t wa n t to wid e -o p e n ,in th is a n swe r,th e
____________
1 - Acco rd in g to th e h o ly Q u ra n : (An d wh a te ve r Alla h re sto re d to H is Ap o stle s fro m th e m yo u d id n o t
fo rwo rd a ga in st it a n y h o rse o r a rid in g ca m e l) 5 9 :6 .
2 - Fu th o o l B u ld a n ,p .4 4 .

3 - R e fe r to p a ge 3 8 .

4 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a lgh a b y ib n Ab u l H a d e e d ,vo l 1 6 p .2 1 3 .

5 - Fu th o o l B u ld a n p .4 4 a n d S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.1 6 , p .2 1 6 .
( 3 3 )

d o o r o f ta q iyya
1
a n d to try to fin d a n e xcu se fo r I m a m Ali's d o in g,b u t I n e ve r b e lie ve
th a t I m a m Ali h a d fo llo we d th e wa y o f Ab u B a k r.H isto ry d id n o t sh o w a n yth in g o f th a t,
b u t in fa ct it sh o we d th a t I m a m Ali th o u gh t th a t Fa d a k wa s th e p ro p h e t's h e irs'. I m a m
Ali re co rd e re d th is cle a rly in h is le tte r to O th m a n b in H u n a yf
2
a s yo u will se e a in a
n e xt ch a p te r.
P e rh a p s I m a m Ali in te n d e d th a t th e yie ld s o f Fa d a k co n ce rn e d Fa tim a a n d h e r
h e irs, wh o we re h e r ch ild re n a n d h u sb a n d , a n d so th e n e ws d id n o t n e e d to b e sp re a d
b e ca u se Fa d a k wa s in its le ga l p o sse sso rs' h a n d s,wh o we re h im a n d h is ch ild re n 's
co n te n t
3
o r th e y m igh t d e d ica te it a n d m a d e it a s ch a rity.

D U R I N G TH E R E I G N O F U M AYYAD S

Wh e n M o 'a wiya b in Ab u S u fya n b e ca m e th e ca lip h , h e we n t to o fa r in sa rca sm a n d
sligh tin g re la tin g to th e wro n ge d righ t (Fa d a k ).H e gifte d o n e th ird o f th e fa d a k to
M a rwa n b in a l-H a k a m ,o n e th ird to O m a r b in O th m a n a n d th e la st o n e to h is so n
Ya ze e d . I t wa s still circu la te d
4
a m o n g th e m u n till it wa s to ta lly p o sse sse d b y M a rwa n
d u rin g h is ru le . Fin a lly it ca m e to O m a r b in Ab d u l Aziz b in M a rwa n .Wh e n O m a r
b e ca m e th e ca lip h ,h e p a id it b a ck to th e Fa tim ite s. H e wro te to h is wa li o f M e d in a
Ab u B a k r b in Am r b in H a za m o rd e rin g h im to give Fa d a k b a ck to th e Fa tim ite s.Ab u
B a k r b in Am r wro te to
____________
1 - To h id e o n e 's tru e b e lie fs wh e n life is in d a n ge r.

2 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a b y ib n Ab u l H a d e e d ,vo l. 1 6 p .2 0 8 .

3 - Th is wa s th e m o st a cce p ta b le p o ssib lity b e ca u se th e first wa s re je cte d b y th e le tte r o f I m a m Ali to
O th m a n b in H u n a yf wh e n h e sa id : a n d o th e rs with h e ld th e m se lve s fro m it ..." a n d th e th ird wa s re je cte d b y
th e a cce p ta n ce o f Fa d a k b y th e Fa tim ite s.

4 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l. p .2 1 6 a n d Fu th o o l B u ld a n p . 4 6 .
( 3 4 )

th e ca lip h O m a r b in Ab d u l Aziz: " Fa tim a h a s so n s (gra n d so n s) fro m th e fa m ily o f
O th m a n a n d so a n d so .To wh o m wo u ld I give it?" Th e ca lip h wro te to h im : " I f I o d e re d
to sla y a co w,yo u wo u ld a sk a b o u t its co lo r! I f m y le tte r re a ch e d yo u ,d e vid e Fa d a k
a m o n g Fa tim a 's so n s (gra n d so n s) fro m Ali.
1
" Th e u m a yya d s b e ca m e a n gry with O m a r
b in Ab d u l Aziz a n d b la m e d h im fo r th a t. Th e y sa id to h im : " Yo u d isto re d th e ru lin g o f
two sh ie k h s (Ab u B a k r a n d O m a r)" . I t wa s m e n tio n e d th a t O m a r b in Q a yss ca m e to
th e ca lip h with a gro u p o f th e p e o p le o f K u fa a n d b la m e d h im fo r th a t. H e sa id to
th e m : " Yo u ign o re d wh ile I p re cie ve d ,yo u fo rgo t b u t i re m e m b e re d . Ab u B a k r b in
M u h a m m a d b in Am r b in H a zm to ld m e fro m h is fa th e r fro m h is gra n d fa th e r th a t th e
p ro p h e t (s) h a d sa id : " Fa tim a is a p a rt o f m e .Wh a te ve r d isp le a se s h e r d isp le a se s m e
a n d wh a te ve r p le a se s h e r p le a se s m e ."
2
Fa d a k h e Ab u B a k r a n d O m a r p o sse ssio n
d u rin g th e ir rie gn s u n till it re a ch e d M a rwa n ,wh o gifte d it to m y fa th e r Ab d u l Aziz.I a n d
m y b ro th e rs in h e rite d it. I a sk e d th e m to se ll m e th e ir sh a re s. S o m e o f th e m so ld m e
a n d so m e o f th e m gifte d m e th e ir sh a re s. Wh e n I h a d it a ll, I d e cid e d to give it b a ck to
Fa tim ite s." H e (O m a r b in Q a yss) sa id to h im : " I f yo u o u gh t to d o th a t th e n k e e p it b u t
d ivid e its yie ld s." a n d h e d id so .
3

Th e n Ya ze e d b in Ab d u l M a lik se ize d it a ga in fro m th e Fa tim ite s a n d it re m a in e d in
th e fa m ily o f M a rwa n 's h a n d s u n till th e ir sta te (th e U m a yya d sta te ) d e clin e d .
4

____________
1 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l. 1 6 p .2 7 8 .

2 - At-Ta j a j-Ja m i' lil O sso o l, b y M a n so u r Ali N a ssif, vo l.3 p . 3 5 3 .

3 - Fu to o h u l B u ld a n p .4 6 a n d S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a vo l. 1 6 p . 2 7 8 .

4 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a vo l. 1 6 p .2 1 6 .
( 3 5 )

D U R I N G TH E AB B AS I D R E I G N

Ab u l Ab b a s a s-S a ffa h ,th e first Ab b a sid ca lip h ,ga ve Fa d a k b a ck to Ab d u llh b in a l-
H a ssa n b in a l-H u ssa yn b in Ali b in Ab u Ta lib .Th e n Ab u Ja 'fa r a l-M a n so u r se ize d it
d u rin g h is re ign fro m a l-H a ssa n 's fa m ily.Al-M a h d b in a l-M a n so u r ga ve it b a ck a ga in to
th e Fa tim ite s, wh e re a s M u sa b in a l-M a h d i se ize d it a ga in fro m th e m .
1

I t re m a in e d in th e Ab b a sid 'h a n d s u n til a l-M a 'm o o n ca m e to th e ca lip h a te in 2 1 0
AH a n d ga ve it b a ck to th e Fa tim ite s.H e wro te to h is wa li o f M e d in a Q a th m b in Ja 'fa r;
" Am iru l m u 'm in e e n (a l-M a 'm o o n ) in h is p o sitio n to th e re ligio n o f Alla h a n d th e
ca lip h a te o f th e p ro p h e t a n d h is k in d sh ip with h im wo rth ie r to o b e y th e p ro p h e t's
S u n n a a n d to ca rry o u t h is o rd e rs.H e h a s to S U P m it to th o se ,wh o m th e p ro p h e t h a d
d o n a te d o r gifte d with gifts o r ch a ritie s. Am iru l m u 'm in e e n lo o k s fo rwo rd to th e
b le ssin gs o f Alla h a n d H is sa fe gu a rd a n d to b e a b le to d o wh a t m a y b rin g h im clo se r
to Alla h .Th e p ro p h e t h a d give n Fa d a k to Fa tim a a n d th a t wa s a ve ry will-k n o wn
m a tte r with o u t a n y d o u b t a b o u t it a m o n g th e p ro p h e t's fa m ily. S h e k e p t o n cla im in g
th a t Fa d a k wa s h e rs a n d sh e wa s th e wo rth ie st to b e b e lie ve d .Am iru l m u 'm in e e n
th in k s th a t h e h a s to give it b a ck to Fa tim a ;s h e irs a p p ro a ch in g to Alla h b y a ch ie vin g
H is ju stice a n d to b e fixe d in h is b o o k s a n d to b e se n t in le tte rs to h is wa lis. I t it wa s
a n n o u n ce d in e ve ry se a so n (o f h a jj) a fte r th e d e a th o f th e p ro p h e t (s) th a t wh o e ve r
h a d a ch a rity, a gift o r h e wa s p ro m ise d o f th a t, h e wa s to m e n tio n th a t a n d to b e
gra n te d wh a t h e wa s p ro m ise d o f, so
____________
1 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.1 6 p . 2 1 6 -2 1 7
( 3 6 )

Fa tim a wa s wo rth ie r to b e b e lie ve d in h e r cla im a b o u t wh a t th e p ro p h e t h a d gra n te d
h e r.H e n ce a m iru l m u 'm in e e n write s to a l-M u b a ra k a t-Ta b a ri o rd e rin g h im to give
Fa d a k b a ck to th e h e irs o f Fa tim a ,th e d a u gh te r o f p ro p h e t, with a ll o f its lim its, righ ts,
sla ve s, yie ld s a n d o th e rs re la tin g to it.I t is to b e give n to M u h a m m a d b in Ya h ya b in a l-
H u ssa yn b in Z e id b in Ali b in a l-H u ssa yn b in Ali b in Ab u Ta lib a n d M u h a m m a d b in
Ab d u lla h b in a l-H a ssa n b in Ali b in a l-H u ssa yn b in Ali b in Ab u Ta lib ,wh o m a m iru l
m u 'm in e e n e n tru sts with to b e re sp o n sib le o f it to a n d to h a n d it o ve r to its
p o sse sso rs.k n o w we ll th a t th is is th e o p in io n o f a m iru l m u m in e e n a n d th is wh a t Alla h
h a s in sp ire d to h im with o b e yin g h im a n d to b e clo se r to h im a n d h is m e ssse n ge r (s).
Try to in fo rm o f it a n d tre a t M o h a m m a d b in ya h a ya a n d m o h a m m a d b in Ab d u lla h a s
yo u tre a te d a l-m u b a ra k a t-ta b a ri b e fo re .H e lp th e m to re p a ir it a n d im p ro ve its yie ld s
in sh a Alla h . With m y sa la a m ."
1

Wh e n a l-M u ta wa k k il b e ca m e th e ca lip h a te ,h e se ize d th e Fa d a k fro m Fa tim ite s
a n d ga ve it to Ab d u lla h i b in O m a r a l-B a ziya r.I t h a d e le ve n d a te p a lm s p la n te d b y th e
h o ly h a n d s o f th e p ro p h e t h im se lf.Ab d u lla h b in O m a r a l-B a ziya r se n t a m a n ca lle d
B ish ra n b in Ab u U m a yya a th -Th a q a fi to M e d in a .H e cu t o ff th o se d a te -p a lm s wh e n h e
ca m e b a ck to B a sra . H e wa s a ffilicte d with h e m ip le gia .
2
Th e re le tio n b e twe e n th e
Fa tim ite s a n d Fa d a k e n d e d in th e d a ys o f M u ta wa k k il wh e n h e d o n a te d it to
Ab d u lla h i b in O m a r a l-B a ziya r.
3

Th is wa s a su m m a ry a cco u n t a b o u t th e co n fu se d h isto ry o f Fa d a k wh ich wa s wo ve n
b y th e
____________
1 - Fu to o h u l B u ld a n p .4 6 -2 1 7

2 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a vo l.1 6 , p .2 1 7

3 - I b id .
( 3 7 )

in clin a tio n a n d fo rm e d b y th e fa n cia s a cco rd in g to wh a t wa s re q u ire d b y th e
co ve to u sn e s a n d th e te m p o ra ry p o licie s. I n sp ite o f th a t,h isto ry d id n o t m iss
m o d e ra tio n a n d fa irn e ss in so m e d iffe re n t tim e s a n d circu m sta n ce s wh e re Fa d a k
wa s give n b a ck to its re a l p o sse sso rs.I t wa s n o tice a b le th a t p ro b le m o f fa d a k to o k a
gre a t im p o rta n ce in th e I sla m ic so ce ity a n d th e ru le rs' a tte n tio n .
H e n ce yo u se e th a t its so lu tio n d iffe re d a cco rd in g to th e d iffe re n t p o licy o f th e sta te
a n d S U P m itte d to th e m a in stre a m o f th e ca lip h to wa rd s th e p ro p h e t's fa m ily d ire ctly.
I f th e ca lip h h a d a fa ir lo o k a n d m o d e ra te th o u gh t,h e wo u ld give Fa d a k b a ck to th e
Fa tim ite s b u t if h e wa s n o t so , se izin g Fa d a k wa s o n th e to p o f th e ca lip h 's list o f th e
p rio ritie s.

TH E S YM B O LI C AN D M ATE R I AL
VALU E O F FAD AK

O n e o f m a n y th in gs th a t le d u s to k n o w th e sym b o lic va lu e fa d a k h a d in th e isla m ic
a cco u n t wa s a p e o m sa id b y fa m o u s p o e t D a 'b il a l-k h u za 'iy, wh ich h e co m p o se d
wh e n a l-m a 'm o o n (th e Ab b a sid ca lip h )ga ve Fa d a k b a ck to fa tim ite s. H e re is its
o p e n in g ve rse :
The face of the time smiled, when Ma'moon gave back Fadak to the Hashimites.
1

I n th e e n d , p o in t wo rth n o tin g; Fa d a k wa s n o t little p ie ce o f la n d o r a sm a ll fie ld a s
so m e p o e p le th o u gh t. Wh a t I a m ce rta in o f is th a t fa d a k yie ld e d a gre a t su m
ge n e ra tin g im p o rta n a t we a lth to th e p o sse sso rs. I d o n o t h a ve to q u a n tify its o u tco m e
a lth o u gh it wa s m e n tio n e d in h isto ria n s' b o o k s th a t it wa s ve ry gre a t su m s.
H e re is so m e o f wh a t co n firm e d th e h igh m a te ria l va lu e o f fa d a k :
____________
1 - th e d e sce n d e n t o f h a sh im ,p ro p h e t m o h a m m a d gra n d fa th e r. Fo r th e p o e m re fe r to sh a rh N a h ju l
B a la gh a vo l.1 .6 p .2 1 7
( 3 8 )

First : O m a r (a s yo u will se e le tte r) p re ve n te d
1
o f Ab u B a k r fro m le a vin g Fa d a k to
fa ta m a (s) b e ca u se o f th e fa ilu re in th e fin a n ce o f th e sta te , wh ich wa s in n e e d o f
su p p o rt b e ca u se o f th e wa rs a ga in st th e a p o sta te s a n d th e re vo lts o f th e m u tin o u s
p o lyth e sits.
I t is cle a r th a t su ch a la n d ,wh ich wa s co n sid e re d so im p o rta n t to a sist th e fin a n ce
o f th e sta te in th e d ifficu lt circu m sta n ce s lik e wa rs a n d re vo lts, m u st b e o f a gre a t
p ro d u ctio n .

S e co n d : th e sa yin g o f Ab u B a k r to Fa tim a in a d ia lo gu e b e twe e n th e m : " Th is p ro p e rty
wa s n o t th e p ro p h e t's b u t it wa s fo r th e M u slim s, with wh ich th e p ro p h e t e q u ip p e d th e
so ld ie rs a n d sp e n t fo r th e sa k e o f Alla h ."
2
E q u ip p in g th e so ld ie rs wo u ld n o t b e
p o ssib le e xce p t with gre a t su m s o f m o n e y re q u ire d to b e e xp e n d e d o n th e a rm y.

Th ird : o n ce M u 'a wiya d ivid e d Fa d a k in to th re e th ird s'
3
a n d ga ve to e a ch o f Ya ze e d ,
M a rwa n a n d Am r b in O th m a n .I t sh o we d cle a rly th e gre a t p ro d u ctio n o f th is la n d .I t
m u st b e gre a t we a lth to b e d ivid e d a m o n g th re e a m irs, wh o we re ve ry rich a n d
we a lth y p e o p le .

Fo u rth : co n sid e rin g it a s villa ge
4
a n d e stim a tin g so m e o f its d a te -p a lm s a s m u ch a s
th e d a te -p a lm s o f k u fa in th e sixth ce n tu ry o f h ijra .
5

____________
1 - As-S e e ra a s-H a la b iya vo l.3 p .3 9 1 a n d S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a vo l. 1 6 p .2 3 4 .

2 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a vo l.1 6 p .2 1 4 .

3 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , p .2 1 6 .

4 - M u 'ja m u l B u ld a n b y a l-H a m a wi vo l.4 p .2 3 8 a n d Fu to o h u l B u ld a n p .4 5 th a t S u ra yi b in Yu n u s sa id :
I sm a 'e e l b in I b ra h im to ld fro m Ayyo u b fro m a z-Z u h ri a b o u t th e sa yin g o f Alla h : (..yo u d id n o t p re ss fo rwo rd
a ga in st it a n y h o rse o r a rid in g ca m e l ) h e sa id : th e re we re so m e Ara b ic villa ge s fo r th e p ro p h e t (s); Fa d a k
a n d so o n .

5 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a vo l.1 6 p .2 6 3
( 3 9 )

CHAPTER THREE

THE HISTORY OF THE
REVOLUTION

There were after you
conflicting news and
misfortune,
If you were here,no
misfortune would happen.
Some men showed us
what there was hidden in
their hearts.
When you left and the
grave kept you away from
us.
S h a rh N a h ju l
B a la gh a 1 6 :2 1 2


Many misfortunes were
poured on me
If they were poured on
days,they would turn
into nights
I had been marry under
the shade of Muhammad
He was my happiness,
with whom I did not fear
any wrong
But today I SUPmit to the
villain
And try to defend myself
against my oppressors
with my garment
Fa tim a (s)


TH E M E TH O D O F S TU D YI N G
H I S TO R Y

I f im p a rtia lity is o n e 's e m o tio n s,se cu rity in ju d ge m e n t a n d fre e d o m in th in k in g
we re co n d itio n s fo r th e p ro d u ctive in te lle ctu a l life a n d fo r th e ta ctfu l sk ill in e ve ry
in te lle ctu a l stu d y in wh a te ve r fie ld a n d o n wh a te ve r S U P je ct it wa s,th e y wo u ld b e th e
m o st im p o rta n t b a sic co n d itio n s fo r a co m p a ct h isto rica l stru ctu re fo r o u r fo re fa th e rs'
ca se s,in wh ich th e lin e s o f th e ir live s, wh ich b e ca m e a s o wn e rsh ip o f h isto ry, wo u ld b e
e xp re sse d cle a rly
( 4 0 )

a n d th e co m p o n e n ts o f th e ir p e rso n a litie s wo u ld b e d e cle a re d a s th e y th e m se lve s
k n e w o r p e o p le k n e w a b o u t th e m th e n .H isto ry wo u ld b e wid e n fo r ge n e ra l p o n d e rs o n
e ve ry S U P je ct o f th a t p a st tim e ,wh ich wo u ld b e d e fin e d a cco rd in g to th e h isto rica l
a n d so cia l a sp e ct a n d a cco rd in g to th e re a l va lu e in th e a cco u n t o f th e p u b lic life o r
a cco rd in g to th e p riva te life th e re se a rch e r in vo lve d in to b e th e th e m e o f h is re se a rch
lik e th e re ligio u s, m o ra l a n d p o litica l life o r a n y o th e r sid e o f th e h u m a n so cie ty
p ro vid e d th a t th o se p o n d e rs wo u ld b e d e rive d fro m th e re a l wo rld o f p e o p le n o t fro m
a n im a gin a ry wo rld cre a te d b y o n e 's e m o tio n s a n d th o u gh ts o r b y b lin d a d h e ra n ce
a n d im ita tio n o r b y win ge d im a gin a tio n flyin g with th e in sip id itie s a n d a b su rd itie s to
th e to p a n d b a sin g o n th e m re su lts a s o n e lik e d a n d with o u t p u ttin g re strictio n s th a t
th e re se a rch e r co u ld n o t fre e h im se lf fro m in o rd e r to th in k a n d p o n d e r a cco rd in g to
th e h o n e st scie n tific m e th o d s.
B u t if we ca m e to h isto ry n o t to re co rd th e re a lity wh e a th e r go o d o r b a d it wa s, n o t
to b in d o u r stu d y to th e p u re scie n tific re se a rch m e th o d s a n d n o t to co lle ct a ll th e
p o ssib ilitie s a n d su p p o sitio n s th a t co u ld b e p ro sp e cte d to le a ve a wa y wh a t m igh t
d e se rve le a vin g a n d to k e e p wh a t m igh t d e se rve n o ticin g a n d a p p re cia tin g b u t to
o b e y o u r e m o tio n s a n d in h e rita n ce s to re co rd th e h isto ry o f o u r fo re fa th e rs,th e n it
wo u ld n e ve r b e a h isto ry o f th o se p e rso n s,wh o live d o n th e e a rth o n e d a y a n d we re
lik e th e o th e r h u m a n b e in gs a ffe cte d b y d iffe re n t fe e lin gs a n d e m o tio n s a n d th e go o d
a n d h a d te n d e n cie s q u ive re d in sid e th e m .I n fa ct it wo u ld n o t b e a h isto ry b u t a
b io gra p h y o f p e rso n s live d in o u r m in d s a n d o u r so u ls fle w with th e m to th e h o rizo n s
o f im a gin a tio n .
( 4 1 )

I f yo u wa n t to b e fre e in yo u r th in k in g a n d to b e a h isto ria n o f th e wo rld o f th e h u m a n
b e in gs a n d n o t a n o ve list d e rivin g fro m yo u r m in d wh a t yo u write , p u t yo u r e m o tio n s
a sid e o r if yo u lik e fe e l yo u rse lf with th e m fo r th e y a re yo u rs with n o d isp u te r a n d
e xclu d e yo u r th in k in g fro m th e m wh e n d e a lin g with re se a rch .Yo u r m in d is n o lo n ge r
yo u r o wn p ro p e rty wh e n yo u ta k e th e re sp o n sib lity o f d e a lin g with h isto ry. P ro m ise
yo u rse lf to b e h o n e st in o rd e r th a t yo u r re se a rch sa tisfie s th e scie n tific co n d itio n s
a cco rd in g to th e righ t b a se s o f th ik in g a n d co n clu tio n .
1

Th e re a so n s th a t re strict th e h isto ria n s'fre e d o m in wh a t th e y critisize a re m a n y.Th e
h isto ria n s,o r m o re a ccu ra te ,m o st o f th e h isto ria n s we re a ccu sto m e d to b e lim ite d to
ce rta in sid e s o f life th a t th e y h isto rize d .Th e y we re a ccu sto m e d to fo rm th e h isto ry in a
wa y to b e a ttra ctive wh e n th e re se a rch e rs d e ta ile d th e ir im p re ssio n s a b o u t th e
S U P je ct co n ce rn e d .B u t in m a n y tim e s it ca m e to b e p a le h a vin g n o th in g to d o with
th e m e a n in gs o f th e p e o p le 's le ve s,a ctivitie s,m o ve m e n ts a n d la b o u rs.La te r yo u will
se e so m e e xa m p le s o n th e S U P je ct a t h a n d with re ga rd to th e critica l tim e we a re
stu d yin g in th e se ch a p te rs.I m e a n th e tim e a fte r th e d e a th o f th e p ro p h e t (s) wh e re
th e e sse n tia l m a tte r in th e I slm ic h isto ry wa s d e cid e d u n ch a n ge a b ly,th a t wa s th e k in d
o f th e go ve rn m e n t,wh ich h a d to u n d e rta k e th e M u slim s'a ffa irs.

AP P R AI S I N G TH E H I S TO R Y O F
TH E FI R S T I S LAM I C AG E

All o f u s wish th a t th e I sla m ic h isto ry o f th e
____________
1 - Yo u ca n cle a rly n o tice th e a sp e cts o f th e scie n tific m e th o d th a t I m a m a s-S a d u d e fin s wh e a th e r in h is
re a d in g o r writin g h isto ry a n d th e ste p s h e d e fin e s h e re a re re q u ire d fo r th e h isto rica l re se a rch .R e fe r to
Th e H isto rsica l M e th o d b y D r.H a ssa n O th m a n .
( 4 2 )

b righ t first a ge to co m p le te ly p u re a n d in n o ce n t fro m wh a t in te rm ixe d with th e
h u m a n life o f e vil a n d slip s o f fa cie s.I t wa s th e a ge o f h igh id e a listie s.I t wa s issu e d b y
th e gre a te st o f issu e rs o f th e h u m a n a ge s in th e h isto ry o f th is p la n e t a t a ll.Th e d e vin e
fa ith ro se to th e h igh e st p o in t wh e re th e d e vin e th o u gh t d id n e ve r in th e rise in th e
wo rld o f p h ilo so p yh y a n d k n o wle d ge .Th e p ro p h e t M u h a m m a d h a d re fle cte d h is so u l
in to th e so u l o f th a t a ge .Th e a ge wa s a ffe cte d b y th e p ro p h e t's so u l a n d h is gre a t
d e vin e m o ra ls.I n fa ct th e ch o ice o f th e m o h a m m a d a n s m e lte d in to h is so u l a n d th e y
d id n o t h a ve a n y d ire ctio n e xce p t to wa rd th e G re a t C re a to r,fro m wh o m th e ligh ts o f
th e e xista n ce sh o n e ,a n d fo r h im th e wo u ld go b a ck ,a s th e e xista n ce m e lte d in fro n t o f
th e ir gre a t te a ch e r's e ye s a t th e m o m e n t wh e n th e d ivin e m issio n d e sca n d e d o n h im .
H e d id n o t se e o r h e a r a n yth in g sa ve d ivin e vo ice a m m itin g fro m e ve rt sid e , e ve ry
d ire ctio n a n d e ve ry sid e o f th e u n ive rse a n n o u cin g to a d o rn h im with th e gre a te d
b a d ge .
I t wa s th e a ge , in wh ich th e m a te ria l d iffe re n ce s we re ca n ce lle d a t a ll. Th e ru le r
a n d th e ru le d we re e q u a l in fro n t o f th e la w a n d its e xe cu tio n .
1
I t wa s th e a ge m a d e
m o ra l a n d d igin ity in fe a rin g a lla h ,
2
wh ich wa s th e sp ritu a l p u rifica tio n to sa fe gu a rd e
th e co n sce in ce a n d to ra ise th e so u l to th e h o rizo n s o f th e h igh id e a lity.I t wa s th e a ge
th a t fo rb id e re sp e ctin g th e rich ju st b e ca u se th e y we re rich a n d fo rb a d e in su ltin g th e
p o o r ju st b e ca u se th e y we re p o o r. I t d id n o t d iffe re n tia te b e twe e n p e o p le e xce p t
a cco rd in g to th e p ro d u ctive p o we r: (... for it
____________
1 - R e fe r to th e fa m o u se ca se o f im a m Ali re la tin g to th e ju d gm e n t a s in S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a vo l.1 6 p .2 6 9

2 - with re fe re n ce to th e q u ra n ic ve rse : (surely the most honourable of you with allah is the one among you
most careful (of his duty)) 4 9 :1 3
( 4 3 )

is (the benefit of) what it has earned and onit (the evil of) what it has wrought. 2:286).
I t wa s th e a ge th a t e n co u ra ge h u rryin g u p to jih a d fo r th e sa k e o f th e b e n e fit o f
m a n k in d ,wh ich d id m e a n to ca n ce l th e p e rso n a l h a p p in e ss in th is wo rld a n d to m a k e
it a wa y fro m th e a cco u n t o f o n e 's d e e d s.
1

Th e a ge th a t h a d a ll th o se p rid e wa s wo rth ie r o f sa n tifica tio n , va n e ra tio n ,
a d m ira tio n a n d a p p re cia tio n .b u t wh a t m a d e m e e xce e d in th is m a tte r th a t d id n o t
wa n t to ? I h a d n o t to wa ste th e to m e b e sid e th e im p o rta n a t S U P je ct th a t I trie d to
d iscu ss in d e ta ils b u t it wa s th e e n th u sia sm to th a t a ge th a t p u sh e d m e to th a t. N o
d o u b t it wa s th e b e st o f th e a ge s sp iritu a l a n d stra igh tn e ss. I d o n o t u n d e rsta n d th is
we ll a n d a gre e o n it ze a lo u sly.
2
B u t I d o n o t u n d e rsta n d wh y it wa s fo rb id d e n to se t
th ro u gh sce in tific stu d y o r h isto rica l te st o f a n y S U P je ct o f th o se d a ys o r wh y it wa s
b a n n e d fo r u s to re se a rch o n th e ca se o f fa d a k o n th e b e sis o f th a t o f th a t o n e o f th e
o p p o n e n ts wa s wro n g in h is situ a tio n a cco rd in g to th e crite ria o f th e sh a ria o r to
n o tice th a t th e sto ry o f th e ca lip h a te a n d th e th o u gh t o f sa q e e fa wa s n o t im p ro vise d
n o r it wa s th e p ro d u ct o f its if we n o tice d th e e ve n ts th e n a n d th e
____________
1 - With re fe re n ce to th e re a d in e ss fo r sa crificin g e ve ry th in g fo re th e sa k e o f isla m , figh tin g in ju stice a n d
h e lp in g th e we a k a s a lla h sa id : (sa y if yo u r fa th e r so n s a n d yo u r b re th re n a n d yo u r m a te s a n d yo u r
k in sfo lk a n d p ro p e rty wh ich yo u h a ve a cq u ire d , a n d th e sla ck n e ss o f tra d e wh ich yo u fe a r a n d d we llin gs
wh ich yo u lik e , a re d e a re r to yo u th e n a lla h a n d h is a p o stle a n d strivin g in h is wa y, th e n wa it till a lla h
b rin gs a b o u t h is co m m a n d ) 9 :2 4

2 - N o tice th e a ccu ra te e va lu tio n o f th e isla m ic a sp e cts in first islim ic a ge a n d th e a ge o f th e fo u r ca lip h s
a n d th e e xte n t o f h igh a p p re cia tio n fo r h e ve tu e s o f th e a ge . N e ve r th e le ss im a m a s-sa d r d id n o t wa n t t b e
u n d e r th e e ffe ct o f d e zzle m e n t a n d a d m ira tio n o f th a t o f th a t a ge a n d to ign o re th e p a ra d o xe s h a p p e n e d i
th a t a ge , wh ich we re in n e e d to b e stu d ie d , re se a rch , in q u ire d a n d a n a lyze d to th e p o ssib le tru e fa cts.
( 4 4 )

n a tu re o f th e su rro u n d in g circu m sta n ce s.
Th e m o st p o ssib le ju stifica tio n is th a t m a n y p e o p le th in k , wh e n ju stifyin g th e
ve rtu re s o f th a t a ge ,th a t th e m e n o f th a t a ge e sp e cia lly Ab u B a k r, O m a r a n d th e ir
lik e s, wh o we re th e gu id e s o f th e p u b lic life a t th a t tim e , co u ld n o t b e criticize d o r
ch a rge d to b e ju d ge b e ca u se th e y we re th e b u ild e rs o f th a t a ge ,wh o e sta b lish e d th e
go ld e n lin e s o f its life . S o th e ir h isto ry wa s th e h isto ry o f th e a ge a n d e xclu d in g th e m
fro m th e ir virtu e s m e a n s e xclu d in g th e ve ry a ge fro m its id e a lity, wh ich e ve ry M u slim
b e lie ve s in .
I wa n t to le a ve h e re a wo rd o n th is S U P je ct th a t h a s a m a tte r fittin g to a lo n g
re se a rch a n d glim p se o f a n im p o rta n t stu d y th a t I m a y d iscu ss in a b o o k a t a n o th e r
o p p o rtu n ity.B u t I ju st a sk fo r th e re a lity o f th is th o u gh t! I t is tru e th a t I sla m a t th e tim e
o f th e two ca lip h s (Ab u B a k u a n d O m a r) d id d o m in a te ,th e co n q u e sts we re co n tin u o u s
a n d th e life wa s fu ll o f go o d n e ss a n d flo u rI sh in g with th e co m p re h e n sive sp ritu a l
re viva l b e sid e s th e b righ t wo rld o f th e Q u ra n . B u t sh o u ld we co n clu d e th a t th e o n ly
re a so n o f th a t wa s b e ca u se Ab u B a k u a n d O m a r we re th e ru le rs?
1
Th e fu ll a n swe r to
th is q u e stio n ta k e s u s fa r fro m o u r S U P je ct b u t we k n o w th a t th e M u slim s in th e d a y
o f th e two ca lip h s we re a t th e p e a k o f th e ir e n th u sia sm fo r th e ir re ligio n a n d we re
ze a lo u s to d e fin e d th e ir b e lie f.H isto ry re co rd e d fo r u s th a t: ( O n e d a y O m a r a cse n d e d
th e m in b a r a n d a sk e d th e p e o p le : " I f we le a d yo u fro m wh a t yo u b e lie ve in to wh a t
yo u d e n y,wh a t will yo u d o ?" A m a n a n swe re d
____________
1 - P u ttin g fo u rth su ch su p p o sitio n is co n sid e re d to b e lo gica l a n d it fits th e scie n tific m e th o d in o rd e r to
give a n a ccu ra te in te rp re ta tio n fo r th a t h isto rica l sta ge .
( 4 5 )

h im : " We will a sk yo u to re p e n t.I f yo u re p e n t,we will a cce p t yo u " O m a r sa id : " I f I d o
n o t d o so ?"
Th e m a n sa id : " We will cu t yo u r h e a d o ff" . O m a r sa id :" P ra ise b e to Alla h th a t m a d e
in th e u m m a p e o p le , wh o , if we d e via te ,will re fo rm o u r d e via tio n ."
1

We k n o w a lso th a t th e o p p o site p a rty-I m e a n I m a m Ali's co m p a n io n s-wa s lyin g in
wa it fo r th e ca lip h a te a n d if a n y slip o r d e via tio n h a p p e n e d to d isto rt th e fa ce o f th e
ru le a t th a t tim e , it wo u ld b e e n o u gh fo r th e m to tu rn it u p sid e d o wn a s th e y d id with
O th m a n wh e n h e b o u gh t a p a la ce , wh e n h e a p p o in te d h is re la tive s a s wa lis a n d wh e n
h e d e via te d fro m th e S u n n a o f th e p ro p h e t
2
a lth o u gh th e p e o p le a t th e tim e o f
O th m a n we re n e a re r to m ild n e ss a n d ta m e n e ss a n d we re fe e b le in th e ir re ligio n
3

u n lik e th e p e o p le in th e d a ys o f th e first two ca lip h s. H e n ce we u n d e rsta n d th a t th e
ru le rs we re in a strict situ a tio n th a t d id n o t le t th e m ch a n ge so m e o f th e b a se s o f th e
p o licy a n d its se n sitive p o in ts if th e y wa n te d to b e ca u se th e y we re u n d e r th e wa tch o f
th e ge n e ra l I sla m ic co n sid e ra tio n ,wh ich wa s ve ry sin ce re to th e p rin cip le s a n d b e in g
th e su p e rviso r o f th e ru le o f ru le rs. As fo r th e ru le rs if th e y d id so m e th in g
o b je ctio n a b le - wo u ld fa ce a gre a t o p p o sitio n fro m th e p a rty th a t still b e lie ve d th a t th e
I sla m ic ru le m u st b e im p re sse d with th e p u re M u h a m m a d a n im p re ssio n a n d th a t th e
o n ly o n e , wh o co u ld k e e p th is h o ly im p re ssio n , wa s Ali, th e p ro p h e t's h e ir a n d th e
gu a rd ia n o f th e b e lie ve rs a fte r th e p ro p h e t.
4

____________
1 - Th is ca se is fa m o u s in th e b io gra p h y o f O m a r b in a l-K h a tta b .

2 - At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h vo l.2 p .6 5 1

3 - Th e co m p le te co le e ctio n o f Ta h a H u ssa yn 's wo rk s vo l.4 p .2 6 8 .

4 - At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h vo l.3 p .2 1 8 -2 1 9 ,Ta fse e r a l-K h a zin vo l.3
( 4 6 )

As fo r th e I sla m ic co n q u e sts,th e y h a d th e p e rio rity a m o n g th e e ve n ts o f th o se d a ys
b u t th a t wo u ld n o t sco re a glo ry in th e h isto rica l o f th e two ca lip h s (Ab u B a k r a n d
O m a r) wh e re a s e ve ry a ffa ir o f th e wa r wa s p re p a re d b y a co lle ctive a ctio n o f th e
u m m a th a t e xp re sse d th e e n tire p e rso n a lity o f th e u m m a a n d n o t th e ru le r,wh o h a d
n o t b e e n e xp o se d to e ve n o n e sp a rk o f th e fla m e o f th e wa r a n d th a t th e d e cisio n wa s
n o t h is o wn .H e d id th a t b y a n o rd e r,wh ich h e h a d n o sh a re o f.Th e ca lip h a t th a t tim e ,
wh e a th e r d u rin g th e co n q u e st o f S h a m
1
o r I ra q a n d E gyp t, d id n o t sh o w b y th e wo rd
o f th e wa r th e p o we r o f h is go ve rn m e n t o r th e a b ility o f h im se lf to b e re a d y fo r th a t
wo rd , b u t h e a n n o u n ce d o f th e stre n gth o f th e p ro p h e t's wo rd , wh ich wa s a strict
p ro m ise a b o u t co n q u e rin g th e co u n trie s o f th e K a sra
2
a n d C a e sa r
3
th e re fo re th e
h e a rt o f th e M u sim s sh o o k ze a lo u sly a n d h o p e fu lly, m o re co rre ctly th e y sh o o k
fa ith fu lly a n d b e lie vin gly.
H isto ry m e n tio n e d th a t m a n y o f th o se ,wh o re tire d fro m th e p ra ctica l life a fte r th e
p ro p h e t's d e a th ,d id n o t b re a k th e ir re tire m e n t a n d ca m e b a ck to th e fie ld s o f a ctio n
e xce p t wh e n m e n tio n in g th is p ro p h e tic tra d itio n . I t wa s, b e sid e s th e fa ith d e e p -ro o te d
in th e h e a rts, th e p o we r th a t p re p a re d fo r th e wa r a ll its circu m sta n ce s. An o th e r th a t
p re p a re d th e m e a n s o f victo ry in th e b a ttle s o f jih a d ,wh ich h a d n o th in g to d o with th e
go ve rn m e n t o f S h u ra (th e go ve rn m e n t o f ca lip h s), wa s th e go o d fa m e o f
____________
1 - S yria , Jo rd a n , Le b a n o n a n d P a le stin e .

2 - K in g o f P e rsia .

3 - At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h vo l.2 p .9 2
( 4 7 )

I sla m th a t th e p ro p h e t h a d sp re a d th ro u gh o u t th e wo rld a n d in e ve ry co rn e r o f th e
e a rth .Th e M u slim s d id n o t go to co n q u e r a co u n try u n le ss th e y wo u ld fin d a n o th e r
a rm y o f p ro p a ga tio n a d vo ca tin g fo r th e ir m issio n a n d p rin cip le s.
1

I n th e m a tte r o f th e co n q u e sts th e re wa s a n o th e r th in g th a t wa s th e o n ly
co n ce rn in g th e d u ty o f th e ru le rs a lo n e a wa y fro m th e re st o f th e m u slim s,wh o
p re p a re d a ll th e a ffa irs. I t wa s to sp re a d th e I sla m ic sp irit a fte r th e co n q u e st,to
co n ce n tra te th e Q u ra n ic id e a listie s in th e co n q u e re d co u n trie s a n d to ro o t th e m o ra ls
a n d re ligio u s fe e lin gs in th e p e o p le 's co n sce in ce ,wh ich ca m e a fte r th e sh a h a d a .An d I
d o n o t k n o w wh e th e r we ca n re co rd fo r th e two ca lip h s so m e th in g o f th a t o r to d o u b t
e n tire ly a b o u t it a s m a n y re se a rch e rs d id a n d a s it wa s cla rifie d b y th e h isto ry o f th e
co n q u e re d co u n trie s d u rin g th e isla m ic life . All circu m sta n ce s h e lp e d th e two ca lip h
in fo rm in g th e p ro d u ctive m ilita ry life th a t su cce e d e d d u rin g th e ir re ign s a n d issu in g
th e sp e cia l p o litica l life th e y a d o p te d . I d o n o t k n o w wh a t th e ir situ a tio n wo u ld b e if
th e y e xch a n ge d th e ir circu m sta n ce s with im a m Ali .Th a t's to sa y Ab u b a k r a n d O m a r
we re to b e in I m a m Ali 's situ a tio n a t th a t circu m sta n ce s,wh ich e n co u ra ge d b u ild in g a
n e w p o licy, a n e w syste m o f ru le a n d a life fu ll o f lu xu ry a n d e a se .Wo u ld th e y
o p p o site th o se circu m sta n ce s a s I m a m Ali d id ? H e h a d give n th e h igh e st e xa m p le o f
sin ce rity to th e d o ctrin e a n d th e h igh e st e xa m p le o f h o n e sty to th e ru le .
I d o n o t m e a n to sa y th a t th e two ca lip h s we re o b lige d u n willin gly to h a ve p ru d e n t
co n d u ct in th e ru le a n d to b e fa ir in p o litics a n d life , b u t I m e a n
____________
1 - Fu to o h u l B u ld a n , p .4 4 a n d N a h ju l B a la gh a vo l.1 6 , p .2 1 0 .
( 4 8 )

th a t th e circu m sta n ce s su rro u n d in g th e m im p o se d th a t o n th e m willin gly o r
u n willin gly.
I d o n o t wa n t to d e p rive th e m o f th e ir e ffe cts in h isto ry? H o w ca n I d o th a t a n d th a t
th e y th e m se lve s wh o wro te ,o n th e d a y o f S a q e e fa , th e lin e s o f a ll th e I sla m ic h isto ry?
B u t I m e a n th a t th e ir e ffe cts we re we a k in th e b u ild in g th e h isto ry o f th e ir d a ys
e sp e cia lly a n d o f th a t flo u rish in g life th a t wa s e ffo rtfu l a n d virtu o u s

WI TH AL-AQ Q AD I N H I S S TU D Y

As I write th is, b e fo re m e is th e b o o k Fatima and the fatimites b y Ab b a s M o h m o o d
a l- Aq q a d , wh ich I co m e to e a ge rly to se e wh a t h e h a d writte n a b o u t th e d e sp u te
b e twe e n th e ca lip h (Ab u B a k r ) a n d Fa tim a a z-za h ra '(s) a n d I wa s su re th a t th e d a ys
o f wo rsh ip in g th e co m p a n io n s' d e e d s b lin d ly
1
a n d co n sid e rin g th e m righ t a t a ll h a d
go n e fo r e ve r a n d th a t d a ys o f p ro h ib itin g th e o rd e r to go d e e p ly in stu d yin g th e
h u m a n in te lle ctu a l m a tte rs co n ce rn in g re ligio n , b e lie fs, h isto ry o r a n yth in g e lse h a d
go n e with wh a t h a d go n e o f th e h isto ry o f I sla m a fte r p a ssin g ce n tu rie s.
P e rh a p s th e first ca lip h a wa s th e th e first, wh o a n n o u ce d th is cre e d wh e n h e
sh o u te d a t so m e o n e a sk in g h im a b o u t th e h u m a n fre e will a n d fa te a n d h e
th re a te n e d h im .
2
B u t h a d n o t Alla h re lie ve d u s o f th is cre e d ,wh ich d isto rte d th e so u l o f
isla m ? I wa s to e xp e ct a n a ttra ctive re se a rch a b o u t th e d isp u te in fu ll d e ta ils th a t a l-
Aq q a d wo u ld p re se n t u s with b u t it wa s th e o p p o site . H is wo rd a b o u t th e S U P je ct wa s
____________
1 - Th a t is to sta y im ita tin g a n d fo llo win g a b lin d m e th o d in stu d yin g a n d a p p re cia tin g th e p e rso n s o r th e
h isto rica l e ve n ts with o u t scie n tific re se a rch o r e vid e n ce h a ve n o lo n ge r a n y va lu e o r re sp e ct in th e vie w o f
scie n ce e sp e cia lly we live in a n a ge S U P m ittin g e ve ry th in g to th e scie n tific e xa m in in g a n d re se a rch in g.

2 - Ad -D a rim i's S u n n a p .5 3 -5 4 .
( 4 9 )

sh o rt a n d to o sh o rt th a t I wo u ld p e rm it m yse lf to q u o te it a n d sh o w it to yo u with o u t
wa stin g yo u r tim e . H e sa id : " Th e sp e e ch a b o u t th e ca se o f Fa d a k is o n e o f th o se th a t
will n o t e n d to a n a gre e d o n re su lt b u t th e tru th is th a t Fa tim a wa s lo fte ir th a n to a sk
fo r so m e th in g n o t h e rs a n d Ab u B a k r wa s lo ftie r th a n to d isp o sse ss h e r o f h e r righ t,
wh ich sh e h a d e vid e n ce s p ro vin g it. O n e o f th e sillie st sa yin g is th a t it wa s sa id th a t
Ab u B a k r d e p rive d h e r o f Fa d a k le st Ali sp e n t fro m its yie ld s to in stiga te p e o p le to h is
sid e wh e n a sk in g fo r th e ca lip h a te . Ab u B a k r, O m a r, O th m a n a n d Ali b e ca m e
ca lip h a te s a n d n o o n e h e a rd th a t so m e o n e h a d p a id h o m a ge in re tu rn fo r m o n e y. I t
wa s m e n tio n e d n e ith e r in p ro p a ga n d a n o r in tru e n e ws. We d id n o t fin d a n
a cq u itta n ce co n ce rn in g th e ru le a t th e re ign o f Ab u B a k r cle a re r in e vid e n ce th a n h is
ju d ge m e n t in th e ca se o f Fa d a k . H e ga in e d co n te n tm e n t b y th e co n te n tm e n t o f
Fa tim a a n d th e co m p a n io n s b e co m e co n te n t b y h e r co n te n tm e n t.H e d id n o t ge t
a n yth in g fro m Fa d a k fo r h im se lf a s so m e cla im e d b u t it wa s th e critica l p o in t o r th e
m o st critica l p o in t o f th e ru le in th is ca se b e twe e n th e se tru th fu l a n d b e lie va b le
o p p o n e n ts.M a y Alla lh b e p le a se d with th e m ."
1
We n o tice b e fo re a ll th a t a l-Aq q a d
lik e d to co n sid e r th e re se a rch o n th e ca se o f Fa d a k a s a k in d o f d isp u te th a t h a d n o
b a se a n d wo u ld n o t ge t to d e cisive re su lt. Th e n h e a p o ligize d fo r n o t k e e p in g o n
stu d yin g th e ca se . I th in k th a t in critisizin g th e b o o k , yo u will fin d th e a n swe r to h is
o p in io n . We n o tice to o th a t a fte r h e d e cid e d th a t th e ta lk a b o u t th e ca se o f Fa d a k
wo u ld n o t le a d to a n a gre e d o n re su lt, h e fo u n d it h a d two fa cts th a t d id n o t a llo w
____________
1 - R e fe r to Fa tim a a n d th e Fa tim ite s b y Ab b a s m a h m o o d a l-Aq q a d .
( 5 0 )

d isp u tin g o r a rgu in g:

Th e first : th a t Fa tim a wa s lo ftie r th a n to b e a ccu se d o f lyin g.

Th e se co n d : th a t th e Ab u b a k r wa s lo fte ir th a n to d isp o sse ss Fa tim a o r h e r righ t,
wh ich wa s p ro vid e b y e vid e n ce .I f th e re wa s n o a rgu m e n t o n th e co rre ct situ a tio n o f
th e ca lip h a n d its a gre e m e n t with th e la w, so wh a t wa s th e a rgu m e n t th a t h a d n o
b a se fo r ?! An d wh y d id n o t th e ca se o f fa d a k e n d to a n a gre e d o n re su lt?!
I u n d e rsta n d th a t th e a u th o r h a s th e fre e d o m to re co rd h is o p in io n a b o u t a n y
S U B je ct a s h e lik e s a n d a s h is th in k in g le a d s h im a fte r h e cla rifie s to th e re a d e r th e
e vid e n ce s o f h is o p in io n a n d a fte r p u ttin g a ll th e p o ssib ilitie s o f th a t S U P je ct in h is
a cco u n t to ge t to a cla e r re su lt,b u t I d o n o t u n d e rsta n d wh e n th e a u th o r sa ys th a t th e
ca se is S U B je ct to b e re se a rch e d a n d th e n h e d o e s n o t give b u t a n o p in io n la ck in g
e vid e n ce s a n d n e e d in g m u ch e xp la n a tio n ,re se a rch in g a n d p o n d e rin g. I f Fa tim a wa s
lo fte ir th a n a n y a ccu sa tio n so wh a t d id sh e n e e d a n e vid e n ce fo r? D id th e I sla m ic
le gisla tio n s p ro ve n th e ju d ge to give h is ju d ge m e n t a cco rd in g to h is k n o wle d ge ?
1
I f it
wa s so , d id th a t m e a n it wa s p o ssib le a cco rd in g to th e re ligio n to d isp o sse ss th e
o wn e r o f h is p ro p e rty? Th e se a re so m e q u e stio n s a n d th e re a re o th e rs a b o u t th is ca se
n e e d in g sce in tific a n swe r a n d a re sa e rch a cco rd in g to th e m e th o d o f co n clu sio n in
I sla m .
I wa n t to b e fre e , so I a sk th e p ro fe sso r a l-Aq q a d to p e rm it m e co m m e n tin g o n h is
sp e e ch D isch a rgin g th e ca lip h a n d Fa tim a a t th e sa m e tim e wa s im p o ssib le . I f th e
m a tte r o f th e ir d isp u te wa s
____________
1 - Al- B a yh a q i's su n a n vo l.1 0 p .1 4 2 a n d Ta n gh e e h a l-Ad illa fe e B a ya n H u k u m a l-H a k im ... b y sa yyid
M u h a m m a d R e za a l-H u ssa yn i a l-A'ra ji
( 5 1 )

e xclu sive to th e a sk in g o f Fa tim a fo r fa d a k a n d th e ra fu sin g o f th e ca lip h a to give it to
h e r b e ca u se o f th e la ck o f th e le ga l e vid e n ce s, a cco rd in g to wh ich h e wo u ld ju d ge ,a n d
th e e n d o f th e cla im a t th is p o in t, we m igh t sa y th a t Fa tim a h a d cla im e d th a t fa d a k
wa s h e rs a n d th e ca lip h a re fu se d h e r cla im b e ca u se sh e h a d n o le ga l e vid e n ce th e n
sh e ga ve u p b e ca u se sh e h a d n o le ga l e vid e n ce th e n sh e give u p b e ca u se sh e k n e w
th a t sh e d id n o t d e se rve fa d a k a cco rd in g to th e ju d icia l la ws a n d th e sh a ria .B u t we
k n o w we ll th a t th e d isp u te b e twe e n fa tim a a n d th e ca lip h to o k d iffe re n t sh a p e s u n til
it re a ch e d a n d e xte n t th a t Fa tim a a ccu se d th e ca lip h fra n k ly a n d swo re to cu t o ff
re la tio n with h im .
1

Th e n we a re b e twe e n two th in gs; th e first th a t we a re n o t a ck n o wle d ge th a t fa tim a
a sk e d in sistin gly fo r wh a t sh e d id n o t d e se rve a cco rd in g to th e I sla m ic ju d icia l la ws
a n d th e syste m o f th e sh a ria e ve n if wh a t sh e a sk e d fo r wa s h e r o wn in d e e d .Th e
se co n d th a t we a re to b la m e th e ca lip h th a t h e d isp o sse sse d h e r o f h e r righ t th a t h e
h a d to give it to h e r a n d to ju d ge th a t it wa s h e rs.E xa ltin g Fa tim a a b o ve a sk in g fo r
so m e th in g, wh ich wa s a ga in th e la ws o f th e sh a ria a n d th e ra isin g th e ca lip h a b o ve
p re ve n tin g h e r h e r righ t, wh ich th e sh a ria co n firm e d its o wn e rsh ip fo r h e r, we re two
th in gs th a t co u ld n e ve r m e e t u n le e s th e co n tra rie s wo u ld a gre e with e a ch o th e r.
Le t u s le a ve to a n o th e r d iscu ssio n . Th e p ro fe sso r co n sid e re d th e d e cisio n o f th e
ca lip h co n ce rn in g th e ca se o f fa d a k a s th e cle a re st e vid e n ce o f p u rifyin g th e ca lip h a
a n d h is firm n e ss in th e wa y o f tru th a n d th a t h e d id n o t tra n sgre ss th e lim its o f th e
S h a ria b e ca u se if h e h a d give n Fa d a k to
____________
1 - Al-B u k h a ri's sa h ih vo l.3 p .1 3 7 4 sh a rh n a h ju l b a la gh a vo l.1 6 p .2 8 1 a n d A' la m u n N I ssa ' Vo l.4 P .1 2 3 -1 2 4 .
( 5 2 )

Fa tim a , h e wo u ld co n te n t h e r a n d wo u ld co n te n t th e co m p a n io n s (b e ca u se o f h e r
co n te n t).Le t u s su p p o se with h im th a t it wa s th e I sla m ic la ws, wh ich im p o se o n h im
to d e cid e th a t Fa d a k wa s a ch a rity, b u t wh a t p re ve n te d h im to ce d e h is sh a re to
Fa tim a a n d th e sh a re s o f th e co m p a n io n s,wh o wo u ld b e co n te n t if Fa tim a wa s
co n te n t a s th e p ro fe sso r d e cla re d ? Wa s th a t p ro h ib ite d a cco rd in g to th e re ligio u s
la ws? O r h e wa s in sp ire d n o t to d o th a t? Wh a t d id p re ve n t h im to give Fa d a k to
Fa tim a a fte r sh e h a d p ro m ise d h im d e fin a te ly to sp e n d its yie ld s fo r th e sa k e o f th e
co m m o n we a l?
As fo r wh a t th e a u th o r co n sid e re d a s silly ju stifica tio n fo r th e d e cisio n o f th e ca lip h ,
we will k n o w in th is ch a p te r if it wa s re a lly silly. I f we k n e w th a t p e o p le 's o p in io n s
we re n o t in sp ire d b y th e H e a ve n to b e sa n ctifie d a b o ve d o u b ts a n d a rgu m e n ts a n d
th a t stu d yin g th e a ffa irs o f th e first co m p a n io n s wa s n o t b la sp h e m y, a th e ism o r
d o u b tin g in th e sign s o f th e p ro p h e th o o d a s th e y u se d to sa y, we m igh t a sk th a t wh a t
le d Fa tim a to b e gin h e r d isp u te a b o u t Fa d a k in th a t vio le n t wa y th a t d id n o t
a k cn o wle d ge o r d id n o t wa n t to a ck n o wle d ge a n y d ign ity fo r th e d o m in e n t a u th o rity
o r a glo ry fo r th e ru lin g p o we r th a t wo u ld p re se rve th e ru le rs fro m th e risin g fla m e a n d
sca tte rin g sp a rk s.Th a t d isp u te wo u ld sh o w to h isto ry th e n a k e d tru th o f th e ru le
with o u t a n y co ve rin g.I n fa ct th e b e gin in g o f th e d isp u te a n d its la te r sta ge s we re a
wa rn in g o f a swe e p in g re vo lu tio n o r a re vo lu tio n in d e e d wh e n it wa s co m p le te d in its
fin a l fo rm h a vin g a ll wh a t th is m e a n in g h a d o f p re p a ra tio n s a n d re su lts with o u t
fe e b le n e ss o r h e sita tio n . Wh a t wa s th e a im o f th e ru lin g a u th o rity o r in fa ct th e ca lip h
h im se lf to sta n d a ga in st Fa tim a ? D id
( 5 3 )

n o t it co m e to h is m in d th a t h is p la n wo u ld o p e n fo r h im a d o o r in h isto ry a d d in g to
h is p re ce d e n ts th e d isp u te a ga in st th e p ro p h e t's fa m ily? Wa s h e co n te n t with th a t
sin ce re ly so th a t h e with sto o d to k e e p o n h is b a d situ a tio n ? O r d id h e S U P m it to th e
la w a n d k e e p to a ll o f it a s th e y sa id a n d th a t h e d id n o t wa n t to tre sp a ss th e lim its o f
Alla h b y
M u ch o r little ? H is o d d situ a tio n a ga in st Fa tim a (S ) h a d a co n n e ctio n with h is
situ a tiio n in th e S a q e e fa . I m e a n b y th a t th e sa m e p u rp o se o r th e m e a n in g o f th e two
p u rp o se s in o n e p o in t.
1
I n fa ct h e wa n te d to sta n d o n o n e wid e circle a s wid e a s th e
sta te o f th e p ro p h e t (s) with sm ilin g h o p e s a n d wa ve s o f d re a m s,fo r wh ich th e ca lip h
la u gh e d to o m u ch a n d stro ve to o m u ch .

TH E I N C E N TI VE S O F TH E R E VO LU TI O N

We p re cie ve cle a rly, wh e n we n o tice th e h isto rica l circu m sta n ce s, wh ich
su rro u n d e d th e Fa tim ite m o ve m e n t, th a t th e H a sh im ite
2
h o u se , wh ich wa s
d istre sse d b y th e lo ss o f its gre a t ch ie f, h a d a ll th e in ce n tive s o f a re vo lu tio n s to
ch a n ge th e m a n d to e sta b lish th e m a n e w. Fa tim a h a d a ll th e p o ssib litie s fo r th e
re vo lu tio n a n d th e a tta in m e n ts fo r th e o p p o sitio n , wh ich th e o p p o sitio n ists d e cid e d to
b e a
____________
1 - I b n Ab u l H a d e e d m e n tio n e d in S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a vo l. 1 6 p .2 8 4 th a t : " I a sk e d Ali b in Fa riq i ,th e
te a ch e r o f th e we ste rn sch o o l in B a gh d a d : Wa s Fa tim a tru e ? H e sa id : Ye s I sa id : Th e n d id n o t give h e r
Fa d a k wh e re a s sh e wa s tru e ? H e sm ile d a n d sa id so m e p le a sa n t wo rd s: I f h e give h e r Fa d a k to d a y ju st fo r
h e r cla im , sh e wo u ld co m e to h im to m o rro w cla im in g th e ca lip h a te fo r h e r h u sb a n d a n d wo u ld m o ve h im
fro m h is p la ce a n d co u ld n o t a p o ligize d o r a gre e a b o u t a n yth in g b e ca u se h e wo u ld co n firm th a t sh e wa s
tru e in wh a te ve r sh e cla im e d with o u t a n e e d fo r e vid e n ce s o r witn e sse s" . I b n Ab u l H a d e e d sa id : Th is is
tru e .

2 - C o n ce rn in g H a sh im ,th e p ro p h e t's gra n d fa th e r.
( 5 4 )

p e a ce fu l d isp u te
1
wh a te ve r it wo u ld co st.We fe e l if we stu d y th e h isto rica l re a lity o f
th e ca se o f Fa d a k a n d its d isp u te , th a t it wa s a ffe cte d b y th e re vo lu tio n a n d we fe e l
cle a rly th a t th e d isp u te in its re a lity a n d m o tive s wa s a re vo lu tio n s a ga in st th e p o licy
o f th a sta te ,wh ich Fa tim a fo u n d th a t it wa s d iffe re n t fro m th e ru le sh e wa s fa m ilia r
with (d u rin g th e tim e o f h e r fa th e r).I t wa s n o t ju st a d isp u te a b o u t so m e th in g o f th e
fin a n cia l a ffa irs o r th e e co n o m ic syste m , wh ich th e go ve rn m e n t o f S h u ra fo llo we d ;
e ve n it so m e tim e s se e m e d to b e so . I f we to ca tch th e th re a d s o f th e Fa tim ite
re vo lu tio n fro m th e b e gin in gs,we h a ve to lo o k with a d e e p co m p re h e n sive lo o k a t two
clo se e ve n ts in th e I sla m ic h isto ry; o n e wa s e ch o a n d th e n a tu ra l re fle ctio n o f th e
o th e r. Th e y b o th e xte n d e d in th e ir ro o ts a n d th re a d s to ge th e r so th a t th e y m igh t m e e t
a t a sh a re d p o in t.
O n e o f th e m wa s th e Fa tim ite re vo lu tio n a ga in st th e first ca lip h , wh ich wa s a b o u t
to sh a k e h is p o litica l e n tity a n d to th ro w h is ca lip h a te in to th e wa ste -b a sk e t o f h isto ry.
Th e o th e r wa s a n o p p o site situ a tiio n ,in wh ich Aa 'ish a ,
2
th e ca lip h 's d a u gh te r sto o d
a ga in st Ali th e h u sb a n d o f Fa tim a , wh o re b e lle d a ga in st
____________
1 - I m a m Ali h a d gre a t in siste n ce o n th e p e a ce fu ln e ss o f th e o p p o sitio n a n d n o t to e xce e d th e lim its o f
p ro te stin g a n d re fu tin g th e o th e r's e xcu se s a lth o u gh it le d h im to b e p u lle d fro m h is h o u se to p a y h o m a ge
u n willin gly a n d th a t th e p u re h o o u se wa s lia b le to th e th re a t o f se ttin g fire to it. I t wa s n o tice a b le th a t
wh e n Ab u S u fya n ca m e to I m a m Ali a n d sa id to h im : " I f yo u wa n t, I will a tta ck th e m with m y k n igh ts a n d
m e n " . I m a m Ali ch id e d h im a n d re fu se d h is su gge stio n .R e fe r to S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a vo l.6 p .4 7 -4 9 a n d
p .1 7 -1 8 a n d a t-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h vo l.2 p .2 3 3 a n d 2 3 7 .

2 - With re fe re n ce to th e b a ttle o f ( th e ca m e l) a ga in st I m a m Ali, wh o se le a d e rs we re a z-Z u b a yr, Ta lh a a n d
Aa 'ish a in th irty six AH th a t h a p p e n e d in B a sra . R e fe r to a t-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h vo l.3 p .4 7 6 .
( 5 5 )

Aa 'ish a 's fa th e r. Th e fa te m a d e th o se two re b e llio u s wo m e n fa il with a d iffe re n ce
b e twe e n th e m re la tin g to th e sh a re o f co n te n tm e n t o f e a ch o f th e m with h e r
re vo lu tio n a n d th e in te rn a l co m fo rt with th e righ t o r wro n g situ a tio n o f e a ch o f th e m
a n d th e ch a n ce o f victo ry a cco rd in g to th e a cco u n t o f th e tru th , wh ich h a d n o
cro o k e d n e ss. I t wa s ce rta in th a t Fa tim a fa ile d a fte r sh e h a d m a d e th e ca lip h cry a n d
sa y : " D e p o se m e
1
a n d b re a k m y h o m a ge " b u t Aa 'sh a fa ile d a n d wish e d if sh e h a d
n o t go n e to th e wa r
2
a n d to b re a k th e o b e d ie n ce .Th e se two re vo lu tio n s we re clo se in
S u b je ct a n d p e rso n s so wh y d id th e y n o t e n d to clo se re a so n s a n d sim ila r m o tive s?
We k n o w we ll th a t th e se cre t, b e h in d th e ch a n ge o ccu re d to Aa 'ish a wh e n sh e wa s
to ld th a t Ali b e ca m e th e ca lip h , b e lo n ge d to th e first d a ys o f th e life o f Ali a n d Aa 'ish a
wh e n th e co m p e titio n fo r th e p ro p h e t's h e a rt wa s b e twe e n h is wife a n d h is d a u gh te r.
Th is co m p e titio n co u ld e xp a n d in its e ffe cts to cre a te d iffe re n t fe e lin gs o f ra ge a n d
d isse n sio n b e twe e n th e two co m p e tin g o n e s a n d to re a ch th e frie n d s a n d th e
a ssista n ts a ro u n d e a ch o f th e m . I t e xp a n d e d in d e e d o n o n e sid e a n d h a p p e n e d wh a t
h a p p e n e d b e twe e n Aa 'ish a a n d Ali a n d h e n ce it h a d to e xp a n d o n th e o th e r sid e to
in clu d e th o se , a ga in st wh o m Aa 'ish a trie d h e r b e st in th e p ro p h e t's h o u se . Ye s, th e
re ve rsa l o f Aa 'ish a wa s in sp ire d fro m
____________
1 - A'la m u n N issa ' vo l.4 p .1 2 4 a t-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h vo l. 3 p .3 5 3 wh e re Ab u B a k r sa id : " I d o n o t re gre t fro m
th e life e xce p t th re e th in gs th a t I wish e d if I h a d n o t ... I wish e d th a t I h a d n o t e xp o se d Fa tim a 's h o u se to
a n yth in g" . R e fe r to S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a vo l. 6 p .4 1 .

2 - I b n u l Ath e e r's Ta re e k h vo l.3 , p .1 1 1 a n d Ta th k ira tu l H u ffa z b y S ib t b in a j-Ja wz p .8 0 -8 1
( 5 6 )

th e m e m o rie s o f th o se d a ys wh e n I m a m Ali co u n se le d th e p ro p h e t to d ivo rce h e r in
th e fa m o u s sto ry o f (lie ).
1
Ali's co u n se l sh o we d h is d isco n te n tm e n t with h e r a n d h e r
co m p e titio n with h is wife . Th e d isp u te b e twe e n th e p ro p h e t's wife a n d h is d a u gh te r
(Fa tim a ) e xp a n d e d to in clu d e Ali a n d o th e r th a n Ali o f th o se , wh o to o k ca re o f th e
re su lts a n d th e sta ge s o f th e co m p e titio n .
____________
1 - R e fe r to th e d e ta ils o f th e e ve n t in a l-B u k h a ri's S a h ih vo l.3 p .2 4 , a t-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h vo l.2 p .1 1 3 .


TH E I N C E N TI VE S O F TH E FI R S T
C ALI P H 'S S I TU ATI O N

We k n o w th a t th e circu m sta n ce s in sp ire d th e ca lip h with a ce rta in fe e lin g to wa rd s
Fa tim a a n d h e r h u sb a n d .Le t u s n o t fo rge t th a t h e a sk e d th e p ro p h e t fo r th e h a n d o f
Fa tim a b u t th e p ro p h e t re fu se d a n d wh e n Ali p ro p o se d to h e r, th e p ro p h e t re sp o n d e d
to h is p ro p o sa l.
1
Th a t re fu sa l a n d th is re sp o n se ga ve th e ca lip h a fe e lin g o f
d isa p p o in tm e n t a n d a t th e sa m e tim e a fe e lin g o f e n vy to wa rd s Ali a n d th a t Fa tim a
wa s th e ca u se o f th a t co m p e titio n b e twe e n h im a n d Ali th a t e n d e d with h is
o p p o n e n t's win n in g.
Le t u s n o tice to o th a t Ab u B a k r wa s th e o n e , wh o m th e p ro p h e t (S ) h a d se n t to
in fo rm th e u n b e lie ve rs o f M e cca th e su ra o f B a ra 'a th e n h e se n t Ali a fte r h im te llin g
h im to tu rn b a ck a n d to b e d e p rive d o f th is h o n o r
2
fo r n o th in g b u t b e ca u se th e d e vin e
in sp ira tio n wa n te d to p u t in fro n t o f h im a ga in h is co m p e tito r o f Fa tim a , wh o wo n h e r
in ste a d o f h im .
3

____________
1 - As-S a wa 'iq a l-M u h riq a b y ib n H a ja r p .2 4 9 .

2 - Ah m a d 's M u sn a d vo l.1 p .3 , a s-S a wa 'iq a l-M u k h riq a p .3 2 , a l-K h a ssa 'iss o f a n -N a ssa 'iy p .9 0 -9 1 .

3 - I t wa s m e n tio n e d in a s-S a wa 'iq a l-M u k h riq a p .1 4 3 th a t An a ss h a d sa id : " Wh ile I wa s sittin g with th e
p ro p h e t (s) th e a n ge l visite d h im . Wh e n h e le ft, th e p ro p h e t (s) sa id : " M y G o d o rd e re d m e to m a rry Fa tim a
to Ali ..." .
( 5 7 )

N o d o u b t th a t th e ca lip h wa tch e d h is d a u gh te r (Aa 'ish a ) d u rin g h e r co m p e titio n
with Fa tim a fo r th e p rio rity n e a r th e p ro p h e t (S ) a n d wa s a ffe cte d b y h e r e m o tio n s a s
it wa s n a tu ra l fo r fa th e rs with th e ir ch ild re n . H e m igh t th in k a t a tim e th a t Fa tim a
p ro m p te d h e r fa th e r to go to le a d th e p ra ye r in th e m o sq u e wh e n Aa 'ish a p a ve d th e
wa y fo r h e r fa th e r, wh o m sh e wo rk e d fo r fro m in sid e th e p ro p h e t's h o u se , to le a d th e
p ra ye r wh e n th e p ro p h e t wa s ill.
1

We ca n n o t e xp e ct h isto ry to e xp la in e ve ry th in g cle a rly b u t it wa s re a so n a b le to
a ssu m e th a t a m a n m e e tin g circu m sta n ce s lik e th e circu m sta n ce s su rro u n d e d th e
ca lip h fro m Ali a n d Fa tim a s, wo u ld b e h a ve ju st lik e wh a t h e d id in h is fa m o u s
h isto rica l situ a tio n a n d th a t a wo m a n fa cin g wh a t Fa tim a fa ce d o f co m p e titio n s
d u rin g th e d a ys o f h e r fa th e r e ve n a q u a rre l b e twe e n Aa 'ish a a n d Fa tim a 's fa th e r,
wo u ld n o t b e sile n t wh e n th e o p p o n e n ts trie d to d e p rive h e r o f h e r le ga l righ t.

TH E P O LI TI C AL D I M E N S I O N S O F
TH E C AS E O F FAD AK

Th is wa s Fa tim ite re vo lu tio n in its se n tim e n ta l a sp e ct, wh ich wa s co m p o se d o f
m a n y a sp e cts.Th e cle a re st a n d th e m o st d o m in e n t o n e wa s th e p o litica l a sp e cts.
Wh e n I sa y th a t, I d o n o t m e a n b y p o litics th e wid e sp re a d n o tio n a m o n g th e p u b lic
n o wa d a ys, wh ich co n ce n tra te s o n cro o k e d n e ss a n d fa b rica tio n b u t I m e a n th e re a l
stra igh t n o tio n . H e , wh o scru tin ize s th e ste p s o f th e d isp u te a n d its se cce ssive fo rm s,
d o e s n o t u n d e rsta n d it a s a ca se o f a sk in g fo r a p ie ce o f la n d , b u t h e p e rce ive s a
m issio n fu rth e r th a n th a t ca llin g fo r a n a m b itio u s
____________
1 - I b n H ish a m 's S e e ra vo l. 3 /4 p . 6 5 3 .
( 5 8 )

a im th a t p ro m p ts to re vo lt in o rd e r to re ga in sto le n th ro n e , a lo st cro wn a n d a gre a t
glo ry a n d re vive th e in ve rte d u m m a .
1

H e n ce Fa d a k wa s a sym b o lic m e a n in g re p re se n tin g a gre a t n o tio n a n d n o t th a t
se ize d p ie ce o f la n d in H ija z. Th is sym b o lic m e a n in g o f Fa d a k tra n sfe rre d it fro m a n
o rd in a ry d isp u te sh ru n k e n in a lim ite d circle to a b ig re vo lu tio n with a wid e h o rizo n .
Try to stu d y wh a te ve r yo u lik e o f th e tru e h isto rica l d o cu m e n ts a b o u t th e ca se ,will yo u
fin d it a d isp u te a b o u t a p ro p e rty o r a d isa gre e m e n t a b o u t a p ie ce o f la n d with its
yie ld s h o we ve r m u ch th e y we re ?
C e rta in ly n o t! B u t it wa s th e re vo lu tio n a ga in st th e b a se s o f th e ru le a n d th e o u tcry,
b y wh ich Fa tim a wa n te d to p lu ck o u t th e co n e rsto n e , o n wh ich h isto ry wa s b u ilt a fte r
th e d a y o f th e S a q e e fa .I t su ffice s to re a d th e sp e e ch th a t Fa tim a m a d e in th e m o sq u e
b e fo re th e ca lip h a n d th e cro wd o f th e M u h a jire e n a n d th e An sa r. M o st o f it wa s
a b o u t p ra isin g Ali a n d h is e te rn a l situ a tio n s fo r I sla m .S h e re co rd e d th e righ t o f th e
p ro p h e t's fa m ily th a t sh e
____________
1 - With re fe re n ce to Q u rn ic ve rse : ( And Muhammad is no more than an apostle; the apostles have already
passed away before him; if then he dies or is killed will you turn back on you beels? and whoever turns
back on his beels,! so, he will by means do harm to Allah in the least and Allah will reward the greatful)
3 :1 4 4 . An d M u h a m m a d is n o m o re th a n a n a p o stle ; th e a p o stle s h a ve a lre a d y p a sse d a wa y b e fo re h im ; if
th e n h e d ie s o r is k ille d will yo u tu rn b a ck ?
R e fe r to tra d itio n ta lk in g a b o u t th e a p o sta sy o f p e o p le ( a fte r th e p ro p h e t' s d e a th ). Th e p ro p h e t (s) sa id : " I
p re ce d e yo u to th e p o n d (O n th e D a y o f re su rre ctio n ).S o m e m e n , wh o m I k n o w, will b e b ro u gh t b u t th e y
will p re ve n te n fro m m e .I sa y: Th e y a re m y co m p a n io n s. I t is sa id : Yo u d o n o t k n o w wh a t th e y d id a fte r yo u .
Th e n I sa y: Awa y with h im ! h e , wh o d isto rd e d (th e su n n a ), a fte r m e ..." R e fe r to a l-B u k h a ri's S a h ih vo l.8 ,
p .8 6 , a l-K a sh a h a f b y a z-Z a m a k h sh a ri vo l.4 , p .8 1 1 a n d a t-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h vo l.2 , p .2 4 5
( 5 9 )

co n sid e re d a s th e m e a n s b e twe e n Alla h a n d H is p e o p le a n d a s Alla h 's ch o ice , H is
sign o f h o lin e ss, H is a rgu m e n t a m o n g p e o p le a n d th e h e irs o f th e p ro p h e ts fo r th e
ca lip h a te a n d th e ru le .S h e wa rn e d th e p e o p le o f th e ir b a d fa te b e ca u se o f th e ir
u n su cce ssfu l ch o ice , th e ir d e via tio n , se le ctin g a n e ligib le o n e fo r th e ru le , th e
se d itio n
1
th e y fe ll in to a n d m o tive s th a t le d th e m to le a ve th e Q u ra n a n d o p p o se its
co m m a n d m e n t co n ce rn in g th e ca lip h a te a n d th e im a m a te .Th e m a tte r wa s n o t a
m a tte r o f in h e rita n ce o r d o n a tio n e xce p t to th e a cco u n t re la tin g to th e p o licy o f th e
sta te .I t wa s n o t a cla im a b o u t a p ro p e rty o r a h o u se b u t it wa s, a cco rd in g to Fa tim a 's
o p in io n , (a m a tte r o f b e lie f a n d u n b e lie f, fa ith a n d h yp o crisy a n d a m a tte r o f d icta te
a n d S h u ra ).
2

We a lso n o tice th is p o litica l style in h e r ta lk with th e wo m e n o f th e M u h a jire e n a n d
th e An sa r. S h e sa id : " Wh e re to d id th e y m o ve it fro m th e p o sitio n o f th e m issio n ,th e
b a se s o f th e p ro p h e th o o d a n d th e p la ce s o f d e sce n t o f G a b rie l, wh o is a wa re o f life
a n d re ligio n 's a ffa irs? Th a t wa s th e gre a t lo ss. Wh a t d id th e y d e n y fro m Ab u l H a ssa n
(Ali)? Ye s, th e y d e n ie d th e b e a tin g o f h is swo rd , h is fo rce fu ln e ss, h is strict p u n ish in g
a n d h is ve n tu rin g fo r th e sa k e o f Alla h . B y Alla h , if th e y
____________
1 - R e fe r to th e ca se o f S a q e e fa in a t-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h vo l. 2 p .2 3 5 a n d th e fo llo win g p a ge . I t wa s
m e n tio n e d th a t: " Th e h o m a ge o f Ab u B a k r wa s a slip ..."

2 - Th is wa s a cco rd in g to th e Fa tim ite 's th o u gh t a b o u t th e ca se . S h e sa id in h e r sp e e ch : " Yo u cla im e d th a t
yo u fe a r a se d ia tio n to h a p p e n ... th e n sh e re cite d th is ve rse : (Surely into trial have they already tumbled
down, and most surely hell encompass the unbelievers). 9 :4 9 . R e fe r to th e fu ll d e scu ssio n o f (Th e o rigin o f
th e S h iism a n d th e sh ia ) e d ite d b y D r. Ab d u l Ja b b a r S h a ra ra .
( 6 0 )

tu rn e d a wa y fro m th e re in , wh ich th e p ro p h e t h a d h a n d e d o ve r to h im (to I m a m Ali),
h e wo u ld ca tch it te n d e rly a n d h e wo u ld m o ve with o u t h a rm o r wo rry. H e wo u ld le a d
th e m to a fre sh flo win g fo u n t a n d wo u ld re tu rn th e m with sa tie ty wh ile h e h im se lf
wo u ld n o t p ro fit o f a n yth in g b u t a little ju st to b re a k h is a cu te th irst a n d h u n ge r.I f th e y
d id so , th e y wo u ld b e gra n te d b le ssin gs fro m th e H e a ve n a n d th e e a rth
1
a n d th e y
wo u ld b e re wa rd e d b y Alla h a cco rd in g to th e ir d e e d s. C o m e o n a n d liste n ! Wh a te ve r
yo u live , yo u will se e wo n d e rs, wh o se a sto n ish m e n t wo u ld la st a s lo n g a s yo u live ! To
wh a t re fu ge th e y re so rte d a n d to wh a t tie th e y clu n g! E vil ce rta in ly is th e gu a rd ia n a n d
e vil ce rta in ly is th e a sso cia te a n d e vil ce rta in ly is th is ch a n ge fo r th e u n ju st! B y Alla h ,
th e y re p la ce d th e go o d with th e b a d a n d th e ju st with th e u n ju st. D isgra ce b e fo r
p e o p le , wh o th in k th e y d o we ll.S u re ly th e y th e m se lve s a re th e m isch ie f m a k e rs, b u t
th e y d o n o t p e rcie ve . Wo e to th e m ! (Is He then who guides to the truth more worthly
to be followed, or he who himself does not go aright unless he is guided? What then is
the matter with you; how do you judge? Quran : 10:35)"
H isto ry d id n o t m e n tio n th a t th e p ro p h e t's wive s d isp u te d with Ab u B a k r a b o u t th e ir
in h e rita n ce . We re th e y m o re in d iffe re n t to th e va n itie s o f life a n d clo se r to th e
p ro p h e t's a sp e cts th a n h is d a u gh te r Fa tim a ? We re th e y b u sy with th e gre a t
m isfo rtu n e ( th e p ro p h e t's d e a th ) a n d h is d a u gh te r wa s n o t ?! O r th a t th e p o litica l
circu m sta n ce s se p a ra te d th e m a n d m a d e Fa tim a th e
____________
1 - H e r sp e a ch m e a n s: (I f th e y le t im a m Ali b e th e ca lip h a , a s th e p ro p h e t h a d o rd e re d , h e wo u ld ru le with
ju stice a n d fa irn e ss.H e wo u ld n e ve r b u rd e n th e m with m o re th a n th e ir a b ilitie s.H e wo u ld m a k e th e m live
in lu xu ry a n d e a se wh ile h e h im se lf wo u ld live in a sce ticism )
( 6 1 )

o p p o sitio n ist a wa y fro m th e p ro p h e t's wive s,wh o we re n o t d istu rb e d b y th e situ a tio n s
o f th e ru le .
I t m igh t b e ce rta in th a t Fa tim a fo u n d th a t h e r h u sb a n d 's fo llo we rs a n d h is b e st
co m p a n io n s, wh o d id n e ve r h a ve a n y d o u b t a b o u t h e r tru th fu ln e ss, wo u ld a d d th e ir
witn e sse s to Ali 's a n d so th e e vid e n ce wo u ld b e cle a r to th e ca lip h a . D id n o t th a t
sh o w u s th a t th e h igh a im o f fa tim a ,wh ich wa s k n o wn we ll b y th e a ll ,wa s n o t to
p ro ve th e d o n a tio n o r th e in h e rita n ce b u t to d o a wa y with th e re su lts o f th e S a q q e fa ?
1
th a t wo u ld n o t b e b y givin g th e e vid e n ce a b o u t th e ca se o f fa d a k , b u t to give th e
e vid e n ce to a ll o f th e p e o p le th a t th e y h a d d e via te d fro m th e righ t wa y.
2
th is wa s
e xa ctly wh a t fa tim a wa n te d to d o b y h e r stru gglin g p la n .
Le t u s h e a r th e ca lip h 's sp e e ch a fte r Fa tim a fin ish e d h e r sp e e ch a n d le ft th e
m o sq u e .H e a sce n d e d th e m in b a r a n d sa id : " O p e o p le ,wh a t is th e a tte n tio n to e ve ry
sa yin g ! We re th e se wish e s a va ila b le a t th e tim e o f th e p ro p h e t (s) ? le t e ve ry o n e sa y
wh a te ve r h e
____________
1 - R e fe r to sh a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a vo l.1 6 p .2 3 6 . it se e m e d th a t th e ca lip h re a lize d th a t ,so h e p re ve n te d it. I t
se e m e d cle a r b y th e a rgu m e n t b e twe e n th e se co n d ca lip h (O m a r) a n d I b n Ab b a s. I t wa s m e n tio n e d b y a t-
Ta b a ri in h is ta re e k h vo l.2 p .5 7 8 th a t O m a r sa id : " O ib n Ab b a s,d o yo u k n o w wh y th e y p re ve n te d yo u r
p e o p le -th e H a sh im ite s -(fro m th e ca lip h a te ) a fte r m u h a m m a d (s) ?I b n Ab b a s sa id : I h a te d to a n swe r h im
a n d sa id with m y se lf if I d id n o t k n o w a m iru l m u 'm in e e n wo u ld te ll h im . O m a r sa id ; th e y h a te d th a t b o th
th e p ro p h e th o o d a n d th e ca lip h a te wo u ld b e fo r yo u -th e H a sh im ite s-so th e y b o a ste d a ga in yo u .Q u ra ysh
ch o se fo r itse lf a n d su ccce d e d . I sa id wo u ld yo u a llo w m e to ta lk ? H e sa id : O I b n a b b a s ta lk ! I sa id As fo r
yo u r sa yin g th a t (Q u ra ysh ch o se a n d it su cce d e d ) ... if Q u ra ysh ch o se a s Alla h h a d ch o se n ,it wo u ld b e th e
righ t ch o ice n o d o u b t ... a n d a s fo r yo u sa yin g (th e y h a te d th a t th e p ro p h e th o o d a n d th e ca lip h a te b o th
b e in g fo r )Alla h h a d d e scrib e d so m e p e o p le b y h a tin g wh e n H e sa id :(that is because they hated what
Allah revealed, so he rendered their deeds null)4 7 :9 .

2 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a vo l.1 6 p .2 3 6 .
( 6 2 )

h e a rd a n d te ll o f wh a te ve r h e sa w.H e
1
is n o t b u t a fo x, wh o se witn e ss is h is ta il .H e
k e e p s to e ve ry se d itio n . I t is h e , wh o sa ys: " B rin g it b a ck a s it wa s b e fo re (se d itio n a n d
co m m o tio n )! " (th e y) a sk fo r th e h e lp o f th e we a k a n d wo m e n .H e is lik e u m m Tih a l,
2

wh o se fa m ily wa s d e ligh te d with h e r p ro stitu tio n . I f I wa n te d to sa y, I wo u ld sa y a n d if
I sa id ,I wo u ld re ve a l b u t I a m sile n t a s lo n g a s I a m n o t p ro vo k e d ." Th e n to th e An sa r
a n d sa id : " O p e o p le o f An sa r, I h a ve h e a rd th e sa yin g o f yo u r fo o lish p e o p le . Yo u we re
th e b e st o f th o se , wh o k e p t to th e p ro p h e t's o b liga tio n s. H e ca m e to yo u a n d yo u
sh e lte re d a n d h e lp e d h im . I d o n o t wa n t to p u n ish o r sco ld wh o e ve r d o e s n o t d e se rve
th a t (fro m u s)" .
3
Th is sp e e ch u n co ve rs fo r u s so m e a sp e cts o f th e ca lip h 's p e rso n a lity
a n d sh e d s a ligh t o n Fa tim a 's d isp u te with h im . Wh a t im p o rta n t fo r u s n o w is th a t
wh a t th is sp e e ch sh o ws a b o u t th e d isp u te a n d th e ca lip h 's im p re ssio n a b o u t it. H e
p e rce ive d we ll th a t th e p ro te st o f Fa tim a wa s n o t a b o u t th e in h e rita n ce o r th e
d o n a tio n b u t it wa s a p o litica l wa r, a s we wo u ld ca ll n o wa d a ys, a n d co m p la in in g
a b o u t th e wro n g d o in g to h e r gre a t h u sb a n d , wh o m th e ca lip h a n d h is co m p a n io n s
wa n te d to k e e p a wa y fro m h is n a tu ra l p o sitio n in th e wo rld o f I sla m . S o h e d id n o t
ta lk e xce p t a b o u t Ali.H e d e scrib e d h im a s a fo x,th e ca u se o f e ve ry se d itio n , (u m m
Tih a l) a n d th a t Fa tim a wa s h is ta il th a t fo llo we d h im . H e d id n o t m e n tio n a n yth in g
a b o u t th e in h e rita n ce .Le t u s n o tice th e tra d itio n in th e S ih a h (S u n n i b o o k s o f H a d ith )
th a t Ali a n d h is u n cle
____________
1 - H e m e a n s I m a m Ali!

2 - A n a m e o f a fa m o u s p ro stitu te in th e p re -I sla m ic a ge .

3 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l. 1 6 p .2 1 4 -2 1 5
( 6 3 )

a l-Ab b a s d isp u te d a b o u t Fa d a k d u rin g th e re ign o f O m a r. Ali sa id th a t th e p ro p h e t (s)
h a d d o n a te d it to Fa tim a .Al-Ab b a s d e n ie d th a t a n d th a t it wa s th e p ro p h e t's
o wn e rsh ip a n d th a t h e (a l-Ab b a s) wa s th e h e ir. Th e y we n t to O m a r to ju d ge b e twe e e n
th e m . O m a r re fu se d to ju d ge b e twe e n th e m a n d sa id : " Yo u a re m o re a wa re o f yo u r
a ffa irs a n d a s fo r m e , I h a ve give n it to yo u " .
1

We u n d e rsta n d fro m th is tra d itio n -if it wa s tru e -th a t th e d e cisio n o f th e ca lip h wa s a
te m p o ra ry p o litica l d e cisio n a n d th a t th e situ a tio n wa s o n e o f th e n e ce ssitie s o f th e
ru le a t th a t critica l tim e , o th e rwise wh y d id O m a r ign o re d th e tra d itio n o f Ab u B a k r
a n d p u t it a sid e to give Fa d a k to a l-Ab b a s a n d Ali? H is situ a tio n with th e m sh o we d
th a t h e co n sid e re d Fa d a k a s a p a rt o f th e p ro p h e t's in h e rita n ce a n d n o th in g e lse ,
b e ca u se if it wa s b u t so , Ali a n d Ab b a s wo u ld n o t d isp u te a b o u t it wh e th e r it wa s a
d o n a tio n fro m th e p ro p h e t (s) to Fa tim a o r a p a rt o f h is in h e rita n ce th a t h is h e irs
d e se rve d . Wh a t wa s th e im p o rta n t o f th is d isp u te if th e ca lip h (O m a r) th o u gh t th a t
Fa d a k wa s th e M u slim 's we a lth a n d th a t h e e n tru ste d th e m (Ali a n d a l-Ab b a s) with it
to ta k e ca re o f it ? C o u ld n o t h e e n d th e d isp u te b e twe e n th e m a n d te ll th e m th a t h e
d id n o t th in k it wa s a p a rt o f th e in h e rita n ce o r it b e lo n ge d to Fa tim a a n d th a t h e
e n tru ste d th e m with
____________
1 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a vo l.1 6 p .2 2 1 .R e fe r to th e tra d itio n s co n firm in g th a t Ali wa s th e gu a rd ia n ,th e h e ir
a n d th e ca lip h a fte r th e p ro p h e t (s). R e fe r fo r e xa m p le to Th e h isto ry o f D a m a scu s b y ib n Assa k ir vo l.3 p .5
to se e th e sa yin g o f th e p ro p h e t." E ve ry p ro p h e t h a d a gu a rd ia n a n d h e ir.Ali is m y gu a rd ia n a n d h e ir" .
R e fe r to fa m o u s tra d itio n o f a d -D a r m e n tio n in a t-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h vo l.3 p .2 1 8 , a l-K h a zin 's Ta fse e r vo l.3
p .3 7 1 a b o u t th e in te rp re ta tio n o f th e ve rse : (And warn your nearest relations) a n d Ah m a d 's M u sn a d vo l.2
p .3 5 2 .
( 6 4 )

it ju st to ta k e ca re o f it in ste a d o f h im ? H e d id n o t d e cid e to give Fa d a k to Ali a lo n e
th a t h e wa s n o t ce rta in if th e p ro p h e t h a d d o n a te d it to Fa tim a o r n o t. S o th e re wa s
n o a wa y to ju stify h is givin g it to Ali a n d a l-Ab b a s e xce p t b y co n sid e rin g it a s
in h e rita n ce .H e n ce th e ca se h a d two p o ssib ilitie s;

Th e first : Th a t O m a r a ccu se d Ab u B a k r o f fa b rica tin g th e tra d itio n o f d e n yin g th e
in h e rita n ce .
1

Th e se co n d : Th a t h e in te rp re te d th e tra d itio n a n d u n d e rsto o d th a t it d id n o t o b je ct
to b e q u e a tin g b u t h e d id n o t d iscu ss it with Ab u B a k r wh e n th e la tte r to ld o f it.
Wh e a th e r th is o r th a t wa s tru e ,th e p o litica l sid e wa s cle a r in th is ca se , o th e rwise wh y
d id O m a r a ccu se th e first ca lip h o f fa b rica tin g th e tra d itio n if it d id n o t co n ce rn th e
p o licy o f th e go ve rn m e n t a t h e sita te in d e cla rin g h is o b je ctio n to th e p ro p h e t a n d th e
first ca lip h in m a n y ca se s, h id e h is in te rp re ta tio n ?
I t wa s cle a r th a t Fa tim a cla im e d fo r h e r in h e rita n ce a fte r ru lin g p a rty se ize d it
b e ca u se it wa s n o t co m m o n fo r p e o p le to a sk th e ca lip h 's p e rm issio n in o rd e r to
re cie ve th e ir in h e rita n ce s o r to give in h e rita n ce s to th e p o sse sso rs. S o Fa tim a d id n o t
h a ve to co n su lt with th e ca lip h a n d wa s n o t in n e e d o f h is o p in io n wh e re h e wa s
u n ju st
2
a n d th a t h e le a p t o n th e th ro n e a s sh e th o u gh t. H e n ce h e r a sk in g fo r h e r
in h e rita n ce m u st b e th e e ch o o f th e
____________
1 - With re fre n ce to th e tra d ito n n a rra te d b y Ab u B a k r a lo n e wh e n h e sa id th a t th e p ro p h e t h a d sa id : " We
th e p ro p h e ts, d o n o t b e q u e a th . Wh a t we le a ve is to b e a s ch a rity" . R e fe r to a s-S a wa 'iq a l-M u h riq a p . 3 4
a n d S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a vo l. 1 9 p .2 2 3 .

2 - R e fe r to th e d ia lo gu e b e twe e n th e se co n d ca lip h a n d Ali a n d a l-Ab b a s b in Ab d a l-M u ta llib a s m e n tio n e d
in S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a vo l.1 6 p .2 2 2 .
( 6 5 )

n a tio n a liza tio n -a s we sa y n o wa d a ys-o f th e in h e rita n ce a s a p re te xt to se ize it. I sa y : if
we k n e w th a t Fa tim a d id n o t a sk h e righ ts b e fo re th e y we re e xtra cte d fro m h e r, we
wo u ld fin d th a t th e circu m sta n ce o f h e r cla im e n co u ra ge d , to a fa r e xte n t, th e
o p p o sitio n ists to se ize th e o p p o rtu n ity o f th e ca se o f th e in h e rita n ce to re sist th e
ru lin g p a rty in a p e a ce fu l m a n n e r re q u ire d fo r th e co m m o n we a lth a t th a t tim e a n d to
a ccu se it o f p lu n d e rin g, a lte rin g th e b a se s o f th e S h a ria a n d d e a lin g with th e la w
ca re le ssly.

TH E C AS E O F FAD AK I N TH E
O B JE C TI VE C I R C U M S TAN C E S

I f we wa n te d to u n d e rsta n d th e fo rm s a n d th e re a so n s o f th e d isp u te in th e ligh t o f
th e circu m sta n ce s su rro u n d in g it, we h a d to e xp la in th o se circu m sta n ce s e ve n in
sh o rt to give a cle a r im a ge a b o u t th a t re ve rse a ge a s m u ch a s co n ce rn in g o u r a im .
I d o n o t m e a n b y th e re ve rsa l wh e n I d e scrib e th e re ign o f th e first ca lip h e xce p t its
re a l m e a n in g a p p lyin g to th e ch a n ge a b ility o f th e ru lin g a u th o rity th a t h a d to a cq u ire
th e p u b lic fo rm ,to ta k e it p o we r fro m th e e le ctin g gro u p s a n d to in clin e to th e first
fo rm , wh ich t o o k its p o we r a n d a u th o rity fro m th e H e a ve n .
Th a t m o m e n t, wh e n B a sh e e r b in S a 'd
1
p a tte d th e h a n d o f th e ca lip h (Ab u B a k r),
wa s a p o in t o f ch a n ge in th e h isto ry o f I sla m th a t p u t a n e n d to th e b e st o f th e re ign s
a n d a n n o u n ce d a n o th e r re ign , wh ich we le t h isto ry to give ju d ge m e n t a b o u t

TH E D E ATH O F TH E LE AD E R ;
TH E P R O P H E T

I t wa s th e d a y th a t h a d th e la st o f th e h isto ry o f p ro p h e th o o d , wh ich cu t th e h o lie st
____________
1 - At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h vo l.2 p . 2 4 3 .
( 6 6 )

co n n e ctio n b e twe e n th e H e ve n a n d e a rth a n d cu t th e m o st b le sse d we lfa re a n d
a m e n ity a n d th e b e st e d u ca tin g fo r h u m a n k in d wh e n th e m a ste r o f th e h u m a n b e in gs
b re a th e d h is la st a n d h is so u l fle w to wa rd th e E xa lte d C o m p a n io n a n d wa s a t a
d ista n ce o f b u t two b o w-le n gth o r (e ve n ) n e a re r.
P e o p le h u rrie d to th e h o n o re d h o u se o f p ro p h e th o o d , wh ich u se to sh in e with it
b righ t ligh t,to fa re we ll th e b lissfu l M u h a m m a d a n a ge a n d to e sco rt th e p ro h e th o o d
th a t wa s th e k e y o f th e glo ry o f th e u m m a a n d th e se cre t o f its gre a tn e ss. Th e y
ga th e re d a ro u n d h im b e in g p e lte d with d iffe re n t id e a rs a n d m e m o rie s a b o u t th e
sp le n d o r o f p ro p h e th o o d a n d lo ftn e ss o f th e gre a t p ro p h e t. Th e y th o u gh t th a t th o se
te n ye a rs, in wh ich th e y e n jo ye d th e ca re o f th e b e st o f p ro p h e t e s a n d th e k in d e st o f
fa th e rs, wa s a n ice d re a m th e y e n jo ye d a m o m e n t o f th e tim e a n d th e h u m a n ity
flo u rish e d with in a p e rio d o f th e ir life a n d h e re th e y wo k e to fa ce th e wo rst o f wh a t a
wa k in g sle e p e r wo u ld fa ce .
Wh ile p e o p le we re in th is p re va ilin g d istre ss a n d th e te rrib le sile n ce , n o o n e
u tte rin g a wo rd , sa tisfyin g th e m se lve s in b e wa ilin g th is gre a t d e p a rte d so u l with te a rs,
re gre ts, re ve re n ce a n d m e m o rie s, th e y we re su rp rise d b y a vo ice ra ttlin g in th e sp a ce
to cu t th e sile n ce th a t o ve rco m e th e m e e tin g grie f-strick e n p e o p le . I wa s a n n o u n cin g
th a t th e p ro p h e t d id n o t d ie a n d wo u ld n o t d ie u n til h e m a d e h is re ligio n p re va il o ve r
a ll re ligio n s a n d th a t h e wo u ld co m e b a ck to cu t th e h a n d s a n d th e le gs o f so m e m e n ,
wh o sp re a d fa lse ru m o rs a b o u t d e a th :" I f I h e a r a m a n sa yin g th a t th e p ro p h e t h a s
d ie d , I will strik e h im with swo rd ."
1

____________
1 - At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h vo l.2 p .2 3 2 -2 3 3 a n d a l m ila l we n -N ih a l b y a sh -S h a h rista n i, vo l.1 , p .2 9 .
( 6 7 )

Th e e ye s tu rn e d to wa rd s th e so u rce o f th e vo ice to id e n tify th e sp e a k e r. Th e y fo u n d
it wa s O m a r b in a l-k h a tta b sta n d in g a m o n g th e p e o p le ra ttlin g h is id e a firm ly th a t d id
n o t a cce p t a n y a rgu m e n t. P e o p le re fre sh e d a ga in a n d th e sp e e ch o f O m a r b e ga n to
p a ss fro m m o u th to m o u th a n d so m e p e o p le ga th e re d a ro u n d h im .
P e rh a p s m a n y o f th e m d e n ie d h is sa yin g a n d fo u n d it stra n ge . S o m e o f th e m trie d
to a rgu e with h im a b o u t h is sa yin g b u t h e re m a in e d clin gin g to h is sa yin g. P e o p le
in cre a se d ga th e rin g a ro u n d h im a sto n ish e d u n till Ab u b a k r,wh o wa s a t h is h o m e
wh e n th e p ro p h e rt d ie d , ca m e H e sa id ; " I f yo u wo rsh ip e d M u h a m m a d , th e n
M u h a m m a d is d e a d . An d if yo u r wo rsh ip e d Alla h , Alla h is a live a n d n e ve r d ie s. Alla h
sa id : (Surely you shall die and they (too) shall surely die) a n d h e sa id : (if then he dies
or is killed will you turn back on your heels?)" wh e n O m a r h e a rd th a t, h e ga ve in a n d
b e lie ve d th a t th e P ro p h e t h a d d ie d . H e sa id : " I t is a s if I h e a r th is ve rse fo r th e first
tim e n o w."
1

We d id n o t se e in th is sto ry-a s m a n y re se a rch e rs h a d se e n -th a t th e ca lip h (Ab u
B a k r) wa s th e h e ro o f th a t wo n d e rfu l circu m sta n ce s a n d th a t h e d e se rve d th e
ca lip h a te b e ca u se o f h is situ a tio n a ga in st O m a r's o p in io n . Th e m a tte r wa s n o t so
im p o rta n t a n d th a t h isto ry d id n o t m e n tio n e ve n o n e m a n su p p o rte d O m a r o n h is
o p in io n . I t wa s b u t a p e rso n a l o p in io n th a t h a d n o e ffe ct o r d e n ge r to b e p u t d o wn .
To b e sin ce re to th e re se a rch .I h a ve to cla rify th a t th e e xp re ssio n o f th e ca lip h (Ab u
B a k r) a b o u t th e situ a tio n ( th e p ro p h e t's d e a th ) wa s p a le to a d e gre e th a t it d id n o t
h a ve a n y o f th e b u rn in g fe e lin gs o f th e M u slim s in th a t d a y. I n fa ct h e d id
____________
1 - At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h vo l.2 p 2 3 2 -2 3 3 .
( 6 8 )

n o t a d d a n yth in g wh e n e xp re ssin g th e d isa ste r th a n to sa y: " Wh o e ve r wo rsh ip p e d
M u h a m m a d ,th e n M u h a m m a d is d e a d " . Th a t d ifficu lt situ a tio n re q u ire d Ab u B a k r,if h e
wa n te d to p re se n t h im se lf a s a le a d e r in th a t m o m e n t,to sh o w a su ita b le a ffe ctio n
a b o u t th e gre a t d e p a rte d le a d e r co rre sp o n d in g with th e a gita te d se n tim e n ts o f
p e o p le with grie f a n d re gre t o n th a t d a y.An d wh o wo rsh ip e d M u h a m m a d th a t h e sa id :
" Wh o e ve r wo rsh ip e d M u h a m m a d , th e n M u h a m m a d is d e a d " ? Wa s th e re in O m a r's
sp e e ch so m e th in g sh o win g th a t h e wo rsh ip e d th e p ro p h e t? Wa s th e re a wa ve o f
a p o sta sy a n d b la sp h e m y a m o n g th o se fa ith fu l p e o p le , wh o co u ld n o t h e lp th e ir te a rs
a n d p a tie n ce b e ca u se o f th e d e e p -ro o te d fa ith , to m a k e h im d e cla re fo r th e m th a t
re ligio n wa s n o t lim ite d to th e life o f th e p ro p h e t (s) b e ca u se h e wa s n o t a wo rsh ip e d
go d ?
S o th e sp e e ch o f Ab u B a k r h a d n o a n y re la tio n to th e co n d itio n o f p e o p le n o r to
O m a r's id e a n o r th e se n tim e n ts a n d a ffa irs o f th e m u slim s o n th a t d a y. I n fa ct h e wa s
p re ce d e d in th a t b y th o se ,wh o trie d to a rgu e with a s yo u will se e la te r.


TH E C AS E O F S AQ E E FA AN D
I M AM ALI 'S S I TU ATI O N

At th e sa m e tim e th e re wa s a n o th e r m e e tin g h e ld b y An sa r a t th e sa q e e fa o f B e n i
S a 'id a le d b y S a 'd b in O b a d a ,th e ch ie f o f a l-K h a zra j.
1
H e in vite d th e m to ch o o se h im
a s th e ca lip h a n d th e y a gre e d .
2
" Th e y d iscu sse d th e m a tte r a m o n g th e m a n d
su p p o se d : " I f th e M u h a jire e n re fu se d a n d sa id th a t th e y we re th e p ro p h e t's trib e a n d
p e o p le ,we wo u ld sa y: An e m ir fro m u s a n d a n e m ir fro m yo u . " S a 'd sa id : " Th is is th e
first sign o f we a k n e ss."
____________
1 - O n e o f th e two gre a t trib e s o f M e d in a .

2 - At-Ta b a ri'a Ta re e k h vo l.2 p .2 3 3 .
( 6 9 )

Wh e n O m a r k n e w o f th is m e e tin g, h e ca m e to th e p ro p h e t's h o u se a n d se n t fo r Ab u
B a k r to co m e o u t. Ab u B a k r sa id th a t h e wa s b u sy. Th e n O m a r se n t h im a m e ssa ge
th a t so m e th in g h a d h a p p e n e d a n d h e h a d to a tte n d .H e ca m e o u t. Th e y, with Ab u
O b a yd a , we n t to th e S a q e e fa . Ab u B a k r m a d e a sp e e ch , in wh ich h e m e n tio n e d th e
clo se re la tio n b e twe e n th e M u h a jire e n a n d th e p ro p h e t a n d th a t th e y we re h is trib e
a n d a ssista n ce . Th e n h e sa id : " We a re th e e m irs a n d yo u a re vizie rs.We will n o t
o p in io n a te with o u t yo u r co u n se l o r d e cid e a n y m a tte r with o u t yo u ." Al-H u b a b b in a l-
M u n th ir b in a l-Ja m o o h sto o d a n d sa id : " O p e o p le o f An sa r, k e e p to yo u r o p in io n .Th e
p e o p le a re with yo u . N o o n e will d a re to o b je ct to yo u o r to o p p o se yo u r o p in io n .Yo u
a re th e p e o p le o f p o we r a n d glo ry.Yo u a re th e m a jo rity with co u ra ge a n d va lo r. P e o p le
lo o k fo rwo rd to wh a t yo u d o . D o n o t b e in d isa gre e m e n t le st yo u sp o il d e cisio n . I f
th e se p e o p le (M u h a jire e n ) re fu se b u t th e ir o p in io n ,so it will b e o n e e m ir fro m u s a n d
o n e e m ir fro m th e m " .
O m a r sa id : " H o w fa r! Two swo rd s n e ve r m e e t in o n e sh e a th . B y Alla h , th e Ara b s d o
n o t a cce p t to give yo u th e ca lip h a te wh e re a s th e P ro p h e t wa s givin g it to th o se wh o m
th e P ro p h e t wa s fro m . Wh o d a re to d isp u te u s fo r th e a u th o rity o f M u h a m m a d wh ile
we a re h is trib e a n d gu a rd ia n s?" Al-H a b u b b in a l -M u n th ir sa id : " O p e o p le o f An sa r,
k e e p to yo u r a gre e m e n t a n d d o n o t liste n to th e righ t. I f th e y d e n y, yo u a re to e xp e l
th e m fro m th is co u n try b e ca u se yo u a re wo rth ie r o f th is m a tte r th a n th e m . B y yo u r
swo rd s p e o p le S u b m itte d to th is re ligio n , I t is o u r th o u gh t th a t we d e fe n d a n d we
su ffice to . I swe a r b y Alla h th a t we , if yo u wa n t,
( 7 0 )

will figh t fo r it." th e n O m a r sa id : " Alla h m a y k ill yo u ." H e sa id : " I t is yo u , wh o m Alla h
m a y k ill." Ab u O b a yd a sa id : " O P e o p le o f An sa r, we re th e first ,wh o su p p o rte d th e
P ro p h e t, d o n o t b e th e first, wh o ch a n ge th e su n n a ."
B a sh e e r b in sa 'd , th e fa th e r o f a n -N u 'm a n b in B a sh e e r sto o d u p a n d sa id ; " O p e o p le
o f An sa r, M u h a m m a d wa s fro m Q u ra ysh a n d h is p e o p le a re wo rth ie r o f h im .I swe a r
b y Alla h th a t I n e ve r d isp u t with th e m a b o u t th is m a tte r." Ab u b a k r sa id : " Th e se a re
O m a r a n d a b u O b a yd a . Yo u m a y p a y h o m a ge to a n y o f th e m ." Th e y b o th sa id ; " B y
Alla h we will n o t d o th a t wh e n yo u a re th e b e st o f th e M u h a jire e n a n d th e su cce sso r
to th e P ro p h e t in p ra ye r, wh ich is th e b e st p illa r o f re ligio n . E xte n d yo u r h a n d ! " Wh e n
h e E xte n d h is h a n d so th a t O m a r a n d Ab u O b a yd a wo u ld p a y h o m a ge to h im , B a sh e e r
b in sa 'd p re ce d e d a n d p a id h o m a ge to b e fo re th e m . Al -H u b a b b in a l- m u n tjir sa id to
h im :" m isfo rtu n e s m a y h it yo u ! D o yo u b e gru d ge yo u r co u sin th e e m ira te ?" O ssa yd
b in K h u d h a yr, th e ch ie f o f th e trib e o f a l-o u ss
1
sa id to h is fo llo ws : B y Alla h , if yo u d o
n o t p a y h o m a ge , th e trib e o f a l- K h a za ra j will ga in th e virtu e fo r e ve r." th e p a id
h o m a ge to Ab u b a k r. P e o p le ,fro m e ve ry sid e b e ga n to p a y h o m a ge .
2

We n o tice in th is tra d itio n th a t it wa s O m a r, wh o h e a rd a b o u t th e m e e tin g o f th e
An sa r a t th e sa q e e fa a n d to ld Ab u b a k r o f it. As lo n g a s we k n o w th a t O m a r wa s n o t
in sp ire d with th is n e ws b y th e h e a ve n , so h e m u st h a ve le ft th e P ro p h e t 's h o u se a fte r
Ab u B a k a r h a d co n vin ce d h im o f th e p ro p h e t" s h o u se d e a th . Wh y d id h e le a ve th e
p ro p h e t 's h o u se ? An d
____________
1 - th e o th e r gre a t trib e o f M e d in a .

2 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a vo l.1 p 1 2 7 -1 2 8 a n d Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h
( 7 1 )

Wh y d id h e te ll Ab u B a k r a lo n e a b o u t th e e ve n t o f sa q e e fa ? An d m a n y o th e r
q u e stio n s lik e th a t , wh ich we d o n o t fin d re a so n a b le a n swe rs fo r. I t le a d s u s to th in k
th a t th e re wa s a p re vio u s a gre e m e n t b e twe e n Ab u b a k r,O m a r a n d Ab u O b a yd a o n a
ce rta in p la n co n ce rn in g th e ca lip h a te .
We ca n fin d m a n y e vid e n ce s fo r th is co n ce p t th a t m a y p e rm it u s to su p p o se so .

First : O m a r to ld Ab u B a k r a lo n e a b o u t th e n e ws o f S a q e e fa a n d h e in siste d o n ca llin g
h im e ve n a fte r h is e xcu sin g h im se lf a s b e in g b u sy u n til h e h in te d a t th e p u rp o se . H e
we n t o u t a n d th e b o th h u rrie d to th e S a q e e fa .
1
it wa s p o ssib le fo r O m a r to ca ll fo r a n y
o th e r o n e o f th e gre a t co m p a n io n s o f th e M u h a jire e n a fte r Ab u B a k r a p o lo gize d th a t
h e co u ld n o t co m e o u t. Th is in siste n ce o f O m a r co u ld n o t b e in te rp re te d a s th e
fre in d sh ip th a t wa s b e twe e n th e m b e ca u se th e m a tte r wa s n o t a m a tte r o f frie n d sh ip
a n d th e d isp u te o f th e An sa r d id n o t d e p e n d o n th a t O m a r wa s to fin d a frie n d b u t to
b e a siste d b y a n yo n e ,wh o wa s to a gre e with h im o n th e p re ce d e n ce o f th e
M u h a jire e n .
Le t u s n o tice to o th a t O m a r se n d a M e sse n ge r to Ab u B a k a r te llin g h im o f th a t a n d
h e h im se lf d id n o t go fe a rin g th a t th e n e ws m igh t sp re a d in th e P ro p h e t's h o u se a n d
th a t th e H a sh im ite s a n d th e o th e r m igh t h e a r o f it.
Th e se co n d tim e h e a sk e d th e M e sse n ge r to te ll Ab u B a k r so m e th in g h a d h a p p e n d ,
wh ich re q u ire d h is a tte n d a n ce . We d o n o t th in k th a t th e a tte n d a n ce o f o f Ab u B a k a r
wa s so im p o rta n t u n le e s th e m a tte r wa s so p riva te a n d p u rp o se wa s to ca rry o u t o f a
p la n th a t wa s a gre e d o n p re vio u sly.
2

____________
1 - At - Ta b a ri 's Ta re e k h vo l.2 , p .2 4 2 .

2 - R e fe r to a t- Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h vo l.2 , p .2 3 4 .
( 7 2 )

S e co n d : O m a r's situ a tio n a b o u t th e P ro p h e t 's d e a th wh e n h e C la im e d h e d id n o t d ie .
We ca n n o t in te rp re t it a s th a t O m a r wa s co n fu se d b e ca u se o f th e d isa ste r o f th e
P ro p h e t's d e a th a n d lo st h is re a so n to cla im wh a t h e cla im e d b e ca u se th e co n d u ct o f
O m a r a lo n g h is life d o n o t sh o w h e wa s fro m th is k in d , e sp e cia lly h is situ a tio n in th e
S a q e e fa a fte r th is m a tte r im m e d ia te ly. H e ,wh o wa s e ffe cte d b y th e d isa ste r to a
d e gre e th a t h e lo st h is re a so n ,wo u ld n o t d o wh a t h e d id a fte r o n e h o u r o f th a t .H e
a rgu e d , re siste d a n d stru ggle d .
1

We k n o w to o th a t O m a r h a d n o t th a t o p in io n , wh ich h e d e cla re d in th a t critica l
m o m e n ts so m e d a ys o r so m e h o u rs b e fo re , wh e n th e p ro p h e t b e ca m e se rio u s ill. Th e
P ro p h e t(s) wa n te d to write a will to sa fe gu a rd P e o p le fro m d e via tio n b u t O m a r
o p p o se d h im a n d sa id ; " th e B o o k o f Alla h (th e Q u ra n ) is e n o u gh fo r u s. Th e P ro p h e t is
ra vin g.
2
o r (h e is o ve rco m e b y p a in )" a s it wa s m e n tio n e d in th e su n n i B o o k s (sa h ih ).
H e b e lie ve d th a t th e P ro p h e t wo u ld d ie (lik e th e o th e rs) a n d th a t h is illn e ss m igh t
m a k e h im d ie , o th e rwise h e wo u ld n o t o p p o se h im .I t wa s m e n tio n e d in I b n k a th e e r's
Ta re e k h (h isto ry) th a t O m a r b in za 'id h a d re cite d th e
____________
1 - At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h , vo l.2 p .2 3 5 .

2 - R e fe r to a l-B u k h a ri's S a h ih vo l.1 p .3 7 a n d vo l.8 p .1 6 1 .
( 7 3 )

ve rse , wh ich Ab u B a k r re cite d to O m a r, b e fo re Ab u B a k r re cite d it to O m a r, b u t O m a r
wa s n o t sa tisfie d with it ye t h e a cce p te d Ab u B a k r 's sp e e ch a n d wa s sa tisfie d with
it.
1

S o ca n we in te rp re te d th a t b u t to sa y th a t O m a r wa n te d to m a k e d istu rb a n ce
a m o n g P e o p le b y h is wo rd (th a t th e p ro p h e t d id n o t d ie ) a n d to m a k e P e o p le b u sy
co n firm in g o r re fu tin g it a s lo n g a s Ab B a k r wa s a b se n t le st so m e th in g wo u ld h a p p e n
co n ce rn in g th e ca lip h a te a n d so m e th in g th a t Ab u B a k r m u st a tte n d - a cco rd in g to
O m a r's sa yin g? th u s wh e n Ab u B a k r a p p e re d , O m a r b e ca m e tra n q u il a n d fe lt sa ve
th a t th e ca lip h a te h a d tu rn e d a wa y fro m th e H a sh im ite s a s lo n g a s th e o p p o sitio n ist
h a d a vo ice in th e fie ld . H e we n t to p ick u p th e n e ws e xp e ctin g wh a t wo u ld h a p p e n
u n till h e go t th e n e ws th a t h e d id n o t e xp e ct.

Th ird : Th e fo rm o f th e go ve rn m e n t th a t wa s p ro d u ce d in th e S a q e e fa ; Ab u B a k r
b e ca m e th e ca lip h , Ab u O b a yd a b e ca m e in ch a rge o f th e tre a su ry a n d O m a r b e ca m e
in ch a rge o f ju d ge m e n t.
2
I n m o d e rn te rm s th a t th e first wa s in ch a rge o f th e h igh
p o litica l a u th o rity, wh ich se co n d wa s in ch a rge o f th e e co n o m ic a u th o rity, a n d th e
th ird wa s in ch a rge o f th e ju d icia l a u th o rity, wh ich we re th e m a in a u th o ritie s in th e
syste m o f th e isla m ic go ve rn m e n t.
Th e d ivitio n o f vita l p o sitio n o f th e isla m ic go ve rn m e n t o n th a t d a y a m o n g th e se
th re e m e n wh o p la ye d th e p ro m in e n t ro le a t th e sa q e e fa , d id n o t h a p p e n b y ch a n ce
o r th a t it wa s im p ro vise d .

Fo u rth : Th e sa yin g o f o m a r wh e n h e wa s a b o u t
____________
1 - Al- B id a ye h we n N ih a ye b y ib n k a th e e r,vo l5 p .2 1 3

2 - AL- k a m il fit ta re e k h b y ib n u l a th e e r , vo l.2 , p 1 7 6 . wh e n Ab u B a k r b e ca m e th e ca lip h , Ab u o b a yd a sa i
to h im ; I will su ffice fo r th e tre a su re a n d o m a r sa id : I will su ffice fo r th e ju d ge m e n t ... th e wa li o f m e cca
wa s E ta b b in o sa yd
( 7 4 )

to d ie : " I f Ab u o b a yd a wa s a live , i wo u ld a p p o in t h im a s th e ca lip h ."
1

I t wa s th e su fficie n cy o f Ab u o b a yd a th a t le d O m a r to wish so , b e ca u se h e th o u gh t
th a t Ali wa s th e m o st su fficie n t o n e fo r th e ca lip h a te ; n e ve rth e le ss h e d id n o t wa n t to
u n d e rta k e th e re sp o n sib ility o f th e U m m a a live o r d e a d .
2

I t wa s n o t th e fid e lity o f Ab u O b a yd a , o f wh ich th e p ro p h e t (s)h a d witn e sse d -a s
O m a r cla im e d - th a t wa s th e re a so n o f th a t b e ca u se th e p ro p h e t d id n o t d istin gu ish
Ab u O b a yd a with p ra ise wh e re a s m a n y o f th e gre a t M u slim s a t th a t tim e we re
h o n o re d b y th e p ro p h e tic p ra ise m u ch m o re th a n th a t o f Ab u O b a yd a
3
a s it
m e n tio n e d in th e S u n n i a n d S h ia b o o k s.

Fifth : Fa tim a (s) a ccu se d th e ru le rs o f th e p o litica l p a rtisa n sh ip a s yo u will se e in th e
n e xt ch e p te r.

S ixth : Th e sa yin g o f I m a m Ali to O m a r :O " O m a r m ilk a m ilk in g th a t yo u will h a ve a
h a lf o f it. S u p p o r h im (Ab u b a k r) to d a y so h e m a y re co m p e n se yo u to m o rro w" .
4

I t wa s cle a r th a t im a m Ali h in te d a t m u tu a l u n d e rsta n d in g b e twe e n th e two
p e rso n s a n d a t a n a gre e m e n t o n a ce rta in p la n b e twe e n th e m ,o th e rwise th e d a y o f
sa q e e fa itse lf wo u ld n o t h o ld a ll th o se p o litica l a cco u n ts th a t m a d e O m a r
____________
1 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.1 , p .6 4 a n d a t-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h ,vo l.2 , p .5 8 0 . I t wa s m e n tio n e d th a t a l-Awd i
h a d sa id : " Wh e n O m a r wa s sta b b e d , h e wa s a sk e d : I f yo u h a d a p p o in te d th e ca lip h ! H e sa id : wh o m wo u ld I
a p p o in t? if Ab u O b a yd a wa s a live , I wo u ld a p p o in t h im ..."

2 - At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h ,vo l.2 , p .5 8 0 a n d a l-An sa b b y a l-B a la th iri, vo l.5 p .1 6 .

3 - R e fe r -fo r e xa m p le -to M u k h ta sa r Ta re e k h o f ib n Assa k ir ,vo l.1 7 p .3 5 6 to se e th e ve rtu e s o f I m a m Ali ,a n -
N a ssa 'iy's K h a ssa 'iss p .7 2 a n d m u ro o j a th -th a h a b b y a l-M a so u 'd i , vo l.2 p .4 3 7 .

4 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.6 , p .1 1
( 7 5 )

h a ve a h a lf th e m ilk ! S e ve n th : Wh a t wa s m e n tio n e d in th e le tte r o f M u 'a wiya b in Ab u
S u fya n to M u h a m m a d b in Ab u B a k r (M a y Alla h b e p le a se d with h im ) a b o u t a ccu sin g
h is fa th e r (Ab u B a k r) a n d O m a r o f h a vin g a gre e m e n t to ge th e r to sp o il I m a m Ali's righ t
(th e ca lip h a te ) a n d o f th e ir se cre t p la n in n g fo r th e a tta ck a ga in st I m a m Ali. H e sa id in
h is le tte r:
" We a n d yo u r fa th e r k n e w th e virtu e o f ib n Ab u Ta lib a n d h is righ t th a t we h a d to
re ga rd a n d a cce p t.Wh e n Alla h ch o se fo r H is p ro p h e t wh a t H e h a d , ca rrie d o u t o f H is
p ro m ise , sp re a d H is m issio n a n d cle a re d H is e vid e n ce th e n h e ra ise d h is ( th e
p ro p h e t's) so u l to th e b e tte r wo rld ,yo u r fa th e r a n d O m a r we re th e first, wh o e xo rte d
h is (Ali) righ t a n d o p p o se d h is cla im .O n th a t th e y a gre e d a n d b e ca m e co n siste n t.Th e n
th e y a sk e d h im to p a y h o m a ge to th e m b u t h e d id n o t re sp o n d to th e m so th e y
in te n d e d to fo rce h im to b y a n y m e a n s e ve n th e wo rst o f it."
1

We n o tice th a t M u 'a wiya a d d e d a fte r Ab u B a k r a n d O m a r's a sk in g I m a m Ali to p a y
h o m a ge " Th e n th e y a gre e d ..a n d b e ca m e co n siste n t" to sh o w th a t th e ir m o ve m e n t
wa s p la n n e d p re vio u sly a n d th e a gre e m e n t o n th e ca lip h a te p re ce e d e d th e ir p o litica l
a ctio n s o n th a t d a y.
I d o n o t wa n t to go fa r in stu d yin g th is h isto rica l sid e b u t i m a y th in k in th e ligh t o f
th a t h isto rica l a cco u n t th a t th e ca lip h wa s n o t in d iffe re n t to th e ru le a s m a n y
re se a rch e rs d e scrib e d h im .I n fa ct we ca n fin d in th e ve ry a gre e m e n t,d o n e b y th e
ca lip h in th e S a q e e fa o n th a t d a y,e vid e n ce sh o win g th a t h e lo o k e d fo rwo rd to th e ru le .
H e , a fte r d e cle a rin g th e m a in co n d itio n s o f th e ca lip h , wa n te d
____________
1 - M u ro o j a th -Th a h a b b y a l-M a s'o u d i, vo l.3 p .1 9 9 .
( 7 6 )

to lim it th e m a tte r to h im se lf so h e su gge ste d o n e o f h is two co m p a n io n s (O m a r a n d
Ab u O b a yd a ),
1
wh o wo u ld n o t p re ce d e h im . S o th e n a tu ra l re su lt o f th a t wa s th a t h e
h im se lf go t it.
Th e h e ste o f Ab u B a k r to a p p ly th a t fo rm ,wh ich h e p re se n te d ,a s th e fo rm o f th e
le ga l ca lip h a n d th a t h e su gge ste d o n e o f h is two fre in d s sp e cia lly th a t wo u ld n o t le a d
e xce p t to h im ,d id m e a n th a t h e wa n te d to e xto rt th e ca lip h a te fro m th e An sa r a n d to
fix it fo r h im se lf a t th e sa m e tim e . Fo r th a t re a so n h e d id n o t h e sita te wh e n h is two
frie n d s o ffe re d h im to b e th e ca lip h e . O m a r h im se lf witn e sse d to Ab u B a k r th a t h e
wa s a sk ille d e va sive p o liticia n o n th e d a y o f S a q e e fa in o n e o f h is lo n g tra d itio n s, in
wh ich h e d e scrib e d Ab u B a k r a s th e m o st e n viu o s o f Q u ra ysh .
2

We fin d in wh a t wa s m e n tio n e d a b o u t th e two ca lip h s (Ab u B a k r a n d o m a r) d u rin g
th e tim e o f p ro p h e t(s) th a t th e y h a ve a p o litica l fa n cy in th e ir m in d s a n d th a t th e y
th o u gh t o f so m e th in g a t le a st. I t wa s m e n tio n e d in th e S u n n i b o o k s th a t th e p ro p h e t
(s) h a d sa id : " S o m e o f yo u will figh t fo r th e sa k e o f th e in te rp re ta tio n o f th e Q u ra n a s I
fo u gh t fo r th e sa k e o f re ve le tio n ." Ab u B a k r sa id : I t is m e , O m e sse n ge r o f Alla h ." H e
sa id : " N o " O m a r sa id : " I s it m e ,O m e sse n ge r o f Alla h ." H e sa id : " N o ,b u t h e is th e o n e
m e n d in g th e sh o e s -h e m e a n t Ali."
3
Figh tin g fo r th e in te rp re ta tio n wo u ld b e a fte r th e
d e a th o f th e p ro p h e t a n d th e figh te r m u st b e th e e m ir o f p e o p le ,so e a ch o f Ab u B a k r
a n d O m a r
____________
1 - At- Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h ,vo l 2 p 2 3 3 .

2 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.1 p 1 2 5 .

3 - As-S a wa d i'q u l M u h riq a b y ib n H a ja r p .1 2 3 , I m a m Ah m a d 's M u sn a d ,vo l.3 p .3 3 , K a n zu l O m m a l ,
vo l.1 5 p .9 4 ,K h a ssa i'ss Am iru l M u 'm in e e n b y a n -N a ssa 'ie , p .1 3 1 , a t-Ta j a j-Ja m i lil-U so o l, vo l.3 p .3 3 6 .
( 7 7 )

lo o k e d fo rwa rd to b e th e figh te r fo r th e in te rp re ta tio n a lth o u gh th e figh tin g fo r th e
re ve la tio n wa s a va ila b le to th e m in th e tim e o f th e p ro p h e t b u t th e y d id n o t h a ve a
sh a re in it th a t m igh t sh o w th e sid e , wh ich we try to u n co ve r in th e ir p sych o lo gie s.
I n fa ct I wa n t to go fu rth e r to cla rify th a t th e re we re m a n y p e rso n s wo rk in g in th e
in te re st o f Ab u B a k r a n d O m a r.
1
First o f th e m we re Aa 'ish a a n d H a fsa
2
,wh o h u rre id
to ca ll th e ir fa th e rs wh e n th e p ro p h e t (s) se n t fo r h is b e lo ve d (Ali) in h is la st
m o m e n ts
3
th a t th e e vid e n ce s sh o we d it wa s th e n a tu ra l circu m sta n ce s fo r m a k in g
th e will. th e y b o th
(Aa 'ish a n d H a fsa ) m u st b e m e a n t b y th e tra d itio n sa yin g th a t so m e o f p ro p h e t's
wive s se n t a m e sse n ge r to O ssa m a
4
te llin g h im to d e ly th e tra ve l. I f we k n o w th is a n d
we k n o w it wa s n o t d o n e b y th e p ro p h e t's p e rm issio n ,o th e rwise h e (th e p ro p h e t)
wo u ld n o t o rd e r o ssa m a to h u rry in h is tra ve l wh e n h e ca m e to h im a fte r th a t a n d if
we k n o w th a t th e tra ve l o f o ssa m a with th o se , wh o
____________
1 - I m a m a s-sa d r co m m e n te d : Th e p ro p h e t wa s a sk e d wh e n h e th re a te n e d a gro u p o f Q u ra ysh to b e
fo u gh t b y a m a n fro m Q u ra ysh , wh o se h e a rt Alla h h a d te ste sd with fa ith . H e wo u ld k ill th e m fo r th e sa k e
o f th e re ligio n .wa s th a t m a n Ab u B a k r? H e sa id : N o .wa s th a t m a n O m a r? h e sa id : N o ... R e fe r to a h m a d 's
m u sn a d , vo l.3 p .3 3 th e tra d itio n ign o re d th e n a m e o f th e a sk e r, wh o th o u gh t th a t th e m a n , wh o m th e
p ro p h e t d e scrib e d ,wa s e ith e r Ab u B a k r o r O m a r. if Ab u B a k r a n d O m a r we re k n o wn n e ith e r fo r co u ra ge
n o r b ra ve ry in th e wa rs a t th e tim e o f th e p ro p h e t , so th e re m u st b e a n o th e r re a so n le d th e a sk e r to a sk
th o se two q u e stio n . I le t yo u th in k o f th e re st!

2 - Aa 'ish s wa s th e d a u gh te r o f Ab u B a k r a n d H a fsa wa s th e d a u gh te r o f O m a r. B o th we re th e p ro p h e t
wa ve s.

3 - R e fe r to a s-su n a n a l-k u b ra b y a n -N issa 'e i vo l.5 p 1 4 5 a n d m u k h ta ssa r Ta re e k h ib n Asa k ir, vo l1 8 p 2 1 .

4 - O ssa m a wa s th e le a d e r o f th e a rm y th a t th e p ro p h e t -so m e d a ys b e fo re h is d e a th -o rd e r to se t o u t fo r
sh a m .
( 7 8 )

we re with h im , wo u ld p re ve n t th e re su lts o f th e d a y o f th e sa q e e fa fro m b e in g
a ch ie ve d ,we will fin d ca se with p re m id e ta te d p lo t co n firm in g wh a t we th o u gh t.
Th e o p in io n o f th e sh ia a b o u t wh y th e p ro p h e t se n t o ssa m a with th a t a rm y wa s
cle a r.I t wa s b e ca u se th e p ro p h e t fe lt th a t th e re wa s a n a gre e m e n t b e twe e n so m e o f
h is co m p a n io n s o n a ce rta in th in g, wh ich wo u ld m a k e th e m a fro n t o f o p p o sitio n o f
Ali.
E ve n if we d o u b t th is, we n e ve r d o u b t th a t th e p ro p h e t p u t Ab u B a k r a n d Ali in th e
sca le s m a n y tim e s in fro n t o f th e m u slim s to se e with th e ir e ye s th a t th e y (Ab u B a k r
a n d Ali) wo u ld n e ve r e ve n in th e fa ir sca le s. Wo u ld yo u th in k th a t e xe m p tin g Ab u B a k r
1
fro m in fo rm in g th e u n b e lie ve rs o f th e su ra o f B a ra 'a , a fte r h e wa s ch a rge d with it,it
wa s a n a tu ra l th in g? wh y d id An ge l G a b rie l wa it u n til Ab u B a k r re a ch e d th e h a lfwa y
a n d th e n h e d e sce n d e d to th e p ro p h e t o rd e rin g h im to se n d a fte r Ab u B a k r o d e rin g
h im to co m e b a ck a n d th e n to se n d Ali to ca rry o u t th e ta sk ? wa s it in va in o r
in a d ve rta n ce o r so m e th in g e lse ? Ye s, it wa s so m e th in g e lse , th e p ro p h e t (s) fe lt th a t
th e sta n d b y co m p e tito r a ga in st h is co u sin a n d gu a rd ia n ( Ali) wa s Ab u B a k r. S o Alla h
wish e d h im to se n d Ab u B a k r a n d th e n to re tu rn h im a fte r th e p e o p le k n e w th a t Ab u
B a k r wa s se n t th e n to se n d Ali, wh o m th e p ro p h e t co n sid e re d e rd a s h im se lf,
2
to sh o w
th e M u slim s th e d iffe re n ce b e twe e n th e two a n d th e in sign ifica n ce o f th is co m p e tito r,
wh o m Alla h d id n o t e n tru st with a su ra to b e in fo rm e d to a gro u p o f
____________
1 - Ah m a d 's M u sn a d ,vo l.1 p .3 , a l-K a sh sh a f b y a z-Z a m a k h sh a ri, vo l.2 p .2 4 3 a n d a s-S a wa 'iq u M u h riq a b y ib n
H a ja r p .3 2

2 - R e fe r to a l-K a sh sh a f b y a z-Z a m a k h sh a ri,vo l.1 p .3 6 8 a n d a s-S a wa 'iq u l M u h riq a b y ib n H a ja r p .1 5 6
( 7 9 )

p e o p le ,so h o w a b o u t th e ca lip h a te a n d th e a b so lu te a u th o rity? We ge t o u t o f th is
a n a lysis with two co n clu tio n s; Th e first: Ab u B a k r wa s k e e n fo r th e ca lip h a te a n d
d re a m t o f it a n d th a t h e ca m e to it e a ge rly a n d lo n ge rly.Th e se co n d : Ab u B a k r: O m a r
a n d Ab u O b a yd a fo rm e d a n im p o rta n t p o litica l p a rty. We ca n n o t p u t a cle a r im a ge fo r
it b u t we ca n co n firm its e xiste n ce b y m a n y e vid e n ce s. I d o n o t th in k th a t it
d isp a ra ge d th e m a n d it wa s n o t b a d fo r th e m to th in k a b o u t th e a ffa irs o f th e
ca lip h a te a n d to a gre e o n a sa m e p o licy if th e p ro p h e t h a d n o t a ve rd ict co n ce rn in g
th e m a tte r b u t if th e re wa s a ce rta in ve rd ict, th e ir b e in g fa r a wa y fro m th e p o litica l
fa n cy a n d th e ir im p ro visin g th e co n ce p t o f th e ca lip h a te a t th e m o m e n t o f th e
S a q e e fa
1
wo u ld n o t a cq u it th e m fro m th e re sp o n sib ility b e fo re Alla h a n d th e re m o rse
o f co n scie n ce .
____________
1 - With re fre n ce to th e sa yin g o f O m a r: " Th e h o m a ge o f Ab u B a k r wa s a slip th a t Alla h k e p t a wa y its
e vil...." At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h , vo l.2 , p .2 3 5 .


AN ALYS I S O F TH E S I TU ATI O N I N
TH E C AS E O F S AQ E E FA

I a m n o t a b o u t to a n a lyze th e situ a tio n in wh ich th e An sa r d isp u te d with Ab u B a k r,
O m a r a n d Ab u O b a yd a o r to e xp re ss th e p sych o lo gy o f th e I sla m ic so cie ty o r its
p o litica l te m p e ra m e n t a n d to a p p ly th e ca se o f th e S a q e e fa to th e d e e p -ro o te d
p rin cip le s o f th e Ara b ic n a tu re b e ca u se a ll o f th a t is a wa y fro m th e e sse n ce o f th e
S U P je ct.I wa n t to cla rify th a t th e trip le p a rty, wh ich h e ld th e re in s o f go ve rn m e n t a t
th a t tim e , fa ce d o p p o sitio n o f th re e k in d s;

Th e first: th e An sa r,wh o d isp u te d with Ab u B a k r a n d h is two frie n d s in th e sa q e e fa ,
a m o n g
____________
1 - With re fre n ce to th e sa yin g o f O m a r: " Th e h o m a ge o f Ab u B a k r wa s a slip th a t Alla h k e p t a wa y its
e vil ..." At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h , vo l.2 p .2 3 5 .
( 8 0 )

wh o m th e a rgu m e n t o ccu rre d th a t ca m e to a n e n d fo r th e b e n e fit o f Q u ra ysh b e ca u se
o f th e co n ce p t o f th e re ligio u s in h e rita n ce se ttle d in th e Ara b m e n ta lity a n d th e
se ce ssio n a m o n g th e An sa r th e m se lve s b e ca u se o f th e trib a l te n d e n cy.

Th e se co n d : th e U m a yya d s, wh o wa n te d to ge t a sh a re o f th e go ve rn m e n t a n d to
re co rve r so m e th in g o f th e ir p o litica l glo ry
1
o f th e p re -I sla m ic a ge . At th e h e lm wa s
Ab u S u fya n .

Th e th ird : th e H a sh im ite s a n d th e ir clo se co m p a n io n s lik e Am m a r, S a lm a n , Ab u
Th a rr, a l-M iq d a d a n d gro u p s o f p e o p le ,
2
wh o th o u gh t th a t th e H a sh im ite s we re th e
re a l h e irs o f th e p ro p h e t (s) a cco rd in g to th e n a tu re a n d th e m e th o d s o f p o litics th e y
we re fa m ilia r with .Ab u B a k r a n d h is two frie n d s stru ggle d with th e first k in d in th e
S a q e e fa .Th e y co n ce n tra te d th e ir d e fe n se o n wh a t th e y cla im e d a s a n o b le p o in t fo r
th e m o st p e o p le .I t wa s th a t a s lo n g a s Q u ra ysh wa s th e trib e o f th e p ro p h e t a n d h is
clo se a ssista n ts, so th e y (Q u ra ysh ) wo u ld b e wo rth e ir a m o n g a ll th e M u slim s o f h is
ru le a n d a u th o rity.
Ab u B a k r a n d h is p a rty p ro fite d fro m th e m e e tin g o f th e An sa r in th e sa q e e fa in two
wa ys;

First: th e An sa r p u t th e m se lve s in a situ a tio n th a t wo u ld n o t p e rm it th e m to sta n d
with Ali a fte r th a t a n d so se rve h is a im in th e co rre ct wa y a s we will e xp e ct la te r o n .

S e co n d : Ab u B a k r, wh o wa s se rve d b y th e circu m sta n ce s, wh ich m a d e h im th e o n ly
d e fe n d e r o f th e righ ts o f th e M u h a jire e n in th e so cie ty o f th e An sa r, wo u ld n o t a ga in a
situ a tio n re a lizin g h is in te re sts b e tte r th a n th a t o f th e sa q e e fa wh e re it
____________
1 - At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h , vo l. 2 p .2 4 3 .

2 - ib id . vo l.2 p .2 3 3 .
( 8 1 )

wa s fre e fro m n o ta b le s o f th e M u h a jire e n ,wh o se a tte n d a n ce wo u ld n e ve r le a d to th e
sa m e re su lts th a t wa s re co rd e d o n th a t d a y.
An d so Ab u B a k r go t o u t fro m th e S a q e e fa a s th e ca lip h , to wh o m h o m a ge wa s
p a id b y gro u p s o f M u slim s, wh o b e lie ve d in Ab u B a k r's p o in t o f vie w re la tin g to th e
ca lip h a te o r to wh o m it wa s u n a cce p ta b le th a t S a 'd b in O b a d a wo u ld b e th e ca lip h .
Th e ru le rs we re in d iffe re n t to th e o p p o sitio n o f th e U m a yya d s a n d to th e th re a t o f
Ab u S u fya n a n d h is wo rd s o f re vo lt a fte r h e ca m e b a ck fro m h is tra ve l,to wh ich th e
p ro p h e t h a d se n t h im to co lle ct th e ta xe s, b e ca u se th e y (th e ru le rs) k n e w we ll a b o u t
th e n a tu re o f th e U m a yya d s' p sych o lo gy a n d th e ir te n d e n cy to a u th o rity a n d we a lth .I t
wa s e a sy fo r th e ru le rs to ge t U m a yya d s to th e ir sid e a s Ab u B a k r d id .H e p e rm itte d
h im se lf o r-m o st co rre ctly O m a r p e rm itte d h im ,a s it wa s m e n tio n e d ,
1
to gra n t Ab u
S u fya n a ll th a t wa s th e re in h is h a n d s o f M u slim s' we a lth a n d za k a t.
2
H e ga ve th e
U m a yya d s a sh a re o f th e go ve rn m e n t wh e n h e ga ve th e m so m e p o sitio n s in th e
p u b lic u tilitie s. H e n ce th e ru lin g p a rty su cce e d e d in two wa ys, b u t th is su cce ss le d to a
cle a r p o litica l co n tra d ictio n b e ca u se th e circu m sta n ce s o f th e S a q e e fa in vite d th e
ru le rs to m a k e a n a cco u n t fo r th e p ro p h e t's re la tive s in th e m a tte r o f th e ca lip h a te
a n d to co n fe ss th e co n ce p t o f h e re d ita ry in th e re ligio u s le a d e rsh ip .
3
B u t th e ca se
ch a n ge d a fte r th e situ a tio n
____________
1 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.1 p .1 3 0 .

2 - I n th e ligh t o f th is sto ry we ca n a n swe r th e q u e stio n we p u t a t th e b e gin n in g o f th is ch a p te r a b o u t th e
situ a tio n o f th e two ca lip h s if th e y we re in Ali's situ a tio n ,wh ich wo u ld fo rce h im to in cite m a n y lik e Ab u
S u fya n with m o n e y a n d ra n k s!

( 8 2 )

o f th e S a q e e fa a n d th e o p p o sitio n to o k a n e w a n d cle a r m e th o d th a t if Q u ra ysh wa s
wo rth ie r o f th e p ro p h e t th a n th e re st o f th e Ara b s b e ca u se h e (th e p ro p h e t) wa s fro m
Q u ra ysh ,th e re fo re th e H a sh im ite s we re wo rth ie r th a n th e re st o f Q u ra ysh .Th is wa s
wh a t Ali d e cle a re d wh e n h e sa id : " I f th e M u h a jire e n p le a d e d th a t th e y we re clo se r to
th e p ro p h e t,so it wo u ld b e o u r p le a a ga in st th e m ( th a t we we re clo se r to th e p ro p h e t).
I f th e ir p le a wo u ld b e a cce p te d ,it wo u ld b e o u r righ t th a n th e m o th e rwise th e An sa r
wo u ld h a ve th e righ t with th e ir p ro te st."
1
Ab u Ab b a s
2
sh o we d th a t cle a rly to Ab u
B a k r wh e n h e sa id to h im : " As fo r yo u r sa yin g: " We a re th e tre e o f th e p ro p h e t"
in d e e d , yo u a re ( o n ly) its n e igh b o rs a n d we (in fa ct) a re its b ra n ch e s" ).
3

Ali ,wh o le d th e o p p o sitio n s o f th e H a sh a m ite s,wa s a so u rce o f gre a t in se cu rity fo r
th e ru le rs b e ca u se h is sp e cia l e n viro m e n ts su p p lie d h im with stre n gth in two o f
p o sitive s a ctio n a ga in st th e go ve rn m e n t;
O n e o f th e m jo in e d th e m a te ria l p a rtie s to h im lik e th e U m a yya d s, a l-M u gh e e ra b in
S h u 'b a a n d th e lik e s, wh o b e ga n to se ll th e ir vo te s a n d to n e go tia te th e d iffe re n t sid e s
fo r h igh p rice s a s it wa s cle a r Ab u su fya n 's wo rd a b o u t th e ca lip h a te co m e o u t fro m
S a q e e fa wh e n h e a rrive d a t M e d in a , h is ta lk with Ali a n d h is u rgin g h im to re vo lt, h is
in clin a tio n to th e se ca lip h 's sid e , h is givin g u p th e o p p o sitio n wh e n th e ca lip h gra n te d
h im th e we a lth o f M u slim s, wh ich h e h a d co lle cte d in h is tra ve l,a n d E ta b b in O ssa yd 's
situ a tio n , wh o se se cre t we will u n co ve r in th is ch a p te r.
S o th e m a te ria l fa n cy h a d o ve rco m e so m e o f th e
____________
1 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.6 , p .5

2 - Th e p ro p h e t's u n cle .

3 - I b id . vo l.p 5 .
( 8 3 )

p e o p le a t th a t tim e .
I t wa s cla e r th a t Ali wa s a b le to sa tia te th e ir te n d e n cy with th a t th e p ro p h e t h a d le ft
o f k h u m s
1
a n d yie ld s o f h is la n d in m e d in a a n d fa d a k ,wh ich we re o f gre a t p ro d u ctio n
a s we sa w in th e p re vio u s ch a p te r.
Th e o th e r wa y o f re sista n ce th a t Ali wa s su p p lie d with its a b ilitie s wa s th e m e a n t b y
h is sa yin g: " Th e y p le a d e d with th e tre e a n d lo st th e fru it." I m e a n th e ge n e ra l co n ce p t,
wh ich a gre e d u n a n im o u sly o n sa n ctifyin g th e p ro p h e t's fa m ily a n d a ck n o wle d ge d
th e ir gre e t h o n o r o f th e ir re la tio n to th e p ro p h e t (s), wa s a stro n g su p p o rt fo r th e
p o sitio n .
Th e ru lin g p a rty fo u n d th a t its m a te ria l situ a tio n wa s ve ry critica l b e ca u se th e sid e s
o f th e sta te , fro m wh ich ta xe s we re co lle cte d , we re n o t u n d e r th e a u th o rity o f th e n e w
go ve rn m e n t u n le ss th e ru le b e ca m e stro n g a n d sta b le in th e ca p ita l, wh e re a s
m e d in a h a d n o t ye t S u b m itte d u n a n im o u sly. it wo u ld b e e a sy fo r Ab u su fya n , a n d
o th e rs wh o h a d so ld th e ir vo te s, to re vo k e th e b a rga in wh e n th e re so m e o n e o ffe rin g
a b e tte r p rice . Ali wa s a b le to d o th is a t a n y tim e ; th e re fo re th e y h a d to e xto rt fro m
Ali, wh o wa s n o t re a d y fo r co n fro n tin g a t th o se m o m e n ts, a ll th e m o n e ys th a t b e ca m e
a s so u rce o f d e n ge r a ga in st th e in tre sts o f ru lin g p a rty. Th e y h a d to d o th a t to re ta in
th e ir a ssista n ts a n d to p re ve n t th e o p p o sitio n ists fro m fo rm in g a p a rty lo o k in g
fo rwa rd to a ch ie ve th e ir h o p e s.
I t wa s n o p o ssib le fo r u s to se t th is a cco u n t a sid e a s lo n g a s it wa s a p p lie d to th e
n a tu re o f th e p o licy th a t m u st b e fo llo we d .We k n e w th a t Ab u B a k r h a d b o u gh t th e
vo te o f th e u m a yya d p a rty with
____________
1 - o n e fifth ;I sla m ic le vy im p o se d o n ce rta in th in gs.
( 8 4 )

m o n e y wh e n we give u p a ll th e m o n e ys o f th e M u slim s th a t we re with Ab u su fya n a n d
a p p o in te d Ab u su fa ya n 's so n a s wa li. I t wa s m e n tio n e d th a t wh e n Ab u B a k r b e ca m e
th e ca lip h , Ab u S u fya n sa id " We h a ve n o th in g to d o with " th e fa th e r o f a yo u n g
we a n e d ca m e l (Ab u Fa se e l).
1
Th e m a tte r co n ce rn s Ab d M a n a f's fa m ily." I t wa s sa id to
h im : " B u t h e a p p o in te d yo u r so n a s wa li" . H e sa id : " Alla h m a y h a ve m e rcy o n h im " .
2

S o it wa s n o wo n d e r o f h im to e xto rt fro m th e H a sh im ite s th e ir im p o rta n t we a lth to
su p p o rt h is go ve rn m e n t o r h e fe a re d th a t Ali m igh t sp e n d th e yie ld s o f Fa d a k o r o th e r
th a n Fa d a k to re co rve r h is e xto rte d righ ts.
H o w d o we fin d it o d d o f a m a n lik e Ab u B a k r, wh o d e p e n d e d o n m o n e y a s m e a n s
o f in cite m e n t a n d b u yin g th e vo te s u n till h e wa s a ccu se d b y a b e lie ve r wo m a n d u rin g
h is re ign ? I t wa s m e n tio n e d th a t wh e n p e o p le ga th e re d a ga in st Ab u B a k r,h e d e vid e d
gifts a m o n g th e wo m e n o f th e M u h a jire e n a n d th e An sa r. H e se n t a sh a re with Z a yd
b in Th a b it to a wo m a n o f Ad iy b in a n -N a jja r. S h e sa id : " I t is a sh a re th a t Ab u B a k r h a s
d istrib u te d to th e wo m e n " . S h e sa id : " D o yo u b rib e m e to ch a n ge m y fa ith ? I swe a r b y
Alla h th a t I will n o t a cce p t a b it o f it." Th e n sh e se n t it b a ck to h im .
3

I d o n o t k n o w wh e re fro m th a t m o n e y ca m e to th e ca lip h sin ce th e za k a t co lle cte d
b y th e m e sse n ge r we n t to h is sto m a ch
4
a lo n e , if it wa s n o t fro m th e m o n e ys th a t th e
p ro p h e t (s) h a d le ft a n d th a t th e p ro p h e t's fa m ily a sk e d fo r
____________
1 - H e re fe r to Ab u B a k r rid icu lo u sly.I n Ara b ic b a k r, wh ich h a s th e sa m e m e a n in g o f fa se e l, m e a n s a yo u n g
ca m e l.

2 - At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h , vo l.2 p .2 3 7 .

3 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l. 1 p .1 8 4 a n d a t-Ta b a q a tu l k u b ra b y ib n S a 'd , vo l.3 p .1 8 2 .

4 - H e m e a n t Ab u S u fya n a s it wa s m e n tio n e d b y ib n Ab u l H a d e e d S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.1 , p .1 3 0 .
( 8 5 )

wh e th e r th is a cco u n t wa s tru e o r n o t, th e m e a n in g th a t we trie d to ge t fro m th is
tra d itio n wa s th a t so m e o f th e co e va ls o f Ab u B a k r fe lt th e sa m e a s we fe lt a cco rd in g
to th e h isto rica l fa cts o f th o se d a ys.Le t u s n o t fo rge t to n o te th e ge n e ra l e co n o m ic
sta te in th o se d a ys u rge d o n im p ro vin g th e fin a n cia l sta tu s o f th e go ve rn m e n t to b e
re a d y fo r th e e xp e cte d e ve n ts. P e rh a p s th is p ro m p te d th e ru le rs to e xto rt Fa d a k a s it
wa s cle a r fro m O m a r's ta lk with Ab u B a k r p re ve n tin g h im
1
fro m givin g Fa d a k b a ck to
Fa tim a (s) ju stifyin g th a t th e sta te wa s in n e e d o f m o n e y in o rd e r to e sta b lish th e ru le ,
to d iscip lin e th e re b e ls a n d to d o a wa y with th e su ce ssio n a l m o ve m e n t le d b y th e
a p o sta te s.
Th is sh o we d th e o p in io n o f th e two ca lip h s a b o u t th e in d ivid u a l o wn e rsh ip th a t th e
ca lip h h a d th e righ t to co n fisca te p e o p le 's p ro p e rtie s to sp e n d th e m o n th e a ffa irs o f
th e go ve rn m e n t a n d th e sta te with o u t re co m p e n se o r p e rm issio n . S o th e in d ivid u a l
h a d n o sta b le o wn e rsh ip with h is m o n e ys a n d p ro p e rtie s if th e a u th o ritie s n e e d e d
so m e th in g o f th e m . M a n y o f th e ca lip h s, wh o ru le d a fte r Ab u B a k r a n d O m a r, a d o p te d
th is p o licy so th e ir h isto ry wa s fu ll o f co n fisca tio n s th e y d id .
2
B u t Ab u B a k r d id
____________
1 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.1 6 p .2 7 4 .I t wa s m e n tio n e d th a t wh e n Ali witn e sse d th a t Fa d a k (wa s fo r
Fa tim a ), Ab u B a k r wro te a d e cre e to give Fa d a k to Fa tim a b u t O m a r o b je cte d a n d to re wh a t Ab u B a k r h a d
writte n ... R e fe r to a s-S e e ra a l-H a la b iya ,vo l.3 p .3 9 1 .

2 - M o st o f th e ca lip h s, e sp e cia lly th e U m a yya d s a n d th e Ab b a sid s, u se d (th e la w o f ) co n fisca tio n (o r a s it
is k n o wn n o wa d a ys a s n a tio n a liza tio n ) o r se izin g m o va b le a n d im m o va b le p ro p e rtie s b y a d e cre e fro m th e
ru le r, so m e fo r e co n o m ic p u rp o se a n d so m e b e ca u se th e ir p o sse sso rs h a d o p p o se d th e go ve rn m e n t.R e fe r
to th e d e ta ile d re se a rch o n th e co n fisca tio n s in h isto ry b y D r.M u h a m m a d S a 'e e d R e za ,th e co lle ge a rts
m a ga zin e , U n ive rsity o f B a sra , vo l.1 5 in th e ye a r 1 9 7 8 .
( 8 6 )

n o t a p p ly th is o p in io n e xce p t to th e p ro p e rtie s o f th e d a u gh te r o f th e p ro p h e t (s)
e xclu sive ly. Th e ru lin g p a rty (re p re se n te d b y Ab u B a k r) h e sita te d in d e a lin g with th e
se co n d wa y o f o p p o sitio n two th in gs;O n e o f th e m wa s to a ck n o wle d ge th a t th e
re la tio n to th e p ro p h e t h a d n o th in g to d o with th e ca lip h a te a n d th is d id m e a n to p u t
th e le ga l d re ss o ff th e ca lip h a te o f Ab u B a k r, wh ich h e h a d p u t o n a cco rd in g to th a t.
Th e o th e r wa s to co n tra d ict h im se lf a n d re m a in with th e p rin cip le s h e a n n o u n ce d o n
th e d a y o f th e S a q e e fa a n d n o t to th in k th a t th e H a sh im ite s h a d a righ t o r a p rivile ge
o r to th in k th a t th e y h a d th e righ t b u t in a circu m sta n ce o th e r th a n th a t, in wh ich th e
o p p o sitio n wo u ld m e a n sta n d in g a ga in st a n e sta b lish e d ru le a n d a sta te th a t p e o p le
h a d a gre e d o n .
Th e d o m in a n t p a rty ch o se to m a in ta in th e ir p rin cip le s, wh ich th e y a n n o u n ce d in th e
co n gre ss o f th e An sa r in th e S a q e e fa a n d to p ro te st a ga in st th e o p p o sitio n ists th a t
th e ir o p p o sitio n a fte r th e h o m a ge p a id b y p e o p le wo u ld n o b e b u t m a k in g se d itio n ;
wh ich wa s p ro h ib ite d a cco rd in g to th e I sla m ic la ws! Th is wa s th e te m p o ra ry m e th o d
th e ru le rs u se d to d o a wa y with th is sid e o f th e H a sh im ite s o p p o sitio n .C e rta in
circu m sta n ce s a t th a t tim e h e lp e d th e ru le rs to ca rry o u t th e ir p la n su cce ssfu lly a s we
will la te r e xp la in .B u t we fe e l wh e n we stu d y th e p o licy o f th e ru le rs th a t th e y fo llo we d ,
sin ce th e first m o m e n ts, a ce rta in p o licy to wa rd s th e p ro p h e t's fa m ily in o rd e r to
cru sh th e co n ce p t th a t su p p lie d th e H a sh im ite s.
( 8 7 )

With p o we r fo r o p p o sitio n a s th e y cru sh e d th e o p p o sitio n itse lf. We ca n d e scrib e th is
p o licy a s th a t it a im e d a t a b o lish in g th e h o n o r o f th e H a sh im ite h o u se a n d re m o vin g
its sin ce re a ssista n ts fro m th e p u b lic u tilitie s o f th e I sla m ic go ve rn m e n t syste m a t
th a t tim e a n d d ive rstin g in th e I sla m ic m e n ta lity. M a n y h isto rica l co n d u cts co n firm e d
th is co n ce p t;

Th e First : th e ca lip h a n d h is co m p a n io n s' b e h a vio r to wa rd s Ali, wh ich re a ch e d a n
e xte n t o f se ve rity th a t O m a r th re a te n e d to b u rn h is h o u se a lth o u gh Fa tim a wa s in sid e
it.
1
I t m e a n t th a t Fa tim a a n d o th e r th a n Fa tim a o f h e r fa m ily h a d n o a n y sa n ctity
p re ve n tin g th e m fro m th e sa m e wa y,wh ich h e u se d with S a 'd b in O b a d a , wh e n h e
o rd e rd th e th e p e o p le to k ill h im .
2

O n e o f th e fo rm s o f vio le n ce to wa rd s Ali th a t Ab u B a k r d e scrib e d h im b y sa yin g
th a t h e live d with e ve ry se d itio n a n d th a t h e wa s lik e (U m m Tih a l),
3
wh o se fa m ily wa s
d e ligh te d with h e r p ro stitu tio n .
4
O n ce O m a r sa id to Ali: " Th e p ro p h e t is fro m u s a n d
fro m yo u " .

Th e S e co n d : th e first ca lip h d id n o t sh a re a n y o f th e H a sh im ite s with a n y im p o rta n t
a ffa ir o f th e go ve rn m e n t a n d d id n o t m a k e a n y o n e o f th e wid e I sla m ic sta te wh e re a s
th e sh a re o f U m a yya d s in th a t wa s ve ry
____________
1 - At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h ,vo l.2 p .2 3 3 , a l-I q d a l-Fa re e d b y ib n Ab d R a b b ih , vo l.4 p .2 4 2 a n d S h a rh N a h ju l
B a la gh a , vo l.1 6 p .4 7 -4 8 .

2 - At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h vo l. 2 p 2 4 4 . I t wa s m e n tio n e d th ro u gh th e e ve n t o f th e sa q e e fa th a t (... so m e sa 'd 's
co m p a n io n s sa id : Avo id S a 'd ! D o n o t tre a d o n h im ! O m a r sa id : K ill h im ! M a y Alla h to tre a d o n yo u u n till
yo u r a rm wo u ld cru m b le ...).

3 - S h e wa s a fa m o u s p ro stitu te in th e p re -I sla m ic a ge .

4 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.1 6 p .2 1 5 .
( 8 8 )

gre a t.
1

O n e ca n p e rce ive cle a rly th a t th is wa s a p ro d u ct o f a n in te n d e d p o licy fro m a
d ia lo gu e o ccu re d b e twe e n O m a r a n d ib n Ab b a s.O m a r sh o we d h is fe a r fro m
a p p o in tin g ib n Ab b a s a s wa li o f H a m s b e ca u se h e fe a re d th a t if th e H a sh im ite s
b e ca m e wa lis o f th e I sla m ic co u n trie s th a t so m e th in g m igh t h a p p e n to th e ca lip h a te ,
wh e n h e wo u ld d ie , wh ich h e d id n o t wa n t.
2

I f we k n e w a cco rd in g to O m a r's o p in io n th a t if o n e o f th e a m b itio u s fa m ilie s ga in e d
a p o sitio n o f wa li in o n e o f th e I sla m ic co u n trie s, wo u ld le d th e m to ga in th e ca lip h a te
a n d th e h igh e st ra n k s, a n d we n o tice d th a t a m o n g th e U m a yya d s, with th e ir p o litica l
gre e d , th e re we re so m e wa lis,wh o o ccu p ie d th e fro n t o f th e a d m in istra tive p o sitio n s
d u rin g th e re ign s o f Ab u B a k r a n d O m a r a n d if we a d d e d to th a t th e fa ct th a t h e k n e w
a t le a st th a t th e sh u ra , wh ich O m a r h a d in ve n te d , wo u ld m a k e th e ch ie f o f th e
U m a yya d s O th m a n th e ca lip h ,we wo u ld a cco u n t,wh ich wo u ld b e co n firm e d b y m a n y
e vid e n ce s th a t th e two ca lip h s we re p re p a rin g th e ca u se s a n d th e to o ls fo r th e
U m a yya d s ru le .Th e y k n e w ve ry we ll th a t e sta b lish in g a p o litica l e n tity fo r th e
U m a yya d s-th e o ld e n e m ie s o f th e H a sh im ite s a n d so th e in d ivid u a l o p p o sitio n a ga in st
th e H a sh im ite s wo u ld a d va n ce in to o p p o sitio n o f a fa m ily co m p le te ly re a d y to d isp u te
a n d co m p le te . Th is o p p o sitio n wo u ld la st a n d wid e n b e ca u se it wa s n o t o f a n
in d ivid u a l p e rso n b u t o f a b ig-fa m ily.
____________
1 - At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h ,vo l 2 p .3 3 7 .

2 - R e fe r to M u ro o j a t-Th a h a b p rin te d o n th e m a rgin s o f ib n u l Ath e e r's Ta re e k h , vo l.5 , p .1 3 5 . At-Ta b a ri's
Ta re e k h , vo l.2 , p .5 7 8 .
( 8 9 )

We ca n u n d e rsta n d fro m th is th a t it wa s th e p o licy o f Ab u B a k r a n d O m a r,wh ich h a d
p u t th e co rn e sto n e o f th e U m a yya d sta te in o rd e r to in su re th e o p p o sitio n fo r Ali a lo n g
th e wa y,
1

Th e Th ird : Ab u B a k r d e p o se d K h a lid b in S a 'e e d b in a l-Aa ss fro m th e le a d e rsh ip o f
th e a rm y, wh ich h e h a d se n t to co n q e r sh a m
2
fo r n o th in g b u t b e ca u se O m a r h a d
wa rn e d h im th a t K h a lid h a d a H a sh im ite s te n d e n cy a n d h e in clin e d to th e p ro p h e t's
fa m ily a n d h e re m in d e d h im o f K h a lid 's situ a tio n to wa rd s th e p ro p h e t's fa m ily a fte r
th e p ro p h e t's d e a th .
3

I f we wa n te d to go fu rth e r in stu d yin g th is sid e ,we wo u ld a d d to th e se e vid e n ce s th e
sto ry o f O m a r's sh u ra ,b y wh ich O m a r lo we re d Ali to th e le ve l o f th e o th e r five m e n ,
wh o d id n e ve r m a tch Ali with a n yth in g o f h is M u h a m m a d a n a sp e cts. Az-Z u b a yr,wh o
wa s o n e o f th e five , th o u gh t, wh e n th e p ro p h e t d ie d , th a t th e ca lip h a te wa s Ali's le ga l
righ t.Yo u ca n n o tice h o w O m a r e xto rte d th is th o u gh t fro m a z-Z u b a yr's m in d a n d m a d e
h im a fte r a sh o rt tim e a n o p p o n e n t o f Ali wh e n h e p u t h im a m o n g th e six, wh o m Ali
wa s o n e o f th e m .
H e n ce th e ru lin g p a rty trie d to m a tch b e twe e n th e H a sh im ite s a n d th e re st o f
p e o p le a n d trie d to d e ta ch th e p ro p h e t fro m co n ce rn in g th e H a sh im ite s to e xto rt th e
co n ce p t th a t su p p lie d th e m with th e
____________
1 - Th is wa s th e p o litica l se cre t o f th e sh u ra th a t th e re se a rch e rs ign o re d .I t wa s m e n tio n e d th a t O m a r
th re a te n e d th e six m e n , wh o m h e ch o se fo r th e sh u ra ,b y M u 'a wiya .H e p re d icte d th a t M u 'a wiya wo u ld ga in
th e ru le ... R e fe r to S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a ,vo l.1 , p .6 2 . I f th is wo u ld sh o w h is p h ysio gn o m y, so it h a d sh o we d
h is p o licy m o re cle a rly.

2 - N o wa d a ys D a m a scu s. B u t th e n sh a m e n co m p a sse d syria , Jo rd a n , le b a n o n a n d P a le stin e .

3 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.1 , p .1 3 5 .
( 9 0 )

p o we r o f th e o p p o sitio n . I f th e ru le rs we re sa fe fro m Ali to re vo lt in th a t critica l h o u r,
th e y wo u ld n o t fe e l sa fe fro m a re vo lt a fte rs th a t in a n y tim e .S o it wa s n a tu ra l o f th e m
th a t th e y h u rrie d to fin ish o ff h is b o th p o we rs; th e m a te ria l a n d th e m o ra l a s lo n g a s
th e tru ce wa s o n b e fo re b e wo u ld su rp rise th e m with a fie rce wa r.I t wa s n o wo n d e r
a fte r th a t fo r th e ca lip h to d e cle a r h is h isto rica l situ a tio n a ga in st Fa tim a (s) re la te d to
th e ca se o f Fa d a k . I t wa s th e situ a tio n , in wh ich th e two p u rp o se m e t a n d
co n ce n tra te d o n th e two m a in d ire ctio n s o f h is p o licy b e ca u se th e in ce n tive s th a t le d
h im to e xto rt Fa d a k fro m Fa tim a p ro m p te d h im to k e e p o n h is p la n to e xto rt fro m h is
o p p o n e n t th e we a lth th a t wa s th e gre a t we a p o n s a cco rd in g to th e ru le rs' te rm in o lo gy
a t th a t tim e in o rd e r to co n so lid a te h is a u th o rity,o th e rwise wh a t p re ve n te d h im fro m
givin g Fa d a k to Fa tim a a fte r sh e h a d p ro m ise h im d e fin e tly to sp e n d its yie ld s o n th e
wa ys o f ch a rity a n d co m m o n we a lth ? I t wa s n o th in g b u t th a t h e fe a re d sh e wo u ld
in te rp re t h e r p ro m ise a cco rd in g to h e sp e n d in g th e yie ld s o f Fa d a k o n th e p o litica l
sid e s.An d wh a t p re ve n te d h im fro m givin g u p h is sh a re a n d th e sh a re s o f th e
co m p a n io n s if it wa s tru e th a t Fa d a k wa s th e M u slim 's o wn e rsh ip sa ve th a t h e
wa n te d to stre n gth e n h is a u th o rity?
Also , I f we k n e w th a t Fa tim a wa s a stro n g su p p o rt fo r h e r h u sb a n d in h is cla im a n d
sh e wa s a n e vid e n ce th a t Ali's co m p a n io n s u se d a s p le a o n h is righ t co n ce rn in g th e
ca lip h a te ,we wo u ld fin d th a t Ab u B a k r wa s su cce ssfu l in h is situ a tio n a ga in st
Fa tim a 's cla im th a t Fa d a k wa s h e r d o n a tio n a n d th a t h e a cte d a cco rd in g to th e
p o litica l m e th o d im p o se d
( 9 1 )

o n h im b y th a t critica l circu m sta n ce s. H e se ize d th e o p p o rtu n ity to m a k e p e o p le
u n d e rsta n d in d ire ctly a n d in a ta ctifu l wa y th a t Fa tim a wa s a wo m a n ju st lik e th e
o th e r wo m e n a n d h e r th o u gh ts a n d cla im s wo u ld n o t b e co n sid e re d a s e vid e n ce in a
sim p le ca se lik e Fa d a k ra th e r th a n a n im p o rta n t S U P je ct lik e th e ca lip h a te a n d th a t if
sh e a sk e d fo r a p ie ce o f la n d ,wh ich wa s n o t h e rs,it wo u ld b e p o ssib le fo r h e r to a sk
fo r
1
th e I sla m ic sta te fo r h e r h u sb a n d , wh o h a d n o righ t to a sk fo r it. We ca n co n clu d e ,
o u t o f th is re se a rch ,th a t th e n a tio n a liza tio n o f Fa d a k b y Ab u B a k r ca n b e in te rp re te d
a s fo llo ws:

First : th e e co n o m ic circu m sta n ce s le d to th a t.

S e co n d : Ab u B a k r fe a re d th a t Ali m igh t sp e n d h is wife 's we a lth in h is a tte m p t to
ge t th e ru le .Th e situ a tio n o f Ab u B a k r to wa rd s th e cla im o f Fa tim a a fte r th a t a n d h is
in siste n ce o n re fu sin g it wa s b e ca u se o f th e se two re a so n :

Th e first : se n tim e n ta l fe e lin gs,wh ich we re fe rre d to so m e o f th e ir ca u se s, p ro vo k e d
th e ca lip h .

Th e se co n d : a ge n e ra l p o litica l stra te gy,o n wh ich th e ca lip h b a se d h is co n d u ct
to wa rd s th e H a sh im ite s th a t we n o tice d a cco rd in g to th e a sp e cts o f th e ru le o f th e
ru le a t th a t tim e .

I M AM ALI ; H I S AS P E C TS AN D S TATI O N
TO WAR D S TH E R U LE

P e rh a p s th e m o st typ ica l sa crifice fo r th e sa k e o f I sla m I m a m Ali e xe m p lifie d a n d
th e h igh sin ce rity fo r th e id e o lo gy th a t fre e d h im fro m a ll th e p e rso n a l a cco u n ts a n d
m a d e a fa ct a s h igh a s th e id e o lo gy a n d a s lo n g a s th e id e o lo gy wo u ld b e a live wa s
h is situ a tio n
2
to wa rd s th e ca lip h a te o f sh u ra , b y wh ich
____________
1 S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh ,vo l.1 6 p .2 8 4 .

2 N o tice h is situ a tio n with Ab u S u fya n wh e n h e p ro m p te d I m a m Ali to sta rt a b lo o d y figh t a ga in st th e
ca lip h a te co m e o u t o f th e sh u ra . At-Ta b a ri m e n tio n e d in h is Ta re e k h ,vo l.2 p .2 3 7 th a t (H ish a m sa id th a t
O u a n a h a d sa id : " Wh e n p e o p le ga th e re d to p a y h o m a ge to Ab u B a k r, Ab u S u fya n ca m e sa yin g: " B y Alla h ,I
se e a tu m u lt th a t will n o t b e p u t o u t e xce p t b y b lo o d .O fa m ily o f Ab d M a n a f (th e gre a t gra n d fa th e r o f th e
p ro p h e t),wh a t d o e s Ab u B a k r h a ve to d o with yo u r a ffa irs?..I m a m Ali re fu se d .H e b e ga n to re cite so m e
p o e try..I m a m Ali sco ld e d h im a n d sa id : " I swe a r b y Alla h th a t yo u d id n o t in te n d b y th is b u t m a k in g
se d itio n .H o w lo n g yo u d id se e k e vil fo r I sla m " .
( 9 2 )

h e p re se n te d h im se lf a s th e h igh e st e xa m p le o f d e vo tio n to th e b e lie f,wh ich b e ca m e
a p a rt o f h is n a tu re .
Ju st a s th e p ro p h e t (s) co u ld re m o ve th e d e via tio n o f th e id o la try, h e co u ld m a k e
Ali, b y e d u ca tin g h im with h is o wn h igh sta n d a rd s,to b e th e wa k e fu l e ye s gu a rd in g th e
d ivin e m issio n . Th e h u m a n life ,with its d e sire s a n d fe e lin gs,sle p t in h im a n d h e b e ga n
to a live with fa ith a n d b e lie f.
1

I f th e virtu o u s h u m a n sa crifice s h a d a b o o k ,th e d e e d s o f Ali wo u ld b e th e title o f
th a t b o o k sh in in g with ligh t o f im m o ra lity.
2

I f th e p rin cip le s o f th e h e a ve n th a t M u h a m m a d sp re a d h a d a p ra tica l e xp re ssio n o n
th e fa ce o f th e e a rth ,Ali wo u ld b e th e ir live e xp re ssio n a lo n g th e
____________
1 - Th e p ro p h e t sa id : " Ali is with th e tru th a n d th e tru th is with p a ra d ise ) o n th e D a y o f R e su rre ctio n ." R e fe r
to H isto ry o f B a gh d a d b y a l-K h a te e b a l-B a gh d a d i, vo l.1 4 p .3 2 1 , Ta fse e r o f a l-Fa k h r a r-R a zi,vo l.1 p .1 1 1 , a l-
K h a wa rizm i's M a n a q ib p .7 7 a n d a l-M u 'ja m a s-S a gh e e r b y a t-Ta b a ra n i, vo l.1 p .2 5 5 . I n a n o th e r tra d itio n th e
p ro p h e t sa id : " Alla h m a y h a ve m e rcy o n Ali. O Alla h , tu rn tru th with Ali wh e re ve r h e tu rn s" . R e fe r to a t-Ta j
a j-Ja m i' lil-U sso o l b y S h ie k M a n so o r Ali N a sif, vo l.3 p .3 3 7 ,a l-H a k im in h is M u sta d ra k ,vo l.3 p . 1 2 5 ,K a n zu l
O m m a l,vo l.6 p .1 7 5 a n d a t-Ta rm ith i's Ja m i'.vo l.2 p . 2 1 3 .

2 - Th e p ro p h e t sa id : " Th e strik e o f Ali's swo rd o n th e d a y o f k h a n d a q wa s b e tte r th a n th e wo rsh ip d o n e b y
th e h u m a n b e in gs a n d th e a n ge ls,o r h e sa id : Th e figh tin g o f Ali with Am r wa s b e tte r th a n th e d e e d s o f
m a n y u m m a u n till th e D a y o f R e su rre ctio n " R e fe r to a l-H a k im 's M u sta d ra k , vo l.3 p .3 2
( 9 3 )

tim e s a n d ge n e ra tio n s.
S in ce th e p ro p h e t (s) h a d le ft to h is U m m a Ali a n d th e Q u ra n
1
a n d h e jo in e d th e m
to ge th e r, h e wa n te d to sh o w th a t th e Q u ra n wa s to in te rp re te d th e gre a t m e a n in gs o f
Ali a n d th a t th e m e a n in gs o f Ali we re to b e th e typ ica l e xa m p le fo r th e e xa m p le s o f
th e h o ly Q u ra n .
An d sin ce Alla h ,th e Alm igh ty h a d m a d e Ali e q u a l to th e p ro p h e t in th e ve rse o f
m u b a h a la ,
2
so th a t H e wo u ld m a k e p o e p le u n d e rsta n d th a t Ali wa s th e n a tu ra l e xte n
o f th e p ro p h e t a n d sh in in g ligh t fro m h is gre a t so u l.
An d sin ce th e p ro p h e t (s) we n t o u t o f M e cca e m igra tin g fe a rin g a b o u t h im se lf a n d
livin g Ali in h is b e d
3
to d ie in ste a d o f h im , it wo u ld m e a n th a t th e h o ly b e lie f d id d ra w
fo r th e se two gre a t m e n th e lin e s o f th e ir live s. An d if th e d ivin e m issio n , in o rd e r to
sp re a d , h a d to h a ve a m a n to d o th a t a n d a n o th e r to d ie fo r th e sa k e o f it, so its first
m a n m u st ra m a in fo r th e m issio n , to live b y h im a n d se co n d m u st sa crifice h im se lf
fo r th e m issio n to live b y h im to o .
An d if wa s Ali th e o n ly o n e wh o m th e h e a ve n a llo we d to sle e p in th e m o sq u e a n d to
p a ss th ro u gh it wh e n h e wa s im p u re ,
4
so th is
____________
1 - Th e p ro p h e t (s) sa id : " I h a ve le ft to yo u two we igh ty th in gs, if to wh ich to k e e p will n e ve r go a stra y a fte r
m e ; th e B o o k o f Alla h a n d m y fa m ily. Th e y will n e ve r se p a ra te u n till th e y co m e to m e a t th e p o n d (o f
p a ra d ise )" R e fe r to th e M u slim 's S a h ih vo l.4 , p .1 8 7 4 , At-Ta rm ith i's S a h ih , vo l.p .1 3 0 , a d -D a ra m i's S u n a n ,
vo l.2 p .4 3 2 , I m a m Ah a m a d 's M u sn a d , vo l.4 p .2 1 7 a n d a l-M u sta d ra k ,vo l.3 p .1 1 9 .

2 - Q u ra n 3 :6 1 . Fo r th e in te rp re ta tio n o f th is ve rse s re fe r to Ta fse e r o f a l -Fa k h r a r-R a zi su ra o f I m ra n :6 1 a s-
S a wa i'q u l M u h riq a p .1 4 3 a n d Asb a b u N u zo o l b y a l Wa h id i p .6 7 .

3 - Ta fse e r o f a r-R a zi, vo l.5 , p .3 4 , ib n H ish a m 's S e e ra , vo l.2 , p .9 5 Ta th k h ira b y S ib t ib n a j-Ja wzi, p .3 4

4 - Ah m a d 's M u sa n d vo l.4 M u sn a d . p 3 6 9 S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.2 p .4 5 1 .
( 9 4 )

e xclu sive n e ss wo u ld m e a n th a t Ali h a d th e m e a n in g o f th e m o sq u e b e ca u se th e
m o sq u e wa s th e sile n t d ivin e sym b o l in th e m a te ria l life a n d Ali wa s th e d ivin e
sym b o l in th e sp ritu a l life .
I f th e H e a ve n p ra ise d th e m a gn a n im ity o f Ali a n d a n n o u n ce d its co n te n tm e n t with
h im wh e n th e ca lle r sa id : " Th e re wa s n o swo rd b u t Th u lfa q a r a n d n o yo u th b u t Ali,"
1
I t
wo u ld m e a n th a t Ali's m a gn a n im ity,o n ly wa s th e co m p le te va lo r th a t n o m a n co u ld
re a ch a n d n o h e ro ism o f a n y h e ro o r a n y sin ce rity o f a n y d e vo te e co u ld im ita te . I t wa s
iro n y o f th e fa te th a r th is m a gn a m ity, wh ich th e d ivin e ca lle r h a d sa n ctifie d ,wa s
co n sid e re d a s sh a m e a n d d e fe ct in Ali a cco rd in g to th e o p in io n
2
o f th e sh e ik h s o f
sa q e e fa th a t h e wa s to b e b la m e d fo r a n d to b e lo we re d b e fo re Ab u B a k r, wh o wa s
p re fe rre d to Ali ju st fo r so m e ye a rs h e h a d sp e n t in u n b e lie f a n d p o lyth e ism ! I d o n o t
k n o w h o w th e d u a lism b e twe e n th e p re -I sla m ic rite s a n d th e isla m ic rite s in o n e
p e rso n 's life b e co m e a s glo ry p re fe rrin g h im to th a t, wh o se e n tire life wa s in th e wa y
o f Alla h !
3
I f it a p p e a re d to p e o p le a cco rd in g to th e n e w
____________
1 - Th u lfa q a r wa s th e n a m e o f im a m Ali's fa m o u s swo rd .re fe r to a t- ta b a ri 's Ta re e k h , vo l.2 p .6 5 ib n
H ish a m 's se e ra a n d S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a .

2 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.6 , p . 4 5 th e re wa s a d a ilo gu e b e twe e n O m a r a n d ib n a b a ss . th e ca lip h O m a r
sa id " O I b n a b b a s, I th in k th e y (1 ) p re ve n te d yo u r fre in d (Ali) fro m h is righ t (o f th e ca lip h a te ) fo r n o th in g
b u t b e ca u se th e y fo u n d h im to o yo u n g ..." I b n a b a ss sa id : " I swe a r b y Alla h ,th a t d id n o t fin d h im to o yo u n g
wh e n h e o rd e re d h im to ta k e th e su ra o f B a ra 'a fro m yo u r fre in d (Ab u B a k r) ... I n p a ge 1 2 th e re wa s th e
sa yin g o f Ab u O b a yd a : " O Ab u l H a ssa n (Ali), yo u a re two yo u n g a n d th e se a re th e ch ie f o f Q u ra ysh ."

3 - As-sa wa i'q u l m u h riq a p .1 2 0 .
( 9 5 )

re se a rch e s th a t th e n a tu ra l p o we r, wh ich m a k e th e o b je cts, ro ta tin g a ro u n d th e e xis,
m o ve in a ce rta in lin e , it h a d a p p e a re d in Ali h u n d re d s o f ye a rs a go a p o we r lik e th a t
b u t it wa s n o t a fa ct o f p h ysics, b u t o f th e p o we r o f h e a ve n t th a t m a d e Ali a s th e
n a tu ra l im m u n ity fo r I sla m , wh ich k e e p h is h igh p o sitio n a s lo n g a s h e wa s a live a n d
m a d e h im th e e xis, a ro u n d wh ich th e I sla m ic life ro ta te d a n d to o k its sp iritu a lity,
cu ltu re a n d e sse n ce fro m h im wh e th e r h e wa s in go ve rn m e n t o r n o t.
Th is p o we r p u t it m a gica l e ffe ct o n O m a r h im se lf a n d a ttra cte d h im to its stra igh t
lin e s m a n y tim e s u n till h e sa id : " I f Ali wa s n o t th e re , O m a r wo u ld p e rish " .
1
I ts gre a t
e ffe ct a p p e a re d b y th e ga th e rin g o f m u slim s a ro u n d h im o n th e d a y wh e n th e
ca lip h a te co m e to p u b lic to d e cid e . I t wa s a n o n e su ch ga th e rin g
2
th a t se ld o m
h a p p e n e d in th e h isto ry o f p e o p le s.
We k n o w b y th is th a t Ali , with wh a t h e wa s su p p lie d o f th a t p o we r b y th e h e a ve n ,
wa s a n e ce ssity a m o n g th e o th e r n e ce ssitie s o f I sla m
3
a n d a su n a ro u n d wh ich th e
I sla m ic o rb it ro ta te d a fte r th e p ro p h e t (s) a cco rd in g to h is n a tu re th a t co u ld n o t b e
re siste d u n till e ve n O m a r re so rte d to h im .
I t b e co m e s cle a r to u s th a t th e su d d e n re ve rsa l in th e ru lin g p o licy wa s n o t p o ssib le
a t th a t tim e -a lth o u gh it wa s a s slip -b e ca u se it co n tra d icte d th a t n a tu ra l p o we r
co n ce n tra te d in th e p e rso n a lity o f
____________
1 - At-Ta b a q a tu l k u b ra b y ib n sa 'd , vo l . 2 p .3 3 9 a n d a s-sa wa i'q u l m u h riq a b y ib n H a ja r,p .1 2 7 .

2 - At- Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h , vo l.2 p .6 9 6 .

3 - I n th e ligh t o f wh a t we cle a re d , we u n d e rsta n d th e sa yin g o f th e p ro p h e t (s) to Ali: " I wa s n o t go u n le ss
yo u will b e m y su cce sso r " a n d h is sa yin g to h im wh e n h e wa s re a d y to go to th e b a ttle o f ta b o o k : " E ith e r I
sta y o r yo u sta y " R e fe r to Ah m a d 's M u sn a d , vo l.1 , p .3 3 1 , Th a k h a 'iru l o q b a p .8 7 , a l-k h a ssa i'ss b y a n -
N issa 'e i, p .8 0 -8 1 a n d S a h ih o f a t-Ta rm ith i, vo l.5 , p .5 9 6 .
( 9 6 )

I m a m Ali, so it wa s n o rm a l fo r th e ru lin g p o licy to m o ve in a cro o k e d wa y u n till it
re a ch e d th e p o in t th a t th e U m a yya d ru le re a ch e d a vo id in g th e e ffe ct o f th a t wa k e fu l
p o we r wa tch in g th e re gu la rity a n d stra igtn e ss lik e d rive r wh e n b e n d in g with h is ca r to
a n o p p o site sid e a vo id in g th e n a tu ra l p o we r th a t im p o se d o n h im th e stra igh tn e ss in
m o ve m e n t. Th is wo n d e rfu l ch a p te r o f th e gre a tn e ss o f th e I m a m Ali d e se rve s to b e
stu d ie d th ro u gh ly, wh ich we will d o in o n e o f th e o p p o rtu n itie s to u n co ve r th e
p e rso n a lity o f I m a m Ali, th e o p p o sitio n ist o f th e ru le , th e wa k e fu ll gu a rd o f I sla m a n d
th e a d a p te r b e twe e n gu a rd in g th e ru lin g a u th o rity n o t to d e via te a n d o p p o sin g it a t
th e sa m e tim e .
Alth o u gh a ll I m a m Ali's stu a tio n s we re wo n d e rfu l,h is situ a tio n to wa rd th e ca lip h a te
a fte r th e p ro p h e t (s) wa s th e m o st wo n d e rfu l.
1

I f th e d ivin e b e lie f a t e ve ry tim e n e e d e d a H e ro to sa crifice h im se lf fo r its sa k e , it
a lso wo u ld n e e d a H e ro to a cce p t th is sa crifice a n d to co n so lid a te th e b e lie f with it. I t
wa s th is th a t se n t Ali to th e b e d o f d e a th
2
a n d se n t th e p ro p h e t to th e city o f
sa fe n e ss o n th e h o n o ra b le d a y o f H ijra . I t wa s n o t p o ssib le fo r I m a m Ali a n d h is
d istre ss a fte r th e d e a th o f h is b ro th e r (th e p ro p h e t) to o ffe r b o th o f th e h e ro e 's,
b e ca u se if h e sa crifice d h im se lf in o rd e r to d ire ct th e ca lip h a te to h is le ga l wa y,
a cco rd in g to h is th o u gh t ,n o o n e wo u ld re m a in to ca tch th e th re a d fro m it's b o th e n d s
wh e re a s h is two so n s,I m a m H a ssa n a n d H u ssa yn we re ye t ch ild re n .
____________
1 - We will e xp la in th is p o in t in th e la st ch a p te r.

2 - R e fe r to a t-Ta fse e r a l-K a b e e r b y a r-R a zi ,vo l.5 p .2 0 5 I m a m Ali sa crifice d h im se lf fo r th e p ro p h e t (s) to
re scu e h im fro m d e a th o n th e d a y o f h ijra th e re fo re Alla h re ve a le d to th e p ro p h e t th is ve rse :(And among
mean is he who sells himself to seek the pleasure of Allah)2:207.
( 9 7 )

I m a m Ali sto p p e d a t a cro ssro a d , e a ch wa s critica l a n d e a ch wa s d ifficu lt fo r h im ; o n e
o f th e m wa s to d e cle a r th e a rm e d re vo lt a ga in st th e ca lip h a te o f Ab u B a k r.
Th e o rd e r wa s to re m a in sile n t u n willin gly with with p a in a n d su ffe rin g. B u t wh a t
re su lts wo u ld h e e xp e ct fro m th e re vo lt? Th is is wh a t we wa n t to cla rify in th e ligh t o f
th e h isto rica l circu m sta n ce s o f th e th a t critica l h o u r.
Th e ru le r wo u ld n e ve r give u p th e ir p o sitio n s sin ce th e y, e n th u sia stica lly a n d stro n g,
h e ld th e ca lip h a te . I t m e a n t th a t th e y wo u ld figh t a n d d e fe n d th e ir n e w ru le a n d so it
wa s p o ssib le th a t sa 'a d b in O b a d a wo u ld se ize th e o p p o rtu n ity to d e cle a r a n o th e r wa r
fo r h is p o litica l fa n cy b e ca u se we k n o w th a t h e h a d th re a te n e d th e victo rio u s p a rty
(Ab u B b a k r, O m a r a n d Ab u O b a yd a ) b y re vo lt wh e n h e wa s a sk e d to p a y h o m a ge . H e
sa id : " N o I swe a r b y Alla h u n till th ro w yo u with wh a t I h a ve in m y q u ive r, d ye m y sp e a r
(with yo u r b lo o d ), strik e with m y swo rd a n d figh t with m y fa m ily a n d wh o e ve r o b e ys
m e . I f a ll H u m a n b e in gs a n d Jin n jo in yo u , I will n e ve r p a y h o m a ge to yo u " .
1
P e rh a p s
h e fe a re d to ve n tu re o n re vo ltin g o r h e d id n o t d a re to b e th e first figh te r a ga in st th e
ca lip h a te b u t sa tisfie d h im se lf with th e se ve re th re a tin g, wh ich wa s lik e d e cla rin g th e
wa r. H e b e ga n to wa it fo r th e d e clin e to d ra w h is swo rd with th e o th e r swo rd s. S o h e
wa s re a d y to re co ve r h is e n th u sia sm a n d to give u p h is fe a r a n d to co n sid e r th e ru lin g
p a rty a s we a k wh e n h e h e a rd a stro n g vo ice d e cla rin g th e re vo lt tryin g to b rin g it b a ck
a s it wa s b e fo re (se d itio n a n d co m m o tio n ) a n d
____________
1 - At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h , vo l.2 p . 2 4 4 .
( 9 8 )

to e xp e l th e M u h a jire e n fro m M e d in a b y swo rd .
1
I t wa s a l-H a b a b b in a l-M u n th ir, wh o
d e cla re d th a t in th e sa q e e fa fo r th e in te re st o f S a 'd b in O b a d a .
Le t u s n o t fo rge t th e U m a yya d s a n d th e ir p o litica l b lo c fo r ra n k s a n d a u th o rity,
wh ich th e y a lre a d y h a d in th e p re -I sla m ic ye a rs. Ab u S u fya n wa s th e le a d e r o f M e cca
in sta n d in g a ga in st I sla m a n d th e p ro p h e t's go ve rn m e n t. E ta b b in O ssa yd b in Ab u l
Aa ss b in O m a yya wa s its (M e cca ) o b e ye d E m ir a t th a t tim e . I f we p o n d e re d o n th e
h isto ry o f th o se d a ys
2
th a t wh e n th e p ro p h e t(S ) d ie d a n d th e n e ws re a ch e d M e cca ,
wh o E m ir wa s E ta b b in O ssa yd b in Ab u l Aa ss b in O m a yya ,E ta b d isa p p e a re d , th e city
sh o ck a n d its p e o p le we re a b o u t to a p o sta tize , we m igh t n o t sa tisfie d with wa h a t
ju stifica tio n th e y ga ve a b o u t p e o p le 's givin g u p a p o sta sy.I d o n o t b e lie ve th a t th e ir
givin g u p a p o sta sy wa s b e ca u se th e y fo u n d th a t th e victo ry o f Ab u B a k r wa s a s th e ir
o wn victo ry a ga in st th e p e o p le o f M e d in a a s so m e re se a rch e rs co n clu d e d ,fo r th e
ca lip h a te o f Ab u B a k r wa s o n th e sa m e d a y, in wh ich th e p ro p h e t d ie d a n d th e n e ws
o f th e ca lip h a te a n d th e d e a th o f th e p ro p h e t re a ch e d M e cca a t th e sa m e tim e . I
th in k th a t th e U m a yya d s E m ir, E ta b b in O ssa yd k n e w th e p o licy th a t h is fa m ily
a d o p te d a t th a t m o m e n t, so h e d isa p p e a re d a n d ca u se d th e d istu rb a n ce s u n till h e
k n e w th a t th a t Ab u S u fya n b e ca m e co n te n te d a fte r h is d isco n te n t a n d th a t h e a gre e d
with th e ru le rs o n re su lt se rvin g th e U m a yya d s' in te re sts,
3
h e (E ta b ) a p p e a re d a ga in
a n d re sto rte d th e situ a tio n a s it wa s.H e n ce it wa s cle a r th a t th e p o litica l co n n e ctio n s
____________
1 - At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h , vo l.2 p . 2 4 3

2 - Al-K a m il fit-Ta re e k h b y I b n u l Ath e e r, vo l.3 p .1 2 3 .

3 - At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h , vo l.2 p . 2 3 7 . Ab u S u fya n b e ca m e ca lm wh e n th e first ca lip h a p p o in te d h is so n
M u 'a wiya a s wa li
( 9 9 )

b e twe e n th e U m a yya d s we re p re se n t a t th a t tim e .Th is a cco u n t e xp la in s fo r u s th e
p o we r b e h in d Ab u su fya n 's sa yin gS wh e n h e wa s d isco n te n te d with Ab u B a k r a n d h is
co m p a n io n s th a t h e sa id : " I se e a d istu rb a n ce th a t wo u ld n o t b e p u t o u t e xce p t b y
b lo o d ." a n d h is sa yin g a b o u t Ali a n d a l-a b b a s: " I swe a r b y h im , in wh o se h a n d m y so u l
is, th a t I will a ssist th e m " .
Th e U m a yya d s we re re d y fo r th e re vo lt Ali k n e w th a t cle a rly wh e n th e y a sk e d h im to
le a d th e o p p o sitio n b u t h e k n e w to o th a t th e y we re n o t o f th o se p e o p le ,wh o m h e
co u ld d e p e n d o n in fa ct th e y wa n te d to re a ch th e ir a im s b y th e m e a n s o f Ali so h e
re fu se d th e ir o ffe r. I t wa s e xp e cte d th e n th a t th e U m a yya d s wo u ld d e cla re th e ir
re b e llio n if th e y sa w th e a rm e d p a rtie s figh tin g e a ch o th e r o r th e y fo u n d th a t th e y
ru le rs we re n o t a b le to in su re th e ir (th e u m a yya d 's) in te re sts. Th e re b e llio n wo u ld
m e a n th e ir a p o sta sy a n d th e se p a ra tio n o f m e cca fro m m e d in a .
S o a n Ala wite
1
ra vo lt in th o se circu m sta n ce s wa s a s d e cla ra tio n fo r a b lo o d y
o p p o sitio n th a t wo u ld b e fo llo we d with b y o th e r b lo o d y o p p o sitio n with d iffe re n t
te n d e n cie s, wh ich m igh t p a ve th e wa y fo r th e rio te rs a n d th e h yp o crite s to se ize th e
o p p o rtu n ity.
Th e d istre ss wo u ld n o t p e rm it Ali to ra ise h is vo ice a lo n e a ga in st th e ru le a t th a t
tim e . I n fa ct if h e d id ,m a n y d iffe re n t re vo lts wo u ld a rise a n d m a n y gro u p o f d iffe re n t
a im s a n d te n d e n cie s wo u ld figh t e a ch o th e r a n d h e n ce th e I sla m ic sta te wo u ld b e
lo st in th e critica l m o m e n t th a t re q u ire d p e o p le to ga th e r a ro u n d a u n ite d le a d e rsh ip
a n d to co n ce n tra te th e ir p o we rs to re p e l wh a t wa s e xp e cte d in th a t d ifficu lt
circu m sta n ce s o f rio ts a n d
____________
1 - At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h ,vo l.2 p .2 3 7 .
( 1 0 0 )

re b e llio n s.
Ali, wh o wa s so re a d y to sa crifice h im se lf fo r th e fa ith a lo n g h is life
1
sin ce h e wa s
b o rn in th e d ivin e h o u se (th e k a a b a ) u n till h e wa s k ille d in it d ivin e h o u se - th e m o sq u e
o f K u fa ), sa crifice d h is n a tu ra l p o sitio n a n d d e vin e ra n k fo r th e sa k e o f th e h igh
in te re sts o f th e u m m a , fo r wh ich th e p ro p h e t( s) h a d m a d e h im th e gu a rd ia n a n d th e
gu a rd .
I f Ali re vo lte d , th e m issio n o f m u h a m m a d (s) wo u ld lo se so m e o f its m e a n in g.
Wh e n th e p ro p h e t( s) wa s o rd re d b y h is go d to d e cle re d th e m issio n , h e ga th e re d h is
fa m ily a n d a n n o u u ce d h is p ro p h e th o o d b y sa yin g : " B y Alla h ,I d o n o t k n o w a yo u th
a m o n g th e Ara b s th a t h a ve b ro u gh t h is p e o p le so m e b e tte r th a n wh a t I h a ve b ro u gh t
yo u " a n d a n n o u ce d th e im a m a te o f h is b ro th e r (Ali) b y sa yin g : " Th is is m y b ro th e r,
gu a rd ia n a n d su cce sso r. Th e re fo re liste n to h im a n d o b e y h im .
2
" I t m e a n t th a t th e
im a m a te o f Ali wa s a n a tu ra l co m p le m e n t o f th e p ro p h e th o d o f M u h a m m a d (s) a n d
th a t th e h e a ve n h a d d e cla re d th e p ro p h e th o o d o f th e gre a te r M u h a m m a d a n d th e
im a m a te o f le sse r M u h a m m a d a t th e sa m e tim e . Ali wh o m th e p ro p h e t h a d b ro u gh t
u p a n d h a d b ro u gh t u p I sla m with h im lik e h is two d e a r so n s, fe lt h is b ro th e rh o o o d
b e twe e n h im se lf a n d I sla m .Th is fe e lin g p ro m p te d h im to sa rifice h im se lf fo r h is
b ro th e r.H e to o k p a rt in th e wa rs a ga in st th e a p o sta te
3
a n d th e le a d e rsh ip o f th e
o th e rs d id n o t
____________
1 - M u k h ta sa r Ta re e k h ib n Asa k ir b y ib n m a n d h o o r, vo l.1 7 , p .3 5 6 , a l-K h a ssa i'ss b y a n N a ssa 'ie Ta th k ira tu l
K h a wa ssa b y sib t ib n u j Ja wzi a n d o th e rs.Th e y m e n tio n e d Ali's situ a tio n s sin ce th e first m o m e n ts o f th e
m issio n u n til h e wa s m a rtyre d in th e m ih ra b .

2 - At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h ,vo l.3 , p .2 1 8 -2 1 9 ,Ta fse e ru l k h a zin , vo l.3

3 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.4 , p .1 6 5 .
( 1 0 1 )

p re ve n t h im fro m d o in g h is sa cre d d u tyI f Ab u B a k r e xto rte d h is righ t a n d sie ze d h is
in h e rita n ce ,I sla m h a d ra ise d h im to th e to p a n d a p p re cia te d th a t tru e b ro th e rh o o d
a n d re co rd e d it with le tte re s o f ligh t o n th e p a ge s o f th e H o ly B o o k .
I m a m Ali with sto o d n o t to th in k o f re vo ltin g a ga in st th e ru le b u t wh a t wo u ld h e d o ?
Wh ich wa y wo u ld h e a d o p t fo r h is situ a tio n ? Wo u ld h e p ro te st a ga in st th e ru lin g p a rty
u sin g th e p ro p h e t's tra d itio n s a n d wo rd s,wh ich a n n o u n ce d th a t Ali wa s th e a xis
p re p a re d fo r th e I sla m ic o rb it to tu rn a ro u n d a n d th a t h e wa s th e le a d e r, wh o m th e
H e a ve n h a d p re se n te d fo r th e p e o p le o f th e e a rth ?
1
Th is q u e stio n h e sita te d in h is
m in d to o m u ch th e n h e p u t th e a n swe r, wh ich th e circu m sta n ce o f h is d istre ss
sp e cifie d a n d th e n a tu re o f th e sta te a t th a t tim e im p o se d o n h im . Th e a n swe r wa s to
p u t th e p ro p h e t's tra d itio n s a sid e fo r a wh ile .
____________
1 - As wa s d e cla re d in th e tra d itio n o f a l-G h a d e e r. R e fe r to a t-Ta ja j-ja m i' lil u so o l, vo l.4 , p .3 3 5 , S u n a n o f ib n
M a ja , vo l.1 , p .1 1 I m a m Ah m a d 's M u sn a d , vo l4 , p .2 8 1 a n d a s-S a wa i'q u l M u h riq a p .1 2 2 .


WH Y D I D H E N O T P R O TE S T WI TH
TH E P R O P H E T'S TR AD I TI O N S ?

Th e co n fu se d im a ge o f th e co n d itio n s wo u ld m a k e th e p ro te st u sin g th e p ro p h e t's
h o ly tra d itio n s a t th a t tim e , in wh ich th e fra n tic th o u gh t a n d th e fie ry fa n cie s h a d
co n tro lle d th e ru lin g p a rty to th e fu rth e st p o in t, fa ce b a d re su lts,b e ca u se n o o n e ca n
h a d h e a rd th e p ro p h e t's sa yin g a b o u t th e ca lip h a te e xce p t h is fe llo w citize n s o f
M e d in a h ; th e M u h a jire e n a n d th e An sa r.Th o se sa yin g we re th e e xp e n sive d e p o sit n e a r
th a t gro u p , wh o h a d sp re a d th e m to Alla h th e p e o p le o f th e I sla m ic wo rld a n d to th e
n e cce sive ge n e ra tio n s a n d th e fo llo win g a ge s. I f I m a m Ali p ro te st a ga in st th e p e o p le
o f M e d in a b y
( 1 0 2 )

th e wo rd s, wh ich th e y h a d h e a rd fro m th e p ro p h e t co n ce rn in g h im (Ali) a n d h e
p re se n te d th e m a s e vid e n ce s p ro vin g h is righ t o f th e im a m a te a n d th e ca lip h a te , it
wo u ld b e n a tu ra l fo r th e ru lin g p a rty to co n sid e r th e va ra cio u s o f th e u m m a ,im a m Ali
a s lia r a n d to d e n y th o se p ro p h e tic tra d itio n s, wh ich wo u ld re m o ve fro m th e ca lip h a te
o f sh u ra its le ga l a sp e ct a n d its re ligio u s d re ss.
An d th e tru th wo u ld n o t fin d a stro n g vo ice d e fe n d in g it in fro n t o f th a t d e n ie l
b e ca u se m a n y o f Q u ra ysh , a t th e h e a d we re th e u m a yya d s, wh o we re a m b itio u s to
ga in th e glo ry o f th e a u th o rity a n d th e e a se o f th e ru le wh e re a s th e y th o u gh t th a t
p re se n tin g th e ca lip h a cco rd in g to th e p ro p h e t's sa yin g wo u ld co n firm th e b e lie f o f
th e d e vin e im a m a te . I f th is th e o ry wa s a p p lie d to th e I sla m ic la w,it wo u ld m e a n
lim itin g th e ca lip h a te to th e H a sh im ite s, th e h o u n o re d fa m ily o f m u h a m m a d (s)
wh e re a s th e o th e rs wo u ld lo se th e b a ttle . We co u ld fin d th is k in d o f th in k in g in
O m a r's sa yin g to ib n Ab b a s wh e n ju stifyin g e xclu d in g Ali fro m th e ca lip h a te : " Th e
p e o p le h a te d to se e b o th o f p ro p h e th o o d a n d th e ca lip h a te in yo u r fa m ily." Th is
sh o we d th a t givin g th e ca lip h a te to Ali fro m th e b e gin n in g wo u ld m e a n , a cco rd in g to
th e p u b lic th ik in g, lim itin g th e ca lip h a te to th e H a sh im ite s. I t co u ld n o t b e sa id th a t
th e o p in io n o f p e o p le a t th a t tim e to we rd s th e th e Ala wite ca lip a h te a s it wa s th e
a p p p lica tio n o f th e o rd e rs o f th e h e a ve n a n d n o t a cco rd in g to th e vo te s o f th e
e le cto rs. I f Ali fo u n d a su p p o te r fro m th e u p p e r cla ss o f Q u ra ysh e n co u ra gin g h im to
sta n d a ga in st th e ru le rs, h e
____________
1 - R e fe r to a s-S a wi'q u l M u h riq a .I m a m Ali sa id : " I a m th e gre a t ve ra cio u s. N o o n e o th e r th a n m e will sa y it
u n le ss h e is a lia r" .

2 - I b n u l Ath e e r's Ta re e k h , vo l.3 p .a t-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h , vo l.2 , p .5 7 7 .
( 1 0 3 )

wo u ld n e ve r fin d a n y a ssistin g h im if h e sa id th a t th e p ro p h e t h a d re co rd e d th e
ca lip h a te fo r h is fa m ily wh e n h e sa id :" I h a ve le ft fo r yo u two we igh ty th in gs; th e B o o k
o f Alla h a n d m y fa m ily ..."
1
As fo r th e An sa r,th e y p re ce d e d a ll th e M u slim s in sligh tin g
th e se p ro p h e tic tra d itio n sTh e gre e d to th e ru le le d th e m to h o ld co n fe re n ce in th e
sh e d (S a q e e fa ) o f B e n i
2
S a 'id to p a y h o m a ge to o n e o f th e m .
3
S o if Ali d e p e n d e d o n
th e p ro p h e tic tra d itio n s,h e wo u ld n o t fin d th e An sa r a s so ld ie rs a n d witn e sse s fo r h is
ca se b e ca u se if th e y witn e sse d o f th a t th e y wo u ld re co rd a sh a m e fu l co tra d ictio n
a ga in st th e m se lve s o n th e sa m e d a y a n d th e y,d e fin ite ly, wo u ld n o t d o th a t.
P a yin g h o m a ge b y th e trib e o f O u ss to th e Ab u B a k r a n d th e sa yin g o f so m e , wh o
sa id : " We will n o t p a y h o m a ge e xce p t to Ali "
4
h a d n o co n tra d ictio n lik e th a t o f th e
An sa r b e ca u se th e m e a n in g o f h o ld in g th e co n fe re n ce in th e S a q e e fa wa s to im p ly
th a t th e m a tte r o f th e ca lip h a te wa s th e m a tte r o f e le ctio n a n d n o t a cco rd in g to th e
p ro p h e t's tra d itio n .H e n ce th e y h a d n o wa y to re tra ct o n th e sa m e d a y.
As fo r th e co n fu ssio n o f th e M u h a jire e n , it h a d n o e m b a rra ssm e n t b e ca u se th e
An sa r d id n o t a gre e o n a n o p in io n in th e S a q e e fa b u t th e y we re co n frrin g a n d
d e lib ra tin g. th e re fo re we fo u n d a l-H u b a b b in a l-M u n th ir
5
tryin g to stir th e m to a d o p t
h is o p in io n . I t sh o we d th a t th e y ga th e re d to su p p o rt a ce rta in th o u gh t th a t o n ly so m e
o f th e m b e lie ve d in .
I m a m Ali th o u gh t th a t th e ru lin g p a rty wo u ld
____________
1 - M u slim 's S a h ih , vo l.4 , p .1 8 7 4 , Ah m a d 's M u sn a d ,vo l.4 p .2 8 1

2 - I t m e a n s trib e o r fa m ily o f.

3 - At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h , vo l.1 .2 , p .2 4 2

4 - I b id .vo l.2 p .2 3 3

5 - At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h ,vo l.1 .2 p . 2 4 3 .
( 1 0 4 )

d e n y a n d strive to d e n y th e tra d itio n s if h e d e cla re d th e m a n d wo u ld n o t fin d a n y o n e
su p p o rtin g h im with h is cla im , b e ca u se th e p e o p le we re b e twe e n th o se wh o se
p o litica l fa n cy le d th e m to d e n y th e tra d itio n s in o rd e r to clo se th e wa y o f re tra cin g
a fte r h o u rs o f th e ir co n fe re n ce ,a n d th o se , wh o th o u gh t th a t th e tra d itio n s wo u ld lim it
th e ca lip h a te to th e H a sh im ite s with n o litiga n t. I f th e ru lin g p a rty a n d its a ssista n ts
d e n ie d th e tra d itio n s a n d th e re st we re sa tisfie d with sile n ce a t la st,it wo u ld m e a n
th a t th e tra d itio n s wo u ld lo se th e ir re a l va lu e a n d a ll th e I sla m ic wo rld , wh ich wa s fa r
fro m th e p ro p h e t's city (M e d in a ),wo u ld a cce p t th e d e n ia l b e ca u se it wa s th e u tte ra n ce
o f th e d o m in a n t p o we r a t th a t tim e .
Le t u s n o tice a n o th e r sid e ; if Ali go t so m e p e o p le a gre e in g with h im o n h is cla im ,
witn e ssin g to th e h o ly tra d itio n s a n d o p p o sin g th e d e n yin g o f th e ru lin g p a rty,it wo u ld
m e a n th a t th e y d e n ie d th e ca lip h a te o f Ab u B a k r a n d h is wo u ld m a k e th e m lia b le to a
cru e l a tta ck b y th a t wo u ld le a d th e m to a wa r a ga in st th e ru lin g p a rty,wh ich wa s so
e n th u sia stic a b o u t th e p o litica l e n tity a n d wo u ld n e ve r b e sile n t.S o th e d e cla ra tio n o f
th e tra d itio n s b y Ali wo u ld le a d h im to a re a l e n co u n te r a n d we h a ve se e n p re vio u sly
th a t h e wa s n o t re a d y to d e cla re th e re vo lt a ga in st th e a ctu a l ru le a n d to fa ce th e
d o m in a n t a u th o rity in figtin g.
P ro te stin g b y u sin g th e p ro p h e tic tra d itio n s wo u ld h a ve n o cle a r e ffe ct a ga in st th e
ru lin g p o licy.I n fa ct it wo u ld m a k e th e ru le rs b y ca u tiu o s a n d try th e ir strict m e a n s to
re m o ve th o se p ro p h e tic tra d itio n s fro m th e I sla m ic m e n ta lity b e ca u se th e y k n e w th a t
it wo u ld b e to o d a n ge ro u s fo r th e m a n d th a t it wo u ld give a gre a t in ce n tive to th e
( 1 0 5 )

o p p o sitio n ists to re vo lt a t a n y tim e . I th in k if O m a r h a d n o tice d th e d a n ge rs o f th e
tra d itio n s, a fte r I m a m Ali p le a d e d with th e m in th e tim e o f h is o wn re ign
1
a n d th e y
sp re a d a m o n g h is S h ia , a s th e U m a yya d s n o tice d ,h e wo u ld h a ve d o n e a wa y with
th e m a n d h e co u ld h a ve d o n e wh a t th e U m a yya d s co u ld n o t d o to p u t o u t th e ir ligh t.
I m a m Ali p re cie ve d th a t if h e u se d th e tra d itio n s a s h is p le a a t th a t tim e , h e wo u ld
S U P je ct th e m to m a n y d a n ge rs fro m th e ru lin g p a rty,so h e p e tie d th o se h o ly tra d itio n s
in o rd e r n o t to b e cru sh e d u n d e r th e fe e t o f th e d o m in a a n t p o licy.H e k e p t to sile n ce
u n willin gly b u t h e to o k a d va n ta ge o f th e ir in a d ve rta n ce s.
O m a r h im se lf d e cla re d th a t Ali wa s th e gu a rd ia n o f e ve ry b e lie ve r m a n a n d e ve ry
b e lie ve r wo m a n a cco rd in g to th e p ro p h e t's sa yin g.
2

Th e n wa s n o t it re a so n a b le th a t I m a m Ali fe a re d fo r th e h o n o r o f h is b e lo ve d
b ro th re ,th e p ro p h e t,to b e d e sp a ra ge d wh e re it wa s m o re p re cio u s fo r Ali th a n
e ve ryth in g a t a ll if h e d e cla re d th e p ro p h e tic situ a tio n wh e n th e p ro p h e t (s)a sk e d fo r
a n in k p o t to write a d e cre e fo r p e o p le ,with wh ich th e y wo u ld n e ve r d e via te a t a ll, th e n
O m a r sa id : " Th e p ro p h e t is ra vin g ... o r h e is o ve rco m e b y p a in ?"
3
La te r o n O m a r
co n fe sse d to ib n Ab b a s th a t th e p ro p h e t
____________
1 - I m a m Ali a sk e d so m e o f th e co m p a n io n s to witn e ss if th e y h a d h e a rd th e p ro p h e t's tra d ith io n o f a l-
G h a d e e r. R e fe r to a l-B id a ya we n -N ih a ya b y ib n k a th e e r, vo l.7 , p .3 6 0 . Ali a sk e d so m e p e o p le a b o u t th e
tra d itio n o f a l-G h a d e e r in wh ich th e p ro p h e t d e cla re d th a t Ali wo u ld b e th e ca lip h a fte r th e p ro p h e t's d e a th ,
a n d th irty o f th e m witn e sse d th a t th e y h a d h e a rd it fro m th e p ro p h e t (s).R e fe r to a s-S a wa 'iq u l M u h riq a ,
p .1 2 2 .

2 - Th a k h a 'iru l O q b a , p .6 7 . Th e tra d itio n sh o we d th a t O m a r in te n d e d so m e tim e s to ch a n ge th e wa y th a t
th e p a rty fo llo we d in th e b e gin in g to wa rd s th e H a sh im ite s b u t h e wa s o ve rco m e b y th e p o litica l n a tu re o f
th e first rie gn a t la st.

3 - S a h ih o f a l-B u k h a ri,vo l.1 p .3 7 .
( 1 0 6 )

wa n te d to a p p o in t Ali fo r th e ca lip h a te a n d h e (O m a r) p re ve n te d h im fro m th a t fo r
fe a r o f se d itio n to o ccu r.
1
Wh e th e r th e p ro p h e t wa n te d to write d o wn Ali's righ t o f th e
ca lip h a te o r n o t, it is im p o rta n t fo r u s to p o n d e r o n O m a r's situ a tio n a ga in st th e
p ro p h e t's o rd e r. S in ce O m a r wa s re a d y to a ccu se th e p ro p h e t fa ce to fa ce o f wh a t th e
h o ly Q u ra n h a d p u rifie d h im fro m ,
2
th e n wh a t wo u ld p re ve n t h im fro m a ccu sin g
a n o th e r o n e a fte r th e p ro p h e t's d e a th ? H o we ve r we so fte n e d O m a r's situ a tio n it
wo u ld n o t re fe r b u t to cla im in g th a t th e p ro p h e t's d e cre e a b o u t th e ca lip h a te wa s n o t
fro m Alla h b u t h e wa n te d to a p p o in t Ali ju st fo r sym p a th y.
I n fa ct h is o p p o sitio n to th e tra d itio n s co n firm in g Ali's righ t o f th e ca lip h a te wo u ld
wo rse th a n h is o p p o sitio n to th e p ro p h e t cla im in g th a t it wo u ld ca u se d istu rb a n ce if
th e p ro p h e t (s) h a d le ft a writte n te xt co n firm in g th e im a m a te o f Ali.
I f th e P ro p h e t h a d give n u p d e cla rin g th e ca lip h a te o f Ali a t th e la st h o u rs o f h is life
b e ca u se o f a sa yin g sa id b y O m a ,it wa s a lso p o ssib le th a t I m a m Ali wo u ld give u p
u sin g th e tra d itio n s in h is p ro te st fo r fe a r o f a sa yin g th a t m igh t b e sa id b y O m a r.
Th e re su lt o f th is re se a rch wa s th a t th e sile n ce o f I m a m Ali in n o t d e cla rin g th e
tra d itio n s a s e vid e n ce o f h is righ t wa s im p o se d o n h im b e ca u se : H e d id n o t fin d
a m o n g th e m e n o f th a t tim e a n y,in wh o se witn e ssin g h e co u ld tru st.
U sin g th e p ro p h e tic tra d titio n s a s e vid e n ce wo u ld d ra w th e ru le rs' a tte n tio n to th e ir
e ffe ct a n d th e y wo u ld u se a n y m e a n s to d o a wa y with
____________
1 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.3 p .9 7 .

2 - Th e h o ly Q u ra n sa ys: (Nor does be speak out of desire. its naught but revelation thats revealed ) .5 3 :3 -4 .
( 1 0 7 )

th e m .
P ro te stin g b y m e a n s o f th e tra d itio n s wo u ld m e a n th e fu ll re a d in e ss fo r th e vo lt,
wh ich im a m Ali d id n o t wa n t. Wh e n O m a r a ccu se d th e p ro p h e t (s) a t h is la st h o u rs, it
b e ca m e cle a r fo r im a m Ali to wh a t e xe te n t th e ru le rs stro ve to k e e p th e ir p o sitio n s
a n d th e ir re a d in e ss to su p p o rt a n d d e fe n d th e m . S o I m a m Ali fe a re d th a t so m e th in g
m igh t h a p p e n if h e d e cla re d th e tra d itio n s o f h is im a m a te .

P E AC E FU L C O N FR O N TATI O N

I m a m Ali d e cid e d to give u p th e re vo lt a n d n o t to b e a rm e d with th e tra d itio n s
o p e n ly to co n fro n t th e ru le rs u n till h e b e ca m e co n fid e n t o f h is a b ility to p e rsu a d e th e
p u b lic o p in io n a ga in st Ab u B a k r a n d h is two fre in d . Th is wh a t Ali trie d to d o in h is
d e stre ss th e n H e b e ga n , se cre tly, to m e e t th e ch ie f's o f th e m u slim s a n d so m e o f th e
I m p o rta n t p e rso n s o f m e d in a p re a ch in g th e m a n d re m in d in g th e m o f th e d ivin e
e vid e n ce s th a t co n firm e d h is righ t. B e sid e h im wa s h is wife fa tim a co n so lid a tin g h is
situ a tio n a n d a ssistin g h im in h is se cre t jih a d . Ali d id n o t in te n d to fo rm a p a rty
figh tin g fo r h im fo r we k n o w th a t h e d id h a ve a p a rty o f a ssista n ts, wh o ga th e re d
a ro u n d h im a n d a n n o u ce d h is n a m e to b e th e ca lip h , b u t h e in te n d e d b y th o se
m e e tin g to m a k e p e o p le a gre e d o n h im u n a n im o u sly.
H e re th e ca se o f fa d a k ca m e to o ccu p y th e n e w Ala wite p o licy.th e fa tim ite ro le ,
wh ich im a m Ali d re w its lin e a ccu ra tly, wa s in a gre m e n t with th e n igh t m e e tin gs o f
th e im p o rta n t p e rso n . I t wa s wo rth y o f ch a n gin g th e situ a tio n
____________
1 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.1 6 , p .1 3 . I t wa s m e n tio n e d th a t Ab u Ja 'fa r m u h a m m a d b in Ali (s) h a d sa id :
" Ali p u t Fa tim a o n a d o n k e y a n d we n t to ge th e r in th e n igh t to th e h o u se s o f th e An sa r. I m a m Ali a sk e d
th e m to su p p o rt h im a n d Fa tim a a sk e d th e m to su p p o rt I m a m Ali.
( 1 0 8 )

a ga in st th e ca lip h a te o f Ab u B a k r a s th e e n d o f a d ra m a a n d n o t a s th e d e m o litio n o f
a p o we rfu l ru le .
Th e Fa tim ite ro le wa s th a t Fa tim a wa s to a sk Ab u B a k r fo r h e r e xto rte d righ ts a n d
to m a k e th is cla im a s th e m e a n s o f th e a rgu m e n t a b o u t th e m a in ca se th a t wa s th e
ca se o f th e ca lip h a te ,a n d to m a k e p e o p le u n d e rsta n d th a t th e m o m e n t, in wh ich th e y
le ft Ali a n d we n t to wa rd s Ab u B a k r, wa s a m o m e n t o f in fa tu a tio n a n d irre gu la rity
1

a n d th a t th e y co m m itte d a gre a t m ista k e a n d o p p o se d th e b o o k o f Alla h a n d tu rn e d
to o th e r th a n th e ir d rin k in g (o th e r th e n th e ir n a tu ra l so u rce )!
2
wh e n th e th o u gh t
rip e n d in Fa tim a 's m in d , sh e ru sh e d to co rre ct th e situ a tio n a n d to wip e o u t th e m u d
th a t sta in e d th e isla m ic go ve rm e n t,wh o se first b a se wa s m a d e in th e sa q e e fa .
H e r first ste p wa s to a ccu se th e ca lip h (Ab u B a k r) o f b a re fa ce d tre a so n ,p la yin g with
th e la w a n d to a ccu se th e re su lts o f th e e le cto ra l b a ttle , o u t o f wh ich Ab u B a k r h a d
co m e victo rio u sly,o f b e in g co n tra d icto ry to th e Q u ra n a n d re a so n .
3

Two sid e s we re a va ila b le fo r Fa tim a in h e r co n fro n ta tio n th a t we re n o t o p tio n s fo r
im a m Ali
____________
1 - R e fe r to B a la gh a t a n - N issa ' P .2 5 Fa tim a sa id re fe rrin g to th is m e a n in g: " th e sa ta n p u t h is h e a d o u t o f
its so ck e t cryin g o u t to yo u . H e fo u n d yo u re sp o n d e rs to h is cry a n d n o tice rs o f h is in a d ve rte n ce .H e
a wa k e n e d yo u a n d fo u n d yo u n im b le ... so yo u b ra n d e d o th e r th a n yo u r ca m e ls ..."

2 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a vo l.6 , p .1 2 I m a m Ali sa id in o n e o f h is a rgu m e n t with th e p e o p le : " O p e o p le o f
M u h a jire e n k e e p to Alla h . D o n o t ta k e th e a u th o rity o f M u h a m m a d o u t o f h is h o u se a n d fa m ily to yo u r
h o u se s a n d yo u r fa m ilie s. D o n o t k e e p h is fa m ily a wa y fro m h is p o sitio n a n d righ t a m o n g p e o p le . I swe a r
b y Alla h th a t we , th e P ro p h e t's fa m ily, a re wo rth ie r o f th is m a tte r (th e ru le ) th a n yo u ..."

3 - As-sa wa i'q u l M u h riq a , p .3 6 O m a r sa id : th e h o m a ge o f Ab u B a k r wa s a slip th a t Alla h sa ve d u s fro m its
e vil. I f a n y o n e d o e s it a ga in , yo u h a ve to k ill h im ..."
( 1 0 9 )

h a d h e b e e n in h e r situ a tio n .
Th e first wa s th a t Fa tim a wa s m o re a b le , a cco rd in g to th e circu m sta n ce s o f h e r
p riva te d istre ss a n d h e r p o sitio n to h e r Fa th e r,to m o ve th e se n tim e n ts a n d to co n n e ct
th e M u slim s to a wire o f sp ritu a l e le ctricity with h e r gre a t fa th e r a n d h is glo rio u s d a ys
a n d a ttra ct th e ir fe e lin gs to wa rd s th e ca se s o f th e P ro p h e t's fa m ily.
Th e se co n d wa s th a t wh a te ve r k in d o f d isp u te sh e a d o p te d it wo u ld n o t ta k e a
sh a p e o f th e a rm e d wa r, wh ich n e e d e d a le a d e r to co n tro l, b e ca u se sh e wa s a wo m a n
a n d h e r h u sb a n d wa s in h is h o u se k e e p in g to th e tru ce th a t h e a d o p te d u n til th e
p e o p le wo u ld ga th e r a ro u n d h im . H e wa s wa tch in g th e situ a tio n to in te rve n e
wh e n e ve r h e wish e d a s a le a d e r fo r th e re vo lt if it re a ch e d th e to p o r to ca lm th e
se d itio n if th e circu m sta n ce s wo u ld n o t h e lp h im with wh a t h e wa n te d .S o Fa tim a in
h e r co n fro n ta tio n e ith e r sh e wo u ld ca u se a p u b lic o p p o sitio n to th e ca lp h o r sh e
wo u ld n o t go fu rth e r th a n th e circle o f th e a rgu m e n t a n d th e d isp u te sh e wo u ld n o t
ca u se se d itio n o r se p a ra tio n b e twe e n th e M u slim s.
I m a m Ali wa n te d to m a k e p e o p le h e a r h is vo ice via th e m o u th o f Fa tim a a n d to b e
a wa y fro m th e fie ld o f th e stru ggle wa itin g fo r th e su ita b le m o m e n t to m a k e u se o f it
a n d fo r th e o p p o rtu n ity th a t wo u ld m a k e h im th e M a n o f th e situ a tio n . Also h e
wa n te d to p re se n t to a ll o f th e u m m a via Fa tim ite co n fro n ta tio n a n e vid e n ce sh o win g
th e n u llity o f th e p re se n t ca lp h a te . An d it wa s a s I m a m Ali wa n te d wh e n Fa tim a
e xp re sse d th e Ala wite righ t cle a rly in a wa y o f fa irn e ss. Th e Fa tim ite o p p o sitio n co u ld
b e su m m e riize d in so m e fa cts:
( 1 1 0 )

First : H e r se n d in g a m e sse n ge r
1
to Ab u B a k r a sk in g fo r h e r righ ts. Th is wa s th e
first ste p sh e d id in o rd e r to u n d e rta k e th e ta sk b y h e rse lf.

S e co n d : S h e fa ce d Ab u B a k r in a sp e cia l m e e tin gs
2
a n d sh e wa n te d b y th a t to
in sist o n h e r righ ts o f th e k h u m s, Fa d a k a n d o th e r th in gs to k n o w th e e xte n t o f th e
ca lip h 's re a d in e ss fo r re sista n ce . I t wa s n e ce ssa ry to a rra n ge th e ste p s o f h e r a sk in g
fo r h e r righ ts in a wa y th a t th e cla im o f d o n a tio n wa s to p re ce d e th e ca se o f
in h e rita n ce a s so m e p e o p le th o u gh t. I n fa ct I th in k th a t a sk in g fo r th e in h e rita n ce
p re ce d e d b e ca u se th e tra d itio n sh o we d th a t th e m e sse n ge r o f Fa tim a a sk e d fo r th e
in h e rita n ce a n d it wa s m o re p o ssib le to b e th e first ste p a s re q u ire d b y th e n a tu ra l
p ro gre ss o f th e d isp u te . Th e cla im o f in h e rita n ce wa s m o re lik e ly to re ga in th e righ t
b e ca u se o f th e ce rta in ly o f su cce ssio n
3
in th e I sla m ic sh a ria ; th e re fo re Fa tim a wo u ld
n o t b e b la m e d if sh e first a sk e d fo r h e r in h e rita n ce th a t in clu d e d Fa d a k a cco rd in g to
th e ca lip h 's th o u gh t, wh o h a d n o t k n o wn a b o u t th e d o n a tio n .
4
Th is a sk in g fo r th e
in h e rita n ce d id n o t co n tra d ict th a t Fa d a k wa s a d o n a tio n fro m th e p ro p h e t (s) fo r h is
d a u gh te r b e ca u se a sk in g fo r th e in h e rita n ce d id n o t re fe r to Fa d a k sp e cia lly b u t it
co n ce rn e d th e p ro p h e t's in h e rita n ce in ge n e ra l.

Th ird : h e r sp e e ch in th e M o sq u e a fte r te n d a ys
____________
1 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.1 6 , p .2 0 8 -2 1 9 .

2 - I b id . vo l.1 6 , p .2 3 0 .

3 - Th e su cce ssio n is o n e o f th e n e cce ssitie s o f I sla m a cco rd in g to th e H o ly Q u ra n : (M e n sh a ll h a ve a
p o rtio n o f wh a t th e p a re n ts a n d th e n e a r re a ltive s le a ve , a n d wo m e n sh a ll h a ve a p o rtio n o f wh a t th e
p a re n ts a n d th e n e a r re la tive s le a ve ) 4 :7 5 (Alla h e n jo ys yo u co n ce rn in g yo u r ch ild re n : Th e sh a ll h a ve th e
e q u a l o f th e p o rtio n o f two fa m ilie s) 4 :1 1 .

4 - Ab u B a k r cla im e d th a t h e h a d n o t k n o wn a b o u t th e d o n a tio n (o f Fa d a k ). R e fe r to S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a
vo l.1 6 p .2 2 5 .
( 1 1 1 )

o f h e r fa th e r's d e a th .
1

Fo u rth : H e r ta lk with Ab u B a k r a n d O m a r wh e n th e y visite d h e r to a p o lo gize a n d h e r
d e cla rin g h e r d isco n te n t with th e m a n d th a t th e y h a d d isp le a se d Alla h a n d H is
m e sse n ge r (s) b y d isp le a sin g h e r.
2

Fifth : H e r sp e e ch to th e wo m e n o f th e M u h a jire e n a n d th e An sa r wh e n th e y visite d
h e r.
3

S ixth : H e r will th a t n o o n e o f h e r o p p o n e n ts wa s to a tte n d h e r fu n e ra l a n d b u ria l
p ro ce ssio n .
4

Th is will wa s th e fin a l d e cla ra tio n o f Fa tim a sh o win g h e r in d ign a tio n a ga in st th e
p re se n t ca lip h a te .
Th e Fa tim ite m o ve m e n t fa ile d o n o n e sid e b u t su cce e d e d o n th e o th e r. I t fa ile d
b e ca u se th e go ve rn m e n t o f th e ca lip h wa s n o t o ve rth ro wn wh e n Fa tim a d id h e r la st
im p o rta n t m a rch in th e te n th d a y o f h e r Fa th e r's d e a th .
We ca n n o t a sce rta in th e re a so n s th a t m a d e Fa tim a lo se th e b a ttle , b u t,
u n d o u b te d ly, th e m o st im p o rta n t re a so n wa s th e p e rso n a lity o f th e ca lip h h im se lf
b e ca u se h e wa s o f p o litica l ta le n ts. H e d e a lt with th e situ a tio n with a n o tice a b le ta ct.
We fin d th a t in h is a n swe r to Fa tim a wh e n h e d ire cte d h is sp e e ch to th e An sa r a fte r
Fa tim a h a d fin ish e d h e r sp e e ch in th e m o sq u e . H e wa s so te n d e r-h e a rte d in
____________
1 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l. 1 6 p . 2 1 1 .I t wa s m e n tio n e d th a t: " wh e n Fa tim a k n e w th a t Ab u B a k r d e cid e d
to p re ve n t h e r fro m ge ttin g Fa d a k , sh e p u t o n h e r ve il a n d ca m e su rro u n d e d b y a gro u p o f h e r m a id s a n d
fe llo w-wo m e n ... u n til sh e ca m e in to Ab u B a k r, wh o wa s a m o n g a b ig cro wd o f th e M u h a jire e n a n d th e
An sa r ..."

2 - Al-I m a m wa s-S iya ssa b y ib n Q u ta yb a p .1 4 , S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.1 6 . p .2 8 1 a n d 2 6 4 , a l-B u k h a ri's
S a h ih ,vo l.5 p .8 3 a n d A'la m u n N issa ', vo l. Th e p ro p h e (s) sa id : " Fa tim a is p a rt o f m e .Wh o e ve r d isco n te n t
h e r,will d isco n te n t m e " .


4 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.6 p . 2 8 1 , H ilya tu l Awiya ' vo l. 2 p .4 2 , a l-H a k im 's M u sta d ra k vo l.3 p .1 7 8 .
( 1 1 2 )

h is a n swe r to Fa tim a a n d su d d e n ly h e e je cte d h is b u rn in g fire a fte r Fa tim a le ft th e
m o sq u e .H e sa id : " Wh a t is th is a tte n tio n to e ve ry sa yin g! H e is b u t a fo x. H is witn e ss is
h is ta il" .
1
We h a ve m e n tio n e d a ll o f h is sp e e ch in a p re vio u s ch a p te r. Th is re ve rsa l
fro m le n ie n cy a n d ca lm n e ss to fu ry a n ge r sh o we d u s wh a t a b ility o f co n tro llin g h is
fe e lin gs h e h a d a n d th e su ita b le ro le a t a n y tim e .
O n th e o th e r sid e , th e Fa tim ite o p p o sitio n su cce e d e d b e ca u se it su p p lie d th e tru th
with a m igh ty p o we r a n d a d d e d to its e te rn a lity in th e fie ld o f th e id e o lo gica l stru ggle
a fu rth e r p o we r.
S h e re co rd e d th is su cce ss th ro u gh o u t h e r m o ve m e n t a n d in h e r a rgu m e n t with Ab u
B a k r a n d O m a r e sp e cia lly wh e n th e y visite d h e r.sh e sa id to th e m : " I f n a rre te to yo u a
tra d itio n fro m th e p ro p h e t,will yo u a ck n o wle d ge it a n d a ct o n it?" th e y sa id : " ye s" sh e
sa id : " I a d ju re yo u b y Alla h ." d id n o t yo u h e a r th e p ro p h e t sa yin g: Fa tim a 's
co n te n tm e n t is m y co n te n tm e n t a n d h e r d isco n te n tm e n t is m y d isco n te n tm e n t.
wh o e ve r lo ve d fa tim a . lo ve d m e , wh o e ve r p le a se d h e r p le a se d m e a n d wh o e ve r
d isp le a se d h e r d isp le a se d m e ?" Th e y sa id : " ye s we d id " . sh e sa id " I ca ll Alla h a n d h is
a n ge ls to witn e ss th a t yo u h a ve d isp le a se d m e a n d h a ve n e ve r p le a se d m e . I f I m e e t
th e p ro p h e t, I will co m p la in
____________
1 - sh a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l .1 6 p .2 1 4 -2 1 5 .
( 1 1 3 )

o f b o th o f yo u to h im ."
1

Th is tra d itio n sh o we d h o w m u ch sh e co n ce rn e d a b o u t co n ce n tra trin g h e r
o p p o sitio n a ga in st th e two o p p o n e n ts a n d d e cla rin g h e r a n ge r a n d ra ge a t th e m in
o rd e r to d ro ve fro m th e d isp u te a ce rta in re su lt th a t we d o n o t wa n t yo stu d y in d e p th
a n d d ra w co n clu tio n s b e ca u se th a t will ta k e u s a wa y fro m th e S U P je ct o f th is
re se a rch a n d b e ca u se we re sp e ct th e ca lip h a n d d o n o t wa n t to co m e with h im in
su ch a rgu m e n ts b u t we ju st wa n t to re co rd it in o rd e r to cla rify Fa tim a 's o p in io n a n d
p o in t o f vie w.sh e b e lie ve d th a t th e re su lt sh e go t wa s th e ce rta in victo ry in th e
a cco u n t o f fa ith a n d re ligio n .I m e a n b y th is,th a t Ab u B a k r h a d re se rve d wra th fro m
Alla h a n d th e p ro p h e t b y d isp le a sin g fa tim a a n d h e h u rt th e m b y h u rtin g h e r b e ca u se
th e y b e ca m e a n gry if sh e b e ca m e a n gry a n d th e y b e ca m e d isp le a se d if sh e b e ca m e
d isp le a se d a cco rd in g to th e p ro p h e tic tra d itio n . Th e n wo u ld n o t d e se rve to b e th e
ca lip h o f Alla h a n d h is m e sse n ge r. Alla h sa id : (... and it does not behave you that you
should give trouble to the Apostle of Allah, nor that you should marry his waves aftter
him ever ; surly this is grievous in thee sight of allah) 33:53.
(Surly (as for) those who speak evil things of Allah and his apostle, Allah has cursed
them in this world and the hereafter, and he has prepared for them a chastisement
bringing disgrace) 33:57.
(And (as for) those who molest the apostle of Allah they shall have a painfull
punishment) 9:61. O you who believe! Do not make freinds with a people with whom
Allah is wroth) 60:13
(And to whomsoever my wrath is due shall perish indeed) 20:81.
____________
1 - Al-B u k h a ri's S a h ih , vo l.5 , p .5 M u slim 's S a h ih , vo l.2 , p .7 2 . Ah m a d 's M u sn a d , vo l.1 , p .6 a t-Ta b a ri's
Ta re e k h , vo l 2 , p .2 3 6 , K ifa ya ta t-Ta lib , p .2 6 6 a n d a l-B a yh a q i's S u n a n , vo l.6 , p .3 0 0 .


C H AP TE R FO U R
LI G H T FR O M TH E FATI M I TE S P E AC H

O n th e d a y wh e n sh e ca m e to Ad iy a n d Ta ym ,
1
m o ve d with p a ssio n , h o w p ro lo n ge d
wa s we e p in g p re a ch in g wa s h e r we e p in g p re a ch in g p e o p le with p e rfe ct sp e e ch ,
I m ita tin g a l-M u sta fa ,
2
a s if h e wa s th e p re a ch e r.
We q u o te h e re so m e sta te m e n ts fro m th e sp e e ch o f Fa tim a a z-Z a h ra '(s) to a n a lyze
a n d e xp la in th e m in o rd e r to u n d e rsta n d a s th e y a re in th e wo rld o f im m o ra lity a n d a s
th e y a re in th e ir wo n d e rfu l re a lity.

TH E G R E ATN E S S O F TH E
LE AD I N G P R O P H E T

" Th e n H e ca u se d h im to p a ss a wa y m e rcifu lly,wilin gly,d e sirin gly a n d p e rfe ra b ly.
M u h a m m a d b e ca m e sa fe fro m th e su ffe rin gs o f th is wo rld . H e wa s su rro u n d e d b y th e
re ve re n t a n ge ls a n d th e co n te n tm e n t o f th e fo rgivin g G o d , e n jo yin g th e n e igh b o rh o o d
o f th e a lm igh ty k in g" . lo o k a t th is e lo q u e n t la d y,h o w sh e d id le a ve a ll th e m a te ria l
e a se a n d th e se n sib le co m fo rt wh e n sh e wa n te d to p ra ise h e r fa th e r's e te rn a l
p a ra d ise . S h e fo u n d in h e r fa th e r wh a t sa n ctifie d h im a b o ve a ll th a t. Wh a t wo u ld th e
va lu e o f th e m a te ria l p le a su re
____________
1 - Ad iy wa s th e trib e o f Ab u B a k r a n d Ta ym wa s th e trib e o f O m a r.

2 - M u h a m m a d (s)
( 1 1 6 )

wh e th e r wo rld ly o r p a ra d isica l b e in M u h a m m a d 's sp ritu a l a cco u n t,wh e n n o o n e
ra ise d th e h u m a n so u l to th e h igh e st le ve l o f va lu e s lik e h e d id a n d n o o n e to o k it to
its p in n a cle e xce p t h im ? (N o re fo rm e r,e xce p t h im ,h a d fe d th e so u l with th e co m p le te
d ivin e b e lie f, wh ich wa s th e a im o f th e m in d s in th e ir m e n ta l fligh t a n d th e ir fin a l
ro u n d o f ro vin g fo r th e sa cre d h u m a n tru th , with wh ich th e co n scie n ce wo u ld re st a n d
th e so u l wo u ld b e co m fo rte d ).
1

H e wa s, th e n , th e gre a te r e d u ca to r o f th e so u l a n d th e u n iq u e le a d e r,u n d e r wh o se
b a n n e r th e m o ra ls h a d a ch ie ve d th e im m o rta l victo ry a ga in st th e m a te ria l e ffe cts in
th e ir stru ggle sin ce m in d h a d sta rte d its livin g with m a te ria ls.
An d a s lo n g a s h e wa s th e h e ro o f th e b a ttle b e twe e n th e m o ra ls a n d m a te ria ls,
th a t h e ro ,b y wh o se m issio n s o f th e h e a ve n we re e n d e d , it wa s n o wo n d e r th a t h e
wo u ld b e th e ce n tre o f gre a t wo rld o f m o ra ls. Th is wa s wh a t Fa tim a wa n te d to sa y in
h e r sp e e ch wh e n d e scrib in g th e m u h a m m a d a n p a ra d ise : " M u h a m m a d b e ca m e sa fe
th e fro m th e su ffe rin gs o f th is wo rld ..." ce rta in ly h e wa s th e p ivo t in th e wo rd ly life
a n d in th e h e re a fte r b u t h e wa s in th e first, tire d fo r h e k e p t o n stru gglin g to b u ild th e
fa ir h u m a n life in a n im m o rta l wa y,a n d in th e se co n d b e ca m e a t e a se fo r h e wa s th e
p ivo t su rro n d e d b y th e e n gle s to o ffe r in fro n t o f h im th e sign o f p ra ise a n d h o n o r.
An d a s th e p ro p h e t wa s fro m th e h igh e st k in d ,so h is p a ra d ise m u st b e lik e h im .I t
wa s fu ll o f m a te ria l e a se o r in fa ct it wa s fu ll o f th e m o ra l e a se . Wa s th e re sp iritu a l
e a se h igh e r th a n to b e sid e th e
____________
1 I t wa s q u o te d fro m th e d ivin e B e lie f in I sla m b y th e a u th o r h im se lf.
( 1 1 7 )

Alm igh ty K in g a n d to ga in th e co n te n tm e n t o f th e fo rgivin g go d ? su ch Fa tim a
d e scrib e d h e r fa th e r's p a ra d ise in two se n te n ce s to cla rify h is fa ct th a t h e wa s th e
a xis co n n e cte d to th e o rigin o f th e ligh t a n d th e su n su rro n d e d b y th a n ge ls in a wo rld
o f ra d ia n ce .

G R E ATN E E S O F I M AM ALI
AN D H I S E XC E LE N C E S

" S h e sa id (a d d re ssin g th e p u b lic): yo u we re o n th e d rin k o f a p it o f fire ." Yo u we re a s
d rin k fo r d rin k e rs, a s a n e a sy p re y fo r th e gre e d y, a s fire b ra n d ,fro m wh ich so m e o n e
to o k a p ie ce h u rrie d ly a n d so it wo u ld b e p u t o u t in a sh o rt tim e . Yo u we re a
fo o th o ld .
1
Yo u u se d to d rin k fro m th e ra in wa te r, in wh ich a n im a ls u rin a te d , a n d e a t
fro m th e le a ve s o f th e tre e s. Yo u we re lo w a n d S u p se rvie n t. Yo u we re a fra id o f th e
n a tio n s a ro u n d yo u . Th e n Alla h sa ve d yo u b y M u h a m m a d a fte r th e m isfu rtu n e s a n d
ca la m itie s h e fa ce d a n d a fte r h e wa s a fflicte d with th e co u ra ge o u s m e n ,
2

h igh wa ym e n a n d th e in so le n t h yp o crite s o f th e Je ws a n d C h ristia n s. Wh e n e ve r th e y
k in d le d a fire fo r wa r,Alla h p u t it o u t.Wh e n e ve r th e S a ta n 's fo llo we rs re vo lte d o r a
tro u b le ca m e o u t o f th e p o lyth e ists th e p ro p h e t( s) se n t h is b ro th e r( ALI ) in to its
fla m e s. H e wo u ld n o t b e b a ck u n till h e tre a d e d th e wa r with h is so le a n d p u t o u t its
fla m e s with h is swo rd .H e (Ali) tire d h im se lf o u t fo r th e sa k e o f Alla h .H e o ve rwo rk e d
to a ch ie ve th e o rd e rs o f Alla h .H e wa s n e a re st to th e p ro p h e t.
3
H e
____________
1 - S h e wa n te d to sa y th a t th e y we re so lo w a n d S U P se rvie n t a n d th a t th e y we re a s a re a d y b ite fo r th e
ro m a n s, th e p e rsia n s a n d so m e o f th e Ara b trib e s.

2 - Th e stro n g co u ra ge o u s m e n sto o d a ga in st h im in th e b e gin n in g o f th e m issio n .

3 - Ali wa s th e p ro p h e t's co u sin so n in -la w a n d gu a rd ia n .H e wa s to b e th e ca lip h a a fte r h im .H e wa s th e
m o st a wa re o f th e p ro p h e t's K n o wle d ge . Th e y b o th k n o w e a ch o th e r so clo se ly.
( 1 1 8 )

wa s th e m a ste r o f th e gu a rd ia n . H e a lwa ys wa s re a d y,sin ce re d e lige n t a n d strivin g
wh ile yo u we re livin g in lu xu ry,e a se a n d sa fe ty" .
1

H o w wo n d e rfu l th e co m p a riso n th a t Fa tim a m a d e b e twe e n th e h igh e st k in d o f th e
m ilita ry q u a lity in th e I sla m a t th a t tim e a n d th e m a n lin e ss a tta ch e d to tth e q u a litie s
o f th e h e ro a n d th e q u a litie s o f so ld ie r wa s ! A co m p a riso n b e twe e n b ra ve ry,wh o se
sign s th e h e a ve n a n d th e e a rth a n n o u n ce d ,a n d it wa s writte n with th e p e n o f
e te rn a lity in th e in d e x o f th e h u m a n id e a litie s a n d b e twe e n a p e rso n a lity o f (Ab u B a k r
a n d o th e rs..) sa tisfie d with jih a d b y sta n d in g in th e la st lin e o f th e b a ttle a n d wo u ld it
wa s sa tisfie d with th a t ra th e r th a n to co m m it th e p ro h ib ite d fle e in g a cco rd in g to th e
la w o f I sla m a n d th e la w o f sa crifice to u n ite th e d e vin e go ve rn m e n t o n th e e a rth !
We h a ve e ve r k n o wn th ro u gh to u t th e h isto ry o f m a n k in d sk ille d m ilita ry ta le n t
h a vin g to e xce lle n t e ffe cts o n th e life o f th is p la n e t lik e Ali's a m o n g a ll h e ro e s' h isto ry.
I m a m Ali's situ a tio n s'
2
in fie ld s o f jih a d a n d stru ggle d we re in d e e d th e stilt,o n wh ich
th e wo rld o f I sla m wa s e re cte d a n d ga in e d its gre a t h isto ry.Ali wa s th e first M u slim in
th e first m o m e n t o f th e h isto ry o f p ro p h e th o o d wh e n th e d ivin e vo ice wa s e ch o e d b y
M u h a m m a d 's lip s.
3
Th e n h e wa s th e first iin b e in g ze a lo u s a n d th e first d e fe n d e r,to
wh o m th e H e a ve n e n tru ste d th e d e a lin g
4
with th e u n b e lie vin g co m m u n ity.
____________
1 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l. 1 6 p .2 5 0 -2 5 1 .

2 - At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h , vo l.2 p .2 5 , 6 5 -6 6

3 - R e fe rin g to Ali b e in g a M u slim ,h is a ssistin g th e p ro p h e t a n d h is in fin ite re a d in e ss to sa crifice fo r th e
sa k e o f I sla m .As-S a wa 'iq u l M u h riiq a , p . 1 8 5 , a t-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h , vo l3 p .2 1 8 -2 1 9 .

4 At-Tirm ith i's S a h ih , vo l.8 p .5 9 6
( 1 1 9 )

Th e victo ry o f I m a m Ali in th is co m p a riso n m e a n t th a t h e h a d th e righ t to b e th e
ca lip h fo r two re a so n s:

Th e first : h e wa s th e o n ly so ld e ir a m o n g a ll th e M u slim s o f th a t tim e , wh o n e ve r
se p e a ra te d th e h igh e st p o litica l p o sittio n fro m th e m ilita ry p o sitio n s. Th e se co n d : h is
wo n d e rfu l jih a d sh o we d a gre a t sin ce rity th a t h a d n o wa y o f d o u b t a t a ll a n d a b u rn in g
fire b ra n d o f fa ith o f e xtin ctio n co u ld n o t fin d a wa y to it.Th is e te rn a l b u rn in g
fire b a ra n d a n d th a t im m o rta l p ro fu se sin ce rity we re two b a sic co n d itio n s fo r th e
le a d e r,o n wh o m th e u m m a wo u ld d e p e n d to gu a rd its m o ra ls a n d to k e e p its h o n o r
a lo n g th e h isto ry.

A C O M P AR I S O N B E TWE E N I M AM ALI 'S
S I TU ATI O N S AN D TH E O TH E R S '

I f yo u stu d y th e life o f th e p ro p h e t (s) a n d th e h isto ry o f h is jih a d ,yo u will fin d th a t
Ali a sto n ish e d th e e a rth a n d th e h e a ve n with h is su p p o rt to th e p ro p h e t
1
a n d yo u will
fin d th a t Ab u B a k r re so rte d to
____________
1 - A-Ta b a ri m e n tio n e d in h is Ta re e k h , vo l.2 p .6 5 -6 6 th a t wh e n im a m Ali h a d k ille d (th e k e e p e r s o f th e
b a n n e rs ),th e p ro p h e t n o tice d so m e o f th e p o lyth e sis o f Q u ra ysh a n d sa id to Ali : Atta ck th e m " Ali a tta ck
th e m H e sca te re d th e m a n d k ille d Am r b in Ab d u lla h a j-Ju m a h i.Th e n th e p ro p h e t n o tice d a n o th e r gro u p o f
th e p o lyth e ists o f Q u ra ysh . H e sa id to Ali :Atta ck th e m " Ali a tta ck e d th e m . H e sca tte re d th e m a n d k ille d
S h a yb a b in m a lik . G a b rie l sa id : o m e sse n ge r o f Alla h th is is th e re a l su p p o rt " th e p ro p h e t sa id : " H e is
fro m m e a n d I a m fro m h im " sa yin g : " N o swo rd b u t th u lfa gh a r, a n d n o yo u th b u t Ali " . Le t u s th in k o f th e
p ro p h e t's a n swe r to n o tice h o w h e ra ise d Ali a b o ve th e co n ce p t o f su p p o rt th a t re q u ire d m u ltip ilicity :
M u h a m m a d a n d Ali , to th e u n ity a n d m ixtu re wh e n h e sa id : " H e is fro m m e a n d I a m fro m h im " h e d id
n o t wa n t to se p a ra te I m a m Ali fro m h im se lf b e ca u se th e y we re a u n ity th a t d id n e ve r se p a ra te . Alla h h a d
m a d e th is u n ity a s e xm p le fo r th e h u m a n b e in gs to im ita te a n d fo r th e h e ro e s a n d re fo rm e rs to b e gu id e d
a cco rd in g to h is ligh t to ge t th e to p o f h igh n e ss.I d o n o t k n o w h o w th e co m p a n io n s o r so m e o f th e m trie d
to d isse m b le th is u n ity a n d to p u t b e twe e n th e se two h e ro e s th re e p e rso n s (th e th re e ca lip h s,Ab u B a k r,
O m a r a n d O th m a n ) th a t th e y h a d b e tte r n o t to se p e ra te b e twe e n M u h a m m a d a n d Ali.
( 1 2 0 )

th e h igh le a d e rsh ip p o sitio n su rro u n d e d b y m a n y h e ro e s o f th e An sa r to gu a rd h im
1
in
o rd e r to b e sa fe fro m th e ca la m itie s o f th e wa r.
I t wa s h e (Ab u B a k r) h im se lf,wh o fle d fro m th e b a ttle o f U h u d
2
a s d id O m a r
3
a n d
le ft th e p ro p h e t to d ie a t th a t te rrib le h o u r wh e re th e h e lp e rs b e ca m e ra re a n d b a n n e r
o f th e M u slim s d e clin e d .O n ly e igh t p e rso n s p ro m ise d th e p ro p h e t to d ie fo r h im ;th re e
fro m th e M u h a jire e n a n d five fro m th e An sa r,wh o m Ab u B a k r wa s n o t o n e o f a s it wa s
m e n tio n e d b y th e h isto ria n s.
4
in fa ct n o o n e o f th e h isto ria n s m e n tio n e d th a t h e e ve r
fo u gh t in th a t situ a tio n a n y k in d o f figh tin g.
5

Wh y wa s h e with th e re tu rn in g p e o p le n o t fle d ? wa s n o t figh tin g th e d u ty a t th a t
m o m e n t wh e re th e n u m b e r o f th e d e fe n d e rs wa s n o t e n o u gh to sta n d a ga in st th e
e n e m y,wh o stru ck th e p ro p h e t with m a n y strik e s th a t m a d e h im o ffe r th e p ra ye rs
wh ile sittin g?
We a ll m igh t k n o w th a t if so m e o n e wa s in th e m id d le o f b a ttle fie ld ,h e wo u ld n o t
b e sa fe fro m d e a th b y h is e n e m y,u n le ss h e fle d o r h e a ctu a lly d e fe n d e d h im se lf in th e
b a ttle . S in ce Ab u B a k r d id n o t d o a n y o f th e se two th in gs a n d ye t h e wa s sa fe , so it
wo u ld m e a n th a t a n o p p o n e n t sto p p in g in fro n t o f h is e n e m y with o u t d e fe n d in g a n d
h is e n e m y d id n o t k ill h im .D id th e p o lyth ie sts p itie d Ab u B a k r
____________
1 - O yo o n u l Ath a r b y ib n S a yyid a n -N a ss, vo l.1 p .3 3 6 .

2 - As it wa s m e n tio n e d in th e b o o k so f th e S h ia .

3 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.3 p . 3 8 9 -3 9 0 .

4 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.3 p .3 8 8 a n d a l-I m ta ' b y a l M a q re e zi p .1 3 2 .

5 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.3 p .3 8 9 .
( 1 2 1 )

a n d d id n o t p ity M u h a m m a d , Ali, a z-Z u b a yr,Ab u D ija n a a n d S a h l b in H u n a yf? I h a ve
n o t re a so n a b le in te rp re ta tio n fo r th is situ a tio n e xce p t to sa y th a t h e m igh t sta n d
b e sid e th e p ro p h e t a n d go t a sa fe p la ce b e ca u se it wa s th e fa rth e st p o in t fro m th e
d a n ge rs a s th e p ro p h e t wa s th e n su rro u n d e d b y h is sin ce re co m p a n io n s.Th is wa s n o t
u n lik e ly b e ca u se we k n e w Ab u B a k r's ta ct.H e a lwa ys lik e d to b e b e sid e th e p ro p h e t
(s) wa s th e sa fe st wh e re th e sin ce re st M u slim s sa fe gu a rd e d a n d d e fe n d e d h im
d e vo te d ly.
I f yo u stu d ie d th e life o f I m a m Ali a n d th e life o f Ab u B a k r,wo u ld yo u fin d in th e life
o f th e first a n y k in d o f e xtin ctio n in h is sin ce rity o r a we a k n e ss in h is ru sh fo r th e
sa crifice o r le n d in g o n e a se a n d co m fo rt a t th e h o u r o f th e sa cre d wa r? Le t yo u
p o n d e r a ga in ,wo u ld yo u fin d a n y la n gu o r?(Then turn back the eye again and again;
your look shall come back to you confused while it is fatiguard. 67:4), b e ca u se h e
wo u ld fin d sp le n d o r a n d d e a th d e fia n ce in th e wa y o f Alla h th a t yo u wo u ld n e ve r fin d
th e lik e a n d yo u wo u ld fin d a m a n th a t fa lse h o o d wo u ld n e ve r co m e to ,n e ith e r fro m
b e fo re h im n o r fro m b e h in d h im .H e h a d th e re a d in e ss fo r e te rn a lity lik e h is gre a t
te a ch e r M u h a m m a d b e ca u se th e y we re b u t o n e ! Th e n if yo u stu d y th e life o f Ab u B a k r
d u rin g th e p ro p h e t's life tim e , will yo u fin d b u t we a k n e ss a n d in e ffe ctu a lity in th e
id e o ligica l life a n d in th e m ilita ry life ? I t wa s cle a r wh e n h e fle d fro m th e
____________
1 - Acco rd in g to th e ve rse :( Th e n sa y: C o m e le t u s ca ll o u r so n s a n d yo u r so n s a n d o u r wo m e n a n d yo u r
wo m e n a n d o u rse lve s a n d yo u rse lve s, th e n le t u s b e e a rn e st in p ra ye r, a n d p ra y fo r th e cu rse o f Alla h o n
th e lia rs). 3 :6 1
( 1 2 2 )

b a ttle o f U h u d a n d th e b a ttle o f H u n a yn
1
a n d it wa s cle a r fro m h is la ggin g to fo h is
d u ty wh e n th e p ro p h e t o rd e re d h im to go with th e a rm y u n d e r th e le a d e rsh ip o f
U ssa m a
2
a n d fro m h is d e fe a t a t K h a yb a r wh e n th e p ro p h e t (s) se n t h im a s th e le a d e r
o f a n a rm y to o ccu p y th e fo rt o f th e je ws a n d h e fle d b a ck .Th e n p ro p h e t se n t O m a r,
wh o d id th e sa m e a s h is frie n d .
3
I n th a t te rrib le situ a tio n th e e n th u sia sm o f O m a r a n d
h is wo n d e rfu l h e ro ism d u rin g th e p e a ce tim e , with wh ich I sla m b e ca m e so stro n g a s
th e y cla im e d , e va p o ra te d . O m a r we n t b a ck with h is fo llo ws, o n e co wa rd in g th e
o th e r.
4
Th e n th e p ro p h e t (s) sa id :" To m o rro w I will give th e b a rn e r to a m a n ,wh o m
Alla h a n d H is m e sse n ge r lo ve a n d h e lo ve s Alla h a n d H is M e sse n ge r n o t to co m e
b a ck u n till h e win s" .
5
Th e p ro p h e t, in h is sp e e ch , ga ve a h in t to cru sh th e fe e lin gs o f
th e two u n su cce ssfu l le a d e rs a n d a fra n k p rid e o n gre a t Ali, wh o lo ve d Alla h a n d H is
M e sse n ge r a n d Alla h a n d H is M e sse n ge r lo ve d h im .
6

____________
1 - R e fe r to a s-S e e ra a l-H a la b iya ,vo l.2 p .1 2 6 a n d re fe r to a l-B u k h a ri's S a h ih ,vo l.3 p .6 7 .Al-B u k h a ri
m e n tio n e d th a t so m e o n e o f th o se , wh o fo u gh t in th e b a ttle o f H u n a yn , h a d sa id : " Th e M u slim s fle d a n d
I fle d with th e m . I sa w O m a r a m o n g th e m . I sa id to h im : Wh a t is wro n g with th e p e o p le ? H e sa id : it is th e
will o f Alla h . Th is sh o we d th a t O m a r wa s a m o n g th e fle e rs.

2 - As-S e e ra a l-H a la b iya ,vo l. 3 a n d ib n S a 'd 's Ta b a q a t, vo l.2 p .2 4 8 -2 5 0 .

3 - Ah m a d 's M u sn a d , vo l. 5 p .2 5 3 , a l-h a k im 's M u sta d ra k , vo l. 3 p . 2 7 ,k a n zu l O m m a l, vo l.6 p . 3 9 4 a n d a t-
Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h , vo l. 2 p .1 3 6 .

4 - Th is wa s Ali's d e scrip tio n o f th e fa ile d le a d e r a n d th e la n gu id so ld ie rs, wh o k n e w th e we a k n e ss o f e a ch
o th e r; th e re fo re th e y b e ga n to te rrify th e situ a tio n in o rd e r to fin d a n e xcu se fo r th e ir figh t. R e fe r to a t-
Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h , vo l.2 , p .1 3 6 .

5 - Al-B u k h a ri's S a h ih ,vo l. 5 p . 1 8 , Ah m a d 's M u sn a d ,vo l. 5 p . 3 5 3 , a t-Tirm ith i's S a h ih , vo l.5 p . 5 9 6 a n d
M u slim 's S a h ih , vo l.4 p . 1 8 7 3 .

6 - I t wa s ve ry p ro b a b le th a t th e a rm y, wh ich Ali le d to co n q u e r th e Je wish co lo n y, wa s th e sa m e a rm y,
wh ich fle d a d a y a go . We u n d e rsta n d fro m th is th e gre a t e ffe ct o f t h e le a d e r o n h is a rm y a n d t h e
co n n e ctio n b e twe e n th e ir fe e lin gs a n d h is.Ali co u ld m a k e th o se so ld ie rs, wh o co wa rd e d O m a r is th e
p re vio u s a tta ck , victo rio u s h e ro e s b y p o u rin g in th e ir so u ls so m e o f h is gre a t so u l e ffu sin g with e n th u sia sm
a n d sin ce rity.
( 1 2 3 )

O yo u th e two ca lip h s o f th e M u slim s-o r o f so m e o f th e M u slim s, d id yo u r p ro p h e t,
wh o m yo u re p la ce d ,b e h a ve so ? D id n o t yo u le a rn fro m h im so m e o f h is le sso n s in
jih a d a n d su ffe rin g fo r th e sa k e o f Alla h ? Wa s n o t in yo u r co m p a n io n sh ip with h is fo r
two d e ca d e s a n y d e te rre n t p re ve n tin g yo u fro m d o in g wh a t yo u d id ? D id n o t yo u h e a r
th e Q u ra n ,wh ich yo u we re e n tru ste d with to gu a rd a n d to sp re a d its h igh id e a litie s,
sa yin g : ( And whoever shall turn back to them on that day, unless he turn aside for
the sake of fighting or withdraw to a company, then he, indeed becomes deserving of
Allah's wrath, and his abode is hell;and an evil destination shall it be) 8 ;1 6 .
Yo u m igh t a gre e with m e th a t th e im p o rta n t p o sitio n o f Ab u B a k r a n d O m a r in
I sla m m a d e th e m a b o ve co m m ittin g th e p ro h ib ite d fle e in g,so th e y h a ve in te rp re te d
a n d fo u n d a n e xcu se fo r th e ir fle e in g.We k n o w th a t th e sp a ce o f in te rp re ta tio n wa s
wid e fo r th e ca lip h Ab u B a k r lik e wh e n h e ju stifie d th e sin o f K h a lid b in a l-Wa le e d
wh e n h e k ille d a M u slim in te n d e d ly b y sa yin g: " H e (K h a lid ) issu e d a fa twa b u t h e
m isju d ge d " .
1

We m a y a p o lo gize d if wh a t we h a ve sa id a b o ve re q u ire s a n a p o lo gy, b u t we we re
o b lige d to m e n tio n th a t b e ca u se th e Fa tim ite co m p a riso n n e e d e d d e ta ile d
e xp la n a tio n s.
____________
1 - At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h ,vo l.2 p .2 7 3 . O m a r sa id to Ab u B a k r : " in k h a lid 's swa rd th e re is ju stice . if it is n o t
righ t , h e d e se rve s to b e p u n ish e d " H e in siste d o n th a t ....Ab u B a k r sa id " O u m a r,e xcu se h im ! H e
in te rp re te d a n d m isju d ge d " .R e fe r to ta re e k h o f ib n S h u h n a p rin te d o n th e m a rgin s o f a l-k a m il ,
vo l.1 1 p .1 1 4 .
( 1 2 4 )

TH E R U LI N G P AR TY

Fa tim a sa id : " yo u lu rk to b rin g u s a d ve rsitie s a n d lo o k fo rwa rd to h e a rin g b a d n e ws
( wh ich b rin g m isfo rtu n e s to u s)" .
Th is sp e e ch wa s a d re sse d to th e ru lin g p a rty,wh ich cla im e d th a t wh a t Fa tim a
a scrib e d to h e r a d d re sse e s, m a d e th e m h e ste n th e h o m a ge fo r fe a r o f th e se d itio n to
o ccu r. H e r sp e e ch wa s a cle a r a ccu sa tio n fo r th is p a rty to p re p a re th e te rrib le p lo t a n d
to co m p a ct th e p la n s wa itin g fo r th e su ita b le o p p u rtu n ity in o rd e r to se ize th e ru le a n d
to d ive st th e h a sh im ite h o u se o f it.
I t wa s sh o w in th e p re vio u s ch a p te rs th a t th e se cre t a gre e m e n t b e twe e n Ab u B a k r,
O m a r a n d Ab u O b a d a wa s p ro ve d b y th e h isto rica l fa cts.
We d id n o t h a ve to e xp e ct m a ta ria l e vid e n ce m o re p e rfe ct th a n Fa tim a 's sp e e ch fo r
sh e live d with th o se d ifficu lt circu m sta n ce s.C e rta in ly sh e p e rce ive d th e e ve n t o f th a t
tim e re a lly, co rre ctly a n d a ccu ra te ly m o re th a n th e re se a rch e rs, wh o ca m e h u n d re d s
o f ye a rs la te r to a n a lyze th o se e ve n t.
An d fo r th e righ t o f th e re se a ch , we h a ve to re co rd th a t Fa tim a (s) wa s th e first -if
h e r h u sb a n d wa s n o t th e first to d e cle a r th e p a rtisa n a sso rtm e n t o f th e ru lin g p a rty.
S h e a ccu se d th e m o f p o litica l p lo ttin g th e n sh e wa s fo llo we d ,in th is th o u gh t, b y so m e
o f h e r co n te m p o ra rie s lik e I m a m Ali'(s) a n d
____________
1 - We a p o lo gize d to o u r m a ste r Ab u O b a yd a fo r m e n tio n e d h is m e re n a m e with o u t a title .I t wa s n o t m y
m ista k e b u t th e d e a th ,wh ich to o k h is so u l b e fo re h e go t th e ca lip h a te th a t p e o p le m igh t give h im a n y o f
th e title s. As fo r th e title ( th e fa ith fu l) I th in k th a t h e go t it n e ith e r fro m th e p ro p h e t (s) n o r fro m th e
p e o p le b u t h e go t itin sp e cia l o cca sio n s th a t h a d n o th in g to d o with th e o fficia l d e co ra tio n !

2 - With re fe re n ce to I m a m Ali's sa yin g : " O O m a r, yo u m ilk a m ilk in g th a t yo u will h a ve a h a lf o f it ! su p p o rt
h im to d a y to re co m p e n se yo u to m o rro w .." S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l. p .1 1 a n d p .1 2 Ab u O b a yd a 's sa yin g
to I m a m Ali.
( 1 2 5 )

M u 'a wiya b in Ab u su fya n .
1

As lo n g a s th is p a rty,wh ich Fa tim a (s) co n firm e d its e xiste n ce ,I m a m Ali (s) re fe rre d
to a n d M u 'a wiya glim p se d a t wa s co n tro llin g th e ru le a n d fa te o f th e u m m a a n d a s
lo n g a s th e fo llo win g ru lin g fa m ilie s,wh ich d ire cte d a ll th e p u b lic u tilitie s o f th e ir
in te re sts,fo llo we d th e sa m e b a sis o f th e p a rty a n d e le m e n ts o f th a t o f th e p a rtisa n s
m e th o d wh ich d a ze d th e I sla m ic wo rld ,it is ve ry n a tu ra l th a t we d o n o t se e in h isto ry
o r a t le a st th e ge n e ra l h isto ry a cle a r im a ge o f th a t p a rty,wh o se first p a rtisa n s trie d
th e ir b e st to co lo u r th e ir d e e d s with th e p u re le ga l co lo r, wh ich wa s to o fa r fro m th e ir
p o litica l co lo rs a n d se cre t a gre e m e ts.
Fa tim a sa id : " Th e n yo u b ra n d e d o th e r th a n yo u r ca m e ls a n d we n t to o th e r th a n
yo u r d rin k in g p la ce s.Yo u d id so a n d th e a ge o f th e p ro p h e t wa s still re ce n t,th e wo u n d
wa s still wid e a n d n o t ye t h e a le d ,a n d th e p ro p h e t wa s n o t ye t b u rie d . D id yo u so
q u ick ly cla im th e fe a r o f se d itio n ? S u re ly in to se d itio n h a ve th e y a lre a d y tu m b le d
d o wn ,a n d m o st su re ly h e ll e n co m p a sse s th e u n b e lie ve rs. B y Alla h , it wa s
im p re gn a te d so wa it u n til it b e a rs th e n m ilk its b lo o d ... th e n th e y will p e rish wh o sa y
fa lse th in gs a n d th e su cce sso rs will k n o w wh a t b a d th e e a rlie r o n e s h a ve e sta b lish e d .
B e a t e a se a n d wa it re la xe d ly fo r th e se d itio n .R e jo ice a t a sh a rp swo rd ,ge n e ra l
co m m o tio n a n d d e sp o tism , wh ich will m a k e yo u r victu a ls so in sign ifica n t a n d yo u r
ga th e rin g se p e ra te . Ala s fo r yo u ! "
2

I f Ab u B a k r a n d h is two frie n d s fo rm e d a p a rty h a vin g sp e cia l in te n ts,it wo u ld b e
va in fo r u s to e xp e ct th a t th e y wo u ld d e cla re o f it o r a n n o u n ce th e
____________
1 - R e fe r to M u ro o j a th -Th a h a b , vo l.3 , p .1 9 9 a n d Wa q 'a t S iffe n b y N a sr b in M u za h im p .1 1 9 -1 2 0 .

( 1 2 6 )

b a sic lin e s o f th e ir p ro gra m , b y wh ich th e y wo u ld ju stify th e ir situ a tio n o n th e d a y o f
th e sa q e e fa ; n e ve rth e le ss th e re m u st b e a ju stifica tio n a n d a n in te rp re ta tio n .
I t wa s cle a r th a t th e y h a ste n e d a n d lo n ge d e a rge rly to co m p le te d th e h o m a ge to
o n e o f th e m a n d to se ize th e h igh p o sitio n in a wa y th a t it wa s su p p o se d th a t th e y
we re p ru d e n t a n d h a vin g m in d s th a t d id n o t th in k e xce p t o f th e b e n e fit o f I sla m a n d
d id n o t ca re fo r k e e p in g h igh p o sitio n s.Th e p o sse ssio n o f a u th o rity a n d se izin g o f
ra n k s wo u ld n o t b e th e a im o f M u h a m m a d 's d e scip le ss.
Th e ru le rs fe lt th a t a n d p e rcie ve d th a t th e ir situ a tio n wa s so m e wh a t o d d so th e y
wa n te d to p a tch it b y cla im in g th e ir k e e p in g to th e h igh a im s a n d fe a rin g fo r I sla m
fro m a se d itio n te h a t m igh t d o a wa y with it.Wh a t th e y fo rgo t wa s th a t th e p a tch
a lwa ys wo u ld e xp o se itse lf a n d th e n e w th re a d s in se rte d in th e d re ss wo u ld le a d to
sh o w th e p a tch .Th e re fo re Fa tim a (s) d e cla re d h e r e te rn a l wo rd :" Yo u cla im e d th a t yo u
fe a rd o f se d itio n (S u re ly in to se d itio n h a ve th e y a lre a d y tu m b le d d o wn , a n d m o st
su re ly h e ll e n co m p a sse s th e th e u n b e lie ve rs. Q u ra n ,9 :4 9 9 ) Ye s, it wa s th e se d itio n o r
th e so u rce o f se d itio n s d e fin a te ly. H o w wo n d e rfu l yo u we re O d a u gh te r o f th e p ro p h e t,
wh e n yo u to o k th e m a sk o ff th e b itte r tru th a n d p re d icte d fo r yo u r fa th e r's u m m a a
te rrib le fu tu re , in wh o se sk y re d clo u d s wo u ld ligh te n to m a k e rive rs o f b lo o d fu ll o f
sk u lls! H o w wo n d e rfu l yo u we re wh e n re p ro a ch e d th o se p e rso n s with th e ir b a d d e e d s
b y sa yin g : (S u re ly in to se d itio n h a ve th e y a lre a d y tu m b le d d o wn , a n d m o st su re ly h e ll
e n co m p a sse s th e u n b e lie ve rs.


TH E G R E AT S E D I TI O N

Th e p o litica l p e rfo rm a n ce s a t th a t tim e we re se d itio n a n d we re th e so u rce o f a ll
se d itio n s o ccu re d th e re a fte r.
1

I t wa s se d itio n a cco rd in g to Fa tim a 's o p in io n a t le a st-b e ca u se it wa s a ga in st th e
le ga l I sla m ic go ve rn m e n t, wh ich wa s Ali's righ t, wh o wa s th e p ro p h e t's Aa ro n a n d wa s
wo rth ie r to th e M u slim s th e n th e m se lve s.Am o n g th e iro n ie s o f th e fa te wa s th a t
O m a r ju stifie d h is situ a tio n th a t h e fe a re d fo r se d itio n a n d h e fo rgo t th a t e xp o rtin g
th e righ t fro m its le ga l k e e p e r th a t th e p ro p h e t h a d d e cid e d with th e co n fe ssio n o f
O m a r h im se lf, wa s th e ve ry se d itio n with a ll m e a n in gs o f se d itio n !
I d o n o t k n o w wh a t p re ve n te d th o se , wh o fe a re d fro m se d itio n to o ccu r a n d h a d n o
gre e d fo r th e ru le e xce p t a s m u ch a s re la te d to th e in te re sts o f I sla m , fro m a sk in g th e
p ro p h e t a b o u t th e ca lip h a fte r h im a n d a sk in g h im to a p p o in t fo r th e m th e h igh e r
a u th o rity o f th e I sla m ic go ve rn m e n t a fte r h im ,wh e re h e wa s sick fo r m a n y d a ys a n d
h e sa id m a n y
____________
1 - As it wa s cle a r fro m th e sa yin g o f O m a r: " Th e h o m a ge o f Ab u B a k r wa s a slip th a t Alla h k e p t th e
M u slim s sa fe fro m its e vils" R e fe r to a t-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h , vo l.2 p .2 3 5 a n d it wa s m e n tio n e d in a s-S a wa 'iq u l
M u h riq a p .3 6 : ... " a n d wh o e ve r d o e s it (th e h o m a ge ) a ga in m u st b e k ille d ."

2 - Acco rd in g to tra d itio n o f a l-G h a d e e r, wh ich wa s n a rra te d b y o n e h u n d re d a n d e le ve n co m p a n io n s,e igh ty-
fo u r o f th e su cce sso rs a n d wa s m e n tio n e d b y th re e h u n d re d a n d fifty-th re e o f o u r b ro th e rs o f th e S u n n i
a u th o rs a s m e n tio n e d in th e b o o k a l-G h a d e e r b y a l-a m e e n .I wo u ld lik e to n o tice h e re th a t m u ch o f th e h o ly
Q u ra n wa s n o t n a rra te d b y su ch n u m b e r o f n a rra to rs a s th o se ,wh o n a rra te d th e tra d itio n s o f a l-G h a d e e r.
S o wh o e ve r su sp e cte d th is tra d itio n ,wo u ld su sp e ct th e h o ly Q u ra n .Th e e vid e n ce p ro vin g th a t im a m a te a n d
ca lip h a te o f Ali wa s so cle a r th a t h a d n o wa y fo r d o u b t a n d su sp icio n .R e fe r to a l-M u ra ja 'a t b y S a yyid Ab d u l
H u ssa yn S h a ra fu d d e n a n d re fe r to a s-S a wa 'iq u l M u h riq a p .1 2 2 .
( 1 2 8 )

tim e s th a t h e wo u ld le a ve fo r th e b e tte r wo rld n e a rly a n d so m e o f h is co m p a n io n s
ga th e re d a ro u n d h is a sk in g h im a b o u t h o w to wa sh h im (gh u sl)
1
a n d h o w to p re p a re
th e p ro ce d u re s o f th e b u ria l?
2
D id n o t th o se , wh o in ste a d o n O m a r (wh e n h e wa s
a b o u t to d ie ) to a p p o in t fo r th e m th e ca lip h a fte r h im in o rd e r n o t to le a ve th e u m m a
with o u t a ru le r fo r fe a r o f se d itio n ,
3
th in k o f a sk in g fo r th a t fro m th e p ro p h e t (s)? D id
th e y ign o re th e d a n ge rs o f th e situ a tio n in sp ite o f th a t th e p ro p h e t h a d wa rn e d th e m
o f se d itio n s lik e th e d a rk n igh t? B u t a s th e p ro p h e t jo in e d h is E xa lte d C o m p a n io n s,
th e ir ze a l fo r th e re ligio n sh in e d a n d th e ir h e a rts we re fille d with fe a r fro m se d itio n
a n d e vil re su lts! D o yo u a gre e with m e th a t th e p ro p h e t h a d ch o se n fo r th e slip th e
b e st ca p ta in a n d th e re fo re n o o n e o f th e m a sk e d h im a n y q u e stio n ?
Le t u s h a ve th e sid e a n d try to fin d fo r th e m wh a te ve r e xcu se s th a t m a y ju stify th e ir
a ctio n s.Th o se p e o p le , ze a lo u s fo r I sla m ,n o t o n ly we re sa tisfie d with n o t a sk in g th e
p ro p h e t, b u t a lso th e y p re ve n te d h im fro m sa vin g th e m fro m th e e xp e cte d d a n ge rs
wh e n h e wa n te d to write a d e cre e ,b y wh ich (th e M u slim s wo u ld n e ve r d e via te a t a ll).
4

D e via tio n d id m e a n se d itio n a n d th e n th e re wo u ld b e n o se d itio n a fte r th a t d e cre e
so d id th e y su sp e ct th e p ro p h e t n o t to b e tru th fu l?! O r d id th e y th in k th a t th e y we re
m o re ze a lo u s fo r I sla m a n d m o re a b le to d o a wa y with th e se d itio n s a n d co m m o tio n s
th a n th e p ro p h e t a n d th e first m a n o f I sla m ?
____________
1 - Wa sh in g a d e a d m a n in a sp e cia l m a n n e r a cco rd in g to th e I sla m ic ru le s.

2 - Al-K a m il fit-Ta re e k h b y ib n u l Ath e e r. vo l. 2 p .1 2 2 a n d a s-S e e ra a n -N a b a wiya b y ib n K a th e e r, vo l. 4 p .5 2 7 .

3 - At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h , vo l.2 p .5 8 0 , a l-I q d a l-Fa re e d , vo l.4 p .2 6 0 .

4 - Al-B u k h a ri's S a h ih , vo l.1 p .3 7 1 a n d vo l.8 p .1 6 1 .
( 1 2 9 )

I t wo u ld b e b e tte r fo r u s to a sk a b o u t wh a t th e p ro p h e t (S ) h a d m e a n t b y se d itio n s
wh e n h e a d d re sse d th o se b u rie d in th e ce e m e te ry o f a l-B a q e e '
1
in th e la st d a ys o f h is
h o n o re d life :" H o w lu ck y yo u a re b y b e in g h e re ! S e d itio n will co m e lik e p ie ce s o f d a rk
n igh ts" .
2

P e rh a p s yo u m igh t sa y th a t it re fe re d to th e se d itio n o f th e a p o sta te s. Th is
ju stifica tio n wo u ld b e a cce p te d if th e p ro p h e t wa s a fra id th a t th e d e a d s o f a l-B a q e e '
wo u ld a p o sta tize b u t if h e wa s n o t a fra id o f th a t-a s it wa s re a l-b e ca u se th e y we re
go o d m u slim s a n d th e m a n y o f th e m we re m a rtyrs, so wh y d id h e co n gra tu la te th e m
fo r n o t a tte n d in g th o se d a ys? An d d e fin a te ly th e p ro p h e t (s) d id n o t m e a n th e
U m a yya d rio ts d o n e b y O th m a n a n d M u 'a wiya 3 fo r th e y we re n e a rly th re e d e ca d e s
a fte r th a t d a te .
S o th a t se d itio n , th e p ro p h e t (s) re fe re d to , m u st b e a fte r h is d e p a rtu re im m e d ia te ly
a n d th a t it wo u ld co n ce rn th e d e a d s o f a l-B a q e e ' m o re th a n th e se d itio n o f th e
a p o sta te s a n d o f th o se , wh o cla im e d to b e p ro p h e ts. H e n ce it wa s th e ve ry se d itio n
th a t Fa tim a (s) re fe re d to wh e n sa yin g (S u re ly in to se d itio n h a ve th e y a lre a d y tu m b le d
d o wn , a n d m o st su re ly h e ll e n co m p a sse s th e in b e lie ve rs).
I s th is th e n wro n g to ca ll it th e first se d itio n in th e I sla m ic h isto ry a fte r th e p ro p h e t
(s) h a d ca lle d it se d itio n ?
Th e p o litica l p e rfo rm a n ce s o f th a t d a ys we re se d itio n fro m a n o th e r sid e th a t th e y
im p o se d o n th e u m m a a ca lip h a te , with wh ich n o o n e wa s sa tisfie d e xce p t a fe w,4
wh o h a d n o righ t to d e cid e th e fa te o f
____________
1 - Th e gra ve ya rd o f th e M u slim s in M e d in a .

2 - At-Ta re e k h a l-K a m il b y ib n u l Ath e e r, vo l.2 p .3 1 8 .

3 - At-Ta j a j-Ja m i' lil-U so o l , vo l. 5 p .3 1 0 .

( 1 3 0 )

th e go ve rn m e n t n e ith e r a cco rd in g to th e I sla m ic la ws n o r a cco rd in g to a ll th e civil
la ws.I t wa s th e ca lip h a te o f Ab u B a k r,wh e n h e ca m e o u t o f th e S a q e e fa (a n d O m a r
tro ttin g in fro n t o f h im sh o u tin g u n til h is m o u th fo a m e d )su rro u n d in g b y h is gro u p
(we a rin g S a n 'a n i'
1
a p ro n s a n d p a ssin g b y n o o n e u n le ss th e y h it h im a n d b ro u gh t h im
(in fro n t Ab u B a k r).Th e y e xte n d e d h is h a n d to to u ch Ab u B a k r's h a n d to p a y h o m a ge
to h im willin gly o r in willin gly).
2

Th is sh o we d th a t th e ru le rs h a d ca rrie d to th e M u slim s a ca lip h a te th a t wa s n e ith e r
b le sse d b y th e H e a ve n n o r a cce p te d b y th e M u slim s.Ab u B a k r d id n o t ga in h is
a u th o rity b y a d e cre e fro m th e p ro p h e t n o r b y th e co n se n su s o f th e u m m a a s lo n g a s
S a 'd d id n o t p a y h o m a ge u n til Ab u B a k r d ie d a n d a s lo n g a s th e H a sh im ite s d id n o t
p a y h o m a ge u n till six m o n th s o f Ab u B a k r's ca lip h a te .
3

I t wa s sa id th a t th o se in p o we r h a d p a id h o m a ge to h im a n d th a t wa s e n o u gh .
D id th is co n ce p t n o t n e e d a n e xp la n a tio n o r a re fe re n ce to b e co n ce rn e d ?wh o d id
co n sid e r th o se ,wh o h a d p a id h o m a ge to Ab u B a k r su ch a n d h a d give n th e m th a t
u n lim ite d a u th o rity?
I t wa s n e ith e r th e u m m a n o r th e p ro p h e t (s) b e ca u se we k n e w th a t th e m e n o f th e
S a q e e fa h a d n o t fo llo we d th e n o rm a l m e th o d o f e le ctio n s a n d h a d n o t p e rm ite d th e
M u slim s to ch o o se se co n d a ry ca n d id a te s,wh o we re co n sid e re d m e n in p o we r
a cco rd in g to th e tra d itio n s o f th a t tim e .
I t wa s n o t m e n tio n e d th a t th e p ro p h e t (s) h a d gra n te d th is wid e a u th o rity to a n y
sp e cia l gro u p .
____________
1 - R e le te d to S a n a 'a .

2 - S h a a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a ,vo l.1 p .7 4 .

3 - Al-B u k h a ri's S a h ih th e (virtu e s o f th e co m p a n io n s) ch a p .3 5 , p .6 6 a n d ch a p 4 3 , p .8 .
( 1 3 1 )

th e n h o w wo u ld it b e gra n te d to a fe w M u slim s,wh o wo u ld co n tro l th e a ffa irs o f th e
M u slim s with o u t th e ir co n se t,in a co n stitu tio n a l re gim e lik e th e I sla m ic go ve rn m e n t
a s th e y cla im e d ?
H o w wo n d e rfu l o f th e p o litica l tra d itio n it wa s th a t th e go ve rm e n t itse lf wo u ld
a p p o in t th o se in p o we r
1
a n d th e n it wo u ld ga in its fin a l o p in io n fro m th e m . An d m o re
wo n d e rfu l it wa s th a t th e e xclu d e d Ali, a l-Ab b a s a n d a ll H a sh im ite s, S a 'd b in O b a d a ,
a z-Z u b a yr, Am m a r,S a lm a n ,Ab u th a r, a l-M iq d a d a n d a ll th o se gifte d with in te lle ct a n d
p ru d e n ce
2
fro m th o se in p o we r if a ctu a lly th e re wa s su ch cla ss in I sla m th a t h a d th e
righ t o f d e cid in g e xclu sive ly.
P u tin g th is wo rd in th e d ictio n a ry o f th e I sla m ic life p a ve d th e wa y fo r th e
a risto cra cy to a p p e a r,wh ich wa s to o fa r fro m th e e sse n ce o f I sla m a n d its re a lity th a t
wa s p u rifie d fro m ca ste a n d d iscrim in a tio n .
Wo u ld th a t gre a t we a lth ,with wh ich th e sa ck s o f Ab d u r R a h m a n b in O u ff,Ta lh a a n d
th e lik e s we re fille d , b e h e a p e d u n le ss th o se ru le rs a d o p te d th is u gly a risto cra cy,
wh ich wa s ill-o m e n e d fo r I sla m ,a n d sa w th a t th e y we re th e h igh cla ss d e se rvin g to
h a ve th e m illo in s a n d to co n tro l p e o p le 's righ ts a s
____________
1 - At-Ta b a ri's ta re e k h , vo l.2 , p .2 3 3 . Ab u B a k r sa id : " I a cce p te d to yo u o n e o f th e se two m e n ; O m a r a n d
Ab u O a yd a (to b e th e clip h a ) ...a n d i m y se lf ch o o se Ab u O b a yd a ." O m a r sto o d u p a n d sa id (to th e p e o p le
in S a q e e fa ) : " wh o o f yo u wo u ld re fu se th e two fe e t (Ab u B a k r ) th a t th e p ro p h e t h a d p re fe rre d ?" th e n
O m a r p a id h o m a ge to Ab u B a k r a n d th e n p e o p le p a id h o m a ge to o ... th e An sa r sa id : " We d o n e ve r p a y
h o m a ge e xce p t to Ali ..."

2 - Acco rd in g to th e sa yin g o f ib n Ab b a s to O m a r : " As fo r th o se gifte d with in te lle ct a n d in te llige n ce th e y
still co n sid e r h im (Ali) a s p e rfe ct m a n sin ce Alla h h a ve ra ise d th e b a n n e r o f I sla m ,b u t th e y co n sid e r h im a s
b e in g wro n ge d a n d d e p rive d o f h is righ ts" .
R e fe r to sh a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.3 , p .1 1 5 .
( 1 3 2 )

th e y lik e d ?
Th e y sa id :" th e m a jo rity is th e crite rio n o f th e le ga l go ve rn m e n t a n d th e p rin cip a l,o n
wh ich th e ca lip h a te is b a se d " .
B u t th e h o ly Q u ra n d id n o t p a y a tte n tio n to th e m a jo rity a n d d id n o t co n sid e r it a s
e vid e n ce o r tru e p ro o f.Alla h sa id :
(And if you obey most of those in the earth,they will lead you astray from Allah's
way ) 6:111. (And mmost of them are averse from the truth ) 23:70. (And most of
them do not follow (anything) but conjecture) 10:36 (But most of them are ignorant )
6:111
I t wa s m e n tio n e d in th e S u n n i b o o k s o f H a d ith th a t th e p ro p h e t (s) h a d sa id : " Wh ile
I a m (a t th e p o n d o n d a y o f R e su rre ctio n ) a gro u p o f p e o p le will co m e .Wh e n I
re co gn ize th e m ,a m a n will co m e b e twe e n m e a n d th e m .H e will sa y to th e m :" le t u s
go ." I will a sk : " W0 h e re to (a re yo u ta k in g th e m )? " H e will sa y: " To H e ll." I will sa y:
" Wh a t fo r ?" H e will sa y:" th e y a p o sta tize d a fte r yo u ..." u n till h e (th e p ro p h e t) sa id : " I d o
n o t th in k th a t m a n y o f th e m will b e sa ve d e xce p t a s m u ch a s th e lo st live sto ck "
1

S o th a t m a jo u rity o f H e ll th a t th e p ro p h e t ta lk e d a b o u t co u ld n o t b e th e so u rce o f
th e I sla m ic go ve rn m e n t b e ca u se th e y wo u ld fo rm a ca lip h a te im p re sse d with th e ir
o wn m o ra ls.I f we co n sid e re d th a t th is m a jo u rity d id n o t co n ce rn th e p e o p le o f M e d in a
o n ly,a b o u t wh o se e te rn a l se a ts in H e ll we k n e w fro m th e p ro p h e t's tra d itio n , a n d we
co n sid e re d th e m a jo u rity o f th e M u slim s in ge n e ra l to b e th e th e tru e crite rio n , so we
____________
1 - Al-B u k h a ri's S a h ih , vo l.8 , p .6 8 . Th e lo st live sto ck m e a n s ve ry little .
( 1 3 3 )

h a d to n o tice th a t wh e a th e r M e d in a wa s th e o n ly in h a b ita n ce o f th e M u slim s, b y
wh o m th e q u o ru m wo u ld b e e n o u gh to ce rtify th e ca lip h a te o f Ab u B a k r o r h e wa s
sa tisfie d with th e m a n d h e se n t fo r a ll th e M u slim s a ll o ve r th e I sla m ic sta te
co u n se llin g a n d ta k in g th e ir vo te s in to a cco u n t? C e rta in ly n o t! N o th in g o f th a t
h a p p e n e d . H e im p o se d h is go ve rn m e n t o ve r th e e n tire sta te fo rcib ly a n d th e re wa s n o
wa y o f re vie win g o r a rgu in g u n til th e h e sita tio n in S U P m ittin g to th e go ve rn m e n t
b e ca m e a n u n fo rgivb le crim e .
1
Th e y sa id :" Th e h o m a ge co u ld b e va lid if so m e o f th e
M u slim s p a id it a n d u n d o u b te d ly th is h a p p e n e d with Ab u B a k r's h o m a ge " .
Th is wo u ld n o t b e a cce p ta b le b y a n y sta n d a rd o f p ro p e r p o litica l th in k in g b e ca u se
th o se so m e co u ld n o t co n tro l th e a ffa irs o f a ll th e u m m a a n d th e fa te o f th e u m m a
co u ld n o t b e h a n ge d b y so th in th re a d lik e th is. Th e sa n ctitie s a n d th e h igh p o sitio n o f
th e u m m a co u ld n o t b e le ft to a go ve rn m e n t e sta b lish e d b y a gro u p o f co m p a n io n s,
wh o we re n o t re co m m e n d e d b y th e p u b lic co n ce n su s n o r b y a sa cre d d e cre e b u t th e y
ju st we re o rd in a ry p e o p le o f th e co m p a n io n s. We k n o w we ll th a t : (And there are
some of them who molest the prophet and say : He is one who believes every thing
that he hears) 9:61 (And there are those of them who made a convenant with Allah :
If He give us out of His grace, we will certainly give alms and we will certainly be of
the good.But when He gave them out of His grace, they became niggarly of it and they
turned back and they withdraw. So He made hypocrisy to follow as a consequence
into their hearts till the day when they shall meet Him because they failed to perform
towards Allah what had promissed with Him and because they told lies
____________
1 - Al-B u k h a ri's S a h ih , vo l.8 p .6 8
( 1 3 4 )

9 :7 5 -7 7 ) a n d a m o n g th e m we re so m e ,wh o m Alla h k e p t k n o win g th e ir b a d in te n ts
a n d h yp o cra sy to H im se lf wh e n sa yin g to th e p ro p h e t (s) : (a n d fro m a m o n g th e
p e o p le o f M e d in a (a lso ); th e y a re stu b b o rn in h yp o cra sy; yo u d o n o t k n e w th e m ;We
k n e w th e m ) 9 :1 0 1 A gro u p th a t in clu d e d h yp o crite s,lia rs a n d so m e ,wh o h u rt th e
p ro p h e t (s) co u ld n o t h a ve th e righ t to d e cid e th e h igh e st p o sitio n o f th e I sla m ic wo rld
o r th e fa te o f th e e n tire u m m a . C o m m e n tin g o n th is in fo rm a tio n we sa y:th e ca lip h a te
o f Ab u B a k r wa s n o t d o n e a cco rd in g to a p ro p h e tic tra d itio n o r a p p ro va l o f th e
m a jo u rity o r a re su lt o f d ire ct o r in d ire ct e le ctio n s. Ye s, so m e o f th e M u slim s trie d
th e ir b e st to se cu re th is ca lip h a te , a ro u n d wh ich so m e p e o p le ga th e re d a n d m a n y
gro u p s o f th e p e o p le o f M e d in a su p p o rte d ,b u t a ll th e se we re n o t b u t so m e o f th e
M u slim s a n d th e so m e co u ld n o t re p re se n t th e e n tire u m m a . Th e le ga l ru le th a t
wo u ld re p re se n t a ll th e u m m a h a d to b e a p p ro ve d b y a ll th e u m m a o r b y th e gre a t
m a jo u rity o f th e u m m a . S e co n d ly th e re we re a m o n g th e M u slim s m a n y h yp o crite s,
wh o m n o o n e k n e w b u t Alla h a cco rd in g to th e H o ly Q u ra n , a n d to d e te rm in e th a t
m in o rity, wh o wo u ld fo rm th e p o litica l e n tity o f th e u m m a , we re n o t h yp o crite s wo u ld
h a ve to b e a cco rd in g to th e Q u ra n , th e p ro p h e tic tra d itio n s o r th e o p in io n o f th e
u m m a .
S o le t Ab u B a k r p e rm it u s to in clin e to wa rd s Fa tim a 's o p in io n p a rtia lly o r to ta lly
b e ca u se we d id n o t fin d a m e a n in g fo r th e se d itio n cle a re r th a n th e d o m in a tin g o f
o n e m a n o ve r th e u m m a with o u t a n y le ga l ju stifica tio n a n d co n tro llin g a ll its p u b lic
u tilitie s a s Ab u B a k r h a d d o n e in th e d a ys o f h is ca lip h a te o r th e first m o n th s o r th e
first we e k s o f h is ru le wh e n Fa tim a d id h e r sp e e ch .
( 1 3 5 )

I d o n o t k n o w wh e a th e r th e h a sty d e p o ts th o u gh t a b o u t th e re su lts o f th e ir
d e sp o tism a n d n o t p a yin g a n y a tte n tio n to th o se ,wh o d e fin a tly h a d a n o p in io n a b o u t
th e m a tte r if th e y b e ga n to o p p o se a n d if th e H a sh im ite s go t re a d y to re sist th e
go ve rn m e n t.Th is th in g wa s p o ssib le a n d m igh t h a p p e n a t a n y m o m e n t so wh y d id n o t
th e y ta k e ca re o f th is sid e wh e n th e y d e cid e d a n d go t th e ir fin a l re su lt in n o t m o re
th a n a n h o u r?Wh y wo u ld we sa n ctify th e situ a tio n m o re th a n its h e ro e s h a d
sa n ctifie d it? O m a r e xce e d e d in sa n ctifyin g it to a p o in t th a t h e o rd e re d to k ill
wh o e ve r wo u ld d o lik e th e h o m a ge o f Ab u B a k r
1
a n d h e h im se lf d id it.
I f we re ga rd e d th is sp e e ch a n d u n d e rsto o d it a s sp e e ch o f a n I m a m ca rin g fo r th e
co n stitu tio n o f I sla m ,we wo u ld p e rcie ve th a t h e fo u n d th e situ a tio n o f Ab u B a k r a n d
h is frie n d s in th e S a q e e fa a s se d itio n a n d co rru p tio n e xce p t fo r th e se re a so n s.
I t wa s a fte r a ll th e so u rce o f e ve ry se d itio n b e ca u se it m a d e th e ca lip h a te o f Alla h
a s a fa n cy th a t th e p io u s a n d th e d isso lu te b e ga n to lo o k fo rwo rd to it a s Aa 'ish a , wh o
u n d o u b te d ly re p re se n te d th e ru lin g p a rty, d e cla re d
2
. I t wa s th is se d itio n th a t p a ve d
th e wa y fo r th e p o litica l fa n cie s. Th e p a rtie s we re fo rm e d ,th e p o licie s fo u gh t e a ch
o th e r,th e M u slim s se p e ra te d a n d d ivid e d so b a d ly th a t th e ir gre a t e n tity a n d glo ry wa s
lo st.
Wh a t wo u ld yo u th in k a b o u t th e u m m a ,wh ich fo rm e d in a q u a rte r o f ce n tu ry th e
first sta te a ll o ve r th e wo rld b e ca u se th e le a d e r o f th e o p p o sitio n a t th a t tim e -Ali-d id
n o t a ctiva te th e o p p o sitio n , wh ich
____________
1 - As-S a wa 'iq u l M u h riq a p .5 6 .

2 - Ad -D u r a l-M a n th o o r,vo l.6 p .1 9 .

3 - Al-M ile l we n -N ih a l b y a sh -S h a h rista n i,vo l.1 p .3 0 -3 .
( 1 3 6 )

wo u ld h a ve sh a k e n th e e n tity a n d th e u n ity o f th e u m m a ? Wh a t glo ry, wh a t a u th o rity
a n d wh a t d o m in a tio n o ve r th e wo rld th e u m m a wo u ld h a ve if it wa s n o t a fflicte d with
th e co n flictin g lo ve rs o f th e ru le a n d th e d ru n k e n e m irs a ffe cte d with a csta sy o f
a u th o rity a n d if it wa s n o t a fie ld fo r th e b lo o d y figh ts, wh ich we re u n e q u a lle d
th ro u gh o u t h isto ry, a n d if th e ru le rs d id n o t e xp lo it a ll th e we a lth o f th e u m m a fo r
th e ir p le a su re s a n d e a se s a n d a fte r th a t th e y d e sp ise d th e va lu e s a n d th e tra d itio n s
o f th e u m m a !
1

Ab u a n d O m a r d id n o t th in k b e yo n d th e ir o wn tim e .Th e y im a gin e d th a t th e ir p o we r
wo u ld gu a rd th e I sla m ic e n tity,b u t if th e y th o u gh t b e tte r o f th e ir vie w a n d stu d ie d th e
situ a tio n p ru d e n tly a s Fa tim a (s) d id ,th e y wo u ld k n o w th e tru th fu ln e ss o f th e wa rn sh e
wa rn e d th e m with .
____________
1 - M u ro o j a t-Th a h a b b y a l-M a s'o o d i,vo l.3 p .2 1 4 , a l-I q d a l-Fa re e d b y ib n Ab d R a b b ih ,vo l.5 p .2 0 0 -2 0 2 a n d
th e so cia l Ju stice in I sla m b y S a yyid Q u tu b .
( 1 3 7 )

CHAPTER FIVE
THE COURT OF THE BOOK

S u re ly Alla h co m m a n d s yo u to l m a k e o ve r tru st to th e ir o wn e rs a n d th a t wh e n yo u
ju d ge b e twe e n p e o p le yo u ju d ge with ju stice ; su re ly Alla h a d m o n ish e s yo u with wh a t
e xce lle n t;su re ly Alla h is S e e in g, H e a rin g.Q u ra n ,4 :5 7
I f we wa n te d to ra ise o u r stu d y to a n a d q u a te le ve l, we wo u ld h a ve to fo llo w th e
m e th o d o f th e scie n tific re se a rch in stu d yin g two sid e :

AB U B AK R 'S S I TU ATI O N O N TH E
P R O P H E T'S I N H E R I TAN C E

Th e first sid e : Ab u B a k r's stu a tio n re ga rd in g th e in h e rita n ce o f fa tim a (s) th e h e
ju stifie d a cco rd in g to a tra d itio n , wh ich h e a lo n e n a rra te d fro m th e p ro p h e t (s) a b o u t
th e m a tte r o f in h e rita n ce .H e n a rra te d th e tra d itio n in d iffe re n t wa ys a n d d iffe re n t
sta te m e n ts fo r th e co n fro n ta tio n s b e twe e n h im a n d fa tim a (s) we re m a n y, so e a ch
sa yin g o f h is h a d d iffre n t fo rm a n d d iffe re n t sta te m e n ts a cco rd in g to th e p h ra se th a t
ca m e to h is m in d a t th e tim e o f e a ch co n fro n ta tio n b e twe e n th e m .
1

____________
1 - R e fe r to su n a n o f a l-B a a yh a q i, vo l.6 , p .2 9 7 -3 0 2 a n d sh a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.1 6 , p .2 1 4 , 2 1 8 , 2 1 9 ,
2 2 1 , 2 2 7 .
( 1 3 8 )

1 . B e fo re a ll we wa n t to n o te h o w ce rta in th e ca lip h wa s o f tru th fu ln e ss o f th e
tra d itio n , wh ich h e fo u n d th a t it sh o we d th a t th e p ro p h e t (s) d id n o t b e q u e a th . H o w
ce rta in wa s h e th a t h e h a d h e a rd it fro m th e p ro p h e t (s) a n d wh e a th e r h e ch a n ge d h is
m in d o r n o t?
We ca n u n d e rsta n d th a t fro m th e tra d itio n s
1
sa yin g th a t th e ca lip h ga ve Fa d a k
b a ck to Fa tim a a n d th e ca se wa s a b o u t to b e e n d e d u n le ss O m a r ca m e a n d sa id to
th e ca lip h : " Wh a t is th is?" Ab u B a k r sa id : I t is a d o cu m e n t I wro te fo r Fa tim a
co n fe ssin g h e r righ t o f h e r fa th e r's in h e rita n ce " . O m a r sa id : " Wh a t will yo u sp e n d o n
th e M u slim s a n d a s yo u se e th a t th e Ara b s sta n d a ga in st yo u ?" H e (O m a r) to o k th e
d o cu m e n t a n d to re it.
2
We q u o te th is tra d itio n ca u tio u sly a lth o u gh we m a y b e lie ve in
its tru th fu ln e ss b e ca u se e ve ry th in g wo u ld e n co u ra ge n o t n a rra tin g th is sto ry u n le ss it
h a d so m e th in g o f re a lity. I f it wa s tru e , it wo u ld m e a n th a t (th e a tte m p t o f) givin g
Fa d a k to Fa tim a (S ) o ccu re d a fte r Fa tim a 's e te rn a l sp e e ch a n d wh e n Ab u B a k r d e n ie d
th e p ro p h e t's in h e rita n ce b y n a rra tin g h is o d d tra d itio n ,b e ca u se o f th e wa rs o f
a p o sta sy, O m a r re fe re d to in h is sa yin g, to o k p la ce te n d a ys a fte r th e d a y o f th e
S a q e e fa a n d Fa tim a 's sp e e ch wa s in th e te n th d a y to o .
3

Ab u B a k a r sh o we d h is re gre t fo r n o t givin g Fa d a k to Fa tim a wh e n h e wa s a b o u t to
d ie .
4
H e wa s
____________
1 - S ib t b in a j-Ja wzi in h is b o o k a s-S e e ra a l-H a la b iya , vo l. 3 p .3 6 3 , S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.1 6 p .2 3 4 .


3 - M u ro o j a th -Th a h a b , vo l.2 , p .1 9 3 .

4 - Th is m a y we a k e n th e tra d itio n a b o ve b e ca u se if Ab u B a k r wa s re a d y to re ca ll, h e wo u ld h a ve re sp o n d e d
to Fa tim a in th e m o sq u e wh e n sh e sco ld e d h im so b itte rly.

5 - At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h , vo l.2 , p .3 5 3 , S u m o o w a l-M a 'n a fe S u m o o w a th -Th a t b y a l-Ala yili, p .1 8 .
( 1 3 9 )

so m o ve d th a t o n ce h e sa id to th e p e o p le ga th e rin g a ro u n d h im : " R e vo k e yo u r p le d ge
o f h o m a ge to m e ! " We p e rcie ve b y th is th a t th e ca lip h wa s so wo rrie d , fe e lin g th a t h e
h a d co m m e tte d a gre a t m ista k e in h is ju d ge m e n t a ga in st Fa tim a with o u t a ce rta in
e vid e n ce . H is co n se ie n ce b e ca m e so e xcite d a n d h e co u ld n o t fin d a ju stifica tio n th a t
m igh t q u ie t h is wo rrie d so u l. H e wa s u n a b le to b e a r th is b itte r co n d itio n so h is so u l
wa s b rim m e d to e xp re ss th e re gre t fo r h is situ a tio n to wa rd s Fa tim a a t la st h o u r o f h is
life ; th e critica l h o u r, in wh ich o n e wo u ld re vie w a ll th e sce n e s o n e h a d a cte d o n th e
sta ge o f life wh e n th a t th e cu rta in wa s a b o u t to b e lo we re d , a n d th e d iffe re n t th re a d s
o f o n e 's life ga th e re d in o n e 's m o m o ry th a t we re a b o u t to b e cu t a n d n o th in g wo u ld
re m a in b u t th e b u rd e n o f th e sin s co m m itte d .

3 . Le t u s n o t fo rge t th a t Ab u B a k r h a d re co m m e n d e d in h is will
1
to b e b u rie d
b e sid e th e p ro p h e t's to m b .Th is wo u ld n o t b e e xp e ct if h e h a d re ca lle d h is tra d itio n ,in
wh ich h e h a d n a rra te d th a t th e p ro p h e t (s) d id n o t b e q u e a th ,a n d th e n a sk e d h is
d a u gh te r (Aa 'ish a ) p e rm issio n to b e b u rie d in h e r sh a re o f th e p ro p h e t's in h e rita n ce
( in th e h o u se )-if th e wife wo u ld h a ve a sh a re o f la n d a n d if th a t sh a re o f la n d wo u ld
b e e n o u gh fo r Ab u B a k r-o r if h e th o u gh t th a t wh a t th e p ro p h e t h a d le ft wa s to b e a s
co m m o n ch a rity fo r a ll M u slim s, th e n h e h a d to a sk p e rm issio n o f a ll o f th e m .
S u p p o se th a t th e a d u lts p e rm itte d h im , wh a t a b o u t th e m in o rs a n d th e ch ild re n a t
th a t tim e ?

4 . We k n o w we ll th a t Ab u B a k r h a d n o t se ize d th e p ro p h e t's wive s' h o u se , in wh ich
th e y live d d u rin g th e p ro p h e t's life tim e ,so wh a t wa s th e re a so n th a t m a d e h im se ize
Fa d a k fro m Fa tim a (s)
____________
1 - At-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h , vo l. 3 p . 3 4 9 .
( 1 4 0 )

a n d m a k e h is yie ld s fo r th e p u b lic in te re sts wh ile h e le t th e p ro p h e t's wive s m a k e u se
o f th e ir h o u se a s re a l k e e p e rs so th a t h e a sk e d Aa 'ish a p e rm issio n to le t h im b e
b u rie d in h e r h o u se ? D id th e ve rd ict o f n o t b e q u e a tin g co n ce rn th e p ro p h e t's d a u gh te r
o n ly? We re th e wive s'h o u se th e ir d o n a tio n s? We a re to k n o w th a t m a d e th e ca lip h d o
th a t with o u t a n y e vid e n ce d e sp ite th a t n o o n e o f th e wive s h a d cla im e d th a t th e
h o u se wa s h e rs. I n h a b itin g a h o u se b y a wife d u rin g th e p ro p h e t's life tim e d id n o t
m e a n th a t sh e b e ca m e th e o wn e r b e ca u se it wa s n o t p riva te o wn e rsh ip b u t it wa s a s
p a rt o f th e p ro p h e t's o wn e rsh ip a s fo r a n y wife a n d h u sb a n d .
Th is ve rse (And stay in your houses.33:33) d id n o t m e a n th a t th e h o u se we re th e irs
b e ca u se a little a fte r th a t th e h o u se s we re a scrib e d to th e p ro p h e t wh e re Alla h sa id :
(O you who believe! do not enter the house of the prophet unless permission is given
to you. 33:35)
I f th e o rd e r o f th e Q u ra n is su fficie n t e vid e n ce , th is ve rse m u st b e ta k e n in to
a cco u n t. I t wa s m e n tio n e d in th e su n n i b o o k s o f H a d ith th a t th e h o u se wa s a scrib e d
to th e p ro p h e t wh e n h e h a d sa id : " B e twe e n m y h o u se a n d m y m in b a r th e re is a
ga rd e n o f p a ra d ise " .
1

5 . Le t u s a sk th e ca lip h a b o u t th e ve rd ict o f th e p ro p h e ts d id n o t b e q u e a th .D id it
co n ce rn M u h a m m a d (s) o n ly a n d h e k e p t it se cre t u n til it wo u ld b e re q u ire d to b e
a p p lie d to Fa tim a o n ly fro m a m o n g a ll th e h e irs o f th e o th e r p ro p h e ts? D id th e y n o t
in fo rm th e irs su cce sso rs a n d h e irs o f it b e ca u se o f th e ir gre e d o f th e tra n sie n t we a lth
in o rd e r to re m a in with th e ir so n s a n d fa m ilie s? O r d id th e y fo llo w th e ve rd ict o f n o t
b e q u e a tin g b u t it wa s n o t m e n tio n e d
____________
1 - Ah m a d 's M u sn a d , vo l.2 , p .2 3 6 .
( 1 4 1 )

in a ll th e h isto rie s o f th e n a tio n ? O r d id th e a ctu a l p o licy a t th a t tim e e sta b lish e d th is
ve rd ict?

6 . O n th e h a n d co u ld we a cce p t th a t th e p ro p h e t (s) wo u ld b rin g d istre ss a n d
d isa ste rs fo r h is m o st b e lo ve d o n e , a t wh o se d isp le a su re h e wo u ld b e d isp le a se d , fo r
wh o se d e ligh t h e wo u ld b e d istre sse d ?
1
N o th in g wo u ld co st h im to k e e p t a ll th o se
d istre sse s a wa y fro m h is d a u gh te r m o re th a n to te ll h e r th e tru th if th e re wa s su ch a
th in g. Wo u ld th e p ro p h e t (s) b e p le a se d if h is d a u gh te r su ffe re d a n d fa ce d o rd e a ls
a n d th a t o rd e a ls wo u ld wid e n to b e a ca u se fo r d isa gre e m e n t a m o n g a ll th e M u slim s
wh e re a s h e wa s se n t b y Alla h to b e a so u rce o f m e rcy? D id h e co n ce a l it fro m h is
d a u gh te r wh ile h e h a d re ve a le d it to Ab u B a k r?
____________
1 - Al-B u k h a ri's S a h ih , vo l.5 p .8 3 , M u slim s S a h ih , vo l.4 , p .1 9 0 2 , H isto ry o f B a gh d a d b y a l-K h a te e b a l-
B a gh d a d i, vo l.1 7 , p .2 0 3 a n d Ah m a d 's M u sn a d , vo l.1 p .6 .


TH E VAR I ATI O N O F AB U B AK R 'S TR AD I TI O N

1 . I n o rd e r to h a ve a lo o k a t th e tra d itio n fro m th e m o ra l sid e , we d e vid e d th e wa y
o f n a rra tin g th e tra d itio n in to two p a rts:

Th e first : I t wa s m e n tio n e d th a t Ab u B a k r crie d wh e n Fa tim a (s) ta lk e d with h im
a n d sa id : " O d a u gh te r o f m e sse n ge r o f Alla h , I swe a r b y Alla h th a t yo u r fa th e r d id n o t
b e q u e a th a d in a r o r a d irh a m a n d h e sa id th a t th e p ro p h e ts d id n o t b e q u e a th " .
1
I t
wa s m e n tio n e d to o th a t wh e n Fa tim a d id h e r sp e e ch h e sa id : " I h a ve h e a rd th e
p ro p h e t sa yin g: We ,th e p ro p h e ts, d o n o t b e q u e a th go ld a n d silve r n o r la n d s,
p ro p e rtie s o r h o u se b u t we b e q u e a th fa ith ,wisd o m ,k n o wle d ge a n d th e S u n n a " .
2

____________
1 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a ,vo l.1 6 p .3 1 6 , a l-B a yh a q i's S u n n a ,vo l.6 p .3 0 1 .

2 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.1 6 p .2 5 2 , 2 1 4 , a l-B a yh a q i's S u n n a , vo l.6 p .3 0 0 .
( 1 4 2 )

Th e se co n d : Ab u B a k r n a rra te d th a t th e p ro p h e t h a d sa id : " We d o n o t b e q u e a th .
Wh a t we le a ve is to b e a s ch a rity" .
1

2 . Th e im p o rta n t p o in t in th is re se a rch is to k n o w wh e a th e r th e se wa ys o f th e
tra d itio n le a d cle a rly, with o u t a n y d o u b t o r o th e r in te rp re ta tio n -th e p ro viso (n a ss)
2

a cco rd in g to th e sch o la rs o f H a d ith -to th a t wh a t th e p ro p h e t (s) h a d le ft wo u ld b e a s
in h e rita n ce o r it co u ld le a d to a n o th e r m e a n in g e ve n if it a p p a ra n tly ga ve a n
im p re ssio n sh o win g th e ve rd ict o f n o t b e q u e a th in g.Th e m a tte r h a d a th ird a cco u n t
th a t wa s n o t to o u twe igh th e m e a n in g se rve d th e ca lip h m o re th a n th e o th e r
m e a n in gs th e wo rd in g m igh t h a ve ,wh ich wa s ca lle d (m u jm a l) su m m a ry.
3

3 . I f we n o tice th e first va ria tio n o f th e tra d itio n ,we wo u ld fin d th a t th e tra d itio n
m igh t n o re fe r to th e le gisla tio n o f b e q u e a th in g b y th e p ro p h e ts b u t to a n o th e r th in g
th a t th e p ro p h e t (s) wa n te d to cle a r;th a t wa s to glo rify th e p ro p h e th o o d a n d to e xa lt
th e p ro p h e ts.Th e re wa s n o cle a re r a sp e ct o f th e sp iritu a l lo ftn e ss a n d th e d ivin e
gre a tn e ss th a n to b e a sce tic with re ga rd to th e e va n sce n t lu xu rie s a n d p le a su re s o f
th e wo rld ly life .C o u ld n o t we su p p o se th a t th e p ro p h e t (s)
____________
1 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.1 6 , p .2 2 4 , 2 1 8 , a l-B a yh a q i's su n a n , vo l.6 p .3 0 1 .

2 - P ro viso :a r-R a zi sa id : if th e wo rd in g re fe rs to o n e m e a n in g a n d h a s p o ssib ility to re fe r to a n o th e r it is
p ro viso (n a ss).

3 - M u jm a l m e a n s th a t wo rd in g re fe rs to two m e a n in gs e q u a lly.R e fe r to a t-Ta fse e r a l-K a b e e r b y a l-Fa k h r a r-
R a zi,vo l.7 p .1 8 .I t wa s m e n tio n e d in m a 'a rij a l-U so o l b y a l-H illi p .1 0 5 th a t: " P ro viso (n a ss) is th e wo rd in g
th a t re fe rs to its ve ry m e a n in g a n d n o t to a n y o th e r th a n wh a t it is sa id fo r b u t th e (m u jm a l) su m m a ry
re fe rs to so m e m e a n in gs a n d it is n o t lim ite d to its wo rd in g..." R e fe r to B a ya n a n -N u sso ss a t-Ta sh re e 'iyya
b y B a d ra n Ab u l Ayn a yn ,p .5 a n d a l-M isb a h a l-M u n e e r,vo l.2 p .6 5 4 .
( 1 4 3 )

wa n te d to sh o w th a t p ro p h e ts we re a n ge lic p e o p le o r p e o p le o f th e h igh e st ra n k th a t
th e y wo u ld n o t b e a ffe cte d b y th e e a rth ly a go ism o r th e h u m a n te n d e n cie s,b e ca u se
th e ir n a tu re wa s d e rive d fro m th e e le m e n ts o f th e H e a ve n flo win g with go o d n e ss a n d
n o t fro m th e e le m e n ts o f th e e a rth ly wo rld ?Th e y a lwa ys a n d fo re ve r we re th e so u rce s
o f go o d a n d ligh t.Th e y we re d e viso rs o f fa ith a n d wisd o m . Th e y fixe d th e d ivin e
a u th o rity o n th e e a rth .Th e y we re n o t th e so u rce s o f m a te ria l we a lth a n d th e y d id n o t
lo o k fo rwo rd to its va lu e s. S o wh y d id n o t we co n sid e r h is sa yin g: " We P ro p h e ts d o n o t
b e q u e a th go ld o r silve r n o r la n d s o r p ro p e rtie s o r h o u se s" a s m e to n ym y re fe rrin g to
th is m e a n in g? Th e ir b e q u e a th in g o f th e se th in gs d id m e a n o wn in g th e m a n d le a vin g
th e m a fte r th e ir d e a th wh e re a s in fa ct th e y tu rn e d a wa y fro m a ll th e se th in gs.H e n ce
th e wo rd in g sh o we d n o t b e q u e a th in g b e ca u se th e p ro p h e ts d id n o t h a ve a n yth in g to
b e q u e a th a s if we sa id :" th e p o o r m e n d o n o t b e q u e a th " n o t b e ca u se th e ve rd ict o f
in h e rita n ce d o e s n o t in clu d e th e m b u t b e ca u se th e y d o n o t h a ve a n yth in g to
b e q u e a th . Th e re a l a im o f th e p ro p h e t's sa yin g wa s to sh o w th e lo ftin e ss o f th e
p ro p h e ts. Th is style o f e lo q u e n ce a gre e d with th e wo n d e rfu l style s o f th e p ro p h e t's
sp e e ch ,wh ich we re fu ll o f su ch gre a t m e a n in g in sh o rt sta te m e n ts.

4 . I n o rd e r th a t yo u a gre e with m e o n a ce rta in in te rp re ta tio n fo r th is tra d itio n . We
h a ve to k n o w th e m e a n in g o f b e q u e a th in g so th a t we ca n u n d e rsta n d th e se n te n ce
th a t n e ga te d b e q u e a th in g in th e tra d itio n .B e q u e a th in g m e a n s le a vin g so m e th in g a s
in h e rita n ce ; th a t is to sa y th a t th e le ga to r is h e , wh o b e co m e s a ca u se o f tra n sm ittin g
a p ro p e rty
( 1 4 4 )

fro m th e d e a d to h is re la tive .
1
Th is tra n sm ittin g d e p e n d s o n to w co n d itio n s

First : Th e e xiste n ce o f th e p a trim o n y.

S e co n d : Th e la w th a t le ts th e h e ir h a ve a sh a re o f th e d e a d 's p ro p e rty.Th e first
co n d itio n h a p p e n s b y m e a n s o f th e d e a d h im se lf a n d th e se co n d co n d itio n h a p p e n s
b y m e a n s o f th e le gisla to r,wh o e sta b lish e s th e la w o f in h e rita n ce , wh e a th e r h e is a n
in d ivid u a l, wh o is e n tru ste d with th e le gisla tive co m p e te n ce b y p e o p le , o r a so cie ty
re sp o n sib le fo r th a t o r a p ro p h e t le gisla tin g a cco rd in g to th e o rd e rs o f th e H e a ve n .
E a ch o f th e d e a d a n d th e le gisla to r h a s a sh a re in d e cid in g th e in h e rita n ce b u t th e
re a l le ga to r is th e d e a d ,wh o fo u n d s th e m a tte r o f th e in h e rita n ce ,b e ca u se it is h e ,wh o
p re p a re s fo r th e in h e rita n ce in its se co n d co n d itio n wh e re a s th e le gisla to r is n o t a re a l
le ga to r b e ca u se b y e sta b lish in g th e la w h e ca n n o t ge n e ra te a n y in h e rita n ce .I n fa ct h e
ju st le gisla te s a la w sa yin g th a t if th e d e a d le a ve s a p ro p e rty,it will b e fo r h is re la tive s.
Th is is n o t e n o u gh to fin d in h e rite d we a lth u n le ss th e d e a d a ctu a lly h a s le ft so m e o f
h is o wn p ro p e rtie s a fte r h is d e a th .
S o th e le gisla to r is lik e th a t,wh o a d d s a sp e cia l n a tu re to a n e le m e n t th a t e n a b le s
it to b u rn wh a te ve r it m e e ts.Th e n if yo u th ro w a p ie ce o f p a p e r in to it a n d th e p a p e r
b u rn s, yo u will b e th e o n e th a t b u rn s it a n d n o t th a t o n e ,wh o a d d s th e b u rn in g
e le m e n t to th a t n a tu re .Th e p rin cip le ju stifyin g th a t is to sa y th a t e ve ryth in g is a scrib e d
to th e fin a l in flu e n ce o n it. I n th e ligh t o f th is so m e b o d y m e a n s th a t a scrib e
b e q u e a th in g to in h e rita n ce a n d it is h e ,wh o fo u n d s th e p a trim o n y.
____________
1 - Al-M isb a h a l-M u n e e r, vo l.2 p .6 5 2 .
( 1 4 5 )

I t is u n d e rsto o d fro m th e sta te m e n t (th e p ro p h e t d o n o t b e q u e a th )th a t th e y d o n o t
p re p a re fo r th e in h e rita n ce its fin a l co n d itio n fo r th e y d o n o t try to ga th e r we a lth a n d
th e n to le a ve th e m fo r th e ir h e irs a fte r th e ir d e a th .S o th e m e a n in g o f (h e p ro p h e ts d o
n o t b e q u e a th ) d o e s n o t d e n y th e le gisla tive b e q u e a th in g b e ca u se th e ve rd ict o f th e
in h e rita n ce is n o t th e re a l b e q u e a th in g b u t th e re a l b e q u e a th in g is to p re p a re th e
p a trim o n y,wh ich is th e m a tte r o f th e in h e rita n ce . I t is th is,wh ich wa s d e n ie d b y th e
tra d itio n .
O n th e o th e r wa y,if th e b e q u e a th in g th a t th e p ro p h e t d e n ie d wa s th e le gisla tive
b e q u e a th in g it wo u ld m e a n ca n ce lin g th e la w o f b e q u e a th in g fro m th e S h a ria o f th e
H e a ve n . Th is co u ld n o t b e b e ca u se th e le gisla tive b e q u e a th in g d id n o t co n ce rn th e
p ro p h e ts' h e irs o n ly. I f th e d e n ia l re fe re d to th e re a l b e q u e a th in g it wo u ld m e a n th a t
th e p ro p h e ts h a d n o we a lth in o rd e r to b e q u e a th a n d so Ab u B a k r's ju stifica tio n wo u ld
b e in va in .

5 . I n th e first n a rra tio n o f th e tra d itio n Ab u B a k r sa id : " B y Alla h ,yo u r fa th e r d id n o t
b e q u e a th a s d in a r o r a d irh a m " .
1
I t sh o we d cle a rly th a t th e p ro p h e t (s) d id n o t le a ve
a n y m o n e y. I f Ab u B a k r u se d th a t sta te m e n t to re fe r to th is m e a n in g, th e n th e
tra d itio n wo u ld le a d to d e n yin g th e p a trim o n y a n d n o t th e le gisla tive b e q u e a th in g.

6 . I f we n o tice d th e e xa m p le s m e n tio n e d in th e se co n d va ria tio n o f th e tra d itio n ,we
wo u ld fin d wh a t co n firm e d th e im p o rta n ce o f th is in te rp re ta tio n b e ca u se m e n tio n in g
go ld ,silve r,p ro p e rtie s a n d h o u se s d id n o t a gre e with th e tra d itio n th a t th e p a rtrim o n y
wa s n o t to b e b e q u e a th e d wh e re a s e ve n th in g, e ve n th e
____________
1 S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.1 6 p .2 1 6 .
( 1 4 6 )

in sign ifica n t th in gs, m u st b e m e n tio n e d to sh o w th a t th e ve rd ict in clu d e d e ve ry th in g.
I f we wa n te d to sh o w th a t th e u n b e lie ve r wa s n o t to in h e rit fro m h is (M u slim ) fa th e r's
in h e rita n ce ,we wo u ld n o t sa y th a t h e wa s n o t to in h e rit go ld ,silve r o r a h o u se b u t we
wo u ld sa y th a t h e wa s n o t to in h e rit a n yth in g o f h is d e a d fa th e r's p a trim o n y. I t wa s
cle a r th a t sh o win g th e ge n e ra lity o f th e ve rd ict re q u ire d sh o win g so m e k in d s o f
p ro p e rtie s in o rd e r th a t n o o n e wo u ld th in k th a t th e se k in d s o f p ro p e rtie s we re n o t
a m o n g th e p a trim o n y,wh ich wo u ld n o t b e b e q u e a th e d .S a yin g th a t th e p ro p h e ts d o
n o t b e q u e a th o r th e u n b e lie ve rs we re n o t to in h e rit h o u se s,go ld ,silve r a n d o th e r
va lu a b le th in gs o f ih e rita n ce d o n o t m o ve to th e h e irs.M e n tio n in g th e se th in gs in th e
tra d itio n m igh t sh o w th a t th e m e a n in g o f (th e p ro p h e ts d o n o t b e q u e a th ) wa s to
co n firm th a t th e p ro p h e ts d id n o t p a y a n y a tte n tio n fo r su ch tra n sie n t th in gs o f th is
lim ite d wo rd ly life ,fo r wh ich th e ra b b le co m p e te d , fo r it wa s su ita b le fo r th is p u rp o se
to m e n tio n th e se sign ifica n t p ro p e rtie s, wh o se o wn in g a n d b e q u e a th in g co n tra d icte d
th e co n ce p t o f a sce tiscism a n d th e h igh sp ritu a l ra n k s.As fo r in fo rm a tio n o f n o t
b e q u e a th in g in th e sh a ria , it wo u ld b e m o re .
Ap p ro p ria te to m e n tio n th e in sign ifica n t k in d s o f p a trim o n y ra th e r th a n th e cle a r
sign ifica n t k in d s.

7 . An o th e r th in g th a t co n firm e d wh a t we sa id a b o u t th e in te rp re ta tio n o f th e
tra d itio n wa s th e se co n d p a rt in th e tra d itio n :(b u t we b e q u e a th fa ith ,Wisd o m ,
k n o wle d ge a n d th e S u n n a ).
1
I t d id n o t sh o w th e le gisla tio n o f in h e rita n ce th e se th in gs
b u t it sh o we d th a t th e p ro p h e ts h a d th e se th in gs th a t th e y
____________
1 S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a ,vo l.1 6 p .2 1 4
( 1 4 7 )

co u ld sp re a d a m o n g p e o p le . Th e n we co u ld u n d e rsta n d fro m th e first se n te n ce , wh ich
d e n ie d b e q u e a th in g, th a t th e p ro p h e t d id n o t try ga in go ld ,p ro p e rtie s a n d lik e s
th e re fo re th e y d id n o t h a ve a n y to le a ve fo r th ie r h e irs a s in h e rita n ce .

8 . We a re n o t to co m p a re th e p ro p h e t's tra d itio n : (p e o p le a re n o t to b e q u e a th
a n yth in g to th e u n b e live r o f th e ir re la tive s)
1
with th a t tra d itio n b u t we h a ve to
d iffe re n tia te b e twe e n th e two b e ca u se if th e le gisla to r ta lk s a b o u t th o se ,fo r wh o m h e
le gisla te s la ws,it is cle a r fro m h is sp e e ch th a t h e im p o se s o n th e m a ve rd ict.Wh e n
th e se p ro p h e t in fo rm s o f th a t p e o p le d o n o t b e q u e a th to th e u n b e lie ve r o f th e ir
re la tive s,it is n o t to b e co n sid e re d a s ju st in fo rm in g b u t it sh o ws th a t th e u n b e lie ve r is
n o t to in h e rit a cco rd in g to th e p ro p h e t's sh a ria .I t is d iffe re n t fro m th a t o n e n a rra te d
b y Ab u B a k r b e ca u se th a t tra d itio n ta lk s a b o u t th e p ro p h e t a n d n o t gro u p o f p e o p le
in clu d e d in th e p ro p h e t,s le gisla tio n s a n d ve rd icts. S o th e re is n o th in g re fe rrin g to a
ve rd ict b e h in d th e in fo rm a tio n o f n o t b e q u e a th in g b y th e p ro p h e ts.

9 . Yo u a re n o t to o b je ct b y sa yin g th a t th e p ro p h e ts o fte n o wn e d so m e th in g o f wh a t
we re m e n tio n e d in th e tra d itio n fo r it wo u ld m e a n th a t th e tra d itio n wa s u n tru e . Yo u
m a y re m e m b e r th a t wh a t wa s d e n ie d re la te d to th e p ro p h e ts wa s b e q u e a th in g, wh ich
h a d a sp e cia l m e a n in g th a t wa s to sa y : a scrib in g th e p a trim o n y to th e le ga to r. Th is
a scrib in g d e p e n d e d o n th a t th e le ga to r so u gh t to ga in p ro p e rtie s, wh ich wo u ld b e le ft
a s in h e rita n ce tra d itio n h a d to
____________
1 - Th is tra d itio n wa s m e n tio n e d in o th e r wo rd in g h a vin g th e sa m e m e a n in g. Th e p ro p h e t (s) sa id : " Th e
b e lie ve r is n o t to in h e rit fro m th e u n b e lie ve rs a n d th e u n b e lie ve r is n o t to in h e rit fro m th e b e a lie ve r" R e fe r
to S u n a n o f ib n M a ja , vo l.2 p .1 6 4 a n d S a h ih o f Ab u D a wu d , vo l.2 , p .1 9 .
( 1 4 8 )

a fte r h is d e a th , e xa ctly a s th e m e a n in g o f th e e d u ca to r, wh ich d e p e n d e d o n u sin g th e
m e a n s o f th e e d u ca tio n . I f so m e o n e co u ld re a d th e th o u gh t o f o n e o f th e e th icists
a n d th e e d u ca te d h im se lf a cco rd in g to th o se th o u gh t th e n we wo u ld n o t ca ll th a t
e th icist a s e d u ca to r b e ca u se fo u n d in g a n yth in g wh e th e r it wa s e d u ca tin g,
b e q u e a th in g, te a ch in g o r th e lik e wo u ld n o t b e a scrib e d to a p e rso n u n le ss th a t
p e rso n h a d a p o sitive a ctio n a n d a n o tice b le in flu e n ce o n th e a ch ie ve m e n t o f th a t
th in g. E ve n if th e p ro p h e ts h a d so m e p ro p e rtie s o r h o u se s, it wa s n o t b e ca u se o f th ie r
se e k in g to ga in we a lth lik e o th e r p e o p le . Th e tra d itio n d id n o t sh o w th a t th e p ro p h e ts
d id n o t b e q u e a th o r d id n o t le a ve p ro p e rtie s b u t it sh o we d th e ir h igh ra n k s a n d
e xce lle n ce s. As lo n g a s th e tra d itio n re fe rre d to th is m e a n in g a n d its m a in a im wa s
n o t b e h in d th e lite ra ry m e a n in g o f th e wo rd s so it wa s n o t im p e rm issib le th a t th e
p ro p h e ts m igh t h a ve so m e p ro p e rtie s fo r th e go o d in te n ts. I n th e p a st h e , wh o
d e scrib e d a ge n e ro u s m a n 's a s " h e h a d a lo t o f a sh e s " , wa s n o t to b e co n sid e re d a s
lia r wh e th e r th e re wa s a sh in th e ge n e ro u s m a n 's h o u se o r n o t b e ca u se h e d id n o t
wa n t a ctu a lly to d e scrib e h im so b u t h e wa n te d to re fe r to h is ge n e ro sity b e ca u se th e
cle a re st sign o f ge n e ro sity in th o se d a ys wa s th e a m o u n t o f fo o d co o k e d ,wh ich wo u ld
le a ve a lo t o f a sh e s. An d so n o t b e q u e a th in g wa s th e cle a re st sign o f a sce ticism a n d
p ie ty. H e n ce th e p ro p h e t (s) m igh t h a ve re fe rre d to th e p ie ty o f th e p ro p h e t b y
sa yin g :" th e p ro p h e ts d o n o t b e q u e a th ."

1 0 . I n o rd e r to p e rce ive th e m e a n in g o f th e se co n d va ria tio n o f th e tra d itio n we
h a ve to d istin gu ish b e twe e n th re e p o ssib le m e a n in gs:
____________
1 - R e fe r to Ja wa h ir a l-B a la gh a b y Ah m e d a l-H a sh im i, p .3 6 3 .
( 1 4 9 )

First : Th e p a trim o n y o f th e d e a d is n o t in h e rite d . Th is m e a n s th a a t wh a t th e d e a d
o wn e d u n till h is d e a th will n o t m o ve to h is h e irs b u t it b e co m e s a s ch a rity a fte r h is
d e a th .

S e co n d : Wh a t th e d e ce a se d h a d p a id d u rin g h is life tim e a s ch a rity o r wh a t h e h a d
give n to ce rta in p a rtie s wo u ld n o t b e in h e rite d b u t wo u ld re m a in a s ch a rity a n d e n ta il
(wa q f). Th e h e irs wo u ld in h e rit o th e r th a n th e ch a ritie s o f th e p ro p e rtie s th a t th e d e a d
o wn e d d u rin g h is life tim e .

Th ird : Th e d e a d h a d n o p ro p e rtie s to b e in h e rite d a n d wh a t h e wo u ld le a ve wo u ld
b e ch a ritie s a n d e n ta ils.
I f we re co gn ize d th e d iffe re n ce s b e twe e n th e se th re e m e a n in gs, th e tra d itio n wo u ld
a p p e a r u n cle a r a n d in n e e d o f re se a rch a n d te stiin g. I n fa ct in its in te rp re ta tio n th e re
we re m a n y p o ssib ilitie s a n d it co u ld in clu d e a ll th e ite m s m e tio n e d a b o ve . Th e se co n d
h a lf o f th e tra d itio n (wh a t we le a ve is to b e a s ch a rity) m igh t b e a n in d e p e n d e n t
se n te n ce with fu ll m e a n in g o r a co m p le m e n t fo r th e se n te n ce (we , th e p ro p h e ts, d o
n o t b e q u e a th ). I n th e first ca se th e tra d itio n a gre e d with th e first a n d th e th ird
m e a n in g b e ca u se th e se n te n ce (wh a t we le a ve is to b e a s ch a rity) m igh t m e a n th e
p a trim o n y wo u ld n o t tra n sfe r to th e h e irs a fte r th e o wn e r's d e a th b u t it wo u ld b e
co n sid e re d a s ch a rity a n d th e d e a d h a d n o t o wn e d b e co n sid e re d a s ch a rity o r it
m igh t re fe r to th e th ird m e a n in g th a t a ll th e p a trim o n ie s wo u ld b e co n sid e re d a s
ch a rity a n d d e a d h a d n o t o wn e d a n yth in g to b e q u e a th a s if th e d e a d b e fo re h is d e a th
re fe rre d to th e p ro p e rtie s a n d sa id : " All th e se p ro p e rtie s a re n o t m in e . Th e y a re fo r
ch a rity a n d I a m ju st re sp o n sib le fo r th e m . " I f we co n sid e re d th e e n tire tra d itio n a s
h a vin g o n e in d e p e n d e n t m e a n in g, it wo u ld re fe r to th e se co n d m e a n in g th a t th e
ch a ritie s, wh ich th e d e a d give n d u rin g h is life ,
( 1 5 0 )

wo u ld b e e xclu d e d fro m th e o th e r p a rts o f th e in h e rita n ce . Th e sa m e wo u ld b e
u n d e rsto o d fro m th e tra d itio n if th e wo rd in g wa s re ve rse d a s th e fo llo win g : (We d o
n o t b e q u e a th wh a t we le a ve a s ch a rity). I t sh o we d th a t o n ly th e ch a ritie s wo u ld n o t b e
in h e rite d b u t n o t th e re st o f th e p a trim o n ie s we re ch a ritie s. H e n ce th e tra d itio n wo u ld
n o t b e a s e vid e n ce to p ro ve th a t th e ch a rity wa s n o t to tra n sfe r to th e h e irs a a n d n o t
to ca n ce l th e le gisla tio n o f b e q u e a th in g a t a ll.

1 1 . S o we h a ve p u t m a n y m e a n in g fo r th e tra d itio o n in o rd e r to sh o w its re a l
co n te n t. S a yin g th a t th e P ro p h e t 's p ro p e rtie s we re to b e a s ch a rity a fte r h is d e a th ,I n
fa ct we wo u ld n o t b e p re fe rre d to th e o th e r two m e a n in gs. I n fa ct we wo u ld p re fe r th e
se co n d m e a n in gs:(wh a t wa s le ft a s ch a rity wo u ld b e e xclu d e d fro m th e o th e r p a rts o f
in h e rita n ce ) if we P o n d e re d o n th e p lu ra l p ro n o u n th e p ro p h e t (s) u se d in th e
tra d itio n . Th e u se d o f th is p ro n o u n b y th e p ro p h e t to re fe r to h im se lf wo u ld n o t b e
a cce p ta b le u n le ss it wa s u se d m e ta p h o rica lly. M o re o ve r it wa s fa r a wa y fro m th e
P ro p p h e t's h u m b le n e ss iin a ll h is sa yin g a n d d o in gs. Th e e vid e n ce s co n firm e d th a t
th e p ro n o u n re fe rre d to a gro u p a n d th e ve rd ict d e cid e d b y th e tra d tio n co n ce rn e d th e
gro u p a n d n o t th e p ro p h e ts (S ) a lo n e . Acco rd in g to th e p rin cip a le s o f e xp re ssio n it
wa s m o st su ita b le fo r th is sta te m e n t to re fe r to th e gro u p o f th e M u slim s a n d n o t th e
gro u p o f th e p ro p p h e ts b e ca u se th e tra d itio n h a d n o a n y co n te xt re fe rrin g to th e
p ro p h e ts. Yo u ca n n o t o b je ct b y sa yin g th a t th e tra d tio n m igh t h a ve a co n te xt wh e n it
wa s sa id b y th e p ro p h e t (s) o r it wa s p re ce d e d b y a n in d ica tio n sh o win g th a t th e
p ro n o u n re la te d to th e gro u p o f th e p ro p h e ts b e ca u se Ab u B a k r h a d n o t m e n tio n e d
a n yth in g o f th a t a lth o u gh th e n a rra to r o f a n y tra d itio n h a d to
( 1 5 1 )

m e n tio n e ve ry th in g co n ce rn in g it in o d e r a t m a k e in te rp re tin g it e a sy th e re fo re yo u r
o b je ctio n will b e va in . Fu th e rm o re , ign o rin g th e se d e ta ils wa s n o t fo r Ab u B a k r
b e n e fit. S o le a t th e a ctu a l wo rd in g o f th e tra d itio n a l b e id e n tica l to th e a ctu a l stu a tio n
o f Ab u B a k n o m o re le ss.
I t wa s u n d e rsto o d th a t th e p ro n o u n re fe rre d to th e gro u p o f m u slim s, wh o we re
a tte n d a n t wh e n th e p ro p h e t (s) sa id th e tra d itio n . I t wa s o rd in a ry th a t if a sp e a k e r
wa n te d to sa id so m e th in g a m o n g a gro u p o f p e o p le a n d u se d th e p lu ra l p ro n o u n o f
th e first p e rso n , h e wo u ld b e re fe r b y th e p ro n o u n to th e a tte n d a n t gro u p . I f a
ju risp ru d e n t wa s a m o n g h is fre in d s a n d h e b e ga n to ta lk to th e m u sin g th e p lu ra l
p ro n o u n ,it wo u ld b e u n d e rsta n d th a t h e m e a n t b y th e p ro n o u n h im se lf a n d th e
a tte n d a n t fre in d s a n d n o t th e gro u p o f th e ju rip ru d e n ts,wh o m h e wa s o n e o f. I f h e
wa n te d to re fe r to a n o th e r gro u p ,h is sp e e ch in th is m a tte r m igh t b e co n sid e re d
m yste rio u s a n d u n cle a r. I n th e ligh t o f th is a cco u n t, wh a t wo u ld yo u th in k a b o u t th is
ve rd ict th a t th e tra d itio n h a d d e te rm in e d fo r th e M u slim s,wh o m we e sta b lish e d th a t
th e p ro n o u n co n ce rn e d ? C o u ld it sh o w th a t a M u slim wa s n o t to b e q u e a th h is
p a trim o n y? we re th e p ro p e rtie s e ve ry M u slim h a s n o t h is o wn b u t th e y we re n o t b e
co n sid e re d a s ch a ritie s? C e rta in ly n o t! Th is d id n o t a gre e with th e n e ce ssitie s o f th e
I sla m ic sh a ria . Acco rd in g to th e h o ly Q u ra n th e M u slim h a d th e righ t o wn h is d iffe re n t
wa ys a n d th e righ t to b e q u e a th wh a t h e wo u ld le a ve a fte r h is d e a th (a fte r th e
p a ym e n t o f a b e q u e a th h e m a y h a ve b e q u e a th o r a d e b t).
1
p e rh a p s
____________
1 - With re fe re n ce to th e Q u a n ic ve rse : Alla h e n jo in g yo u r co n ce rn in g yo u r ch ild re n : th e y m a le sh a ll h a ve
th e e q u a l o f th e p o rtio n o f two fe m a le s: th e n if th e y a re m o re th a n two fa m a le s, th e sh a ll h a ve two -th ird o f
wh a t th e d e ce a se d h a s le ft, a n d if th e re is o n e sh e sh a ll h a ve th e h a lf; a n d a s fo r h is p a re n ts e a ch o f th e m
sh a ll h a ve th e sixth o f wh a t h e le ft if h e h a s a ch ild , b u t if h e h a s n o ch ild a n d (o n ly) h is two p a re n ts in h e rit
h im , th e n h is m o th e r sh a ll h a ve th e th ird ; b u t if h e h a s b ro th e r, th e n h is m o th e r sh a ll h a ve th e sixth a fte r
(th e p a ym e n t o f) a b e q u e st b e m a y h a ve b e q u e a th o r a d e b t). 4 :1 1 .
( 1 5 2 )

it is cle a r n o w th a t th e ve rd ict is n o t b u t th a t th e ch a rity is n o t to b e in h e rite d . Th is is
a n im p o rta n t th in g a n d it d o e s n o t co n ce rn s a ce rta in ch a rity b u t it co n ce rn a ll th e
ch a ritie s o f th e M u slim s. I t wa s n o wo n d e r in sh o win g th e ve rd ict o f n o t b e q u e a th in g
th e ch a ritie s in th e first a ge o f le gisla tio n ,b e ca u se th e la w a n d ve rd icts o f th e sh a ria
we re n o t ye t fixe d a n d wid e sp re a d a m o n g th e M u slim a n d th e re wa s a p o ssib ilty o f
re vo k in g ch a ritie s a n d e n ta ils a n d th e y wo u ld tra n sfe r to th e h e ir wh e n th e o wn e r
d ie d . Th is in te rp re tio n co u ld n o t b e u n d e m in e d e ve n th o u gh t Fa tim a (s) d id n o t
m e n tio n it a n d d id n o t p ro te st b y it a ga in st th e ca lip h a .
Firstly b e ca u se th e critica l stu a tio n o f fa tim a (s) in th o se d ifficu lt tim e s d id n o t le t
h e r d e b a te th e se m u n ite a rgu m e n ts b e ca u se th e ru lin g a u th o rity, wh ich wa n te d to
ca rry o u t its d e cisio n s strictly, co n tro lle d th e stu a tio n with firm n e ss a n d d e te rm in a tio n
th a t d id n o t a cce p t a n y a rgu m e n t. H e n ce we fo u n d th a t Ab u B a k r d id n o t a n swe r
fa tim a (s) wh e n sh e p ro te st b u th e Q u ra n ve rse s ta lk in g a b o u t th e m a tte r o f
in h e rita n ce with m o re th a n to sa y : " it is so " .
1
S o th e fa te o f th e se a rgu m e n ts, if th e y
h a d a sh a re in th e re vo lt, wo u ld fa ce b u t d e n ia l a n d fa ilu re .
An d se co n d ly b e ca u se ,th e se a rgu m e n ts h a d n o th in g to d o with fa tim a 's a im ,wh ich
wa s to d o a wa y with th e e n tire re gim e o f th e n e w ca lip h a te . I t wa s n a tu ra l th a t sh e
d e p e n d e d o n th e m e a n s th a t we re n e a re r to a ch ie ve h e r a im . Fo u n d h e r in
____________
1 - I b n sa 'a d 's Ta b a q a t, vo l.2 , p .3 1 5 .
( 1 5 3 )

h e r e te rn a l sp e e ch ta lk in g to th e m in d s a n d th e h e a rts o f p e o p le to ge th e r b u t sh e d id
n o t e xce e d in h e r p ro te st th e in tu itive m e th o d s,wh ich wa s ign o re d b y th e ca lip h . Th is
in d iffe re n ce o f th e ca lip h wa s a b o u t to b e d e n ie d b y e ve ryo n e wh ich wo u ld le a d to a
fie rce o p p o sitio n .
S h e d e n ie d th e a va ila b ility o f a n y e vid e n ce in th e h o ly Q u ra n co n firm in g th e ru le o f
th e ca lip h Ab u B a k r. Th e n sh e m e n tio n e d th e ve rse s le gisla tin g th e su cce ssio n a m o n g
a ll th e M u slim s.
1
Th e n sh e m e n tio n e d th e ve rse s ta lk in g a b o u t th e su cce ssio n o f
so m e p ro p h e ts lik e p ro p h e t Ya h ya (Jo h n ) a n d p ro p h e t D a wo o d (D a vid ). Th e n sh e
a rgu e d th e ca se in a n o th e r wa y th a t if wh a t Ab u B a k r fo llo we d wa s tru e , h e wo u ld b e
m o re a wa re th a n th e p ro p h e t (s) a n d h is gu a rd ia n I m a m Ali b e ca u se th e y b o th h a d
n o t to ld h e r o f th a t ve rd ict a n d if th e y h a d k n o wn it, wo u ld d e fin a te ly h a ve to ld h e r o f
it. I t wa s d e fin a te ly th a t Ab u B a k r co u ld n e ve r b e m o re a wa re o f th e p ro p h e t's
in h e rita n ce th a n th e p ro p h e t (S ) o r th a n Ali, wh o se gu a rd ia n sh ip to th e p ro p h e t (s)
wa s co n firm e d b y h e r sa yin g
2
: " O ib n Ab u Q u h a fa ,
3
is it m e n tio n in th e b o o k o f Alla h
th a t yo u in h e rit yo u r fa th e r b u t I d o n o t in h e rit m y fa th e r? S u re ly yo u h a ve d o n e a
stra n ge th in g! D id yo u in te n d e d ly d e se rt th e B o o k o f Alla h a n d tu rn e d yo u r b a ck o n it?
Alla h sa id : (An d S u la im a n wa s D a wo o d 's h e ir Q u ra n )
____________
1 - I t wa s cle a r th a t if o n ly o n e re sp e cte d tru th fu l m a n n a rra te d a tra d itio in , wo u ld b e re ga rd e d a s tru e b u t
a s Fa tim a p ro te ste d b y th e Q u ra n ic ve rse s it wa s cle a r th a t sh e d id n o t re co gn ize th e tru th fu ln e ss a n d
fa irn e ss o f Ab u B a k r.

2 - Th e gu a rd ia n sh ip o f I m a m Ali wa s p ro ve d b y m a n y e vid e n ce s. As fo r th e sh ia , th e y a gre e d o n th a t
u n a n im o u sly a n d th e y a gre e d th a t it in clu d e d th e ca lip h a te a lso . As fo r th e o th e rs, it wa s a lso p ro ve d b u t
in th e sp e cia l m e a n in g. R e fe r to a t-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h , vo l.2 a n d a l-M u ra ja 'a t b y Ab d u l H u ssa yn
sh a ra fu d d e e n p .2 3 6 .

3 - I b n Ab u Q u h a fa wa s th e su rn a m e o f Ab u B a k r.
( 1 5 4 )

2 7 :1 6 ) a n d sa id a b o u t Ya h ya b in Z a ch a ria h :(Grant me from theyself an heir, who
should inherit me and inherit from the children of Yaqoub. Qur'an 1 9 :5 -6 ) a n d sa id :
(And the possessors of relationships are nearer to each other in the ordiance of Allah.
Qur'an 8:75) so d id Alla h d istin gu ish yo u with a ve rse , fro m wh ich H e e xclu d e d m y
fa th e r? O r d o yo u sa y : p e o p le o f two re ligio n s d o n o t in h e rit e a ch o th e r? Am I a n d m y
fa th e r n o t o f o n e re ligio n ? O r a re yo u m o re a wa re o f th e Q u ra n th a n m y fa th e r a n d m y
co u sin ?"
1

Th e m o re p ro m in e n t sid e o f Fa tim a 's re vo lt wa s th e se n tim e n ta l sid e . I t wa s n o
wo n d e r th a t Fa tim a (s) trie d h e r b e st to ga in th e b a ttle o f th e h e a rt fo r it wa s th e
cra d le ,in wh ich th e sp irit o f re vo lt gre w u p . Fa tim a h a d su cce e d e d in fo rm k in g a
wo n d e rfu l im a ge ,b y wh ich sh e sh o o k th e fe e lin gs, e le ctrifie d th e se n tim e n ts a n d
d o m in a te d th e h e a rts. I t wa s th e b e st we a p o n fo r a wo m a n h a vin g th e sa m e
circu m sta n ce s o f Fa tim a (S ).
I n o rd e r to e n jo y th a t wo n d e rfu l im a ge p a in te d with th e fin e st co lo rs, Le t u s liste n
to Fa tim a wh e sh e a d d re sse d th e An sa r b y sa yin g : " O h igh -b o rn p e o p le , yo u a re th e
stro n g gu a rd s o f th e re ligio n a n d th e n o u ru sh e rs o f I sla m . Wh a t is th is la n gu o r in
h e lp in g m e , th is sh o wn e ss in a ssistin g m e , th is in d iffe re n ce to m y righ t a n d th is
d o zin g to wa rd s m y b e in g wro n ge d ? D id n o t th e p ro p h e t sa y : " B e in g lo ya l to a m a n is
b y b e in g lo ya l to h is o ffsp rin g?" H o w q u ick ly yo u ch a n ge d th e su n n a a n d h o w
h u rrie d ly yo u a ch ie ve d yo u r o wn in te n ts. Wa s it b e ca u se th e p ro p h e t d ie d th a t yo u
m a d e h is re ligio n
____________
1 . We q u o te d th is p a ssa ge in sh o rt. I m a m Ali's wid e k n o wle d ge a b o u t e ve ry th in g o f Q u ra n wa s so fa m o u s
fo r e ve ry o n e , vo l.2 p .3 3 8 a n d a s-S a wa 'iq u l M u h riq a b y ib n H a ja r, p .1 7 3 .
( 1 5 5 )

d ie b y Alla h , h is d e a th wa s a gre a t ca la m ity, wh o se e ffe ct b e ca m e gre a te r. I ts rip
b e ca m e o b scu re a n d th e re wa s n o o n e to m e n d it. Th e e a rth b e ca m e so d a rk . Th e
m o u n ta in s su b m itte d . Th e h o p e s d ie d . Th e sa n ctitie s we re lo st a fte r h im . Th e
in vio la b ilitie s we re p ro fa n e d . I t wa s a gre a t m isfo rtu n e th a t th e B o o k o f Alla h
in fo rm e d o f it e ve n b e fo re th e p ro p h e t's d e a th . Alla h sa id : ( And Muhammad is no
more than an apostle; the apostles have already passed away before him; if then he
dies or is killed will you turn back on your heels? And whoever turns back on his
heels, he will by no means do harm to Allah in the least and Allah will reward the
gateful. Quran 3:144) Ah , p e o p le o f O u ss a n d K h a zra j,
1
m y fa th e r's in h e rita n ce wa s
e xto rte d in fro n t o f yo u r sigh t a n d h e a rin g. M y ca ll re a ch e s yo u a n d yo u a re with gre a t
n u m b e r o f m e n a n d a rm s.
2
Yo u a re th e e lite th a t Alla h p re fe rre d a n d th e ch o ice th a t
H e ch o se ... e tc."
3
H e n ce th e a rgu e m e n ts a b o u t th e in te rp re ta tio n o f th e tra d itio n
wo u ld n o t b e a cce p te d b y th e ru lin g a u th o rity n o r d id it h a ve a n yth in g to d o with th e
m a in o f th e re vo lt o f Fa tim a (s). Th is e xp la in e d fo r u s wh y Fa tim a d id n o t m e n tio n th e
d o n a tio n (o f Fa d a k ) in h e r sp e e ch .
Th e situ a tio n o f th e ca lip h to wa rd s th e m a tte r o f th e in h e rita n ce

1 . N o w we h a ve to cla rify th e ca lip h 's situ a tio n to wa rd s Fa tim a a b o u t m a tte r o f th e
in h e rita n ce a n d to sh o w h is o p in io n a b o u t it a fte r we h a ve cla rifie d th e m e a n in g o f
th e tra d itio n th ro u gh th e d iffe re n t wa ys o f n a rra tin g wh e th e r th e m e a n in g wa s cle a r
o r a m b igio u s. H is situ a tio n se e m s to b e so m e h o w co m p le te d if we stu d y th e
h isto rica l.
____________
1 - Th e gre a te st two trib e s o f An sa r.

2 - S h e m e a n s: wh y d o n o t yo u h e lp m e a n d d e fe n d m y righ t?

3 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l. 1 6 p . 2 1 2 -2 1 3 .
( 1 5 6 )

d o cu m e n ts o f th e ca se th ro u gh ly. Alth o u gh th e d o cu m e n ts a re m a n y, it is a m b igu o u s
to k n o w th e p o in t, o n wh ich th e two o p p o n e n ts d isa gre e d a n d it is d ifficu lt to u n ify
p o in t.
P e o p le th o u gh t th a t th e o b je ct o f th e d isa gre e m e n t b e twe e n Ab u B a k r a n d Fa tim a
wa s th e m a tte r o f th e p ro p h e t's in h e rita n ce . Fa tim a cla im e d th a t th e y b e q u e a th e d
a n d Ab u B a k r d e n ie d th a t. Acco u n tin g th e situ a tio n in th is wa y wo u ld n o t so lve th e
m a tte r a n d wo u ld n o t in te rp re t m a n y issu e s:

First : Th e sa yin g o f Ab u B a k r to Fa tim a wh e n sh e a sk e d fo r Fa d a k :" Th e p ro p e rty
wa s n o t th e p ro p h e t's b u t it co n ce rn e d th e M u slim s. Th e p ro p h e t (s) sp e n t fro m it o n
th e so ld ie rs a n d fo r th e sa k e o f Alla h . Wh e n th e p ro p h e t d ie d i m a n a ge d it a s h e d id " .
1
Th is sa yin g sh o we d cle a rly th a t h e wa s a rgu in g a b o u t so m e th in g e lse th a n th e
p ro p h e ts' in h e rita n ce .

S e co n d : H is sa yin g to Fa tim a in a n o th e r d ia lo gu e : B y Alla h , yo u r fa th e r is b e tte r
th a n m e a n d yo u a re b e tte r th a n m y d a u gh te rs b u t th e th e m e sse n ge r o f Alla h h a d
sa id : " We d o n o t b e q u e a th wh a t we le a ve is to b e ch a rity" .
2
Th is e xp la n a to ry
se n te n ce th a t th e ca lip h a d d e d to th e tra d itio n n e e d s so m e a tte n tio n . I t m a k e s u s
u n d e rsta n d th a t th e tra d itio n co n ce rn e d p ro p h e t M u h a m m a d a n d it wa s n o t ce rtifie d
to co n ce rn th e in h e rita n ce o f th e o th e r p ro p h e ts o r th e re st o f th e M u slim s. H e
d e fin e d th e p a trim o n y th a t wo u ld n o t b e b e q u e a th e d a n d m e n tio n e d th a t th e p ro p h e t
m e a n t it b y th e tra d itio n . Acco rd in g to th is, we u n d e rsta n d th a t Ab u B a k r d id n o t
m e a n n o t b e q u e a th in g th e
____________
1 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l. 1 6 . p . 2 1 4 .

2 - ib id
( 1 5 7 )

ch a ritie s, b e ca u se th is wa s a ge n e ra l ve rd ict a n d d id n o t co n ce rn th e p ro p h e t o n ly. I t
wa s cle a r a lso th a t Ab u B a k r d id n o t in te rp re t th e tra d itio n a s : (th e p ro p h e t's
p ro p e rtie s we re n o t to b e in h e rite d b u t th e y we re to b e co n sid e re d a s ch a ritie s a fte r
h is d e a th ) b e ca u se if h e th o u gh t so in u n d e rsta n d in g th e tra d itio n , h is in te rp re ta tio n
wo u ld re fe r to a n o th e r m a tte r. Th e su b je ct o f th e tra d itio n th e n wo u ld re fe r to a ll o f
th e p ro p h e t's p a trim o n ie s a n d n o t to th e a ctu a l p ro p e rty,wh ich Fa tim a a sk e d fo r. B y
th is I m e a n th a t if th e se p ro p e rtie s we re e xclu d e d fro m th e p ro p h e t's o wn e rsh ip
b e fo re h is d e a th , th e ve rd ict o f n o t b e q u e a th in g wo u ld n o t a ffe ct th e m . I n th e sa m e
wa y, if th e p ro p h e t h a d o th e r p ro p e rtie s,h e wo u ld n o t b e q u e a th th e m to h is re la tive s
to o . S o n o t b e q u e a th in g o f th e p ro p h e t's p ro p e rtie s, if it wa s p ro ve d , wo u ld co n ce rn
a ll th e p ro p h e t's p ro p e rtie s wh e a th e r th o se , wh ich h e le ft b y th e in h e rita n ce th e
sp e cific p ro p e rtie s th a t Fa tim a a sk e d fo r. As if yo u sa id to yo u r frie n d : " H o n o r e ve ry
o n e visits yo u to n igh t! " Th e n two p e rso n s visite d h im . Yo u d id n o t m e a n b y yo u r sa yin g
th e se two p e rso n s in p a rticu la r ye t th e o rd e r co m p lie d with th e se two p e rso n s b y
ch a n ce . S o lim itin g th e p a trim o n ie s th a t wo u ld n o t b e in h e rite d to ce rta in p ro p e rtie s
re q u ire d th a t th e ve rd ict m e n tio n e d in th e tra d itio n to co n ce rn th e se ce rta in
p ro p e rtie s o n ly.
N o d o u b t if th e p ro p h e t's p a trim o n ie s we re n o t to b e in h e rite d , th e ve rd ict wo u ld
n o t b e a ssign e d to th e se ce rta in p ro p e rtie s b u t it wo u ld b e a p p lie d to e ve ry p ro p e rty
th a t th e p ro p h e t (s) wo u ld le a ve a fte r h is d e a th . With re ga rd to th e scie n tific
re le va n ce o f th e re se a rch , I wa n t to a sk a b o u t th e u se o f th e e xp la n a to ry se n te n ce
a n d th e a im b e h in d
( 1 5 8 )

it wh e a th e r th e o p in io n o f th e ca lip h a b o u t th e tra d itio n wa s th a t th e p ro p h e t's
p ro p e rtie s we re n o t to b e in h e rite d . Wa s it su sp e cte d th a t th e m e a n in g o f p a trim o n y
re fe re d to th e a ctu a l p ro p e rtie s, wh ich Fa tim a a sk e d fo r, o r n o t a n d th e n h e wa n te d to
re m o ve th e su sp icio n in o rd e r th a t th e tra d itio n wo u ld a gre e with th e m e a n in g so th a t
th e ve rd ict o f n o t b e q u e a th in g wo u ld b e p ro ve d ? I f th is a cco u n t wa s tru e , th e
su sp icio n wo u ld b e in th e in te re st o f th e ca lip h b e ca u se if it wa s n o t ce rta in th a t a n
a sse t wa s a p a rt o f th e d e a d 's p a trim o n y, it wo u ld n o t tra n sfe r to th e h e irs. H e n ce it
wa s n o t p o ssib le th a t th e ca lip h wa n te d to to re m o ve th is su sp icio n a n d it wa s n o t
p o ssib le th a t h e wa n te d to p re ve n t Fa tim a fro m a rgu in g a b o u t th e a p p lica tio n o f th e
tra d itio n to th e p ro p e rtie s sh e a sk e d fo r b e ca u se a s lo n g a s sh e a sk e d fo r th e
p ro p e rtie s a s in h e rita n ce so sh e o b vio u sly a ck n o wle d ge th a t th e y we re a m o n g th e
p ro p h e t's p a trim o n ie s. Le t u s su p p o se th a t th o se p ro p e rtie s we re a p a rt o f th e
p ro p h e t's p a trim o n y a n d n o t a ll wh a t th e p ro p h e t (s) h a d le ft- it m igh t re fe r to th e re a l
e sta te lik e Fa d a k -so ca n we gu e ss th a t th e a im o f th e ca lip h wa s to lim it th e
p ro p e rtie s th a t Fa tim a h a d n o righ t to in h e rit? I d o n o t th in k so b e ca u se th e p ro p h e t's
p a trim o n ie s d id n o t d iffe r in b e q u e a th in g o r n o t b e q u e a th in g. We d e rive fro m th is
re fle ctio n s a re su lt th a t th e ca lip h 's in te n t fro m th is tra d itio n o f th e p ro p h e t th a t th e se
p ro p e tie s we re n o t h is p ro p e rty a n d h e d e scrib e d th e m b y sa yin g: " Wh a t we le a ve is
to b e ch a rity" , so h e wa s, in th is re sp e ct, a s th a t, wh o ga th e re d h is h e irs a n d sa id to
th e m : " All m y p a trim o n ie s a re to b e fo r ch a rity" tryin g to te ll th e m th a t th e y we re n o t
h is p a trim o n ie s so th e y co u ld n o t in h e rit th e m . Th is is th e m e a n in g th a t ca n b e
u n d e rsto o d fro m th e ca lip h 's tra d itio n .
( 1 5 9 )

Th ird : Th e ca lip h 's a n swe r to th e m e sse n ge r se n t b y Fa tim a to a sk fo r th e
p ro p h e t's p ro p e rtie s in M e d in a a n d Fa d a k a n d th e re m a in d e r o f th e k h u m s o f
k h a yb a r wh e n h e sa id to th e m e sse n ge r: " Th e p ro p h e t (s) sa id : " We d o n o t b e q u e a th .
Wh a t we le a ve is to b e ch a rity. M u h a m m a d 's fa m ily sp e n d s fro m th is m o n e y" . B y
Alla h , I will n o t ch a n ge a n yth in g o f th e p ro p h e t's ch a ritie s. Th e y will re m a in a s th e y
we re d u rin g th e p ro p h e t's life tim e " .
1
I f we su p p o se d th a t th e m e a n in g o f th e tra d itio n
a ccrd in g to Ab u B a k r's o p in io n wa s th a t th e p ro p h e t (s) d id n o t b e q u e a th h is
p ro p e rtie s, th e n Ab u B a k r sp e e ch wo u ld b e co n tra d icte d b e ca u se h is co n clu sio n in
th e b e gin in g o f th e tra d itio n sh o we d th a t h e co n fe sse d th a t wh a t Fa tim a a sk e d fo r
wa s a m o n g th e p ro p h e t's p a trim o n ie s a n d p ro p e rtie s h e le ft a fte r h is d e a th , b u t h is
la st se n te n ce o f th e tra d itio n : B y Alla h , I d o n o t ch a n ge a n yth in g o f th e p ro p h e t's
ch a ritie s. Th e y will re m a in a s th e y we re d u rin g th e p ro p h e t's life tim e " o p p o se d th is
m e a n in g b e ca u se wh a t Fa tim a wa n te d to ch a n ge -a s Ab u B a k r cla im e d -wa s Fa d a k ,th e
p ro p h e t's p ro p e rtie s in M e d in a a n d th e re m a in d e r o f th e k h u m s o f k h a yb a r. Wh e n
Ab u B a k r sa id : B y Alla h , I d o n o t ch a n ge a n yth in g o f th e p ro p h e t's ch a ritie s" h e m e a n t
th e p ro p e rtie s th a t Fa tim a a sk e d fo r a n d h e sa w th a t sh e a sk e d to ch a n ge th e m fro m
th e ir p re vio u s co n d itio n . Wh e n h e ca lle d th e m a s th e p ro p h e t's ch a ritie s it m e a n t th a t
h e th o u gh t th e y we re n o t th e p ro p h e t's p ro p e rtie s b u t th e y we re ch a ritie s th a t th e
p ro p h e t (s) m a n a ge d d u rin g h is life tim e . Ab u B a k r's co n clu sio n in th e b e gin in g o f th e
tra d itio n sh o we d th a t h e d id n o t wa n t to p ro ve th a t th e p ro p h e t's p ro p e rtie s we re n o t
to b e in h e rite d b u t h e wa n te d
____________
1 - S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l. 1 6 p . 2 1 8 .
( 1 6 0 )

to p ro ve th a t th o s p ro p e rtie s, wh ich Fa tim a a sk e d fo r,we re n o t a m o n g th e p ro p h e t's
p ro p e rtie s b e ca u se h e m e n tio n e d th a t th e y we re ch a ritie s.

2 . We ca n co n clu d e o u t o f so m e va ria tio n s o f Ab u B a k r's tra d itio n th a t h e a rgu e d
a b o u t th e p ro p h e t's p ro p e rtie s a n d h e a rgu e d a b o u t th e p ro p h e t's p ro p e rtie s a n d h e
d id n o t lim it th e d isp u te to th e p re vio su s p o in t b e ca u se th e tra d itio n , wh ich
m e n tio n e d Fa tim a 's sp e e ch a n d th e co n clu sio n o f Ab u B a k r wh e n h e m e n tio n e d th e
p ro p h e t's sa yin g; " We , th e p ro p h e t's, d o n o t b e q u e a th . . . e tc. " a n d wh e n Fa tim a
p ro te ste d a ga in st h im b y m e n tio n in g th e ge n e ra l Q u ra n ic ve rse ta lk in g a b o u t th e
m a tte r o f in h e rita n ce a n d th e sp e cia l ve rse ta lk in g a b o u t th e su cce ssio n o f so k m e o f
th e p ro p h e ts, u n co ve re d a n e w sid e o f th e d isp u te wh e re Ab u B a k r d e n ie d th e
b e q u e a th in g o f th e p ro p h e t's p ro p e rtie s to h is h e irs a n d in siste d o n h is d e n ia l
wh e re a s Fa tim a in siste d o n a rgu in g h im
1
a n d d e fe n d e d h e r o p in io n o n th e m a tte r.

3 . S o th e ca lip h h a d two tra d itio n s:

Th e first : " We d o n o t b e q u e a th . Wh a t we le a ve is to b e ch a rity" .
2

Th e se co n d : " We , th e p ro p h e ts, d o n o t b e q u e a th go ld o r silve r.
3
H e th e re fo re
cla im e d two th in gs :
O n e o f th e m th a t Fa d a k wa s ch a rity a n d so it wa s n o t to b e in h e rite d .
Th e o th e r wa s th a t th e p ro p h e t's p ro p e rtie s we re n o t to b e in h e rite d . Th e o th e r wa s
th a t th e p ro p h e t's p ro p e rtie s we re n o t to b e in h e rite d . H e u se d th e first tra d itio n to
p ro ve th a t Fa d a k wa s ch a rity a n d th e se co n d tra d itio n to p ro ve th a t th e p ro p h e t d id
n o t
____________

2 - ib id , vo l.1 6 p .2 1 8 a n d re fe r to a l-B a yh a q i's su n a n , vo l.6 , p .3 0 0 -3 0 1 (in Ara b ic th is tra d itio n m a y h a ve
a n o th e r fo rm : We d o n o t b e q u e a th wh a t we le a ve a s ch a rity " ) th e tra n sla to r.

3 - S h a rh N a h ju l b a la gh a , vo l.1 6 , p .2 5 2 .


TH E R E S U LT O F TH E AR G U M E N T

it m igh t b e n o t d ifficu lt to su e th e ca lip h a fte r h is stu a tio n b e ca m e cle a r ;a n d th e
n o te we n o tice d in th e two tra d itio n s n a rra te d b y Ab u B a k r, cla im in g th a t th e p ro p h e t
h a d sa id th e m , we re fixe d . Th e ce n su re we go t a ga in st Ab u B a k r u n til n o w re le a e d o n
m a n y p o in ts, we re fe r to th e m h e re to co n clu d e th e re su lt :

First :Th e ca lip h wa s n o t ce rta in a b o u t h is tra d ito in a s we e xp la in e d a t th e
b e gin n in g o f th is ch a p te r.

S e co n d : I t wo u ld b e im p la u sa b le to im a gin e th a t th e p ro p h e t(s); co n fid e d th e
ve rd ict o f h is in h e rita n ce to Ab u B a k r a n d h a d it fro m h is d a u gh te r a n d th e re st o f h is
h e irs. H o w h a d th e p ro p h e t co n fid e t h is ve rd ict to Ab u B a k r?
1
Th e p ro p h e t wa s n o t
u se d to m e e t Ab u B a k r a lo n e u n le ss h e to ld h im th is n e ws in a d e lib e ra te p riva cy so
th a t it wo u ld b e ign o ra n t b y h is h e irs a n d e sp e cia lly h is d u a gh te r, wh o wo u ld re ce ive a
n e w o rd e a l -b e ca u se o f th a t- in a d d itio n to h e r o th e r p a in s!

Th ird : Ali wa s th e p ro p h e t's gu a rd ia n u n d o u b te d ly a cco rd in g to th e tru e tra d itio n
n a rra te d re cu rre n tly b y th e gre a t co m p a n io n s a n d re ce ite d in th e ir p o e try. Am o n g
th o se , wh o n a rra te d th e tra d itio n we re Ab d u lla h i b in a b b a s, K h u za ym a b in Th a b it,
H u jr b in Ad iy. Ab u l H a yth a m b in a l-Ta yh a n , Ab d u lla h b in Ab u S u fya n b in a l- H a rith b in
Ab d u l M u tta lib , H a ssa n b in Th a b it a n d I m a m
____________
1 - Aa 'ish a sa id : " Th e y d isa gre e d a b o u t h is in h e rita n ce (Th e p ro p h e ts in h e rita n ce ) we d id n o t fin d a n y o n e
k n o win g a b o u t it. Th e n Ab u B a k r sa id : " I h e a rd th e p ro p h e t sa yin g : " We , th e p ro p h e ts, d o n o t b e q u e a th ...
e tc R e fe r to a s-S a wa i'q u l M u h riq a b y ib n H a ja r, p .3 4 a n d Ta re e k h a l K h u la fa Ab y S a yo o ti, p .7 3 .
( 1 6 2 )

Ali
1
. Th e gu rd ia n sh ip wa s o n e o f th e h igh e st I sla m ic d e co ra tio n th a t n o d o u b t o n ly Ali
p o sse sse d .
2

Ali's fo llo we rs a n d Ab u B a k r's fo llo we rs d isa gre e d o n th e m e a n in g o f gu rd ia n sh ip .
Th e first gre a t co m p a n io n s b e lie ve d th a t it wa s a d e cre e fo r Ali's ca lip h a te b u t th e
o rd e r in te rp re te d it a n d sa id : " Ali is th e gu a rd ia n o f th e p ro p h e t's k n o wle d ge sh a ria
a n d a ffa irs." N o w we d o n o t wa n t to o p p o se th e se o r su p p o rt th o se b u t we wa n t to
d iscu ss th e tra d itio n a s m u ch a s co n ce rn in g th e su b je ct o f th is re se a rch a n d th e n to
d e cid e wh a t re su lt co m e s o u t o f e a ch in te p re ta tio n .
Le t u s su p p o se first th a t th e gu a rd ia n sh ip m e a n t th e ca lip h a te to try Ab u B a k r's
stu a tio n in th e ligh t o f th e tra d itio n . We will fin d th a t h e h a d u su rp e d th e m o st
p re cio u s I sla m ic va lu e s a n d h a d d isp o se d o f th e fa te s o f th e u m m a with o u t a n y le ga l
a u th o rity. S o th is m a n h a d n o t righ t to ru le o r ju d ge b e twe e n p e o p le a n d a n y tra d itio n
o f h is co u ld n o t b e b e lie ve d .
le t u s a b a n d o n th is in trp re ta tio n fo r it wo u ld b e so e ve r to th e ca lip h . Le t u s sa y :
" Ali wa s th e gu a rd ia n o f th e p ro p h e t's k n o wle d ge a n d sh a ria ." Th e n co u ld we , wh ile
co n fe ssin g su ch k in d o f h o ly gu a rd ia n sh ip , b e lie ve in tra d itio n d e n ie d b y th e gu a rd ia n
h im se lf? An d a s lo n g a s h e (Ali) wa s th e we k e fu l gu a rd o f th e d ivin e sh a ria
3
so h is
____________
1 - sh a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.1 , p .4 7 -4 8 a n d vo l.3 , p .1 5 .

2 - I b n Ab u l H a d e e d sa id in h is b o o k sh a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.1 , p .4 6 " We b e lie ve u n d o u b te d ly th a t Ali
wa s th e p ro p h e t's gu a rd ia n , a lth o u gh so m e o n e s, wh o m we co n sid e r a s re sista n ts, o p p o se d th a t" .
3 - R e fe r to th e p ro p h e t's sa yin g : " Ali is with Q u ra n a n d th e Q u ra n is with Ali . Th e y will n o t se p a ra te u n til
th e y ca m e to m e a t p o n d (in p a ra d ise ) " R e re r to a l-m u 'jim a s-S a gh e e r b y a t-Ta b a ra n i. Th e p ro p h e t (s)
ch o se Ali a m o n g a ll h is co m p a n io n a n d re la tive s in tru stin g h im with se ve n te e n d e cre e s th a t h e d id n o t
e n tru st a n yo n e with , o th e r Ali. Th e p ro p h e t (s) sa id : " Ali is with th e tru th a n d th e tru th is with Ali" . H e (s)
sa id : " Ali is fro m m e a n d I a m fro m h im . N o o n e is to ca rry o u t m y th a n k s e xce p t h im ..." R e fe r to a s-
S a wa 'iq u l b y ib n H a ja r p .1 2 2 a n d ib n Assa k ir's Ta re e k h , vo l.1 7 , p .2 5 6 .
( 1 6 3 )

o p in io n h a d to b e o b e ye d in e ve ry m a tte r a s a n in d isp u ta b le d e cre e b e ca u se h e wa s
th e m o st a wa re o f wh a t th e p ro p h e t h a d re co m m e n d e d a n d e n tru ste d h im with . An d
if Ali wa s th e gu a rd ia n o f th e p ro p h e t's p a trim o n ie s a ffa irs,so wh a t wo u ld b e th e
m e a n in g o f p lu d e rin g th e p ro p h e t's p a trim o n ie s b y th e ca lip h wh e re a s th e p ro p h e t's
gu a rd ia n wa s a va ila b le a n d h e wa s m o re a wa re o f th e ir ve rd ict a n d le ga l fa te ?

Fo u rth : Th e n a tio n a liza tio n o f th e p ro p h e t's in h e rita n ce wa s o n e o f th e ca lip h 's
in itia tive s in h isto ry. I t wa s u n p re ce d e n te d in a n y o f th e (p ro p h e ts') n a tio n s' h isto rie s.
I f it wa s a b a sis fo llo we d b y a ll, wh o ru le d a fte r a ll th e n a tio n s o f th e p ro p h e ts wo u ld
b e k n o w th a t.
D e n yin g th e p ro p h e t's o wn e rsh ip o f Fa d a k b y Ab u B a k r-a s it wa s sh o wn b y so m e o f
h is a rgu m e n ts with Fa tim a -h a d m u ch h a sin e ss b e ca u se Fa d a k wa s n o t ga in e d a s
b o o ty in wa r b u t its p e o p le ga ve in b e ca u se o f fe a r a s it wa s m e n tio n e d b y a ll th e
h isto ria n s;
1
S u n n i a n d S h ia . E a ch la n d , wh o se p e o p le ga ve u p lik e th a t (with o u t
figh tin g), wa s to b e p u re p ro p e rty o f th e p ro p h e t (s).
2
Alla h d e cla re d in h o ly Q u ra n th a t
Fa d a k wa s o f th e p ro p h e t (s) b y sa yin g : (An d wh a te ve r Alla h re sto re d to H is Ap o stle
fro m th e m yo u d id n o t p re ss fo rwo rd a ga in st it a n y h o rse o r a rid in g ca m e l. Q u ra n
5 9 :6 ) I t wa s n o t p ro ve d th a t th e p ro p h e t (s) h a d gra n te d Fa d a k a s ch a rity o r th e
____________
1 - Fu to o h a l-B u ld a n b y a l-B a la th a ri, p .4 6 , ib n u l Ath e e r's Ta re e k h , vo l.2 , p .3 2 1 , S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.4 ,
p .7 8 a n d ib n H ish a m 's S e e ra , vo l.2 , p .3 6 8 .

2 - Ta fse e r a l-K a sh sh a f b y a z-Z a m a k h sh a ri, vo l.4 , p .5 0 2 .
( 1 6 4 )

e n ta ile d it.

Fifth : B o th o f th e tra d itio n s th a t Ab u B a k r p ro te ste d with th is co n ce rn h a d n o a n y
e vid e n ce ce rtifyin g wh a t h e wa n te d to p ro ve . We h a ve a lre a d y stu d ie d b o th va ria tio n s
o f th e tra d itio n a n d sh o wn th a t th e ir m e a n in gs h a d n o th in g to d o with th e ca lip h 's
in te n t. I f th is is n o t a cce p ta b le , le t u s su p p o se th e two m e a n in gs to b e e q u a l a n d th e n
n o o n e co u ld b e p re fe re d to th e o th e r in o rd e r to d e p e n d o n it.

2 . Th e se we re th e o b je ctio n we a lre a d y go t. We a d d to th e m n o w a sixth o b je ctio n
a fte r su p p o sin g th a t th e p h ra se (We , th e p ro p h e ts, d o n o t b e q u e a th ) is clo se r to
d e n yin g th e ve rd ict o f b e q u e a th in g th a n to d e n y th e e xista n ce o f th e p a trim o n y to b e
in h e rite d a n d to su p p o se th e p h ra se a s fo llo win g : (We d o n o t b e q u e a th wh a t we
le a ve a s ch a rity), wh ich will b e in th e in te re st o f th e ca lip h a n d to ca n ce l th e
in te rp re ta tio n sa yin g th a t th e ch a rity le ft is n o t to b e in h e rite d a n d th e n to stu d y th e
ca se in th e ligh t o f th e se a cco u n ts. Th e cle a re st m e a n in g o f th e ca lip h 's tra d itio n ,
a fte r in te rp re tin g it a cco rd in g to a ll th e p o ssib ilitie s, d e te rm in e s th a t th e p ro p h e ts
we re n o t to b e q u e a th th e ir p a trim o n ie s a s it wa s cle a r in h is sa yin g : (We , th e
p ro p h e ts, d o n o t b e q u e a th ). Le t u s h a ve a lo o k a t h is sa yin g : (We d o n o t b e q u e a th .
Wh a t we le a ve is to b e ch a rity). Th e p ro n o u n re fe r to th e p lu ra l th a t th e ve rd ict
co n ce rn s gro u p . S in ce th e ve rd ict in th e tra d itio n co n ce rn s n o t b e q u e a th in g o f th e
p a trim o n y th e n it is cle a r th a t it re la te s to th e gro u p o f th e p ro p h e ts b e ca u se th e re k is
n o a n o th e r gro u p th a t we ca n th in k th a t th e ir p a trim o n ie s a re n o t to tra n sfe r to th e ir
h e irs. Th e h o l Q u ra n d e cla re d th e m a tte r o f b e q u e a th in g b y th e p ro p h e ts. Alla h , th e
a lm igh ty, sa id a b o u t Z a ch a ria h : (An d su re ly I fe a r m y co u sin s a fte r
( 1 6 5 )

m e , a n d m y wife is b a rre n , th e re fo re gra n t m e fro m Th yse lf a n h e ir, wh o sh o u ld
in h e rit m e a n d in h e rit fro m th e ch ild re n o f Ya q o o b , a n d m a k e h im , m y Lo rd , o n e in
wh o m Th o u a rt we ll p le a se d . 1 9 :5 -6 ) Th e in h e rita n ce in th e ve rse m e a n s th e
in h e rita n ce o f we a lth b e ca u se it is we a lth , wh ich a ctu a lly tra n sfe r fro m th e
b e q u e a th e r to th e h e ir b u t k n o wle d ge a n d p ro p h e th o o d d o n o t tra n sfe r in th e re a l
se n se .
1
I t is d e fin a te ly cle a r th a t k n o wle d ge d o e s n o t tra n sfe r a cco rd in g to th e th e o ry
o f th e u n io n o f th e a p p re h e n d e r a n d th e a p p re h e n d e d d a ta .
2
B u t if we a ck n o wle d ge
th e e xte n tia l d iffe re n ce b e twe e e n th e m , th e n th e re is n o d o u b t o f th e a b stra ctn e ss o f
th e scie n tific im a ge s
3
a n d th a t th e y (th e scie n tific im a ge s) a re e xistin g in th e so u l in
a n e m o tio n a l
____________

2 - Th e co n ce p t o f th is th e o ry is th a t th e a p p re h e n d e d im a ge s, wh ich a re a b stra ct, h a ve n o m a te ria l
a sp e cts e xce p t th a t th e y a re a p p re h e n d e d . Ap p re h e n sio n is th e e sse n ce o f th e se a p p re h e n d e d im a ge s.
D ive stin g th e se d a ta o f th e a p p re h e n d e r m e a n s d ive stin g th e d a ta o f th e ir ve ry e sse n ce . Th is is th e sign o f
th e e xte n tia l u n ity. S o th e gra d u a tio n o f th e so u l in th e ra n k s o f k n o wle d ge is its gra d u a tio n in th e sta ge s
o f th e e xiste n ce . Wh a te ve r th e p sych ic e xiste n ce b e co m e s a co n firm a tio n fo r a n e w co n ce p t; it will b e
in cre a se d in its e sse n tia l in te ge ra tio n a n d will b e co m e o f a h igh e r ra n k . Th e re is n o th in g a t a ll p re ve n tin g
fro m th e u n io n o f m a n y co n ce p ts in th e e xiste n ce . Th is is n o t lik e th e e xte n tia l u n io n o f two co n ce p ts.
Th e se two co n ce p ts a re im p o ssib le a n d n o t lik e th a t o f th e a p p re h e n d e r a n d th e a p p re h e n d e d d a ta .

3 - Th e tru th is th a t a ll th e ra n k s o f k n o wle d ge a n d a ll th e a p p re h e n d e d im a ge s a re a b stra ct b u t th e y a re
d iffe re n t in th e ra n k s o f a b stra ctn e ss. Th e th in g a p p re h e n d e d b y th e e go will n o t b e th e ve ry a ctu a l th in g
with its m a te ria l id e n tity. E ve n th a t, wh ich is a p p re h e n d e d b y th e se n se o f sigh t, h a s a wa y o f a b stra ctn e ss
a n d m a y n o t d e fin e d e xa ctly b y th e e m a n a tio n o f th e ra y o r b y th e im p re ssio n . Wh a t wa s p ro ve d a b o u t th e
se e in g re la te d to th e scie n ce o f m irro rs a n d th e re se a rch e s o f p ysics, wh ich in te rp re te d th e o p tica l
p e rce p tio n p h ilo so p h ica lly, co n firm e d th e th o u gh t o f a b stra ctn e ss. We h a ve to a ck n o wle d ge it b e sid e s
im a gin a tio n a n d m in d . We h a ve e xp la in e d th is ism in o u r b o o k Th e D ivin e B e lie f in I sla m .
( 1 6 6 )

e xiste n ce ,
1
wh ich m e a n s th a t it is a n e ffe ct o f th e so u l a n d th e o n e e ffe ct a cco rd in g
to th e so u l n o t b y co n n e ctio n o n ly-is re ctifie d b y its ca u se a n d co n n e cte d with it
id e n tica lly so it is im p o ssib le fo r it to tra n sfe r to a n o th e r to a n o th e r ca u se . An d if we
su p p o se d th a t th e a p p re h e n d e d im a ge s we re sym p p to m s a n d q u a litie s e xistin g in th e
a p p re h e n d e r im m a n e n tly, it wo u ld b e im p o ssib le to tra n sfe r b e ca u se o f th e
im p o ssib lity o f th e m o ve m e n t o f th e sym p to m fro m a su b je t to a n o th e r a s it wa s
p ro ve d b y p h ilo so p h y wh e a th e r we th o u gh t o f its a b stra ctn e ss o r m a te ria lity in
a cco rd a n ce with o u r a ck n o wle d ge m e n t th a t th e a p p re h e n d e d im a ge s in clu d e d th e
ge n e ra l a sp e cts o f th e m a te ria l o b je ct lik e th e a b ility o f d ivisio n a n d th e lik e s.
____________
1 - a n d n o t im m a n e n ta l e xiste n ce , wh ich m e a n s to b e a s sym p to m s fo r th e so u l. S o m e p h ilo so p h e rs
a d o p te d th is ism in o rd e r to so lve th e p ro b le m ,wh ich o ccu re d to th e re se a rch e rs wh e n th e y wa n te d to
a d a p t th e e vid e n ce o f th e m e n ta l e xiste n ce to wh a te wa s k n o wn a b o u t scie n ce a s it wa s e q u a lly, wh ich
m e a n t th a t if th e a p p re h e n d e d im a ge s wa s q u a lity so wh a t wo u ld p e rcie ve o f h u m a n b e in g wh ile e ve ry
h u m a n b e in g wa s to e sse n ce . Wh e n a ll o f a n swe rs, wh ich wa s p u t to so lve th e p ro b le m o f d e n yin g th e
m e n ta l e xiste n ce , d e te rm in in g th e id e a lism , ch o o sin g m u ltip licity, co n sid e rin g scie n ce a s sym p to m a n d
th e a p p re h e n d e d d a ta a s e sse n ce a n d in te rp re tin g th e e sse n ce a s it wa s th e o u tsid e in d e p e n d e n t e xista n t
a n d n o t m e n ta l e xista n t fa ile d , th e la te r re se a rch e rs b e ca m e o b lige d to d e te rm in e th a t th e a p p re h e n d e d
im a ge wa s o f th e e sse n ce a n d n o t o f th e q u a lity b u t th e gre a t I sla m ic p h ilo so p e r, S a d ru d d e e n a sh -S h ira zi
m e n tio n e d in h is Asfa r th a t it wa s e sse n ce in its q u id d ity a n d q u a lity in its p re se n ta tio n . We co u ld o b je ct to
h im b y sa yin g th a t a ll wh a t wa s in th e p re se n ta tio n wo u ld e n d to wh a t wa s in th e so u l. Th e n we h a d to
su p p o se a re a l q u a lity u n ite d with th e im a ge to b e q u a lity in th e p re se n ta tio n . Th e n th e th e o ry wo u ld ge t to
o n e o f two so u l o r co llid in g with th e first p ro b le m itse lf. I t wo u ld b e b e tte r to d e te rm in e th a t th e im a ge
a p p re h e n d e d b iy m a n wa s th e re in th e e sse n ce a n d n o t in p re se n ta tio n a t a ll a n d its co n n e ctio n with th e
p re se n ta tio n b e twe e n th e ca u se a n d e ffe cts a n d n o t th e p re se n ta tio n with its su b je ct.
( 1 6 7 )

S o it is im p o ssib le fo r k n o wle d ge to tra n sfe r a cco rd in g to th e p h ilo so p h ica l ism s
co n ce rn in g th e sce in tific im a ge s. An d if we co n sid e r p ro p h e th o o d , we will a lso fin d
th a t it ca n n o t b e tra n sfe re d wh e a th e r we in te rp re t it a cco rd in g to th e ism o f so m e
p h ilo so p h e rs to sa y it is ra n k o f th e sp ritu a l p e rfe ctio n a n d a d e gre e o f th e virtu o u s
h u m a n e xiste n ce , to wh ich th e h u m a n e sse n ce a sce n d s to wa rd s th e in fin ite
p e rfe ctio n o r we in te rp re t it a cco rd in g to th e ge n e ra l co n ce p t u n d e rsto o d b y p e o p le
th a t p ro p h e th o o d is a d ivin e p o sitio n u n lik e th e p o sitio n o f a k in g o r a vizie r a n d th a t
sp ritu a l p e rfe ctio n is a co n d itio n fo r th a t d ivin e p o sitio n . H e n ce in th e firs se n se
tra n sfe r ca n n o t o ccu r b e ca u se it is th e ve ry e xiste n ce o f th e p ro p h e t with h is p e rso n a l
p e rfe ctio n s a n d p ro p h e th o o d in th e o th e r se n se is im p o ssib le to b e tra n sfe re d to o
b e ca u se it is a m o ra l m a tte r with its sp e cifie d a sp e cts a n d it is n o t p o ssib le fo r a n y
a sp e ct to tra n sfe r e xce p t b y th e ch a n ge o f th e in d ivid u a l h im se lf in to a n o th e r
in d ivid u a l. Fo r e xa m p le th e p ro p h e th o o d o f Z a ch a ria h (s) co n ce rn e d Z a ch a ria h
h im se lf. I t wa s n o t p o ssib le th a t it wo u ld n o t th e n b e Z a ch a ria h o th e r th a n h im fo r it
wo u ld n o t th e n b e Z a ch a ria h 's p ro p h e th o o d b u t a n e w p o sitio n o r a n e w p ro p h e th o o d .
I n fa ct th e in itia tive lo o k a t th e m a tte r d e te rm in e s th a t it is im p o ssib le fo r
p ro p h e th o o d a n d k n o wle d ge to tra n sfe r with n o n e e d fo r p ro sp e ct o r le n gth y
d iscu ssio n o n th e m a tte r. R e a so n d e cid e s e a sily th a t we a lth is th e o n ly th in g th a t
tra n sfe rs b y b e q u e a th in g a n d n o t p ro p h e th o o d a n d k n o wle d ge .

3 . S o m e o n e m igh t o b je ct th a t th e in te rp re ta tio n o f in h e rita n ce in Z a ch a ria h 's
sp e e ch m igh t n o t re fe r to we a lth b e ca u se Ya h ya (p ro p h e t Jo h n ) wa s
( 1 6 8 )

m a rtyre d d u rin g h is fa th e r's life a n d d id n o t in h e rit h is fa th e r's we a lth . S o it m u st b e
in te rp re te d to re fe r to p ro p h e th o o d b e ca u se Ya h ya in h e rite d th e p ro p h e th o o d a n d
th a t Alla h re sp o n d to th e p ra ye r o f h is fa th e r th e n . B u t th is o b je ctio n sh o u ld n o t h a ve
to co n ce rn o n e in te rp re ta tio n ra th e r th a n th e o th e r b e ca u se a s Ya h ya d id n o t in h e rit
h is fa th e r's we a lth , n e ith e r d id h e su cce e d h im in p ro h e th o o d . Th e p ro p h e th o o d o f
Ya h ya wa s n o t h e re d ita ry a n d it wa s n o t th e wish o f Z a ch a ria h . Z a ch a ria h a sk e h is
G o d to gra n t h im a n h e ir in h e ritin g h im a fte r h is d e a th wh e n sa yin g a cco rd in g to th e
h o ly Q u ra n : (An d su re ly I fe a r m y co u sin s a fte r m e ).
1
I t wa s cle a r fro m h is sa yin g th a t
h e wa n te d h e ir su cce e d in g h im a n d n o t a p ro p h e t co e va l with h im o th e rwise h is fe a r
fro m h im co u sin s a fte r h is d e a th wo u ld re m a in . We h a ve to e xp la in th e ve rse in a wa y
fre e fro m o b je ctio n th a t th e p h ra se ( Wh o sh o u ld in h e rith m e a n d in h e rit fro m th e
ch ild re n o f Ya q o u b . 1 9 :6 ) wa s to b e a n a n swe r fo r h is p ra ye r. H is p ra ye r m e a n t : " O
m y G o d , gra n t m e a so n to in h e rit m e ! " S o wh a t h e a sk e d h is G o d fo r wa s re a lize d
wh e n h e go t a so n . B e q u e a th in h im we a lth o r p ro p h e th o o d wa s n o t in clu d e d in wh a t
Z a ch a ria h a sk e d h is G o d fo r b u t it wa s a s a re su lt o f wh a t h e a sk e d fo r in h is p ra ye r. I f
we n o tice d th e sto ry o f Z a ch a ria h in its o th e r p la ce o f th e h o ly Q u ra n , we wo u ld fin d
th a t h e d id n o t a sk h is G o d b u t fo r go o d o ffsp rin g. Alla h sa id : (Th e re d id Z a ch a ria h
p ra y to h is Lo rd ; h e sa id : M y Lo rd ! gra n t m e fro m Th e e go o d o ffsp rin g. Q u ra n 3 :3 8 )
Th e b e st wa y o f u n d e rsta n d in g th e h o ly Q u ra n is wh a t is e xp la in e d b y th e Q u ra n
itse lf.
2
H e n ce we
____________
1 - Q u ra n 1 9 :5 R e fe r to Ta fse e r a l-K a sh sh a f, vo l.3 , p .4 .

2 - Al-I ttiq a n b y a s-S a yo o ti, vo l.4 , p .2 0 0 .
( 1 6 9 )

u n d e rsta n d fro m th e ve rse th a t Z a ch a ria h d id n o t a sk h is G o d b u t fo r go o d o ffsp rin g.
Th e Q u ra n ga th e re d Z a ch a ria h 's p ra ye r in o n e p h ra se o n e tim e a n d m a d e in d ivid u a l
p h ra se s a t a n o th e r tim e fo r e a ch o f th e o ffsp rin g a n d h is d e scrip tio n wh e n sa yin g : (...
gra n t m e fro m Th yse lf a n h ie r) to sh o w h is a sk in g fo r th e o ffsp rin g a n d : (... a n d m a k e
h im , m y Lo rd , o n e in wh o m Th o u a rt will p le a se d ) to sh o w th a t h e p ra ye d Alla h th a t
h is o ffsp rin g wo u ld b e go o d . I f we ga th e re d th e se two p h ra se s , th e y wo u ld re fe r to
th e sa m e m e a n in g o f th e p h ra se (M y Lo rd ! gra n t m e fro m Th e e go o d o ffsp rin g). Th e n
th e p h ra se o f (in h e rit m e ) wo u ld ge t o u t o f th e p ra ye r a fte r co m p a rin g b e twe e n th e
two p h ra se s o f th e Q u ra n . I t m u st b e th e n a s th e a n swe r o f th e p ra ye r.

4 . Acco rd in g to th a t it wa s cle a r th a t th e wo rd o f in h e rita n ce m e n tio n e d in th e
Q u ra n ic ve rse wa s b u rd e n e d with u sa ge to m e a n in h e ritin g th e p ro p h e th o o d b e ca u se
it wo u ld b e th e a n swe r to th e p ra ye r if it wa s in h e rit in wh a t wa s a sk e d fo r (in th e
p ra ye r) a n d it wo u ld b e re a lize d a lwa ys o r m o re o fte n wh e n e ve r th e re q u ire d th in g wa s
a va ila b le , b u t in h e ritin g th e p ro p h e th o o d wa s n o t in th e a va ila b ilty o f th e o ffsp rin g a t
a ll. I n fa ct it m igh t n o t h a p p e n fo r h u n d re d s m illio n s o f p e o p le b e ca u se p ro p h e th o o d
re q u ire d n o n e su ch q u a lifica tio n a n d gre a t p e rfe ctio n th e re fo re p ro p h e th o o d with its
u n iq u e lo ftn e ss co u ld n o t b e p u t a n a n swe r fo r a sk in g fo r a go o d a ffsp rin g b e ca u se
th e p ro p o rtio n b e twe e n th e h u m a n b e in gs a n d th o se , wh o we re we ll-q u a lifie d to
u n d e rta k e th e d ivin g m issio n , wa s a s th e p ro p o rtio n b e twe e n th e u n its a n d m illio n s,
b u t a s fo r in h e ritin g we a lth , it co u ld b e th e a n swe r to za ch a ria h 's p ra ye r b e ca u se th e
a ffsp rin g m igh t live a fte r th e fa th e r's d e a th a t m o st a n d so in h e ritin g
( 1 7 0 )

we a lth co u ld b e a s a re su lt o f th e a va ila b ility o f th e o ffsp irin g in th e m o st ca se s. I n
a d d itio n to th a t, za ch a ria h h im se lf d id n o t th in k th a t p ro p h e th o o d wa s in h e re n t in h is
o ffsp rin g n o r a n y o f th e sp ritu a l ra n k s lo we r th a n th e p ro p h e th o o d ,th e re fo re h e
a sk e d h is G o d a fte r th a t to m a k e h is so n b e co n te n t.

5 . Le t u s le a ve th a t a wa y to stu d y th e su b je ct o f th e in h e rita n ce in th e ve rse . Th e
wo rd (in h e rit) re ffe re d to in h e ritin g we a lth u n d o u b te d ly. Wh a t d e te rm in e d th is
m e a n in g fo r th e wo rd we re two th in gs :

Th e first : I f za ch a ria h h a d a sk e d h is G o d to gra n t h im a so n to in h e rit h is
p ro p h e th o o d ,h e wo u ld n o t h a ve a sk e d h im a fte r th a t to m a k e h is so n b e co n te n t
b e ca u se h e h a d a sk e d in h is first P ra ye r fo r so m e th in g h igh e r th a n co n te n tm e n t.

Th e se co n d : I f ign o rin g th e m a tte r o f in h e rite n ce in th e sto ry o f Z a ch a ria h
m e n tio n e d in th e su ra o f Aa l I m ra n d id n o t sh o w th a t in h e rita n ce wa s o u t o f th e
P ra ye r, it wo u ld , a t le a st, sh o w th a t th e m e a n in g o f in h e rita n ce m e n tio n e d in th e sto ry
in th e o th e r p la ce o f th e Q u ra n re ffe re d to th e in h e rita n ce o f we a lth a n d n o t to
P ro p h e th o o d b e ca u se if Z a ch a ria h h a d a sk e d G o d two th in g : o n e wa s to gra n t h im a
go o d co n te n t so n a n d th e o th e r th in g wa s to m a k e h is so n in h e rit h is P ro p h e th o o d ,
th e h o ly Q u ra n wo u ld n o t b e lim ite d to th e first th in g Z a ch a ria h h a d a sk e d fo r
b e ca u se it h a d n o t va lu e in co m p a riso n with P ro p h e th o o d in o rd e r to a gre e with m e
a n d o n th is, su p p o se th a t so m e o n e a sk e d yo u fo r a ga rd e n a n d a d irh a m a n d yo u
gra n te d h im b o th wh e n yo u wa n te d to re la te th e sto ry, wo u ld yo u m e n tio n th e
d irh a m ? I d o n o t th in k yo u will d o th a t u n le ss yo u we re to o h u m b le th e p re fe re n ce o f
th e ga rd e n to th e d irh a m in th e a cco u n t o f th e m a te ria l va lu e s is le ss th a n th e
p re fe re n ce o f
( 1 7 1 )

p ro p h e th o o d to th e go o d n e ss o f th e o ffsp rin g in th e a cco u n t o f th e sp ritu a l m o ra ls.
H e n ce th e sto ry o f Z a ch a ria h m e n tio n e d in th e S u ra o f Aa l I m ra n , wh ich h a d n o th in g
m u ch o r little a b o u t in h e rita n ce , wa s a s e vid e n ce o f th a t in h e rita n ce re fe rrin g to th e
in h e rita n ce o f we a lth a n d n o t P ro p h e th o o d , o th e rwise it wo u ld b e th e m o st im p o rta n t
p a rt o f th e sto ry th a t wo u ld n o t b e ign o re d .

S ixth : S o m e o f th e re se a rch e rs n o tice d in th e h o ly ve rse two p o in ts in te rp re tin g
in h e rita n ce a s th e in h e rita n ce o f p ro p h e th o o d :

Th e first : Z a ch a ria h 's sa yin g a fte r (in h e rit m e ) : (a n d in h e rit fro m th e ch ild re n o f
Ya q o u b ) (Ja co b ) b u t h e m igh t in h e rit P ro p h e th o o d a n d wisd o m .

Th e se co n d : Wh a t p ro p h e t Z a ch a ria h sa id a s a p re fa ce fo r h is P ra ye r : (An d su re ly I
fe a r m y co u sin s a fte r m e ) th a t h e fe a re d fo r re ligio n a n d wish e d it to la st b y la stin g o f
th e P ro p h e th o o d b e ca u se th is wa s th e m o st su ita b le fo r th e p ro p h e ts to fe a r fo r a n d
n o t th e p ro p e rtie s wh e a th e r th e y re a ch e d th e ir h e irs o r n o t.
O u r fo llo we rs (th e sh ia ) o b je cte d to th e first p o in t b y sa yin g th a t Z a ch a ria h d id n o t
a sk G o d th a t h is so n wa s to in h e rit a ll th e p ro p e rtie s o f Ya q o u b 's o ffsp rin g b u t so m e
o f th e m . S o th is wo u ld n o t b e a s e vid e n ce to th e ir cla im e d in te rp re ta tio n .
As fo r th e se co n d p o in t,it is a n in fe re n ce co n firm in g th e in te rp re ta tio n we ch o se
b e ca u se fe a rin g fo r re ligio n a n d k n o wle d ge fro m th e co u sin s h a d n o m e a n in g
b e ca u se th e d ivin e m e rcy wo u ld n o t le a ve p e o p le in va in with o u t a n y gu id e . Th e
re ligio n a n d th e wo rd o f H e a ve n wo u ld b e p ro te cte d b y Alla h a n d P ro p h e th o o d wa s
a lwa ys gra n te d to th e fe w h igh ly d istin gu ish e d p e o p le with n o a n y fe a r fo r
( 1 7 2 )

b e in g e xto rte d o r sto le n . S o wh a t wo u ld Z a ch a ria h th in k o f h is G o d to d o if H e d id n o t
gra n t h im Ya h ya ? Wa s it p o ssib le th a t Alla h wo u ld e n tru st Z a ch a ria h 's co u sin s with
th e d ivin e m issio n in sp ite o f th a t th e y we re n o t we ll q u a lifie d to u n d e rta k e th is d ivin e
ta sk a n d th e y d id n o t d e se rve th is h o n o r? O r d id h e th in k th a t Alla h wo u ld ign o re th e
a ffa irs o f H is p e o p le so th a t th e y wo u ld h a ve th e e vid e n ce to p ro te st a ga in st H im (o n
th e D a y o f ju d ge m e n t)? N e ith e r th is n o r th a t wo u ld b e p o ssib le fo r a n y p ro p h e t to
th in k o f. Z a ch a ria h wa s a fra id o f h is co u sin s to se ize h is We a lth ,th e re fo re h e a sk e d
h is G o d to gra n t h im a co n te n te d so n in o th e r to in h e rit h is We a lth ,h e wo u ld n o t b e
b la m e d fo r th a t b e ca u se h e m igh t wish tu rn h is p ro p e rtie s a wa y fro m h is co u sin s,
wh o wo u ld sp e n d th e m wro n gly in th e wa y o f sin s a n d co rru p tio n a s lo n g a s th e y we re
wick e d a n d im m o ra l u n til it wa s sa id th a t th e y we re th e wo rst a m o n g th e I sra e lite s.
I b n Ab u H a d e e d (th e a u th o r o f sh a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a ) trie d to sh o w a sid e
Z a ch a ria h 's fe a r fo r re ligio n in two wa ysb :

Th e first : Acco rd in g to th e b lie f o f th e sh ia wh e n h e m e n tio n e d th a t th e p ro p h e t's
fe a r fo r re ligio n wo u ld n o t b e a cce p ta b le in th e sh ia p o in t o f vie w b e ca u se p e o p le
we re d e p rive d , b y th e a b se n ce o f th e im a m ,
1
o f m a n y m e rcie s re la te d to th e le ga l
m a tte rs lik e p u n ish m e n ts Frid a y p ra ye r a n d E id s. Th e y (th e sh ia ) sa id th a t p e o p le
we re to b la m e d fo r th a t b e ca u se th e y th e m se lve s d e p rive d th e m se lve s o f th o se
m e rcie s. S o Z a ch a ria h h a d n o t to wo rry a b o u t ch a n gin g th e re ligio n a n d sp o ilin g th e
le ga l l wa s b e ca u se Alla h h a d to in fo rm o f h is
____________
1 - Th e twe lfth a n d fin a l in fa llia b le I m a m , wh o m th e sh ia h a ve b e e n e xp e ctin g to co m e in o rd e r to sp re a d
ju stice a ll o ve r th e Wo rld
( 1 7 3 )

m issiio n o f th e P e o p le b y th e P ro p h e t a n d if th e P e o p le ch a n ge d th e re ligio n a n d
sp o ile d th e d ivin e d ve rd icts, Alla h wo u ld n o t h a ve to k e e p th e re ligio n b e ca u se p e o p le
th e m se lve s d e p rive d th e m se lve s o f m e rcie s.
1

I wo u ld lik e to re co rd m y n o te a b o u t th is sp e e ch b e fo re I m o ve to th e se co n d p o in t .
I sa y : Th e wo rry a b o u t th e d e sista n ce o f P ro p h e th o o d , a cco rd in g to th e b e lie fs o f th e
sh ia wo u ld b e tru e if it ro se fro m th e p o ssib ility o f th a t P e o p le m igh h t sp o il th e ir
re ligio n in a wa y th a t th e y wo u ld n o t d e se rve m e rcie s a s it wa s d u riin g th e a b se n ce o f
th e e xp e cte d I m a m (s) a n d n o t b e ca u se th e re we re n o o n e s we ll q u a lifie d fo r
P ro p h e th o o d wh e n th e P e o p le we re n e e d fo r it. I n th is ca se se n d iin g a P ro p h e t o r
a p p o in tiin g so m e o n e re p la cin g h im wo u ld b e n e ce ssa ry fo r Alla h to d o b e ca u se h e
h im se lf p ro m ise d to sp re a d m e rcy a m o n g h is p e o p le . S o th e in su ffice in cy o f th e
co u sin s to ga in th e d ivin e p o sitio n wo u ld n o t le a d Z a ch a ria h to e xp e ct th e d e sista n ce
o f P ro p h e th o o d a n d th e e ffa ce m e n t o f th e re ligio n p ro p e rtie s if P e o p le d e se rve d th e
d ivin e m e rcie s, An d if P e o p le d id n o t d e se rve d th e d ivin e m e rcie s, it wo u ld b e
p o ssib le fo r th e co n n e ctio n b e twe e n th e h e a ve n a n d th e e a rth to b e cu t wh e th e r th e
co u sin s (o f Z a ch a ria h ) we re go o d o r b a d a n d wh e th e r Alla h gra n te d Z a ch a ria h a so n
o r le t h im re m a in strile . Th e Q u ra n ic ve rse s sh o we d th a t th e ca u se , wh ich m a d e
Z a ch e ria h wo rry, wa s th e co rru p tio n o f h is co u sin s a n d n o t th e co rru p tio n o f p e o p le .

Th e S e co n d : B y in te rp re tin g th e wo rd (m a wa li)
2
m e n tio n e d in th e ve rse to m e a n
e m irs. I t wo u ld
____________

2 - M a wa li is th e wo rd ,wh ich wa s in te rp re te d a s co u sin s.
( 1 7 4 )

m e a n th a t Z a ch a ria h fe a re d th a t th e e m irs a n d th e ru le rs a fte r h is d e a th m igh t sp o il
th e re ligio n ,th e re fo re h e a sk e d Alla h fo r a so n , wh o wa s to b e gra n te d P ro p h e th o o d
a n d k n o wle d ge in o rd e r to p re se rve th e re ligio n .
1
We a re to a sk a b o u t th o se ru le rs,
wh o m Z a ch a ria h fe a re d th a t th e y sp o il th e re ligio n . We re th e y th e P ro p h e ts, wh o
wo u ld su cce e d h im , o r th e ru le rs, wh o h a d n o th in g to d o with th e H e a ve n ? I f th e y
we re th e p ro p h e ts,so th e re wo u ld b e n o n e e d fo fe a r b e ca u se th e y wo u ld h a ve b e e n
in fa llib le p ro p h e ts b u t if th e y we re th e k in gs, th e y m igh t h a ve b e e n a th re a t to
re ligio n . B u t we sh o u ld n o tice if th e e xiste n ce o f th e p ro p h e t wo u ld p re ve n t th e m fro m
p la yin g with th e sh a ria a n d th e d isre sp e ctin g th e d ivin e la ws o r n o t. I f th e e xiste n ce o f
th e p ro p h e t wo u ld su ffice to sa fe gu a rd th e sh a ria a n d k e e p its d ign ity, th e n wh y d id
Z a ch a ria h fe a r th o se e m irs wh e re a s th e d ivin e m e rcy p ro m ise d to k e e p th e co n tin u ity
o f P ro p h e th o o d th ro u gh o u t th e h u m a n h isto ry a n d to k e e p th e e te rn a lity o f th e
co n n e ctio n b e twe e n th e H e a ve n a n d th e e a rth a s lo n g a s th e e a rth wo u ld b e re a d y to
re ce ive th e d ivin e in stu ctio n ? An d if th e e xiste n ce o f th e p ro p h e t wa s n o t su fficie n t to
sa fe gu a rd th e re ligio n , so th e e xiste n ce o f Z a ch a ria h 's so n , wh o wa s to in h e rit th e
p ro p h e th o o d , wo u ld n o t re m o ve fe a rin g th e ru le rs a s lo n g a s th e P ro p h e t wo u ld b e
u n a b le to sta n d th e ru lin g p o we r a n d a s lo n g a s th e e m irs wo u ld b e o f th e trick e rs
wh e re a s th e ve rse sh o we d th a t Z a ch a ria h 's fe a r wo u ld b e re m o ve d if h e wa s gra n te d
a co n te n te d so n to in h e rit h im . Th e re su lt o f th is re se a rch sh o we d th a t th e in h e rita n ce
in th e ve rse re fe rre d to th e
____________
( 1 7 5 )

in h e rita n ce o f We a lth in d o u b te d ly. I t sh o we d th a t so m e P ro p h e ts b e q u e a th e d wh ile
th e tra d itio n o f Ab u B a k r d e te rm in e d th a t a ll th e P ro p h e ts d id n o t b e q u e a th . Th e
Q u ra n ic ve rse a n d Ab u B a k r's tra d itio n we re co n tra d icte d a n d wh a te ve r co n tra d icte d
1
th e h o ly Q u ra n m u st b e n u ll.
We we re n o t e xclu d e d Z a ch a ria h fro m th e re st o f th e P ro p h e ts b e ca u se th e
tra d itio n o f Ab u B a k r d id n o t a cce p t su ch e xclu sio n o r d iffe re n tia te b e twe e n
Z a ch a ria h a n d th e o th e rs. I f P ro p h e th o o d re q u ire d n o t b e q u e a th . We d o n o t th in k th a t
th e P ro p h e th o o d o f Z a ch a ria h h a d a sp e cia l a sp e ct o f th e p ro p h e ts. Wh a t wa s th e
gu ilt o f Z a ch a ria h ,o r wh a t wa s h is virtu e th a t ga ve h im th is e xce lle n ce ? Th e n wh y d o
we h a ve to b u rd e n th e wo rd (p ro p h e ts) m e n tio n e d in th e tra d itio n with m o re th a t its
a ctu a l m e a n in g? I n a n y ca se it is ju st a n in te rp re ta tio n so wh y d o we in te rp re t th e
tra d itio n a s th e p ro p h e t's p a trim o n y wa s n o t to b e in h e rite d a n d th e n to b e o b lige d to
sa y th a t p ro p h e t M u h a m m a d (s) m e a n t b y ( th e p ro p h e ts) o th e r th a n Z a ch a ria h ? Le t
u s ta k e th e o th e r in te rp re ta tio n to u n d e rsta n d th e tra d itio n a s th a t th e p ro p h e t h a d
n o th in g o f va lu e to b e q u e a th a n d so we will k e e p th e tru th th a t th e wo rd in g o f th e
tra d itio n re fe rs to . I f th e tra d itio n a ctu a lly h a d th e m e a n in g th a t Ab u B a k r in te n d e d to
sh o w, it wo u ld co n tra d ict th e h o ly Q u ra n a n d th e n it m u st b e b ru sh e d a sid e . Th e
m a tte r h a d n o a n y wa y to co n sid e r th e tra d itio n a s
____________
1 - P ro p h e t M u h a m m a d (s) sa id : " Wh e re ve r co n tra d icts th e B o o k o f Alla h , yo u a re to b ru sh a sid e , ... o r to
le a ve a sid e " R e fe r to U sso o l a l-K a fi b y a l-K u la yn i, vo l.1 , p .5 5 a n d a r-R a d d a la S iya r a l-Awza 'e i b y Yo u su f a l-
An sa ri p .2 5 .
( 1 7 6 )

le ga l e vid e n ce a b o u t th e su b je ct o f b e q u e a th in g a n d th e ca lip h d id n o t h a ve a n y
a n swe r to d e fe n d h im se lf a ga in st Q u ra n ic ve rse , a n d n o o n e o f h is co m p a n io n s
su cce e d in d e fe n d in g h im . I t wa s so b e ca u se th e y re a lize d th a t th e tra d itio n ,wh ich
ju stifie d th e ru le rs' situ a tio n , co n tra d icte d th e Q u ra n ic ve rse .
I t co u ld n o t b e p o ssib le to ju stify th e ca lip h 's situ a tio n b y sa yin g th a t h e ch o se o n e
o f th e co n tra d icte d fo rm s o f th e tra d itio n a n d ca rrie d it o u t a s so m e M u slim
ju risp ru d e n ts th o u gh t, b e ca u se wh a te ve r co n tra d icte d th e h o ly Q u ra n wo u ld d e fin ite ly
b e n u ll.


TH E M ATTE R O F D O N ATI O N

I t wa s th e d isp u te b e twe e n th e ca lip h a n d Fa tim a (s) wh e n sh e a rgu e d th a t th e
P ro p h e t (s) h a d d o n a te d Fa d a k to h e r. I m a m Ali a n d U m m a Aym e n witn e sse d o f th a t
b u t th e ca lip h re fu se d Fa tim a 's cla im
1
a n d wa s n o t sa tisfie d with th e se two witn e sse s
a n d a sk e d h e r to b rin g two M e n o r a M a n a n d two Wo m e n a s witn e sse s.

1 . Th e first th in g th a t we wo u ld b la m e Ab u B a k r fo r wa s h is situ a tio n in th is ca se a s
a ru le r in sp ite o f th a t h is ca lip h a te d id n o t ga in th e le ga l q u a lity u n til th a t d a y a t
le a st.
2
B u t n o w we d o n o t wa n t to stu d y th is b la m e b e ca u se su ch a rgu m e n t will ta k e
u s to wid e r h o rizo n s.

2 . Th e se co n d n o te a b o u t th e su b je ct is th a t if Fa d a k wa s with Fa tim a , th e n th e sh e
wo u ld n o t h a ve to h a ve a n y e vid e n ce . Th e re we re two th in gs a b o u t th is
____________

2 - Afte r te n d a ys o f th e ca lp h a te th a t ye t th e H a sh im ite s a n d so m e o f th e gre a t co m p a n io n s d id n o t p a y
h o m a ge to Ab u B a k r to b e th e le ga l ca lip h . R e fe r to a t-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h , vo l.2 , p .2 3 3 .
( 1 7 7 )

n o te :

First : I n wh o se p o sse ssio n Fa d a k wa s? Wa s it re a lly in Fa tim a 's p o sse ssio n ? We
co u ld u n d e rsta n d th a t fro m th e le tte r o f I m a m Ali to O th m a n b in H u n a yf: " Ye s, Fa d a k
(o n ly) wa s in o u r p o sse ssio n a wa y fro m a ll wh a t we re u n d e r th e h a e ve n b u t so m e
p e o p le b e ca m e stin gy with it a n d o th e rs tu rn e d a wa y fro m it" .
1
Th is m e a n s th a t
Fa d a k wa s in th e p ro p h e t's fa m ily's p o sse ssio n . Th is wa s co n firm e d b y th e tra d itio n s
o f th e S h ia .
Th e m e a n in g o f I m a m Ali's sp e e ch sh o we d th a t Fa d a k sh o we d th a t Fa d a k wa s in
I m a m Ali a n d Fa tim a 's p o sse ssio n a n d it co u ld n o t b e in te rp re te d a s it wa s in th e
p ro p h e t's p o sse ssio n ; first b e ca u se th e p ro p h e t th e p ro p h e t's p o sse ssio n m e a n t th e
p ro p h e t's fa m ily's p o sse ssio n a n d se co n d b e ca u se th e p ro p h e t h a d h is o wn p ro p e rtie s
o th e r th a n Fa d a k .

S e co n d : Wa s p o sse ssio n a s e vid e n ce o f o wn e rsh ip ? Ye s, th e M u slim s a gre e d o n
th is u n a n im o u sly.
2
I f it wa s n o t so , th e so cia l syste m o f th e h u m a n life wo u ld b e
d iso rd e re d . so m e m igh t o b je ct sa yin g th a t if fa d a k wa s in fa tia m a 's p o sse ssio n , so
wh y sh e d id n o t p ro te st with h is e vid e n ce . I t wo u ld b e su ffice fo r h e r th a n to cla im it
wa s d o n a te d to h e r a n d to p ro te st with th e Q u ra n ic ve rse s o f th e in h e rita n ce . I n th e
d o cu m e n ts o f th e sh ia a b o u t th is ca se th e re wa s a n swe r to th is o b je ctio n fo r th e y
m e n tio n e d th e p ro te st o f th e p ro p h e t's a ga in st th e ca lip h b y m e a n s o f th e e ve ry
e vid e n ce b u t d id n o t wa n t to
____________
1 - sh a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.1 6 , p .2 0 8 .

2 - R e fe r to a l-Q a wa i'd a l-fiq h iyya b y H a ssa n a l- B a jn a rwa d i, vo l.1 , p .1 1 3 a l-m u h a lla b y ib n h a zm , vo l.1 9 ,
p .4 3 6 , a l-m u h a th th a b b y a sh -sh ira zi a sh -sa fi" e e vo l.1 ,2 , p .3 1 2 , a l-Fu ro o q b y a l-Q ira fi a l-m a lik , vo l.4 , p .7 8
a n d ta h re e r a l-m a ja lla b y sh e ik h m u h a m m a d H u ssa yn k h a sh if a l-gh ita , vo l.4 , p .1 5 0 .
( 1 7 8 )

stu d y th e ca se in th e ligh t o f so m e th in g o f th a t.
B u t we sh o u ld n o tice th a t fa d a k wa s a ve ry wid e la n d a n d wa s n o t lik e sm a ll
p ro p e rtie s, wh o se p o sse ssio n wo u ld b e k n o w e a sily. I f we su p p o se d th a t fa d a k wa s in
Fa tim a 's p sse ssio n a n d it wa s u n d e rta k e n b y h e r a ge n t,wh o m a n a ge d it,so wh o wo u ld
k n o w th is o th e r th a n th e a ge n t?
We k n o w we ll th a t fa d a k wa s n o t n e a r m a d in a h so th a t th e p e o p le o f m a d in a
wo u ld k n o w a b o u t its a ffa irs o r th e p e rso n ,wh o m a n a ge d it. I t wa s a t a d ista n ce o f
so m e d a ys fro m m e d in a h a n d it wa s a je wish villa ge
1
. I t wa s n o t in th e I sla m ic
e n viro m e n t to b e k n o w a m o n g th e m u slim s th a t it wa s in Fa tim a 's p o sse ssio n .
Fa tim a th o u gh t if sh e cla im e d h e r p o sse ssio n o f Fa d a k th a t th e ca lip h wo u ld a sk h e r
fo r e vid e n ce a s h e a sk e d h e r a b o u t th e d o n a tio n a s lo n g a s h e -in h e r o p in io n -wa s
co n tro lle d b y a p re va ilin g p o we r o f h is te n d e n cy th a t d id n o t m a k e h im co n fe ss
a n yth in g. I t wa s e a sy fo r th e (wh a le ) o n th a t d a y to swa llo w Fa tim a 's a ge n t o f Fa d a k
a n d a n yo n e e lse ,wh o k n e w th e tru th ,a s it swa llo we d Ab u S a 'e e d a l-K h id ri a n d
p re ve n te d fro m h im fro m te llin g th e tru th o f th e d o n a tio n o f Fa d a k wh re re a s h e to ld
o f it a fte r th a t a s it m e n tio n e d in th e S u n n i a n d S h ia b o o k s, o r it wa s fo r th e jin n to k ill
a s th e y k ille d S a 'd b in O b a d a a n d re lie ve d th e ca lip h O m a r
2
fro m h im , o r to a ccu se
a n yo n e o f b e in g a p o sta te if h e re fu se d to give th e za k a t to th e ca lip h a s th o se , wh o
re fu se d to give th e za k a t o f th e M u slim s to th e
____________
1 - R e fe r to Fu to o h a l-B u ld a n b iy a l-B a la th a ri, p .4 2 -4 3 .

2 - Th e tra d itiio n sh o we d cle a rly th a t O m a r se n t a m e sse n ge r to k ill S a 'd if h e d id n o t h o m a ge (to O m a r)
a n d wh e n S a 'd re fu se d to p a y h o m a ge ,th e m e sse n ge r k ille d h im . (Th e y cla im e d th a t th e jin n h a d k ille d
h im ). R e fe r to a l-I q d b y ib n Ab d R a b b ih , vo l.4 p .2 4 7 .
( 1 7 9 )

ca lip h Ab u B a k r, we re a ccu se d .
1

3 . Le t u s le a ve th is a rgu m e n t a sid e to ge t to th e b a sic m a tte r, wh ich is: d id Ab u
B a k r b e lie ve d in th e in fa llib ility o f Fa tim a a n d th e ve rse o f p u rifica tio n ,wh ich p u rifie d
th e p ro p h e t's fa m ily,a m o n g wh ich wa s Fa tim a , fro m a n y sin o r n o t? We d o n o t wa n t
to d iscu ss in d e ta ils th e co n ce p t o f in fa llib ility o r to p ro ve it fo r Fa tim a b y th e ve rse o f
p u rifiica tio n b e ca u se th e b o o k s o f th e S h ia a b o u t th e virtu e s o f th e p ro p h e t's fa m ily
su ffice th e ta sk . We d o n o t d o u b t th a t th e ca lip h wa s a wa re o f th a t b e ca u se h is
d a u gh te r Aa 'ish a h e rse lf o fte n n a rra te d th a t th e ve rse o f p u rifica tio n co n ce rn e d
Fa tim a , h e r h u sb a n d a n d h e r two so n s
2
a s it wa s d e cla re d b y th e S u n n i a n d S h ia
B o o k s o f H a d ith . Wh e n e ve r th e p ro p h e t (s) we n t to th e M o sq u e to o ffe r th e Fa jr
3

P ra ye , a fte r th e re ve la tio n o f th is ve rse , h e p a sse d b y Fa tim a 's H o u se a n d ca lle d o u t:
" O P e o p le o f th e H o u se , it is (th e tim e fo r) P ra ye r. (Alla h o n ly d e sire to k e e p a wa y th e
u n cle a n e ss fro m yo u , O P e o p le o f th e H o u se ! a n d to p u rify yo u a (th ro u gh ) p u rifyin g.
Q u ra n 3 3 :3 3 )" H e k e p t o n th a t fo r six m o n th s.
4
S o wh y d id Ab u B a k r a sk Fa tim a fo r
e vid e n ce ? D id th e cla im , wh o se tru th fu ln e ss wa s ce rtifie d , n e e d e vid e n ce ? Th o se ,
wh o o b je cte d to Ab u B a k r, sa id : " E vid e n ce is n e e d e d to co n firm th e tru th fu ln e ss o f
th e cla im e n t,b u t b e in g ce rta in (o f th e cla im e n t's tru th fu ln e ss) is firm e r (th a n th e
e vid e n ce ). I f it is n e ce ssa ry to ju d ge fo r th e o n e , wh o h a s tru e
____________
1 - As in th e sto ry o f M a lik b in N u wa yra , R e fe r to a t-Ta b a ri's Ta re e k h , vo l.2 , p .2 7 3 a n d th e e d ite d o n e , vo l.2 ,
p .2 8 .

2 - M u slim 's S a h ih , vo l. 3 p . 3 3 1 , a l-M u sta d ra k , vo l. 3 p . 1 5 9 a n d a t-Ta j a j-Ja m i' lil U sso o l b y M a n so o r Ali
N a ssif, vo l.3 , p .3 3 3 .

3 - Th e d a wn .

4 - Ah m a d 's M u sn a d , vo l.3 , p .2 9 5 , a l-M u sta d ra k , vo l.3 , p .1 7 2 .
( 1 8 0 )

e vid e n ce , it m u st b e ju d ge d fo r th e o n e , wh o se tru th fu ln e ss is k n o wn b y th e ju d ge ."
Th e re is a we a k n e ss in th is ju stifica tio n b e ca u se th e co m p a riso n d id n o t o ccu r
b e twe e n th e e vid e n ce a n d th e ce rta in ty o f th e ju d ge in a d d itio n to th e a ctu a l re a lity,
b u t it co n sid e re d th e e ffe ct o f e a ch o f th e m o n th ju d ge a n d th e re su lt wa s th a t
k n o wle d ge wa s to b e firm e r th a n th e e vid e n ce b e ca u se ce rta in ty wa s fa irm e r th a n
su p p o sitio n . Th e co m p a riso n h a d to re ga rd th e n e a re st o f th e two to th e tru th th a t
wa s to b re ga rd e d in e ve ry d isp u te . Th e k n o wle d ge o f th e ju d ge , in th is k in d o f
co m p a riso n , wa s n o t to b e p re fe re d to th e e vid e n ce b e ca u se a ju d ge m igh t m ista k e
a s e vid e n ce m igh t m ista k e . B o th o f th e m we re e q u a l in th e re ga rd o f fa llin g in to e rro r.
B u t th e re wa s so m e th in g in th e m a tte r th a t th e re se a rch e rs ign o re d . I t wa s
im p o ssib le fo r th e ca lip h 's k n o wle d ge a b o u t Fa tim a 's tru th fu ln e ss
1
to b e b u t th e tru th
b e ca u se th e re a so n b e h in d h is k n o wle d ge o f h e r tru th fu ln e ss wa s n o t o f th o se
re a so n s th a t m igh t le a d to e rro rs o r m ista k e s b u t it wa s th e h o ly Q u ra n , wh ich
d e cla re d h e r in fa llib ility.
2
I n th e ligh t o f th is q u a lity o f k n o wle d ge Fa tim a 's
tru th fu n le ss, we co u ld d e te rm in e th a t th e e vid e n ce , e ve n if it wa s th e le ga l p ro o f, o n
wh ich th e ju d ge m e n t wo u ld d e p e n d , m igh t fa ll in to e rro r. B u t th e k n o wle gd e th a t
co u ld n e ve r fa ll in to e rro r, b e ca u se o f th e witn e ss o f Alla h , wa s wo rth ie r to b e re lie d
o n wh e n ju d gin g.
____________
1 - R e fe r to Ab u B a k r's sa yin g a b o u t th e tru th fu ln e ss o f Fa tim a in S h a rh N a h ju l B a la gh a , vo l.1 6 , p .2 1 6 .

2 - As in th e ve rse : (Alla h o n ly d e sire s to k e e p a wa y th e u n cle a n e ss fro m yo u , O p e o p le o f th e H o u se ! a n d
to p u rify yo u a ( th o ro u gh ) p u rifyin g) 3 3 :3 3 . R e fe r to a l-M u sta d ra k , vo l.3 , p .1 6 0 -1 6 1 a n d M u slim 's S a h ih ,
vo l.5 , p .3 7 .
( 1 8 1 )

I n a n o th e r wa y we sa y: if th e h o ly Q u ra n h a d d e cla re d Fa tim a 's o wn e rsh ip o f Fa d a k ,
th e n th e m a tte r wo u ld n o t h a ve h a d a n y wa y o f d o u b tin g o r h e sita tin g fo r a n y M u slim
to ju d ge . I t wa s m u ch cle a r th a t d e cla rin g th e in fa llib ility o f Fa tim a b y th e h o ly Q u ra n
wo u ld stro n gly co n firm h e r cla im a b o u t h e r d o n a tio n b e ca u se th e in fa llib le wo u ld
n e ve r lie a n d wh e n e ve r cla im in g, th e cla im wa s d e fin ite ly tru e . Th e re wo u ld b e n o
d iffe re n ce b e twe e n d e te rm in in g th e in fa llib ility a n d d e te rm in in g th e d o n a tio n a s
re la te d to th e ca se e , e xce p t th a t th e o wn e rsh ip o f Fa d a k b y Fa tim a (s) wa s th e lite ra ry
m e a n in g o f th e se co n d te xt (th e tra d itio n ) a n d th e p e rce ive d co n ce p t o f th e first te xt
(th e ve rse ) via its lite ra ry co n ce p tio n .

4 . N o n e o f th e M u slim s e ve r d o u b te d a b o u t Fa tim a 's tru th fu ln e ss a n d n o o n e e ve r
a ccu se d h e r o f fa b rica tin g b u t th e d isp u te a ro se b e twe e n th e d isp u te rs th a t wh e a th e r
k n o win g th e tru fu ln e ss o f th e cla im wo u ld b e su fficie n t e vid e n ce fo r ju d ge m e n t o r
n o t. Le t u s p u t th e ve rse o f p u rifica tio n a sid e fo r a m o m e n t a n d su p p o se th a t Ab u
B a k r wa s lik e a n yo n e o f th e o th e r M u slim s a n d th e n h is k n o wle d ge o f Fa tim a 's
tru th fu ln e ss d id n o t h a ve th e q u a lity we re fe re d to in th e p re vio u s p o in t b u t it wa s a s
th e re st o f th o u gh ts,wh ich wo u ld lia b le to e rro rs a n d m ista k e s. B u t n e ve rth e rle ss th e
ru le r m igh t ju d ge a cco rd in g to h is k n o wle d ge
1
o r h e m igh t d e p e n d o n th e e vid e n ce a s
it wa s m e n tio n e d in th e h o ly Q u ra n . Alla h sa id : (... and that when you judge between
people you judge with justice. 4:58) a n d : (And of those whom We have created are a
people who guide with truth and
____________
1 - I -B a yh a q i's S u n n a , vo l.1 0 , p .1 4 2 , Ta n q e e h a l-Ad ille h b y M u h a m m a d R e za a l-H a 'iri a n d B id a ye e t a l-
M u jta h id b y ib n R u sh d .
( 1 8 2 )

th e re th e y d o ju stice . 7 :1 8 1 ), wh ich m e a n th a t th e y ju d ge with ju stice . Th e re a re two
n o te s a b o u t tru th a n d ju stice :

First : Tru th a n d ju stice a s a n a ctu a l a n d re a l m a tte r.

S e co n d : Tru th a n d ju stice a cco rd in g to th e ju d icia l crite ria . S o ju d ge m e n t a cco rd in g
to th e e vid e n ce is righ t a n d ju st in th e ligh t o f th is n o te e ve n if is fa ils in e rro r. I n
o p p o sitio n to th a t,ju d ge m e n t a cco rd in g to th e witn e ss o f a sin n e r (fa siq ) is n e ith e r
righ t n o r ju st e ve n if th e sin n e r is tru th fu l in h is livin g.
I f th e two p re vio u s ve rse s re fe re d to th e frist m e a n in g o f tru th a n d ju stice th e n th e y
wo u ld sh o w th a t ju d ge m e n t a cco rd in g to th e a ctu a l re a lity wa s to th e e vid e n ce . I f th e
ru le r fo u n d so m e o n e 's o wn e rsh ip o f ce rta in p ro p e rty,h e co u ld ju d ge o f th a t b e ca u se
h e th o u gh t it wa s th e fe xe d tru th a cco rd in g to th e a ctu a l re a lity. H is ju d ge m e n t fo r
th a t p e rso n o f b e in g th e o wn e r o f th a t p ro p e rty wo u ld b e th e co n firm a tio n -in h is
o p in io n -o f ju d ge m e n t with tru th a n d ju stice th a t Alla h h a d o rd e re d to b e fo llo we d . B u t
if we in te rp re te d th e two ve rse s a cco rd in g to th e se co n d m e a n in g th a t wa s a cco rd in g
to th e ju d icia l crite ria h e n ce th e two ve rse co u ld n o t b e o f a n y u se in th is co n ce rn
b e ca u se th e y d id n o t b e o f a n y u se in th is co n ce rn b e ca u se th e y d id n o t p ro ve -th a t
a n y ju d ge m e n t wo u ld b e righ t a n d a cco rd in g to th e crite ria ! An d wh ich ju d ge m e n t
wo u ld b e b u t so ? I t wa s cle a r th a t th e co n ce p t u n d e rsto o d fro m th e ve rse re fe re d to
th e first m e a n in g a n d sp e cia lly th e wo rd tru th b e ca u se wh a te ve r wa s d e scrib e d b y
th is wo rd wo u ld b e u n d e rsto o d th a t th a t th in g wa s a fixe d tru e m a tte r. S o to ju d ge
with tru th wa s a s d e te rm in in g a fixe d fa ct. Th e fo rm o f th e first ve rse sh o we d th a t. I t
in clu d e d ju d ge m e n t
( 1 8 3 )

with ju stice . I t wa s cle a r th a t th e a p p lica tio n o f th e I sla m ic ru le rs in th e ca se o f a
d isp u te wo u ld n o t n e e d a le ga l o rd e r b e ca u se th e ir ve ry le gisla tio n a s la w fo r
ju d ge m e n t m e a n t th a t th e y m u st b e a p p lie d . An d so th e o rd e r o f k e e p in g to th e la w
wo u ld b e b u t to re m in d a n d to wa rn a n d h a d n o th in g to d o with th e e sse n ce o f th e
m a tte r. Th e o rd e r o f ju d gin g a cco rd in g to th e a ctu a l fa cts, wh e a th e r th e y h a d
e vid e n ce a n d witn e ss o r n o t, wa s a p a rt o f th e d e te rm in a tio n sh o win g th a t th e re a lity
wa s th e b a sis o f th e I sla im ic ju d ge m e n t a n d th e a xis, a ro u n d wh ich it sh o u ld tu rn
with o u t b e in g lim ite d to fo rm a litie s a n d sp e cia l e vid e n ce s.
1

Th e n th e two ve rse s we re co n sid e re d a s e vid e n ce s o f re sp e ctin g th e ju d ge 's
k n o wle d ge in th e I sla m ic ju d icia l la w.
2

____________
1 - I f we wa n t to tra n sla te th is m e a n in g in to th e scie n tific la n gu a ge we sa y: a cco rd in g to th e se co n d
a cco u n t th e o rd e r is a gu id in g o rd e r (o p tio n a l) a n d th e re is n o p o ssib ility fo r th e o b liga to ry o rd e r b e ca u se
th e th in g o rd e re d to b e fo llo we d is itse lf e n o u gh to b e in ce n tive to a ctin g. R e ga rd in g th e o rd e r a s
o b liga to ry d e te rm in e s to tu rn th e wo rd (ju stice ) to th e se co n d m e a n in g b e ca u se th e re is a p o ssib ility fo r
th e o rd e r to b e o b liga to ry b y fo llo win g th e re a lity if th e e vid e n ce co n firm s it a n d a p o ssib ility o f fo llo win g
th e o rd e r a t a ll. I a p o lo gize fo r n o t u sin g th e sce in tific id io m s co n ce rn in g lo gic, p h ilo so p h y, ju risp ru d e n ce
a n d fo u n d a m e n ta ls o f I sla m u n le ss I a m o b lige d to d o th a t b e ca u se I try to m a k e th e re se a rch b e
u n d e rsto o d b y th e o rd in a ry re a d e rs.

2 - I f it wa s sa id th a t th e tra d itio n n a rra te d b y th e p ro p h e t's fa m ily a b o u t th a t, wh o ju d ge d with tru th a n d h e
d id n o t k n o w th e re a l ju d ge m e n t th a t h e wo u ld d e se rve p u n ish m e n t a n d th e n it sh o we d th a t ju d ge m e n t
d id n o t re ly o n th e a ctu a l re a lity. H e n ce th e m a tte r wo u ld tu rn b e twe e n ca stin g th e tra d itio n a wa y fro m
sh o win g n o t e xcu sin g th e ju d ge m e n t a n d co n sid e rin g th e p u n ish m e n t to b e u n ju stifie d a n d b e twe e n
co n sid e rin g th e two ve rse s to re fe r to th e se co n d m e a n in g. I wo u ld sa y : n o o n e o f th e se two
in te rp re ta tio n s wa s tru e b u t th e tra d itio n k e p t to th e ve rse in re ga rd to th e ju d ge 's k n o wle d ge . An d so th e
su b je ct o f th e ju d ge m e n t wo u ld b e su b m itte d o f th e a ctu a l re a lity a n d th e k n o wle d ge o f it o r in o th e r
wo rd s it wo u ld b e th e re su lt o f th e a ctu a l re a lity.
( 1 8 4 )

I n a d d itio n to th a t Ab u B a k r h im se lf o fte n wa s sa tisfie d with cla im s with o u t a n y
e vid e n ce . I t wa s m e n tio n e d in a l-B u k h a ri's S a h ih
1
th a t wh e n th e p ro p h e t (s) d ie d , Ab u
B a k r re ce ive d a su m o f m o n e y fro m a l-Ala ' b in a l-H a d ra m i. Ab u B a k r a n n o u n ce d :
" Wh o e ve r th e p ro p h e t (s) wa s in d e b t fo r o r th a t th e p ro p h e t h a d p ro m ise d a gift, le t
h im co m e to u s" . Ja b ir sa id : " Th e p ro p h e t h a d p ro m ise d to give so a n d so a n d so ..."
H e e xte n d e d h is h a n d th re e tim e s, Ja b ir sa id : " H e (Ab u B a k r) p u t in m y h a n d five
h u n d re d (e ith e r d irh a m o r d in a r) th e n five h u n d re d th e n five h u n d re d " .
I t wa s m e n tio n e d in a t-Ta b a q a t a l-K u b ra b y ib n S a 'd
2
th a t Ab u S a 'e e d a l-K h id ry h a d
sa id : " I h e a re d th e ca lle r o f Ab u B a k r, wh e n h e re ce ive d a su m o f m o n e y fro m
B a h ra in ca llin g in M e d in a : " Le t wh o e ve r th e p ro p h e t (S ) h a d p ro m ise d to gift, co m e to
u s" . M a n y m e n ca m e to h im a n d h e ga ve th e m M o n e y. Ab u B a sh e e r a l-M a zin y ca m e
to Ab u B a k r a n d sa id : " Th e p ro p h e t (S ) sa id m e : O Ab u B a sh e e r, co m e to u s if we ge t
so m e th in g (o f m o n e y)" . Ab u B a k r d id n o t a sk a n yo n e o f co m p a n io n s a b o u t a n y
e vid e n ce so wh y d id h e a sk Fa tim a fo r e vid e n ce re ga rd in g h e r gift?
D id th e ju d icia l syste m a p p ly to Fa tim a a lo n e o r we re th e re sp e cia l p o litica l
circu m sta n ce s b e h in d a ll th a t?
I t wa s re a lly o d d to a cce p t a co m p a n io n 's cla im o f b e in g p ro m ise d b y th e p ro p h e t
(s) to b e give n a su m o f m o n e y a n d to d e n y th e cla im o f Fa tim a , th e
____________
1 - Vo l.2 , p .9 5 3 .

2 - Vo l.2 , p .3 1 8 .
( 1 8 5 )

P ro p h e t's d a u gh te r, ju st b e ca u se sh e d id n o t fin d e vid e n ce to p ro ve wh a t sh e
cla im e d . An d if k n o win g th e tru th fu ln e ss o f th e cla im a n t p e rm itte d to give h im wh a t
h e cla im e d , wa s n o t Fa tim a m o re d e se rvin g o f n o t b e in g su sp e cte d b y h e , wh o d id n o t
su sp e ct Ja b ir o r Ab u B a sh e e r o f lyin g?
I f th e ca lip h a d id n o t give th o se wh o cla im e d th a t th e p ro p h e t h a d p ro m ise d o f
wh a t th e y a sk e d fo r a cco rd in g to th e ir cla im b u t a cco rd in g to th e p o ssib ility o f th ie r
tru th fu ln e ss- a n d th e I m a m h a d th e righ t to give a n yo n e a n y su m -th e n wh y wo u ld n o t
h e d o th e sa m e with th e ca se o f Fa d a k ?
Th u s th e ca lip h a fu lfille d th e p ro p h e t's p ro m ise s, wh ich h a d n o e vid e n ce , a n d
ign o re d h is (th e p ro p h e t's) d o n a tio n o f h is d a u gh te r, th e h e a d o f th e wo m a n o f th e
wo rld . Th e q u e stio n a b o u t th e d iffe re n ce b e twe e n th e d e b ts a n d p ro m ise s o n o n e
h a n d a n d th e d o n a tio n o n th e o th e r re m a in e d with o u t a n a cce p ta b le a n swe r!

5 . Le t u s re su m e o u r a rgu m e n t in a n e w a wa y : th a t th e ru le r co u ld n o t ju d ge th e
cla im th a t h e a lre a d y k n e w it tru th fu ln e ss if th e cla im a n t co u ld n o t fin d a n y e vid e n ce
p ro vin g h is cla im a n d le t u s fo r n o w ign o re th e re su lt we go t in th e p re vio u s p o in t to
a sk a cco rd in g to th is a cco u n t :

First : Wh a t p re ve n te d Ab u B a k r fro m witn e ssin g to th e d a n a tio n o f fa d a k if h e h a d
k n o wn th e tru th fu ln e ss o f Fa tim a (s)?H e co u ld jo in h is witn e ss to I m a m Ali's witn e ss
1

a n d so th e e vid e n ce wo u ld b e su ffice in t a n d th e righ t wo u ld b e fixe d . An d sin ce h e
h im se lf wa s th e ju d ge , it wo u ld n o t a n n u l h is witn e ss b e ca u se th e witn e ss o f th e
ju d ge
2

____________
1 - S o th a t th e witn e ss wo u ld b e o f two m e n ,wh ich wa s th e le ga l co n d itio n fo r th e witn e ss to b e a cce p te d .

2 - th e witn e ss o f th e ju d ge is p e rm issa b le . R e fe r to a l-B a yh a q i's su n a n , vo l.1 0 , p .1 3 1 .
( 1 8 6 )

wa s to b e ta k e n in to a cco u n t a n d it wa s n o t irre le va n t to th e le ga l e vid e n ce ,wh ich
wo u ld b e th e re fe re n ce in th e d isp u te s.

S e co n d : Ab o u t a cce p ta b le in te p re ta tio n sh o win g th a t ca lip h a th a t ign o re d th e
re a lity th a t wa s we ll k n o w fro m h im . I n o rd e r to e xp la in th is p o in t, we h a d to
d iffe re n tia te b e twe e n th in gs th a t co n fu se d th e re se a rch e rs, wh o stu d ie d th e ca se .

O n e : I t wa s to ju d ge fo r th e cla im e n t wh a t sh e cla im e d .

Th e o th e r : I t wa s to ca rry o u t o f th e e ffe cts o f th e a ctu a l re a lity. I f we su p p o se d
th a t th e first wa s lim ite d to th e e vid e n ce , th e o th e r wo u ld b e o b liga to ry b e ca u se it
wa s n o t ju d ge m e n t to b e b o u n d to its lim its. if so m e o n e k n e w th a t h is h o u se
b e lo n ge d to a n o th e r a n d h e h a n d e d it o ve r to h im , th is wo u ld n o t b e a co n fe ssio n o f
h is o wn e rsh ip b u t it wo u ld b e ca rryin g o u t th e ju d ge m e n ts d e te rm in e d b y th e la w.
Also if so m e o n e cla im e d b e fo re th e ju d ge th a t th e h o u se , wh ich wa s in h is
p o sse ssio n , wa s h is o wn th e n th e ju d ge a n d a n yo n e o f th e M u slim s h a d to co n sid e r
th a t h o u se a s a n y o f th e M u slim s h a d to co n sid e r th a t h o u se a s a n y o f th e o th e r
p ro p e rtie s o f th a t cla im e n t. Th is d id n o t m e a n th a t th e ju d ge d th a t th e h a u se wa s th e
cla im a n t 's p ro p e rty a cco rd in g to th e p rin cip a l o f p o sse ssio n o f th e h a n d
1
o r b e in g
u n d e r o n e 's co n tro l. Th e M u slim s go t th e m se lve s to fo llo w th is ju d ge m e n t. I n fa ct e ve n
if th e re wa s n o ju d ge a m o n g th e m , th e y m u st k e e p to th a t. N e ith e r th e co n tro llin g o f
a p ro p e rty n o r th e p o sse ssio n o f th e S h a ria b u t th e y m a d e it n e ce ssa ry to a p p ly th e
ju d ge m e n t o f th e a ctu a l re a lity.
____________
1 - Th e p rin cip a l o f th e h a n d m e a n s p ro vin g th e o wn e rsh ip b y th e h a n d , wh ich m e a n s th e fu ll co n tro l o ve r
th e ce rta in p ro p e rty.
( 1 8 7 )

th e d iffe re n ce b e twe e n th e ju d ge m e n t o f th e ju d ge a b o u t so m e o n e 's o wn e rsh ip ,o r
h is sin gfu ln e ss o r a n y o f th e o th e r a ffa irs, wh ich th e ju d ge 's a u th o rity h e ld , a n d
b e twe e n th e a p p lica tio n o f th e a ffe cts o f th e se m a tte r wa s th a t ju d gm e n t d e cid e d th e
d isp u te th a t wa s to b e co n sid e re d a s a n e xce lle n t o f th e ju d gm e n t, it m e a n t th a t if th e
ju d ge p ro n o u n ce d a ju d gm e n t. I t wo u ld b e p ro h ib ite d fo r a ll th e M u slim s to a n n u l it
a n d it wo u ld b e o b e ye d with o u t lo o k in g fo r a n y o th e r e xcu se b u t to th e ve ry ju d gm e n t.
B u t a s fo r th e ju d ge 's a p p lica tio n o f th e e ffe cts o f th e o wn e rsh ip with o u t ju d ge m e n t,
wo u ld n o t h a ve th a t re ga rd a n d n o t e ve ry M u slim h a d to fo llo w it a n d to ca rry o u t
th o se e ffe cts e xce p t if h e (a n y M u slim ) go t th e k n o wle d ge o f th a t a s wh a t th e ju d ge
go t.

Th e re su lt : I f th e ca lip h k n e w o f Fa tim a 's o wn e rsh ip o f Fa d a k , I t wo u ld b e
co m p u lso ry fo r h im n o t to m a k e u se o f it in a n y wa y sh e d islik e d a n d h e wa s n o t to
e xp o rt it fro m h e r wh e a th e r it wa s p e rm issib le fo r h im to ju d ge a cco rd d in g to h is
k n o wle d ge o r n o t. Th e re wa s n o a n y o th e r d isp u te r in th e ca se , wh o wo u ld d isp u te
Fa tim a a b o u t Fa d a k , in o rd e r to b e a sk e d to swe a r a n d th e n h e wo u ld d e se rve it if h e
swo re b e ca u se th e p ro p e rty th a t Fa tim a a sk e d fo r wa s e ith e r h e rs o r th e M u slim '.
We a ssu m e th a t Ab u B a k r wa s th e le ga l ca lip h o f th e M u slim s a t th a t tim e :
th e re fo re h e wo u ld b e th e ir gu a rd ia n ,wh o wa s to b e re sp o n sib le to gu a rd th e ir righ ts
a n d p ro p e rtie s. I f Fa tim a wa s tru th fu l a cco rd in g to h is o p in io n a n d th e re wa s n o o n e
to litiga te h e r, th e n th e ca lip h h a d n o righ t to e xto rt Fa d a k fro m h e r. D e cid in g th e
ca se a cco rd in g to th e e vid e n ce o n ly p ro h ib ite d th e ju d ge m e n t a n d wo u ld n o t p e rm it
se izin g th e p ro p e rty fo m its o wn e r.
( 1 8 8 )

Th e n th e im p e rm issib ility o f a ju d ge m e n t d e cid e d b y a ju d ge a cco rd in g to h is o wn
k n o wle d ge
1
wo u ld n o t co m m u te th e p u n ish m e n t a n d wo u ld n o t ta k e th e ca lip h o u t
o f th e te st su cce ssfu lly.
____________
1 - R e fe r to a l-B a yh a q i's S u n a n , vo l.1 0 , p .1 4 3 -1 4 4 .


Fa Dakin History

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