Q.1 What is fiber-to-the-home?

A. Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) the delivery of a communications signal over optical fiber from the
operators switching equipment all the way to a home or business, thereby replacing existing copper
infrastructure such as telephone wires and coaxial cable. Fiber-to-the-home is a relatively new and
fast-growing growing method of providing vastly higher bandwidth to consumers, and thereby
enabling more robust video, internet and voice services.

Q.2 Which multiplexing technique involves signals composed of light beams?

A) FDM

B) TDM


C) WDM

D) none of the above
(C)
Q.3 What is Analog signal?
An analog signal (or waveform) is continuously varying signal characterized by amplitude and frequency.

Q.4 Most fundamental digital modulation techniques are (choose 4): CHOICE MULTIPLE
a. Phase-shift modulation,
b. frequency-shift modulation,
c. amplitude-shift keying
d. quadrature amplitude modulation
e. basefrequency modulation
f. orthogonalangular modulation
g. singular modulation

(A),(B),(C),(D)
Q.5 What is Dark Fiber?
A dark fibre or unlit fibre is an unused optical fibre, available for use in fibre-optic communication.
The term dark fibre was originally used when referring to the potential network capacity of telecommunication
infrastructure, but now also refers to the increasingly common practice of leasing fibre optic cables from
a network service provider, or, generally, to the fibre installations not owned or controlled by traditional carriers.



Q.6 What is SFP ,given some types of SFP available?What is SFP+?
The small form-factor pluggable (SFP) is a compact, hot-pluggable transceiver used for
both telecommunication and data communications applications.
SFP transceivers are available with a variety of transmitter and receiver types, allowing users to select the
appropriate transceiver for each link to provide the required optical reach over the available optical fiber type
(e.g. multi-mode fiber or single-mode fiber). Optical SFP modules are commonly available in several different
categories:
for multi-mode fiber, with black or beige
[1]
extraction lever
SX - 850 nm, for a maximum of 550 m at 1.25 Gbit/s (Gigabit Ethernet) or 150m at 4.25 Gbit/s (Fibre
Channel)
[2]

for single-mode fiber, with blue
[1]
extraction lever
LX - 1310 nm, for distances up to 10 km
EX - 1310 nm, for distances up to 40 km
[3]

ZX - 1550 nm, for distances up to 80 km, with green extraction lever (see GLC-ZX-SM1)
[4][5]

EZX - 1550 nm, for distances up to 120 km
[6]

BX - 1490 nm/1310 nm, Single Fiber Bi-Directional Gigabit SFP Transceivers, paired as BS-
U and BS-D for Uplink and Downlink respectively, also for distances up to 10 km.
[7][8]
Variations of
bidirectional SFPs are also manufactured which use 1550 nm in one direction.
1550 nm 40 km (XD), 80 km (ZX), 120 km (EX or EZX)
SFSW Single Fiber Single Wavelength transceivers, for bi-directional traffic on a single fiber.
Coupled with CWDM, these double the traffic density of fiber links.
[9][10]

CWDM and DWDM transceivers at various wavelengths achieving various maximum distances
for copper twisted pair cabling
1000BASE-T - these modules incorporate significant interface circuitry
[11]
and can only be used
for Gigabit Ethernet, as that is the interface they implement. They are not compatible with (or rather:
do not have equivalents for) Fibre channel or SONET.
The enhanced small form-factor pluggable (SFP+) is an enhanced version of the SFP that supports data
rates up to 10 Gbit/s.




Q.7 Short Notes on Optical Power Measurements.

Power is measured in watts; however, a convenient way to measure optical power is in units of decibels
(dB)

The power measured on a particular signal is measured in dBm .The gain/loss measured between
two points on a fiber is in dB,Power loss is expressed as negative dB,Power gain is expressed as
positive dB.

Q.8 How many types of Attenuation present in Fiber?
1 Light loss in fiber : It is caused by two things
(i)Absorption by the fiber material
(ii)Scattering of the light from the fiber
Wave Length Scattering

850 nm

Highest

1310 nm

Lower

1550 nm

Lowest


Light loss causes signal attenuation
Other Causes of Attenuation in Fiber
(A)Microbends
Caused by small distortions of the fiber in manufacturing
(B)Macrobends
Caused by wrapping fiber around a corner with too small a bending radius.

(C) Back reflections
Caused by reflections at fiber ends, like connectors
(D)Fiber splices
Caused by poor alignment or dirt
(E)Mechanical connections
Physical gaps between fibers

Q.(9) What is DWDM ? Why DWDM?
In fiber-optic communications, wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) is a technology which multiplexes a
number of optical carrier signals onto a single optical fiber by using different wavelengths (i.e., colors)
of laser light. This technique enablesbidirectional communications over one strand of fiber, as well as
multiplication of capacity.
There is two types of WDM techniques
CWDM
DWDM
Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) is an optical multiplexing technology used to
increase bandwidth over existing fiber networks. DWDM works by combining and transmitting
multiple signals simultaneously at different wavelengths on the same fiber. The technology
creates multiple virtual fibers, thus multiplying the capacity of the physical medium.
We use DWDM because of the following reasons
Unlimited Transmission Capacity
Transparency
Scalability
Dynamic Provisioning